AP US History Facts and Terms (Ch 1-32)

*Initiative, Referendum, Recall*

2 of these important changes were brought by populists in the 1890s, initiative and referendum. Initiative allowed reformers to bypass legislation by submitting laws directly to voters. Referendum meant that legislative laws could be subject to voters for approval. Recall gave voters the right to remove a public official from office.

*AFL (American Federation of Labor)*

(1881) American Federation of Labor- soon became the most important and enduring labor group in the country. Rejecting the Knights idea of being one big union for everybody, they had autonomous craft unions and mainly represented the skilled laborers.; it concentrated on bread and butter issues like hours and wages; one of the founders was Samuel Gompers.

*Pullman Strike*

(1894) was a huge strike of the Pullman Palace Car Company by workers whose wages were cut, but once the rent was not lowered they decided to strike. In a few days thousands of other rail workers joined the strike as well. The strike was finally crushed by federal troops because they were stopping the delivery of mail.

*Task System*

A system of white slavery where the slave would be assigned a task in a morning, and then when the task was done the slave would be allowed freedom for the rest of the day. Not frequently used.

*Royal African Company*

A turning point in the slave trade occurred in the mid 1690's after the Royal African Company's monopoly was broken. Trade now opened to English merchants on a competitive level, prices fell, and the number of slaves increased

*Underground Railroad*

A way to help runaway slaves to find refuge in the North or in Canada. Less radical and more peaceful. Most famous person who ran this was Harriet Tubman

*Federal Housing Administration*

A year after establishing the Home Owner's Loan Corps, congress established this to insure that mortgages for new construction and home repair-a measure that combined relief with recovery.

*William Jennings Bryan*

A young Democrat who gave a very popular speech concerning the silver issue. Earned him a nomination for President

*Bonus Expeditionary Force*

Celebrated American protest movement in July of 1932, involved 20,000 veterans of WWI who wanted their bonus of $1,000, which was to be given in 1945. They stormed Washington and camped outside. Hoover first ordered the police to remove them, then he summoned the army. The incident served as the final blow to Hoover's tattered political standing.

*McNary-Haugen Bill*

Champions of parity urged high tariffs against foreign agricultural goods, and a government commitment to buy surplus crop at parity and sell them abroad at whatever the market would allow. Significance: Coolidge's veto was in keeping with free enterprise tradition, however, the fact that farmers were able to get the bill through Congress indicated that populism and agrarian interests still had substantial power and that farmers were hitting in the 20s.

*Jim Crow*

Character that allowed segregation

*W.E.B DuBois*

Chief spokesperson for the new 20th century black approach to racism. He launched an open attack on the "Atlanta Compromise", accusing Booker T Washington of limiting the aspirations of his race. He believed that the talented 10% of the blacks should lead the way.

*Compromise of 1850*

Clay spearheaded effort to compromise on the slavery issue. Douglas broke Clay's proposal down into 8 parts Included: 1. CA is a free state 2. Rest is popular sovereignty 3 TX yield in boundary dispute with NM 4. Slave trade but not slavery itself is abolished in DC 5. Stringent fugitive slave law Helped to stave off the Civil War. Failed to preserve the Union

*White Collar*

Clerks, accountants, middle managers, or any other office holder who didn't do strenuous work for a living.

*John Peter Zenger*

Defended the trial of John in 1734 Philadelphia lawyer, Andrew Hamilton, powerfully Peter Zenger. Courts ruled that criticisms of government were not libel if actually true.

*James Buchanan*

Democratic president in 1856. Supported the pro-slaveryites in Kansas by favoring statehood based on the Lecompton Constitution. Didn't believe So. states had the right to secede.

*Committee on Public Information*

Denver journalist, George Creed, who spoke openly of the importance of achieving social unity, headed by the CPI. The CPI supervised the distribution of innumerable tons of pro-war literature and war posters as well.

*Tariff of Abominations (1828)*

Designed to win support for anti-Adams forces in Congress. Discredited Adams but set off sectional tension over tariff issues that resulted in the Tariff of 1832, the Force Act, and finally, the Compromise of 1833 which prevented a possible secession

*Separatists*

Determined to worship as they pleased in their independent congregations. They did not want to purify the Anglican Church, but rather they ished to separate themselves from it completely. Supported local clergy, with simplistic Anglican form of worship, and lessened power for the bishop; one group of Separatists who came to America were the Pilgrims of Plymouth

*Halfway Covenant*

Developed by Puritan "saints" in respect of children who were born into the church, but whose parents were not full members of the church Allowed them to go to church, but not partake in communion or vote in church affairs

*Treaty of Tordesillas*

Divided the world into Spanish and Portuguese hemispheres in 1494; was agreed to by the Pope, King and Queen of Spain, and the King of Portugal; Significance: helped to develop the colonial boundaries of Spain Portugal and today, it is a major reason why Brazil is Portuguese.

*Long Drives*

Doing with cattle roundups and cowboys. A very romanticized event of the 19th century. Many cowboys were often ex-confederate vets or black. Famous drives include the Chisholm Trail and the Good-Night Loving Trail. Destinations: Dodge City and Abilene

*Charles Sumner*

Dude who insulted Andrew Butler. Was later beat nearly to death. Increased sectionalism. Was caned by Preston Brooks, a Representative from South Carolina

*John Muir*

During Roosevelt's first term, he went camping for 4 days with Joh Muir, the nation's leading preservationist and founder of the Sierra Club. The two men camped in Yosemite Nat'l Park.

*"Square Deal"*

During the 1904 campaign, Roosevelt boasted that he had worked in the Anthracite Coal Strike for a "square deal" for everyone involved, He tried to extend the "deal" further in his 2nd term by targeting railroads, and passing the Interstate Commerce Act and establishing the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

*Popular Sovereignty*

First proposed by Sen. Cass from Michigan. Became the key project of Stephen Douglas in the Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854. Helped bring about the troubles in Kansas because the policy was vague as to who could vote and when voting could happen

*Mary E. Lease*

Fixture in the Alliance circuit of 1890s. Made 160 speeches in 1890 alone. "raise less corn and more hell"

*Panic of 1819*

Followed a period of high demand for American farm goods and a massive increase in the speculation over western land. Speculators borrowed money to buy land but the loans couldn't be paid off, causing land values to decline. Started a 6 year depression Many blamed the national bank for the depression and started a strong debate on the issue.

*15th Amendment*

Forbade states to deny suffrage to any citizen on account of race, color, or any previous condition of servitude.

*Republican Party*

Formed in 1854. Ideology of preserving free labor. Slavery is a threat to white labor and individual opportunity. Continued progress is crucial to the free labor vision. Asked for higher tariffs, cheap land, and a transcontinental railroad

*Bleeding KS*

After 1000 MO people crossed the border to vote in KS to make sure it'd be come a slave state, anti and pro slavery people were at each others' throats. Both claimed government in KS. May have brought on the civil war.

*Midnight Appointments*

After 1800, the only branch left in the Federalist party's hands was the Judiciary. On John Adam's last night as president, he made last minute appointments for Federalists to judgeship to maintain Federalist control of the judiciary branch.

*Freedman's Bureau*

An agency under the control of the army. Established as a mean to help former slaves find work, establish schools, and modest efforts to redistribute the land. Vetoed by President Johnson.

*Era of Good Feelings*

Called "The ___ __ ____ ________" by the Colombian Sentinel because of Monroe's willingness to appoint northerners and southerners. The Federalist party didn't even nominate a candidate to run against Monroe. Some felt that party competition had died out; but there were many issues that still divided the nation.

*First Continental Congress*

Called a rump session of the VA assembly meeting. Delegates from all colonies except GA were present, and it convened in Philadelphia. Five major decisions: - Rejected a Plan for a Union under British authority - Endorsed a statement of grievances - Began making Military preparations - Agreed on stopping all trade with Britain - Agreed to meet again.

*Missouri Compromise*

Called for the addition of Missouri to the Union as a slave state and for Maine to be added as a free territory. All Louisiana territory north of the southern border (36',30') would become free territory and all territory south of it would be slave territory. Settled a strong division of the country.

*Dawes Act*

Called for the gradual elimination of tribal ownership of land. 160 acres to head of family, 80 to single adults and 40 to each child. Adults were given US citizen but didn't completely own the land for 25 years.

*Homestead Act*

Permitted citizens to claim 160 acres of land after 5 years of a small price

*Ralph Waldo Emerson*

Philosopher. Unitarian minister who left the church in 1832 to devote time to transcendentalism. Wrote many essays and lectures, including Self-Reliance and the American Scholar. He was a good friend of Thoreau. Significance: Helped to develop a distinctive American culture and also increased the momentum of the reform movement

*'20s*

Portrayed the Depression as a domestic problem, not an international one

*Harlem-Renaissance*

Post great war Harlem, a new generation of black artists and intellectuals created a flourishing African-American culture widely described as this. Eg: Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Langston Hughes.

*Lincoln*

President 16. Believed slavery was morally wrong and tried to preserve union. Not an abolitionist

*Clara Barton*

Founder of the American Red Cross. Active in accumulation and distribution of medical supplies

*William Lloyd Garrison*

Founder of the Liberator. Called for an immediate abolition of slavery. Rejected gradualism, and insisted that all rights of citizenship be granted to slaves.

*Credit Mobilier*

French owned construction company that helped build Union Pacific Railroad. Hoarded millions of money and then transferred large amounts to key congressman. HUGE SCANDAL for Grant's administration

*Hawley-Smoot Act 1930*

Hoover attempted to protect American farmers from international competition by raising agricultural tariffs. This contained protective increases on 75 farm products and raised rates to the highest in American history. It was a disaster because other nations raised their tariffs, causing a tariff war, and narrowing the market.

*Horizontal Integration*

Horizontal Integration is when a company tries to gain a complete monopoly over one of the steps of the industry. Standard Oil's control over the oil refining process is an example of this.

*HUAC*

House Un-American Activities Committee; held widely publicized investigations to prove that under democratic rule the government had tolerated if not encouraged communists; led to the Hollywood 10 trial and the Alger Hiss trial; this committee also made a Republican Representative named Nixon famous.

*Okies*

Hundreds of thousands of families from the Dust Bowl, termed Okies because mostly came from Oklahoma, traveled to CA and other states where they found conditions little better from those they left. Many worked as migrant farm workers.

*Spoils system*

Idea that the winner of an election should be able to replace government officials with his supporters. Spoils system was in effect on the state and local level. Led to widespread political corruption and replaced by civil service system for most jobs

*Actual Representation*

If colonists actually got to vote for representatives to look after their needs

*"Military Industrial Complex"*

Ike warned in his farewell address of an "unwarranted influence" of a vast "_________". His caution stood in marked contrast with his successors who wanted the US to act more boldly in behalf of Western goals.

*Shanty Irish*

Immigrants are considered inferior to the native born. Native born felt that the Irish chose such a poor style of living, which forced the Irish upon very low wages.

*Corrupt Bargain*

In 1824 election, there were 4 major candidates receiving electoral votes; JQ Adams-(84), Clay-(37), Crawford-(37), Jackson-(99). Because a majority was not reached, the decision went to the house to pick the top 3 candidates. Clay met with JQ Adams, and consequently, gave his support to Adams. Shortly after being elected, JQ Adams made Henry Clay his Secretary of State, a traditional stepping stone to the presidency. Made many Americans desire a more democratic system of politics.

*Anti-Saloon League*

In 1893, the Anti-Saloon League joined the temperance movement and along with the WCTU (Women's Christian Temperance Union), began to press for the legal abolition of saloons. Gradually demands included the abolition of the sale of alcohol.

*Roosevelt Corollary*

In 1904, TR added the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine which claimed that the US not only had the right to stop European colonization in the Western hemisphere, but also the right to intervene in its neighbor's affairs to preserve order.

*Niagara Movement*

In 1905, DuBois and a group of his supporter met at Niagara Falls and launched the Niagara Movement. DuBois stated at this meeting that Blacks should fight for immediate equality of rights and not just wait for for it to happen over time.

*Triangle Shirtwaist Fire*

In 1911, a terrible fire swept through the factory of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in NY. 146 workers, mostly women, died. Management had locked the emergency exists. The fire resulted in major reforms in the conditions of modern labor.

*18th Amendment*

In 1919, ratification of the 18th Amendment by all States except for CT and RI (Catholic havens_ prohibited the sale of alcoholic beverages from the U.S. It would take effect in January 1920.

*USS Panay*

In 1937 Japanese aviators struck the USS Panay and sunk it as it sailed into China's Yangtze River. The attack was almost undoubtedly deliberate, because there was a large American flag painted upon the deck. Sign: Isolationists wanted to forgive the Japanese this incident, and move on; the incident showed to what extent the US isolationists would go to avoid war.

*Manhattan Project*

In 1939, Einstein warned that the Germans had developed nuclear fission, which was the first step in creating an atomic bomb in the Manhattan Project; was named as such because so many of the scientists came from Columbia University; Sign: 1st successful blast in New Mexico and led to Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

*Korematsu vs. US*

In 1944 the Supreme Court rules in Korematsu vs. US that the relocation of Japanese was constitutionally permissible; did not rule on internment camps.

*National Organization for Women (NOW)

In 1966, Friedan joined with other feminists to create this, which was to become the nations largest and most influential feminist org. Drew much of it's inspiration from the black struggle for civil rights. Heart of the movement was directed at needs in the workplace. Called for "full equal partnership of the sexes" as part of the worldwide revolution of human rights. By the end of the 60s had 15,000 members.

*The Equal Rights Amendment*

In 1972, Congress approved this which was advocated by feminists since 1920. Ratification seemed almost certain, but by the late 70s momentum died out. ERA was in trouble because of the rising chorus of objections to it from people who feared it would disrupt traditional social patterns. 1982 time ran out for its ratification and the ERA died out.

*Denmark Vesey*

In Charleston free black, Denmark Vesey and his followers rumored to total 9,000-made preparations for a revolt, but again word leaked out, and retribution soon followed. The slave rebellion that was destroyed after reaching 9,000. Significance: This increased fear amongst southern whites which showed that masters knew slaves weren't happy being slaves.

*Wounded Knee*

In Dec. of 1890, 350 starving Sioux were rounded up and a fight broke out. 40 soldiers and up to 200 natives were murdered.

*Barbados Siave Codes*

Limited the rights of biacks; ensured aimost absoiute to white masters; blacks had no legal recourse for being beaten or whipped; could be executed for resisting the master; the slave codes were brought from Barbados by whites who settled in South Carolina; Sign: enforced the color aspect of slavery; 1 of many legal codes that discriminated against blacks; set legal precedent for legal status of slavery

*Marshall Plan*

Introduced by Secretary of State Marshall to help rebuild Europe after WWII; included 16 western nations combining in a recovery program in which the US gave massive amounts of aid and loans to rebuild Europe; motivated by 1. the desire to stop communism by getting rid of poverty that encourages communism; 2. humanitarian concerns to help the suffering people of Europe; 3. rebuild Europe so they could buy U.S. goods to prevent the Depression from returning in US; Sign: considered by Europeans as one of the best things US ever did; did help stop communist expansion; did help the US economy.

*John C. Calhoun*

Known as one of the Great Triumvirates. War Hawk in the election of 1810; was a federalist and later a whig; VP to JQ Adams and Jackson, but resigned over the Tariff and the Peggy Eaton controversy. Wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest. Became the most famous of the Southern states' rights leaders but wanted to preserve the union.

*Henry Clay*

Known as the Great Compromiser. Ran for president several times but lost all races. Elected as Speaker of the House and became Secretary of State. Branded by the Corrupt Bargain.

*American Communist Party*

Largest and most important member of the Popular Front. It had for a long time been a strong critic of American Capitalism, but was kinder due to direct orders from Moscow in the 30's.

*Salem Witch Trials*

Largest widespread witchcraft persecution in America. Occurred in Salem, MA where 19 residents (mostly female) were put to death Social strains were a large cause of these witchcraft accusations.

*Sherman's March to Sea*

Last stage of war. Advance towards Atlanta, and on the way, destroyed anything they could in a 60 mile gap. Done to damage Confederate morale.

*Black Codes*

Laws established to reassert the supremacy of the Planter aristocracy and designed to control freed slaves. Discriminatory against Africans

*"Free Soil"*

Lead by James G Birney, The Liberty Party was for antislavery but not abolitionism. Wanted slavery out of the west, but felt lands should go to the Whites. Were able to do what abolitionists couldn't, uniting a majority of northern whites.

*Political Boss*

Leader of a political party who uses patronage and intimidation to gain voters. Gained powers in municipal governments. Started in the 1830s and gained more and more power until the Progressive reforms of the early 20th century.

*John Lewis/ CIO*

Leaders of the AFL opposed unionism, but industrial unionism found an important advocate. He was the leader of the united mine workers. He formed the Committee on the Industrial Organization after he left the AFL.

*Monopoly*

Most Americas would not question Capitalism, but were growing concerned w/ problems of monopoly. Blamed for artificially high prices, unstable economy and emergence of the new class of the wealthy

*Huey Long*

Most alarming dissenter to FDR's plans was this senator of LA. He rose to owner through attacks on banks, oil companies, and the utilities. His opposition was left without any power at all in LA. When he was accused of violating LA constitution he said, "I am the constitution."

*Gang System*

Most common form of slavery. Slaves are divided into groups and each are directed by a driver. They are to work for as many hours as the overseer considered reasonable.

*"Beats"*

Most derisive critics of bureaucracy, and of middle-class society in general. Composed of young poets, writers, artists. Most visible evidence of the widespread restlessness of American Youth. Included people like Alan Ginsberg and Jack Kerouc who wrote on the road, Showed the 50's werent just a period of conformity.

*Battle of Little Big Horn*

Most famous conflict between whites and Indians. Custer and 264 members were surrounded and killed by 2500 warriors

*William Tweed*

Most famously corrupt city boss was Tweed of NYC. He was from Tammany Hall and his excesses finally landed him in jail in 1872.

*Security Council*

Most important agreement of Yalta was to form the UN; Security Council was key part of the UN; it was to be made up of five permanent members with each one having veto power; 5 permanent powers consisted of troops into conflicts; veto power has been used to prevent actions; many of the major disputes of the Cold War were fought in the Security Council.

*Stephen Douglas*

Most important man in getting the passage of the Compromise of 1850. 37 years old at proposal time. Democratic Senator from IL. Committed to sectional and personal gain. Broke down Clay's proposal and made it into 8 separate bills. Eventually proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Ran against LIncoln for Sen.

*Adams-Onis Treaty*

Negotiated by Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams with Spain's Onis. Gave Florida to the US in exchange for US abandoning claim to Texas and parts of the Northwest. Defined the Louisiana Territory.

*Townsend Duties*

New taxes on various goods imported to the colonies from England. Second of two measures that was steered through Parliament in 1767. NO more acceptable to the colonists then the Stamp Act was.

*Daniel Webster*

One of the Great Triumvirate members, referred to as the greatest American orator. Argued federalist positions in front of the Supreme Court and Congress. Argued for strong central government and against the idea of nullification, famous for the Webster-Hanye debate over the Tariff of Abomination (1828). Many of his speeches became famous and were memorized by young students to show patriotism.

*Boston Massacre*

On the night of March 5, 1770, a mob of dockworkers, "Liberty Boys" and others began to pelt sentries at the customs house with rocks and snowballs. Fighting broke out when a British soldier was knocked down. 5 colonists were killed. This was a result of panic and resistance.

*Federal Emergency Relief Administration*

One of FDR's first arts as president. Provided cash grants to states in order to prop up bankrupt relief agencies. Harry Hopkins directed this. Federal government felt better about work, not cash relief.

*"Vietnamization"*

One of Nixon's most important strategies for stifling dissent was this policy of the war - which was the training and equipping of the S. Vietnamese military to assume the burden of war was in place of American troops. 1971 president ordered the Air Force assist of S Vietnamese army in an invasion of Laos, a test as he saw it of his Vietnamization program. Within weeks the Vietnamese were scrambling in defeat.

*Andrew Carnegie*

One of the few industrialists who went from rags to riches. Scottish immigrant who became one of the richest men in the world with success in the iron and steel industry. Wrote the *Gospel of Wealth*.

*Dustbowl*

One of the greatest environmental disasters of American history. Mainly caused by a prolonged drought, farmers were not taking care of the soil like they were supposed to, and large amounts were loosened resultantly. (Ken Burns)

*Commonwealth V. Hunt*

One of the greatest legal victories of industrial workers. Declared that unions were lawful organizations and strikes are legal weapons to use. This is the 1st favorable court ruling on unions, laid the framework for increased power of labor unions in the late 1800 and early 1900s

*Greenbacks*

Paper currency. Values fluctuated according to union victories

*Soft Money*

Paper money issued with little or no backing in gold and silver. Favored by many in debt

*Jefferson Davis*

President of the Confederates. Unsuccessful.

*Salutary Neglect*

Refers how to how the British allowed the colonies to govern themselves. Colonists taxed themselves and made their own laws

*King Mob*

Refers to the mob of people who began to destroy and steal things from a party at the White House when Jackson was inaugurated.Now is used to refer to the masses and the move to democracy that Jackson seemed to epitomize (be an example of)

*Manifest Destiny*

Reflected both the pride that characterized American Nationalism in the mid-19th century and the ideal vision of perfection at the time. Rested on the idea that America was destined by God to expand coast to coast. First coined by John O' Sullivan. Significance: Major justification of Mex-American War and helped bring about the Civil War.

*Expansionism*

Reflected in the idea of American expanding is root to include all the space possible for its democracy to spread. Belief that meant Mexicans and Indians were inferior and should be pushed out of the way. Americans did not viewed as imperial behavior.

*Omaha Platform of 1892*

Reform program of the Populist Party. Proposed a system of sub treasuries, governmental aid for farmers, income tax, direct election of Senators. Many proposals became law.

*Non-intercourse Act*

Replaced the embargo Act and passed before Madison took office in 1808. Reopened trade with all nations except Britain and France. Failed and was replaced.

*Macon's Bill #2*

Replacement for the Non-intercourse Act. Stated that the US would reopen trade with Britain and France, only if either nation agreed to lift its restrictions on American shipping. If they did this, then trading sanctions would be imposed on the other. France agreed and sanctions were placed on Great Britain. Led to Orders in Council and the War of 1812

*VA/KY Resolutions*

Republican leaders wished to remove the Sedition and Alien Acts from state legislatures. Two resolutions were written, one anonymously by Jefferson, which was adopted by KY and another, written by Madison, was adopted by VA. Both used ideas from John Locke. Beginning of "nullification"

*NIRA*

Result of pressure to reform industry was this, which was some of the most complicated pieces of legislation ever in American History. Businesses and workers hailed it, and it created the NIRA.

*Whiskey Rebellion*

Resulted from the disgruntled farmers who owned distilleries and now had to pay taxes on their whiskey as a result of Hamilton's Bank Bill. Raised a major challenge to federal authority when they refused to pay whiskey tax and began to terrorize tax collectors. Washington raised an army against them and was criticized for "crushing a gnat with a sledgehammer"

*XYZ affair*

Revolutionary France began to attack American ships. Hamilton sent 3 reps to negotiate, but they demanded a loan fro France and bribes before the negotiations would start. The Americans refused and left France. The French men were called Misters X,Y,Z. For two years after the Affair, the US was at an undeclared war with France.

*"Woodstock Revolution"*

Rock's driving rhythms, its undisguised sensuality, its often harsh and angry tone made it an appropriate vehicle for expressing themes of social and political unrest in the 60's. Powerful symbol of the fusion of rock and counter culture was the music festival at Woodstock NY in the summer of 1969.

*Republican Motherhood*

Role for women that stressed the importance of instructing children in "republican virtues" (patriotism and honor) Significance: Made it important for women to be better educated and literate

*Pure Food and Drug Act*

Roosevelt pressured congress to enact the Pure Food and Drug Act, which, despite its weakness in enforcement mechanisms, restricted the sale of dangerous or ineffective medicines.

*Gospel of Wealth*

Said that people of great wealth also had great responsibilities to the world. The book was written by Carnegie in 1901. It said that all wealth in excess if one's needs needs should be "trust funds for the community"; Carnegie believed in both Social Darwinism and the Gospel of Wealth.

*Interstate Commerce Act*

Said the Federal Government alone had the power to regulate commerce between states.

*Robert Owen*

Scottish industrialist and philanthropist. Founded an experimental community named "New Harmony."Everyone lived and worked in entire unity, but the experiment failed financially, but inspired others.

*Scotch-Irish*

Scottish-Presbyterians who had settled N. Ireland. New English banned their trade (wool) and did not allow them to practice Catholicism. Rents were also raised in Ireland, causing many to immigrate to America in 1710

*National Securities Act of 1947*

This act created several new instruments of foreign policy, including: Department of Defense (that combined Department of Navy and Department of Army; also, created the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency; Sign: these agencies helped fight the Cold War, but also, led to some heavy-hades techniques of getting rid or persecuting both foreign and domestic enemies.

*Battle of Antietam*

Union army defeats Confederate army. Gave Lincoln key victory that allowed him to announce his intention of using wartime powers to free all slaves. Formally signs the Emancipation Proclamation after this

*Jayhawkers*

Union sympathizers in KS that organized bands but were marginally less savage

*Urban Machine*

Urban machine was one of America's most distinctive political institutions; It was also a product of the potential voting power of a large immigrant community; frequently, bosses of political machines would determine elections by having its followers vote many times or stuffing ballot boxes.

*Social Darwinism*

Was the application of Darwin's laws of evolution and natural selection around species to human society. English philosopher Herbert Spencer was the first and most prominent proponent of this theory. Society benefitted from the elimination of the unfit.

*Louis B. Brandeis*

Was the first Jew ever to be named to the Supreme Court in his book, Other People's Money, he spoke about the "curse" of bigness, in part because of the inefficiency it created. He was a renown progressive nominated by Wilson.

*Eugene Debs*

Was the leader of the American Socialist Party. He ran for President several times but never carried a single State. Was imprisoned during WWI along with others during the Red-Scare.

*"Dollar Diplomacy"*

Taft and his Sec. of State, Know, tried to increase American influence in parts of Latin America by replacing investments of European nations with that of the United States. But it had a violent side, when a revolution broke out in Nicaragua, the US intervened several times militarily.

*Anglican Church*

The main church in England, and the legal religion in VA, NY the Carolinas, GA, and MD

*Panama Canal*

The most celebrated accomplishment of TR's presidency was the construction of the Panama Canal. The first step was the 1901 Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, which cancelled an American-British pact in 1850 agreeing to contract the canal together. American then bought the French holdings for $40 million, staged a revolution in Panama to free them from the Colombians, and paid $10 million and $250k a year for the for the canal to be built by the Panama Government.

*Alien and Sedition Acts*

The most controversial legislation in American history. Alien- placed new obstacles in the way of foreigners and strengthened the president's hand in dealing with aliens Sedition- allowed government to prosecute those who spoke against the government

*Assembly Line*

The most important change in production technology. Introduced in 1914 by Henry Ford. Allowed for quick production. Led to mass production and the moving assembly line.

*Lincoln Steffens*

The most influential muckraker who tuned attention to the Government. He exposed the "machine government" and "boss rule" to the public. his tone of moral outrage helped arouse sentiment for urban political reform.

*Jonathan Edwards*

The most outstanding preacher of the Great Awakening. A New England Congregationalist, and one of the original theologians of America. He preached uncannily, and was one of the first presidents of Princeton University as well

*Loyalists/Tories:*

The ones who weren't in favor of the Revolution. Wished to remain part of Britain. As many as 100,000 of these people left the colonies

*Taylorism*

The principles of "scientific management" were named after their leading founder, Fredrick Taylor. It was a way to increase the employer's control of the workplace, to make working people less independent. It meant to subdivide tasks to speed production, and make workers interchangeable.

*Standard Oil*

Was the most celebrated corporate empire of the 19th century. It was created through both horizontal and vertical integration. Rockefeller first launched the company after the Civil War. By the 1880's Rockefeller had such dominance, that he controlled 90% of refined oil in the US

*Washington Conference (1921)*

Was the most important effort to build safeguards against global conflict. It was also an attempt to prevent a naval arms race between Britain, US and Japan. All three nations agreed to the provisions, which set up a 5:5:3 ratio in regards to ship building.

*Ida Tarbell*

Was the most notable muckraker for her story exposing the Standard Oil Trust (Published first in magazines, then in a 2 volume book in 1904)

*Vertical Integration*

Was the taking over of all the different businesses on which a company relied for its primary function; in vertical integration, a company tried to control each of the steps in the industry; Carnegie Steel did just that.

FDR

Went from a seat in the NY legislature, to a position as Assistant Secretary of the Navy. He then contracted polio-which resulted in a loss of leg usage- and was out of politics for a long time. Won presidential campaign of 1932. He was thus able to portray the depression not as an international problem but as a domestic problem.

*Interventionalists*

Were people who supported America's entry into war; Sign: some groups favored actual interv ention, others just favored helping the Allies.

*Muckrakers*

Were the first people in the late 19th and easy 20th century to push reform through journalism. TR named them this because he said that all they did was rake "muck". The major targets for these journalists included: railroads, Standard Oil, meat factories, and urban living.

*Broker State*

What New Dealers had created was something that in later years would be termed a broker state. Instead of forging all elements of society together into a harmonious unity, the real achievements of the New Deal was to elevate and strengthen new interest groups, so as to allow them to complete more efficiently.

*Peculiar Institution*

What white southerners called slavery because they thought it was distinctive and special. in the mid 19th Century, slavery only existed in Cuba, PR, and Brazil. Significance:Some historians believe that the term made slavery seem less evil and more benign.

*Tenements*

The word "tenement" had originally been used to describe a multifamily rental building, but by the late 19th century it was used to describe slum dwellings only. The 1st tenements were built in NYC in 1850.

*Charles Darwin*

Theory of natural selection or evolution revolutionized biology. Huge impact on religion and social thought.

*Red Scare*

There were several bombings in June of 1919 which exploded within 5 minutes of each other. The bombings incited what was already a growing determinations among many middle-class Americans (including some Government officials) to fight back against radicalism-a determination sealed by the repressive atmosphere of the war years. This anti-radicalism accompanied, and reinforced the already strong commitment among old-stock Protestants to the idea of "100% Americanism" And these were the factors, which made up the social phenomenon known as the Red Scare. Anti-Radical newspapers sprang up everywhere and communists and communist sympathizers were incarcerated.

*The Irreconcilables*

They were the opponents of the Treaty of Versailles who believed that it made America too committed to the New League, and didn't agree with the lack of protection the treaty offered to the Monroe Doctrine.

*NW Ordinance of 1787*

This abandoned the 10 districts laid out by the Ordinance of 1784 and created a single NW territory. It also specified a minimum population of 60,000 for admission as a state

*Platt Amendement*

When Cuba drew ip a constitution w/o making any reference to the U.S, Congress passed the Platt Amendment in 1901, which pressured Cuba into incorporating the U.S into its constitution. The Amendment barred Cuba from making traits w/ other nations, gave the U.S the right to intervene in Cuban affairs, and permitted American naval stations in Cuba.

*Freeport Doctrine*

"If the people didn't draft any laws legalizing slavery in that territory, then slavery couldn't exist." In the congressional debates between Lincoln and Douglas in 1858, Lincoln asked Douglas whether a territory could exclude slavery prior to the formation of a constitution. Douglas said that if the people didn't draft any laws legalizing slavery in that territory then slavery could not exist. His response became known as the Freeport Doctrine.

*Tennessee Valley Authority*

"New dealers" who favored economic development favored conspicuously with this act because it involved not only the completion of a damn at Muscle Shoals, TN, but also the authority to build more in that region. It made a comprehensive redevelopment of the entire region. Also important because it was the first time that the federal government was taking direct control in local development plans.

*Toleration Acts*

(1649) When Lord Baltimore (George Calvert) est. Maryland, he was searching for a peaceful haven for Catholics. In order to turn a profit Protestants had to be invited as well, and they soon outnumbered Catholics. To appease Protestants Calvert appointed a Protestant governor, and his "act concerning religion" insured religious toleration; Sign.: helped to set the precedent of religious toleration and separation of church and state

*Bacon's Rebellion*

(1676) Nathaniel Bacon was a wealthy young graduate, who opposed Gov. Barkley's policies towards the natives, because he was being constantly attacked. After Cambridge University and a member of the VA backcountry. He was unsatisfied the governor of VA refused to retaliate when Doeg Indians raided a white camp and killed a white servant, Bacon led some of the local residents in an avenging against Governor Berkley in Jamestown, and won a pardon; which was then taken attack against the Indians themselves-thus labeling him a rebel. He led his army away. He then burned down Jamestown, and drove Berkley out. Bacon suddenly died of Dysentery, and the rebellion ended; Sign.: some believe the discontent of the freed indentured servants helped motivate Chesapeake planters to turn to Africans slaves for labor; slavery does increase massively in late 1600s.

*States' Rights Party*

(Also known as the Dixiecrats) southern Democrats who walked out of the Democratic Party in protest against the proposed civil rights program of Truman their candidate who defended segregation, ran against Truman in 1948 and received many electoral votes from the South

*Scopes Trial*

(Monkey Trial) TN law prohibited the teaching material that was against biblical interpretation. Provoked a 24 year old biology teacher, John Scopes, to break it. ACLU offered him free counsel, and William Jennings Bryan was the prosecuted. Clarence Darrow defended Scopes and made Bryan admit that not all religious dogma was subject to only one interpretation.

*Federalists*

-Pro British -Consisted of the wealthy, higher class -More Governmental jobs - Pro-Constitution -United by Jefferson.

*Anti-Federalists*

-Pro French -Poorer people -Lower class -West of the Appalachian -Hated the Constitution -United by Jefferson

*Leisure's Rebellion*

1689; led by Jacob Leisler, a German merchant, against English representing the Dominion of New England; when he heard the news of the Glorious Revolution in England, he removed the officials in the name of William and Mary; at first, he enjoyed much support from residents of New City; but eventually, the rebellion fell apart and Leisler and his son were executed; however, it was a sign that helped split New York for decades between Leisterites and royal supporters; on elf the 1st attempts to show how the colonies would put up with royal control.

*2nd Great Awakening*

1800-1840. Efforts of conservative theologians to fight the spread of religious rationalism such as Deism. Helped to kick start many of the reform movements of the first half of the 19th century. Also gave women and African-Americans a chance to participate in religion publicly. Significance: helped to start many reform movements; abolition, temperance, mental care, etc.

*Chinese Exclusionary Act*

1882- Congress barred Chinese immigration for 10 years and prevented ones in America from becoming citizens. Act passed in response to political pressure from Californians upset about Chinese immigration. Renewed in 1892 and 1902, and revoked in 1942.

*Social Security Act 1935*

1935, FDR gave public support for the social security act. The elderly received $15 a month immediately if destitute. Others would contribute a portion of their salaries so they would have an income upon retirement. This act created a system of unemployment measures, and turned the US into a welfare state.

*Fidel Castro*

1957 popular movement began in Cuba to overthrow Batista, _____ was thrust into power and at first americans responded warmly to him. after his clear communist intentions surfaced, the US severed relations with Cuba. US was frightened at the close proximity to a Communist state

*"Sexual Revolution"*

1960's new more permissive view of sexual behavior. Emergence of more relaxed approach to sexuality was the result of the counter culture more than accessibility to contraceptives. BCP was introduced in the 60's and abortion was legalized in 1973.

*Michael Harrington and the Other America*

1962, a socialist writer wrote a sensational book. Chronicled continuing existence of poverty in America. Conditions he described are not knew, only stirring attention. Helped push LBJ to develop Great Society Program

*Students for a Democratic Society*

1962: group of students, from prestigious universities, gathered in MI to form an organization to give voice to their demands. Declaration of beliefs, the Port Huron Statement, expressed disillusionment with the society they had inherited and their determination to build new politics. In the following years, became the principle organization for student radicalism.

*The Feminine Mystique*

1963 publication is often cited as the first event of modern women's liberation. She traveled around the nation to interview former classmates from Smith College who graduated in 1947. Most of them were unemployed, living in the suburbs as housewives. Many were unhappy. Friedan said the suburbs were like "comfortable concentration camps"

*American Indian Movement*

1968 group of young militant Indians est. the AIM which drew its greatest support from those Indians who lived in urban areas. Soon est. significant presence on reservation. AIM soon turned increasingly to violent actions. Responded to murder of an indian by two whites, whom them felt were not punished enough. Seized Wounded Knee for 2 months in 1973. Clash left one indian dead and one wounded.

*Roe v. Wade*

1973, Supreme Court decision based on a relatively new theory on a constitutional "right of privacy" first recognized by the court only a few years earlier in Griswold v. CN (1965), invalidated all laws prohibiting abortion in the first "trimester" - which lasted for the first three months of pregnancy.

*Stono Rebellion*

A rebellion of about 100 slaves in 1739 that killed their masters gathered arms, and headed south for Florida. A white army soon crushed them

*Puritans*

A sect within the Anglican Church that wanted to "purify" the church. Many of the Puritans chose to settle in America for religious freedom; however during the Great Puritan Migration of 1628-1640, many Puritans went to Chesapeake and Caribbean Islands, showing they wanted wealth more than Religious freedom; Puritans helped establish key traits about American society according to some historians.

*Haymarket Square*

A strike in Chicago at the McCormick Harvest Company. Someone threw a bomb and killed 7 officers and injured 67 others. Later found many of those killed and injured were victims of bullets

*Lowell and Watham System*

A system of factory recruitment that enlisted young women, mostly farmer's daughters in their teens and early 20's. Have complete female labor forces and mainly used in textile manufacturing. Significance: This increased opportunities for women as workers outside of the home. When female workers complained they were being exploited with long hours and low wages, they were replaced by immigrants. When they married, they usually left their work in the factories.

*How the Other Half Lives - Jacbo Riis*

A book that depicted the various differences between the rich and the poor in regards to comfort and medical help, as well as longevity.

*Cherokee Nation v. Georgia*

A case that ruled that the Cherokee Nation has no right to have its case heard in court. Cherokee Nation becomes a "semi-independent" nation.

*Articles of Confederation*

A committee proposal, drafted in 1777. Were not very effective, as it didn't grant enough power to control any central government, nor did it command much respect from other nations.

*Internal improvements*

A debate over which part of the government was responsible for funding of improvements for the transportation system.

*Nativism*

A defense of native-born people and a hostility to the foreign born combined with a desire to stop or slow immigration. This rise was due to simple racism and also because foreign workers would accept jobs for lower pay that took jobs away from others. Significance: The US undergoes several periods of nativism in the 1840s and early decades of the 1900s. This especially increases during bad economic times.

*Republicanism*

A form of government where all power came from the people, not the supreme authority. If the population consisted of sturdy, virtuous, independent property owners then the republic would survive. If it consisted of a few powerful aristocrats and a large mass of dependent workers, then it would be in danger

*American Colonization Society*

A group of prominent Virginians organized this. Worked to challenge slavery without challenging society. Proposed gradual manumission, they wanted to transport slaves back to Africa, but this was not successful. This eventually led to the establishment of the country of Liberia. They mainly transported belligerent slaves or freed ones.

*Ostend Manifesto*

A letter to try an take Cuba by force. Word leaked to the public and it became a huge controversy. This made Northerners more convinced there was a slave conspiracy to control the gov

*Gabriel Prosser*

A man in 1800, who gathered 1,000 rebellious slaves outside of Richmond, VA. Slaves gave the plot away and so the rebellion was destroyed before it started. He and 35 others were executed. This made whites in the south paranoid about a slave uprising.

*Tecumseh and the Prophet*

A native known as Tecumseh and his brother (Prophet) attempted to unite all the Native tribes to resist the white encroachments in 1807. Led to major uprising of natives and both the brother and Tecumseh were killed.

*Kent State University*

After Nixon ordered Cambodian invasion, literally overnight the anti-war movement was restored to vigorous life. First days of May (invasion was on April 30) were most widespread anti war movements ever. Mood intensified when on May 4, 1970 four college students were killed and 9 others were injured when the Natl. Guard opened fire on demonstrators.

*"Remember the Maine"*

After battleship Maine blew up in a Spanish Harbor in Cuba, war hysteria swept the nation. "Remember the Maine" became a national chant for revenge against the Spanish.

*Roger Williams*

After demanding rel. freedom in Mass. Bay Colony, he was banished; he was kept alive by Indians around present day Rhode Island; later, he founded a colony called Rhode Island; Sign: Rhode Island became the colony of rel. freedom and tolerance and helped create the belief in separation of church and state

*Boxer Rebellion*

After negotiations over the Open Door ended, a group of Chinese martial artists launched an attack against foreigners in China. They seized the British embassy in Peking, but the Imperial Power own quelling the uprising. As a result of the U.S's involvement in stopping the Boxers, McKinley got the Open Door Policy to be accepted by other nations in China.

*Chivington Massacre*

After some conflicts with Indians in the area, the governor of CO called all friendly Indians to camp near an American fort so that they would not be harmed. One Arapaho and Cheyenne band, under leadership of Black Kettle took the invasion and camped near Fort Lyon. But Colonel Chivington rounded up volunteers and killed the Indians anyway.

*Martin Luther King Jr.*

After success of Montgomery Boycott, movement chose this guy as their leader. Was the son of a prominent pastor and believed in non-violent civil disobedience. Borrowed heavily from teaching of Thoreau and Ghandhi. Most influential and admired black leader in America.

*Navigation Acts*

After the Restoration, Charles II adopted 3 Navigation Acts designed to regulate colonial commerce strictly. The 1 in 1660, closed colonies to all trade except that carried in English ships. It also required them to export certain goods, notably tobacco, only to England. The 2ad Act, 1663, provided that all goods being shipped to colonies from Europe had to pass through England in order to be taxed. The 3d Act, 1673, imposed duties on coastal trade, and provided for customs officials to enforce the acts.

*Braceros*

American and Mexican governments agreed in 1942 to a program by which braceros (contract laborers) would be admitted into the US for a temporary period in order to work certain jobs; specifically farm workers; Sign: Showed that the Us was willing to increase migration when we needed labor.

*Nye Committee Hearings*

Americans were listening to the argument that powerful business interests dragged the US into WWI. An investigation by senate committee chaired by Senator Nye from ND revealed enormous profiteering by WWI and helped bring about the Neutrality Acts of 1935-1939.

*The Bay of Pigs*

Among the first foreign policy ventures of the Kennedy admin. was a disastrous assault on the Castro gov't in Cuba. Eisenhower admin started the project, the CIA had been working for months to train a small army of anti-Castro Cuban exiles to invade and take Cuba. Kennedy had misgivings about the project and 2,000 Cuban exiles landed in the _________ in 61. Kennedy withdrew air support at the last minute, and the invaders did not receive the local support they counted on. Within 2 days the entire mission collapsed.

*F.Scott Fitzgerald*

An Intellectual of the 1920's who claimed to reject success ethic that they believed dominated American life. The novelist ridiculed American obsession with material success in several of his works.

*Mercantilism*

An economic concept which was accepted by European nation-states in the 16th and 17th centuries; key aspects: 1. Goal is to increase the death of the nation; 2. worlds wealth is finite-so one nation gains wealth at the expense of another nation or people; 3. nation should export more than it imports; 4. colonies are important for precious minerals, raw materials, to provide market to the mother nation.; 5. colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country; significance: motivated European nations to develop colonies in the Americas and elsewhere; 2. colonists eventually grew to dislike mercantilism and this dislike helped cause many of the colonies to fight for independence in the 1700's and 1800's.

*Noah Webster*

An educator and lawyer who felt schools should teach American students nationalistic and patriotic themes. Simplified many British American words to establish an American form of English. Significance: His dictionary would help establish an American form of English.

*Embargo Act of 1807*

An effort to keep the US at peace despite rising tensions between Napoleon and Britain. Prevented American ships from leaving American waters. Ended in 1808 because it only hurt America. Significance: helped spurred Americans to develop their own industrial output. Created mush animosity in New England towards the Republicans.

*Joseph McCarthy*

An undistinguished first-term Senator from Wisconsin when he declared to known that 205 commies were working in the State Department; he emerged as a leader in the anti-communism crusade; McCarthy intimidated his opponents and friends; he was eventually brought down when he accused the army as being a haven for communists; he was the most famous leader of the 2nd Red Scare.

*Free Soil Party*

Anti SLavery Northerners who were gaining popular support in the 1840s. Repudiated Compromise of 1850. Against slavery in the new territories because they wanted nothing to do with blacks. Wanted America to reserved only for whites to be independent farmers and free labor workers. Forerunner of the Republican party. Helped Northern Whigs to attack the expansion of slavery

*Know-Nothings*

Anti-immigrant sentiment peaked in the 1850s. Formed the Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner. Goals of this group was: banning Catholics and immigrants from public office, literacy tests for voting and strict naturalization laws. Password was, "I know nothing." Got many votes in the East, won control of MA legislature. Significance: Contributed to the collapse of the 2nd party system of Whigs and Democrats

*Webster-Ashburton Treaty*

Aroostook War with timber rights, Creole (Slave Ship) mutiny, Burning of the Caroline, contribute to a decline in British-American relations. The Webster-Ashburton Treaty solves the Canadian/American border in Maine and reduces tensions between America and Britain.

*Monroe Doctrine*

Asserted nationalism in foreign policy. Created by John Q. Adams. Key document in American foreign policy. Became the justification for frequent US interventions in Latin America.

*War Industries Board*

At the center of the effort to rationalize the economy during WWI, was the War Industries Board, an agency created in July 1917 to coordinate Government purchases of military supplies. It was placed under good leadership when Bernard Baruch took over. It excessed power like no other government agency of its era.

*Tenure of Office Act*

Attempt to stop the president from removing civil officials.

*Josiah Strong*

Author of Our Possible Future and Present Crisis: Strong declared in his book that the Anglo-Saxon "race" was of great ideas, civil liberties, pure Christianity, and was "divinely" commissioned to spread its glory around the world; Significance: helped bring about American imperialism in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

*Alfred Thayer Mahan*

Author of The Influence of Sea Power on History, Mahan said that countries with great navies have been the greatest powers on Earth. he pointed that the greatness of the US depended on its position in the sea; Significance: Inspired the development of a modern U.S Navy and American Imperialism.

*National Origin Act 1924*

Banned immigration from East Asia entirely. This provision deeply angered the Japanese government, which understood their people were the principle target. Chinese immigration had been illegal since 1892.

*Land Ordinances*

Based on a proposal by Jefferson that divided the western territory into 10 self-governing districts. Created a system for surveying and selling land. Created in 1784

*Nullification*

Based on the compact theory. In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798; 1. States formed the constitution thus a. If congress passed an unconstitutional law, the Federal gov't had broken the compact with the states, b. States could nullify unconstitutional law and would have to not obey the; 2. If such laws are forced on the states, then they have a right to secede from the Union. This eventually leads to the Civil War. (VA/KY Resolutions of 1798)

*New Immigrants*

Before the late 19th century, immigration had mainly come from Western Europe. Now it had shifted, and the majority of immigrants in the late 19th century were coming from South Eastern Europe.

*Committee of Correspondence*

Began by Samuel Adams in MA in 1772. Made possible continuous cooperation among the cities of MA. VA later established the first Inter-colonial Committee of Correspondence

*Mormons*

Began in NY. Leader was Joseph Smith. Published the Book of Mormon. Met with hostility. Driven from NY to Nauvoo, IL, eventually settled in SLC. Significance: A religion that caused an uproar over the issue of polygamy in the late 1800s. One of the fastest growing American born religions in the world today.

*Deism*

Belief that God created the universe in such a way that there was no need for divine intervention. Followers denied the miracles in the Bible and the idea that Jesus was the Son of God. Significance: Help develop a humanistic approach to religion in America. Reaction against this sparked the 2nd Great Awakening

*The Great Awakening*

By the early 18h century, colonists began to see that religious piety in decline. The Great Awakening began the 1730's and peaked a decade later. It was a new religious fervor that seemed to reverse the trend of religious decline for thousands of Americans.

*Calvinists*

Believed in predestination and that God had already decided who would be saved an who would be damned.; founded by John calvin as a break-off of Martin Luther's Reformation; each nation had its own name for Calvinists; French-Heugenots; English-Puritans; Scottish-Presbyterian; there are theological differences between each group; Significance: many of the people who came to America believed in Calvinism and the goal of proving that a person was among the saving increased hard-working, capitalist tendencies according to some historians.

*Hamilton's Bank Bill*

Believed that a stable government required an enlightened ruling class. Included the government assuming the public debt. Also called for a National Bank, which would keep bond prices high and allow the government to pay off bonds at par. Also added two new taxes: Whiskey Tax and Tariff on imports. The first measure to protect the infant American manufacturing district from foreign competition.

*Reconstruction Finance Corps*

Billed passed in January 1932, establishing the RFC, a government agency whose purpose was to provide federal loans to troubled banks, railroads, and other businesses. It operated on a large scale; but the RFC was too frugal and would not release all its money.

*Fredrick Douglas*

Born a slave. Later bought his freedom and founded an antislavery newspaper, the North Star. Wrote an autobiography (The Narrative Life of Fredrick Douglas), damning slavery. Demanded freedom and full economic/social equality for all Blacks. Black abolitionists under Douglas's leadership became more influential.

*Half-breeds and Stalwarts*

Both competing for control within the Republican Party. Half-breeds lead by James Blaine. Stalwarts led by Roscoe Conkling.

*Patronage*

Bribes/Incentives for people that gave food, coal or jobs in exchange for votes

*"Levittowns"*

By 1960 1/3 of Americans were living in suburbs. These made homes available and affordable to millions of Americans. First consisted of several thousand houses all similar to one another in NY. Also helped meet the enormous housing demand after WWII.

*Concentration v. Assimilation*

By the early 1850s, the idea of establishing a great enclave in which tribes could live was gaining acceptance. Concentration was a new policy which each tribe was assigned its own reservation. But treaty chiefs would play into white demands. Later government tried to force Indians to found schools and go to them.

*Crittenden Compromise*

Compromise made by John __________. Included an amendment to the constitution guaranteeing slavery in slave states, reestablishment of the MO compromise, and extending it to the Pacific Ocean. Last try at compromise to prevent the Civil War

*Compromise of 1877*

Compromise where Hayes wins, but he had to remove remaining federal troops from the south.

*Atlanta Compromise*

Compromised that said if blacks were to engage in activities to improve their economic lot, they would be given political equality

*Iroquois Confederacy*

Confederation of 6 Indian tribes who had joined together. Very strong military force. Loose alliance with the British in the French and Indian war.

*Gag Rule*

Congress would table all anti-slavery petitions w/o being read. Displayed extremes. Representatives managed for a time to impose a gag rule, in which congress would table all anti-slavery potions.

*Plessy V. Ferguson (1896) *

Decision that ruled separate accommodations didn't deprive blacks of equal rights if accommodations were equal. Overturned by Brown v. Board of education

*Sinclair Lewis*

Echoing Mencken's contempt for modern society was Sinclair Lewis, first American to win Nobel Prize in literature. In a series of savage novels-Mainstreet, Babbit, Arrow smith, and others he lashed out at aspects of modern society.

*Effects of the French and Indian War*

Effects included: -British abandons their policy of salutary neglect on the Colonists - Detrimental towards the Iroquois

*John Foster Dulles*

Eisenhower's Sec of State and perhaps one of the most influential people in the American Foreign Policy during Ike's administration. Aristocratic corporate lawyer, loathed communism, proposed idea of Massive Retaliation, proposed nuclear war to curb communist tide.

*Transcendentalism*

Embraced the theory of the individual that rested on a distinction of what they called reason and understanding. Reason- had little to do with rationality, but rather with the individual's ability to grasp beauty and truth by giving full expression to instincts and emotions. Understanding- involved the expression of instinct and the victory of self-imposed learning.

*Congregationalism*

Emerged as denomination of Puritanism. Each congregation was autonomous

*Samuel Slater*

English American industrialist in the 1800s who memorized blueprints of British textile technology and recreated these prints for use in America. Created the first American textile factory in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Significance: helped usher in the age of industrial growth in America with factories and working populations

*Herbert Hoover*

Entered presidency believing the nation held a bright future. The economic crisis began before his first year was finished, and forced the president to deal with a new set of problems. For the rest of his term, he continued to rely on rigid principles used in the past, mainly volunteerism.

*Works Progress Administration*

Establish a system of work relief for the unemployed, but it was larger than earlier agencies. It also had a $5 billion cap. Hopkins directed it, and kept an average of 2.1 million people employed. Also paid writers, painters, actors, and other artists.

*Stephen Austin*

Established 1st legal settlement in TX in 1820. Austin and his followers wanted more autonomy within Mexico, but with Santa Anna ruling Mexico, this dude and his followers decided to fight for independence. Significance: Helped bring about independence for Texas.

*2nd Great Awakening*

Established a religious fervor that was characterized by revivals and emotional preaching. Emphasized free will and the individual's role in determining his or her fate. Charles Grandson Finney was the most prominent member. Significance: Helped spur a whole series of reform movements. Encouraged blacks and women to play a key role in religious services.

*Public Works Administration*

Established by a bill to administer public spending programs and through the direction of Secretary of Interior, Harold Ickes, only gradually allowed the $3.3 billion in public works funds to trickle out. Not until 1938 when he died did the PWA spend enough to make a difference.

*Dred Scott v. Stanford*

Established that no African-american had the rights to sue in federal courts, slaves were property, neither Congress nor territory legislatures had right to prohibit slavery, invalidated the MO compromise, Kansas-Nebraska act and NW ordinance of 1787. Major blow to anti slavery movement

*Lewis and Clark*

Expedition commissioned by Jefferson to cross the continent to the Pacific Ocean. Proved that there was no easy water route to the Pacific Ocean. Significance: obtained vital information on the West and helped established relations with the Natives.

*Court Packing Plan*

FDR wanted to add one more judge for everyone that was over 70, because he claimed they were overworked. Congress didn't like this alleged court packing plan. It did seems to send a message to the judges, who were kinder to FDR's reforms later on. They even declared the SS act constitutional.

*Civilian Conservation Corps*

FDR's favored relief program, employed nearly 3 million men, ages 18-30, in various conservation projects nationwide.

*Ulysses S. Grant*

Failure in many things. Officer in the Civil War. Won many key battles. Shared Lincoln's belief in taking enemy armies and resources, not territory. Elected President but was corrupted

*"Rosie the Riveter"*

Famous wartime image of "Rosie the Riveter" symbolized the new importance of the female work force (mainly industrial) during WWII; Sign: becomes symbol for efforts of women in the war, but still maintained the feminine features that both women and men wanted to maintain.

*Whig Party*

Favored expanded power of the Federal government, encouraged the commercial and industrial development, were cautious about westward expansion and favored the BUS. Controlled by the Great Triumvirate: Calhoun, Webster, Clay.

*The Great Crash/ Black Tuesday*

Feb. 1928, stocks began a steady rise that continued for one a half years. Autumn of 1929, the market began to fall apart. October 21 and 23, there were declines in prices, in both cases there followed temporary recovery. October 29, 1929, (black Tuesday) all efforts to save the market failed.

*Greensboro Sit-Ins*

February 1960 black students in _______ staged a ______ at a segregated Walworth's lunch counter. In ensuing weeks several similar demonstrations occurred throughout the south. forcing many merchants to integrate their workforce.

*Fort Sumter*

Federal fort where first shots of the civil war took place.

*Sectionalism*

Feeling loyalty to your own section of the country. Prominently seen in the Civil War

*Nationalism*

Feeling proud of one's nation and feeling identity with one's nation. This grew rapidly for Americans after the War of 1812 and up to the 1830s.

*John Brown*

Fiercely committed abolitionist. Murdered in the name of freedom. Hung by US officials.

*19th Amendment*

Finally gave women suffrage in 1920. Once enfranchised, women did little to support the argument, which stated that they would be vehicles for reform. Most women generally votes along the same lines as their husbands.

*Panic of 1837*

Financial panic that all public land debts had to be paid in hard money. This would heavily impact the presidency of Martin Van Buren.

*Francis Perkins*

First female member of congress. She was appointed by FDR as the secretary of labor. She urged not so much an Equal Rights Amendment, but more an emphasis on protection of women. She was very instrumental in the SS Act.

*General Douglas MacArthur*

General in charge of the Pacific Theater in WWII; helped Japan write a new Constitution after the WWII; led US troops in Korea; had major disagreements with Truman and basically refused to obey orders from Truman; when he sent the "no substitute for victory" letter to a House leader, Truman relieved him from duty; MacArthur returned a hero, but eventually did fade away when Congressional hearings were held about his conduct in the Korean War.

*Cross of Gold Speech*

Given by William Jennings Bryan. Last speech in the Democratic Nominating Convention of 1896. "You shall not crucify mankind on a cross of gold."

*Bi-Metallism*

Gold and Silver were the basis of the dollar

*Calvin Coolidge*

Governor of MA in 1919, won national attention with how he death with the striking police in Boston. Named VP under Harding in 1920. He was quiet and had a boring personality. Couldn't stand scandals within his administration.

*Seneca Falls/ Declaration of Sentiments*

Group of women reformers who in 1848 demanded for women rights. Rejected the concept of separate spheres and most known for the right to vote. At the convention in Seneca Falls, NY drafted Declaration of Sentiments (modeled after the Dec. of Independence). Their most prominent demand was the right to vote, and they rejected the concept of separate spheres. The document was read at the convention by Elizabeth Cady Staton. Significance: The Declaration of Sentiments was one of the earliest steps in developing the belief in equal rights for women.

*"Common Sense"*

Growing support for independence got a jump-start when Thomas Paine wrote this. He attempted to turn the American anger away from the parliament to the English constitution itself. He said it was common sense for Americans to break away from an empire that could produce such an evil monarch as George III. England was no more fit to govern American than a satellite was fit to rule the sun.

*James Madison*

Hamilton's most important ally in calling a Constitutional Assembly. VA's assembly leader and one of the most intellectual politicians of the time. Introduced VA plan which most of the constitution was based.

*Henry J. Kaiser*

He single-handedly steered billions of dollars into vast government projects in the west. He then created major centers for shipbuilding, steel, magnesium, and AL production. He changed the entire economy of the pacific coast by war's end; Sign: by the end of the war US was producing a ship a day; the vast advantage of war materials helped defeat the Axis powers.

*Chief Joseph*

He was part of the Nez Perece tribe, when forced to relocate, he led a band against some whites and killed them. He persuaded his followers to flee, but American troops caught up, only to be beaten by the Indians. The Nez Perce then scattered in several directions. After 1300 miles of evading the Government, Chief Joseph said he didn't want to run anymore and they were eventually caught.

*Pendleton Act*

Helped reform the spoils system. Identified a limited number of jobs to be filled by competitive written examinations rather than by patronage

*Peggy Eaton affair*

Helped split Calhoun and Jackson and pushed Calhoun more into the states' right camp.

*Martin Van Buren*

Helped to legitimize political parties. VP under Jackson and became next President. Helped to establish Independent Treasury but also was doomed by the Panic of 1837. Ran for President several more times on different parties.

*Eugene Debs*

Hired by Pullman strikers to assist them. Soon became a committted socialist and leader of American Socialist Party

*The Holocaust*

History's greatest horror was the holocaust, the deliberate destruction of 6 million Jews and about 6 million others; High officials in Washington were unwilling to divert important military strength to destroy the camps, because many were anti-Semitic themselves. The State Department wouldn't even allow Jews into the Country; Sign: the US and other allies had to wonder after the war if they could have done more to save more victims before and during the war.

*Munich Conference*

Hitler's determination to expand his "lebensraum" resulted in a demand of the German populated Sudetenland in Czech. Czechs were unwilling to give it up, but Britain and France met with Hitler at Munich and appeased him by giving it to him in return for a promise that Germany would no longer seek expansion; Sign: Czech was taken over a few months later; this conference becomes the symbol of appeasement and its lessons are frequently used to justify military interventions during and after the Cold War.

*Lend-Lease*

In December 1940, Great Britain was virtually bankrupt and could not afford to meet the cash and carry requirements. FDR decided to simply lend and lease armaments to Britain or any other nation "vital to the defense of the US" on no more than the basis if their promise to return or pay back after the war; passed by more than the basis if their promise to return or pay back after the war; passed by Congress; Sign: helped prevent the defeat of the Soviet Union.

*Yalta*

In February 1945 the Big 2 met in the Soviet City of Yalta for a peace conference. American president sensed resistance to his internationalists post war dreams. The Big 3 reached a consensus on a number of subjects, but on issues such as Poland, they simply ignored; Sign: Many felt FDR gave too much to Stalin and SU.

*Selma*

In March 1965, king helped organize a major demonstration in ______ to press for the right of blacks to vote. Sheriff Jim Clark led policed on a brutal rampage which was caught on TV. This occurrence helped persuade Johnson to propose Civil Rights act of 1965.

*Open Door Notes*

In September 1898, McKinley issued a statement saying that the United States wanted access to China, but no special privileges. John Hay translated that into policy and gave it the name of the "Open Door Notes".

*"Peace without victory"*

In a conference brought before Congress, Wilson outlined a plan for postwar order in which the US would help maintain peace through a permanent League of Nations- a peace that would ensure self-determination for all nations- a "peace without victory"

*Jay's Treaty*

In early 1794, British ships began to take American ships in French waters. Hamilton encouraged Washington to appoint John Jay to go to England to negotiate. He was to get the following goals: -Get compensation for British assaults -Secure withdrawal of British from NW -Make a new trading agreement The treaty only prevented war and created a modest trading treaty with Britain

*"New Freedom"*

In his presidential campaign, Wilson presented a brand of progressivism different from TR's "New Nationalism", and named it "New Freedom". It differed most clearly with TR's "New Nationalism. it differed most clearly with TR's in its approach to economic policy and trusts. Wilson seemed to side with those who opposed bigness.

*Sherman Anti-Trust Act*

In response to a growing popular demand, congress passed this to make any trusts that interfered with commerce illegal.

*House of Burgesses*

In the Jamestown Church, delegates from the various communities would meet as the House of Burgesses, which was the first parliamentary type body in the British colonies of North America; later many of the great debates about government and independence would occur in the Va. House of Burgesses

*Sacco and Vanzetti*

In the case of Sacco and Vanzetti, the 2 Italian immigrants were charged with murder. Evidence was questionable, but both were known anarchists and faced widespread public assumption of guilt. Convicted in from of a bigoted judge in an extraordinary injudicious manner, both were sentenced to death. In the weeks that led up to their death, public support mounted, but was futile, as they were killed anyway. Theirs was a cause that a generation of Americans never forgot

*Oregon Country*

Included all of the territory from the present So. boundary of Oregon to the present southern boundary of Alaska at 54' 40º. Both US and Britain claimed this area. Joint Occupation lasted for 20 years. Finally resolved with Polk and territory was divided at the 49th parallel. Significance: Set present day boundary between US and Canada. Helped to keep US out of war with Britain.

*Mugwumps*

Independent reform party/faction. Announced they would leave the Democratic Party and nominate their own candidate.

*Eli Whitney*

Inventor of the "cotton gin". His invention revived and spread the cotton industry. He also created a process that made interchangeable parts for guns which improved repair and replacement, which also helped to increase development of factories and mass production. Significance: Cotton gin helped revive and spread the cotton industry, Interchangeable parts helped to increase the development of factories and mass production.

*Alger Hiss*

Investigated by HUAC; he was a prominent New Dealer; was challenged as being a communist by Whittaker Chambers; Nixon helped prove that Hiss was guilty of perjury and he spent time in prison.

*Hard Money*

Issued in gold or silver, or paper money backed by gold or silver

*Coxey's Army*

Jacob S. Coxey was an Ohio businessman and populist who began advocating a massive public works program to create jobs for the unemployment and an inflation of currency. Led 500 men into Washington but was arrested for walking on the lawn

*Louisiana Purchase*

Jefferson, bought the land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains for $15 million, albeit against his ethics. This doubled the size of the US and helped create new lands for Jefferson's dream of a nation of farmers. Significance: Reinforced Jefferson's vision for an Agrarian Economy.

*Abigail Adams*

John Adam's wife. Repeatedly wrote to her husband and told him to "remember the ladies" as she didn't want a lot of power given to the husbands

*Indian Reorganization Act*

John Collier wanted to respect the Indian culture and thought it was wrong to force assimilation upon them, This advanced his goals. It refuted the Dawes Act; thus increasing tribal land by four million acres.

*"The Great Society"*

Johnson created a vast reform package of his own once ascending presidency, and he termed it this. Won approval of much of it. Goals included maintaining and strength of American economy and expanding responsibilities of federal government or the welfare society. Increased deficit spending when combined with Vietnam war effort.

*Peace Corps*

Kennedy also favored expanding US influence through peaceful means. He est. what became known as one of his most popular innovations, which sent American volunteers abroad to work in developing areas.

*New Frontier*

Kennedy had campaigned promising a program of domestic legislation more ambitious than any since the New Deal. called his program this. the narrowness of his victory limited his effectiveness.

*Civil Rights Groups/Strategies/Leaders*

King was the main leader of many reformers - advocated non-violent protests. Malcom X was a militant Muslim-convert. King marched on Washington, but was later shot, becoming a martyr for the cause.

*Jamestown*

London Company founded the colony in 1607; 1t permanent English colony in North America; only 104 of 144 survived the initial journey: n Smith became Council President; goal the colony was to make a profit realized with the cultivation of tobacco; helped create a form of self-government with the House of Burgesses; also, was the 1" British colony in No. America to introduce Africans to its colonies in 1619

*Keynesian Economics*

Made possible for government to regulate and stabilize the economy w/o introducing directly into the private sector. Brit economist argued that by varying the flow of gov spending and taxation and managing the supply of money, a nation can be lifted from a depression. Occurs during WWII, becomes accepted economic theory by most Presidential administrations after WWII.

*Saratoga*

Major battle, which resulted in American victory. This battle greatly increased French sentiment to finally recognize America as a sovereign nation and give them military support.

*"Affirmative Action"*

Many black leaders were demanding employers to abandon job discrimination, and that they even begin hiring a bigger proportion of minorities to make up for it. Johnson supported this concept, guidelines extending to virtually all institutions conducting business with the gov

*Enclosure Movement*

Many farmers in Europe began closing their farms in an effort to gain more wealth and yield more crops. Displaced many people throughout Europe. Significance: many of these people will migrate to the American colonies; also, helped provide wealth that provided capital for the colonies

*Civil Service Reform*

Many projects enacted in the south during the reconstruction. Designed to make sure only qualified people got fed jobs.

*Scottsboro Case*

March 1931, 9 black teenagers were taken off a train in AL and arrested for vagrancy. Later, 2 white women accused them of rape, to get off from vagrancy charged themselves. Evidence showed that they had not been raped, but an all white jury convicted them and sentenced 8 to death. The supreme court overturned the case, and the last prisoner was released in 1950.

*"City Upon a Hill"*

Mass. Bay Colony founded in 1630; Puritan merchants obtained a charter from the King; John Winthrop was the first governor; 1,000 people came in 17 ships; it was the largest migration to date; Winthrop told the colonists that they were coming to create a "city upon a hill" as an example for the rest of the world; Sign.: throughout American history, there has been the idea that America is creating an example for the rest of the world to follow

*Brown v. Board of Education*

May 17, 1954 Supreme Court said segregation was illegal when it comes to public schools. the rejection of Plessy v. Furgeson. laid outlines for desegregating schools, which met great opposition in the South, "Massive Resistance" according to Sen. Harry Byrd.

*Hartford Convention*

Meeting of New England Federalists in 1814 to protest the War of 1812 and demanded constitutional changes to protect the commercial interests of New England. Proposed amendments included abolition of 3/5 compromise, limit of one term for the presidency and repeal of the Embargo Act of 1813. Federalists threatened to secede if demands were not met. Helped bring about the death of the Federalist Party.

*Monitor and Merrimac*

Merrimac was union ship that fought the Monitor.

*Charles Grandison Finney*

Minister who became the most influential revival leader of his time. Preached that every person contained the capacity for spiritual rebirth and the ability to achieve salvation. Enormous success in mobilizing women.

*Chesapeake Affair*

Mishap between the British and American navies. Chesapeake, an American Naval frigate, was stopped by the Leopard, a British vessel. 4 Sailors were taken off and impressment, almost starting a war. Britain refused to renounce impressments (forced service). Significance: almost caused a war.

*US Sanitary Commission*

Mobilized women to serve as nurses. By the end of the war, women were the dominant force. Helped bring about changes in health standards in hospitals.

*James Polk*

Most people considered the '44 election to have been a battle between Clay and Van Buren, instead Polk got the Democratic nomination as a "dark horse" candidate. Democratic Nominee. Clear objective in expansion, combined the Oregon and Texas issues into one. Beat Clay, who was trying to side-straddle issues. Led America into the Mexican-American War. Solved the OR issue with Britain. Significance: Expanded US territory more than any other President besides Thomas Jefferson.

*54th MA infantry*

Most renown of all black units that fought for the union. White commander, Robert Shaw. Shaw and half of the infantry died in battle.

*Alexander Hamilton*

Most resourceful reformer who called for the creation of the Constitution. Illegitimate son of a Scottish merchant and the first to call a national convention to overhaul the Articles. Dominant figure in Washington's reign as the Secretary of Treasury. Introduced these ideas for the government: a. National Bank b. Central Government to assume public debt c. Have government pay off bonds at full price

*Panic of 1893*

Most severe panic. Caused by several railroad failures, then bank failures that followed the stock market crash. 29% of labor force lost jobs. 156 rails and 400 banks failed

*Federal Highway Act*

Most significant legislature of Eisenhower's Administration. 1956 act which authorized $25 billion for a ten-year effort to construct 40,000 miles of highways. To be funded through a highway trust fund whose revenues would come from new taxes.

*Teapot Dome Scandal*

Most spectacular scandal of Harding's administration involved the rich oil reserves at Teapot Dome, WY and Elks Hills, CA. At the urging of Albert Fall, Harding transferred control of the reserves from the navy department to the department of interior. Fall then leased them out for "loans" for half million dollars, he then was convicted of bribery.

*John Steinback/ Grapes of Wrath*

Most successful chronicle of social conditions in the 1930's, told the story of a family migrating from the Dustbowl to CA, and the hardships they endured.

*Baby Boom*

National birthrate reverses long pattern of decline - began during war and peaked in 1957. pop rise of almost 20%. increased need for schools, social security cost rise, marketing directed toward this group since they were children.

*Ho Chi Minh*

Nationalists in Vietnam organized into political party Vietminh, created in 1941 and led by ________. Communist, educated in Paris and Moscow, fervent Vietnamese nationalist. Fall of 1945, after fall of Japan, before west could return, Vietminh declared themselves independant and declared _______their leader.

*Slave Power Conspiracy*

Northern free laborites maintained that the south was in a conspiracy to spread slavery further. Believed that this threatened the future of every white laborer and property owner in the north.

*Trail of Tears*

Occurred after Congress passed the Indian Removal Act (1830). Appropriated money to remove Natives west of the Mississippi River and forced Cherokee Indians off their lands. Proved to the Natives that assimilation didn't work. Showed how callous Andrew Jackson was to the Natives, and displayed his animosity towards them. Significance: showed Indians that assimilation did not work, because the Cherokee had tried to adopt the white man's ways.

*Shays' Rebellion*

Occurred when a large group of dissenting farmers allied themselves behind Daniel Shays. These farmers were having difficulty paying debts and taxes. They formed a militia which met with the state militia of MA and was crushed in January of 1787. Many were killed, captured or forced in the hills.

*14th Amendment*

Offered first constitutional definition of American citizenship. Gave citizenship to African Americans.

*Zimmerman Telegram*

On Feb 25th, the British intercepted a telegram, given to US intelligence which was addressed from Arthur Zimmerman, a foreign minister to Mexico. It proposed that in event of war between Germany and the US, the Mexicans would join on Germany's side to reclaim their "lost territory". The telegram inflamed public opinion about war with Germany.

*Lusitania*

On May 7, 1915 a German submarine sank the British ship Lusitania (a passenger liner with munitions) without warning, causing the deaths of 1,198 people, 126 of whom were Americans. This enraged the Americans, and Wilson warned the Germans against further attacks.

*Henry David Thoreau*

One of the leaders of the transcendentalist movement. Wrote the book "Walden." Lived alone for 2 years, 2 months and 2 days. Influenced the tradition of non-violent civil disobedience, which stated that Citizens should not obey immoral law. Significance: Influenced the tradition of non-violent civil disobedience by figures like Gandhi, MLK, also added intellectual credence to stop the spread of slavery to new territories by opposing the Mexican-American War.

*Booker T Washington*

One of the many blacks who climbed ranks. Felt blacks should forgo agitating for social and political rights, and should instead concentrate on self-improvement and preparation for equality.

*Jane Adams*

One of the most famous social workers of her day. she helped establish and regulate Hull House, which became a famous and highly recognized settlement house (located in Chicago, 1889)

*Benjamin Spock*

One of the most influential books in post-war america, "Baby and Child Care". published in 1946 with lots of revisions. child centered life, not parent. many people believed he ushered in an era of permissiveness and that children became spoiled.

*Uncle Tom's Cabin*

One of the most powerful documents of abolitionist propaganda. Emerged not only out of abolition but also out of a popular tradition of sentimental novels written by women by God to expand.

*Cesar Chavez*

One of the most visible efforts to organize Mexican -Americans in Ca, where an Arizona born Chicano created a union of internerant farm workers. 1955 United Farm Workers (UFW) a largely Chicano organization, launched a prolonged strike against the growers to demand recognition of their union, and demand higher wages. When they resisted _______ organized a nationwide boycott, first on grapes then lettuce. 2 years later, the growers of half of CA signed contracts with the union.

*Elizabeth Cady Stanton*

One of the pioneers of Feminism. Only non-quaker to sign the Declaration of Sentiments. Co-founder of the National Women's Loyal League with Susan B. Anthony. Pushed for Women suffrage

*London Company*

One of two joint stock companies given charters by the King of England to found colonies in Virginia, which originally meant, north of Spanish colonies; London Company founded Jamestown as charter colony with the purpose of making a profit for the shareholders in the company; eventually, it became known as the Virginia Company; Significance: some of the key beliefs of the colonists in self-government are derived from the charter; did not start to make a profit until the development of tobacco as a cash-crop

*Andrew Johnson*

Only So. Senator to stay in the Senate after secession. Became president after Lincoln is killed. Impeached by HOR, not convicted.

*Specie Circular*

Order issued by Jackson stating that the federal government would only accept gold and silver as payment of public land. Shrunk the money supply and set off the Panic of 1837

*NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)*

Organized in April of 1949, to help 12 nations fight communist threats in Europe; an attack on one member would be considered an attack upon all members; Sign: the main military alliance that helped the West win the Cold War against the Soviet Union.

*Tariff of Abominations*

Passed by Congress in 1828. Outraged Southerners because it protected northern woolen products, but also made the south pay more for imported goods. Led to big battle with Calhoun and southern states which reintroduced the question of nullification. Helped increase feelings of sectionalism that threatened the Union.

*13th Amendment*

Passed by congress in April, 1865. Abolished slavery in all states and territories.

*Olive Branch Petition*

Passed by the 2nd Continental Congress. A conciliatory appeal to the British, but was rejected.

*Populism*

People's party after the Farmer's alliance decided to go to Washington. Platform was in favor of agricultural good and governmental help of such.

*Palmer Raids*

Perhaps the greatest contributions to the Red Scare was on New Year's Day of 1920 when Attorney Gen. Mitchell Palmer orchestrated a series of raids on alleged radical centers throughout the country. They arrested some 6,000 people but were intended to uncover large caches of weapons and explosives, but didn't fund anything but 3 handguns in total. Most of the people were released-500 were deported.

*Margaret Sanger*

Pioneer of American birth control movement, became committed to this cause in part because of the influence of Emma Goldman. Sanger believed that large families were among the major causes of poverty and distress in poor communities. Significance: Helped start modern movement on birth control and by 1962, Supreme Court ruled states could not outlaw birth control devices among married couples.

*Trust*

Pioneered by Rockefeller. Perfected by JP Morgan. Under a trust, stockholders in individual companies transferred their stock to a small number of trustees in exchanges for shares in the trust itself. The trust themselves might only worn a few companies but would control many; holding companies similar to trusts.

*Wagner National Labor Relations Act*

Popularly known as the Wagner Act, provided workers with more protection than Section 7a of the NIRA. Provided crucial enforcement mechanisms. President had his doubts but signed anyway.

*Albany Plan*

Proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754. Idea was to form a general government that would deal with all the relations of the colonies concerning Indians. All the colonies rejected the proposal, but it was the first step towards uniting the colonies.

*Wilmot-Proviso*

Proposed by David Wilmot in 1846. Would have barred slavery in territory acquired from Mexico. Passed in the in House but failed to pass in the Senate. Made the South feel like the North was destorying slavery by gaining total dominance in the Senate, the House and thus the Electoral College and Supreme Court

*Grid System*

Proposed by the Land Ordinance of 1784 where land would be neatly divided into rectangular townships

*Lecompton Constiution*

Proslavery article drawn up in KS but was rejected by KS.

*National Past Time*

Public forms of leisure. Included baseball.

*Yellow Journalism*

Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst revolutionized American Journalism in the Cuban War (Spanish-American) by catering to a broad audience in a lower economic status. They were not shy about fabricating the news themselves.

*Coercive (Intolerable) Acts*

Punishment for those in Boston for the Tea Party. Drastically reduced the power of self-government in the colony, and permitted royal officers to be tried in other colonies or in England. Also provided the quartering of troops in colonists' barns or empty houses.

*Thaddeus Stavens*

Radical Republican. Helped lead effort to impeach Andrew Johnson

*A. Phillip Randolph*

Randolph was the president of the "Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters" and wanted all companies with a government contract to integrate the workforce. After he threatened a march on Washington with 100,000 blacks, FDR agreed to form the Fair Employment Practices Commission. It was a rare symbolic victory for the blacks; Sign: Show some good faith on the part of the US to move to equality.

*Sharecroppers*

Seldom had anything left. Worked for landlords, who provided land, tools, and maybe a home. In return, these dudes had to give the landlord a large share of their crop

*John Slidell*

Sent by Polk to purchase California from Mexico but Mexicans wouldn't sell it for any price.

*John Marshall*

Served as Supreme Court Chief Justice from 1801-1835. Increased the power of the Supreme Court by utilizing Judicial Review, increased the power of the federal government ad the expense of the states, confirmed the implied powers of Congress by upholding the BUS. Main cases included Marbury v. Madison, Cohen v. VA, McCullough v. MD, Gibbons v. Ogden, and Dartmouth v. Woodward

*Hoovervilles*

Shantytowns establishment on the outskirts of cities were named this and the president became the butt of cruel jokes and vicious attacks. Hoover hated the association between his name and these new slums.

*Anne Hutchinson*

She believed in anti-nomianism; she said only the elect should hold public office and only her brother and John Cotton were among the elect; she was banished from Mass. Bay Colony for criticizing the Church and questioning male authority; went to Rhode Island;

*King Cotton*

Short-staple cotton. Growing textile industry called for more cotton so with the invention of the cotton gin, cotton can easily meet this demand. By the Civil War, 2/3 of America's exports were cotton, bringing in 200 million a year. Deep south is now called the "Cotton Kingdom." Significance: Expanded slavery to new areas, made slavery more profitable, and convinced southerners that cotton was a weapon that would insure their victory if a war with ever developed.

*Nicholas Biddle and Bank War*

Skirmish where Biddle is unable to continue to control the BUS after Jackson takes all of the Federal money out of the BUS and placed it in the State Banks (Pet Banks). Biddle calls in loans, but people can't pay back the money in time, shortening the money supply. Biddle cracks and is forced to release money back to the public again.

*Nat Turner*

Slave preacher who led a band of Africans, who armed themselves with guns and axes. Killed 65 white men, women, and children before being overpowered. More than 100 slaves were executed. Only successful slave revolt of the 19th century. Significance: Blamed the uprising on Northern abolitionists, like Garrison and his Liberator; led to a debate in the Va. legislature to get rid of slavery, but was defeated and instead stricter slave codes were passed; led to the Gag rule in Congress.

*Quakers*

Society of Friends that originated in mid-17th century England. Created by George Ox and Margaret Fell. Known as Quakers because they would tremble at the name of the lord". They felt that everyone had divinity within themselves and an "inner light" which would guide them righteously. Women were equal to men in the church; Sign: influenced many Americans, esp. on such topics as religious tolerance and treating the Native Americans with respect

*Looking Backwards*

Sold 1 million copies. Utopian novel of a young Bostonian who falls asleep, to wake up in the year 2000 and find perfect social order.

*Flapper*

Some women concluded in the New Era that it was no longer necessary to maintain rigid, Victorian female respectability. They wanted to smoke, drink, dance, wear seductive clothing, and make up, and attend parties. Such was a result largely of Freudian ideas. Such was the assumptions of the flapper. Significance: Many believe this was a step toward women gaining more freedoms. Others believed it was not a significant or it was destructive among values and helped start us down the path of decadence.

*George F. Kennan*

Sometimes, considered the father of containment; wrote an article for Foreign Affairs that outlined containment theory in an article in which he identified himself as the author with an X, thus, it became known as Article X; later, he became critical of the US trying to contain communism everywhere; Sign: helped start containment; helped give war critics credibility during some of the containment wars.

*"Checkers Speech"*

Speech given by Nixon in 1952 after being nominated for VP on the Eisenhower ticker and after being accused of accepting gifts illegally; he took his battle directly to the people through a televised defense of his integrity; strong public support after the speech probably saved his spot on the ticket; Checkers was the name of the dog given to Nixon's daughters and he said he would keep the dog.

*Abolitionists*

Started during the Revolution with the idea of gradual emancipation ("gradualism"). Tried to get rid of slaves. The anti-slavery movement was on the verge of collapse in 1831, until William Lloyd Garrison founded the Liberator, which became the most popular anti-slavery newspaper of the time. Garrison and the abolitionists rejected "gradualism" and called for an immediate abolition of slavery. He insisted that slaves be given the rights of citizens. Significance: At first, abolitionists were considered irrational radical, eventually, their position won out.

*Knights of Labor*

Started in 1867 by Uriah Stevens. One of the first major labor unions. Welcomed women and African Americans. Loosely organized and lost influence after the Great Railroad Strike of 1877.

*Pet Banks*

State banks into which Andrew Jackson ordered federal deposits to be placed in to help deplete the funds of the BUS. Many of these banks failed during the Panic of 1837

*Julius and Ethel Rosenberg*

Successful detonation of Soviet atomic bomb years earlier than expected led many to believe that secret information had been leaked out; the Rosenbergs were convicted of leaking out information and both were eventually executed for treason; only people in our history executed for treason in peace time.

*Good Neighbor Policy*

Successful diplomatic relations ensued in Latin America w/ the Good Neighbor Policy. The US would no longer interfere w/ Latin American business, and would recognize any latin American standing government w/o questioning the means to which they rose to power. It was a retreat from the Roosevelt Corollary; Sign: helped win good will among many Latin American nations.

*"Speak Softly, but carry a Big Stick"*

TR was well suited, by both the temperament and conviction for an activist foreign policy. He believed in the value and importance of using American power in the world.

*"New Nationalism"*

TR's decision to return to politics and assume the leadership of the Republican party came in a speech on September 1, 1910 in KS, where he outlined a set of principles termed "New Nationalism". He believed in a strong executive branch and a strong Federal Government.

*Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy*

Taft replaced Secretary of Interior, Garfield, with Ballinger, who was under suspicion for trying to invalidate some of Roosevelt's 1 million acres of public land and make it available for private development. Glavis, a Department of Interior Investigator charged Ballinger with trying to turn over coal lands in Alaska over for personal profit. Glavis took the evidence to Pinchot who took it to Taft. Taft had his Attorney General look into the matter, but later dismissed charges, and dismissed Glavis as well. When Pinchot leaked the story to the press, Taft fired him for insubordination. The public was outraged, and Taft alienated TR's supporters irrevocably.

*William Howard Taft*

Taft was TR's most trusted Lieutenant and his handpicked successor. reformers believed him to be one of their own, but Taft was a restrained and moderate jurist. Taft won easily over Bryan, but later lost his re-election as a result of TR deciding to run, which split the Republican vote.

*Literacy Tests*

Tests to disenfranchise blacks. One was the Poll Tax, the other was the literacy or understanding text. Grandfather clauses were also used.

*Rio Grande/Nueces River*

Texas claimed their border stretched down to this river. Mexico disagreed, and said the border was at the Nieces River. Polk agreed with Texas and send Zach Taylor to cross the Nieces River. The Mexicans soon attacked and the war began. Significance: Started the Mex-American War.

*Cash and Carry*

The 1937 Neutrality Act established cash and carry, where a nation at war could purchase non-military goods, but had to pay cash for them, and ship them away on their own vessel; in 1939, cash and carry allowed for the purchase of military goods; Sign: was designed to prevent the US from being drawn into another war; in 1939 and 1940 helped Britain gain needed supplies.

*5 Power Pact*

The 5 Power Pact of February 1922 established both limits for total naval tonnage and a ratio of armaments.

*The Great Compromise*

The Constitutional Convention created a "grand committee" to resolve disagreements. This committee came up with this which solved the big question of representation of the colonies in the central government. There would be two houses, the Lower based on population and the upper based on 2 representatives from each state. Also called the Connecticut Compromise

*Kellog-Briand Pact*

The Kellog-Briand Pact concluded the Washington Conference when a French minister, Briand, asked US to join an alliance against Germany, Kellog instead decided to ask for an agreement banning war as a means of foreign policy; Sign: showed US was willing to play some role in international relations, but it showed that this agreement was weak because mosts signees were at war in 13 years.

*Treaty of Versailles*

The Treaty of Versailles was neither harsh enough to prevent Germany from rising atop the European landscape again, not soft enough to take the desire of retribution out of German eyes. The reparations were not what Wilson approved of, but he felt with it, and France wasn't happy because they never received their buffer Rhineland state.

*Anti-Imperialist League*

The anti-imperialist league was established in 1898 to fight annexation. Bostonians, New Yorkers, and others founded it. hey waged a vigorous campaign against the ratification of the Paris treaty, which ended the Spanish-American War.

*The Factory System*

The change from home produced goods to factory produced goods. Laborers travel to a central location where the owner supplies tools of production. The profound economic development of the 19th century was the emergence of the factory. Factories made serious leaps in the 1820s. By the 1830s, factory system was spreading from textiles and shoes to other industries. Significance: Helped increased urbanization and started to change the US from agricultural to an industrial society. Accompanied by many increased social tensions

*Virtual Representation*

The colonies are not able to vote for representatives to Parliament, but were still represented

*Cult of Domesticity/Separate Spheres*

The emerging distinction between the public and private worlds that helped to cause an increasingly distinct rift between the social roles of men and women. Widespread view that women were guardians of "domestic virtues." Middle class women are no longer allowed to be producers. Only allowed to be consumers. Women began to develop a distinctive female culture. Goody's Lady Book was a magazine that helped emphasize the domestic role of women. Significance: Reinforced the role of women in the home. This isn't questioned until the World Wars.

*Bill of Rights*

The first 10 amendments of the Constitution. Approved on September 25, 1789. 9 placed limitations on Congress by preventing them from infringing on basic human rights. The 10th gave states special powers that weren't spoken about in the Constitution.

*Agricultural Adjustment Act*

The first comprehensive measure to combat the Depression. It included the scraps and reworkings of the McNary-Haugen Bill. Most important feature was its provision for reducing crop production to end agricultural surpluses.

*Watts*

The first large race riot after WWII in the ______ district in LA. August 11-16, at a traffic stop a white officer struck a black man (Marquette Fyre) with his club. Incident issued a storm of anger and a week of violence. As many as 10,000 people participated. 34 dead, 28 were black. National Guard were finally called to stop it.

*Lost Generation*

The generation of artists and intellectuals coming of age in the 1920's found the new society which they lived especially disturbing. Gertrude Stein once referred to the young Americans emerging from the WWI as a Lost Generation.

*Erie Canal*

The greatest construction project at the time. An immediate financial success. 7 years after its opening, it was completely paid off by the tolls charged. NY was now able to compete and slowly replace New Orleans as a destination for the West's Agricultural goods. Digging began in 1817 and opened in 1825 and was completed entirely by state funds and was largely promoted by Gov. Clinton. Significance: This increased trade between the East Cast and NYC with the West. Other of these were built, but they were quickly replaced by railroads in the 1830s.

*Containment Doctrine*

The idea that Russia was expansionistic historically; thus, the Society Union would continue to try to expand; the US could not try to remove the Communists where they were in power, but should resist Soviet and communist expansion; Sign: dominant foreign policy thinking during Cold War and even used against people like S. Hussein; also, led the U.S. into conflicts in Vietnam, Korea and many other places.

*Stamp Act Crisis & Congress*

This act of 1765 imposed a tax on most printed documents in the colonies (newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, deeds, wills, and licenses.) This fell upon Americans no matter the class or origin. It was designed solely to raise revenue in the colonies w/o the colonists' permission. Referred as a "trumpet of sedition". England soon backed down because of colonists' boycott of all English goods.

*Pump Priming*

To Hopkins, the most important thing in government was to pump obey in an economy badly in need of it. This use of government spending to stimulate the economy was known as pump priming and later as Keynesian Economics.

*Proclamation of 1763*

To prevent escalation of fighting against the natives, this was imposed to forbid settlers to advance beyond a line drawn in the Appalachian Mountains.

*Treaty of Guadeloupe-Hidalgo*

Treaty (1848) that ended the Mexican-American War. America got all disputed territory including all of the president day west. Also took over the debts to Mexican citizens living in the territory and paid Mexico $15 million, and guaranteed the rights of Mexicans as citizens of the U.S; but these rights were usually denied.

*Joint Occupation*

Treaty in 1818 that allowed the citizens of England and US equal access to Oregon territory. Arrangement lasted for 20 years

*NSC-68*

Truman called for a thorough review of American Foreign policy; the result was the National Security Council Report, or NSC-68, which said the US could no longer rely on other nations to take the initiative in resisting communism, but US would have to contain communism.

*Fair Deal*

Truman's 10 point program outlining his domestic program; to called for many reforms, but was defeated by Congress in 1945; it included: increasing Social Security benefits, increasing minimum wage; a program to insure full employment; permanent FEPC; national health insurance; and public housing; this was also the name of Truman's Domestic program for his entire administration; Sign: kept many aspects of the New Deal were kept or expanded; Truman did get some of these things passed.

*Bank Holiday*

Two days after taking office, FDR issued a proclamation closing all American banks for 4 days until congress could meet in special session to discuss bank reforms. He called his closing of the banks a "bank holiday."

*The New Left*

Visible result of increasingly assertive youth culture of the 60's. radicalization of many American college and university students, in the course of the 60's formed the ___________ - a large diverse group of men and women energized by the polarizing effect of their time to challenge the political system. Embraced the African-Americans, but itself was overwhelmingly white.

*Japanese Internment*

WWII did not produce active hysteria and violation of civil rights of Germans and Italians as WWI had. But a small minority of Japanese, mainly Pacific coast were taken by the thousands into the mainland and pressed into government regulated and controlled concentration camp; Sign: later, American government apologized and paid reparations; shows danger of excessive feat in time of war.

*Normalcy*

Warren G. Harding called the '20's the age of "normalcy" when in fact it was an era of significant, even dramatic changes, as well as economic and political change. He promised a return to normalcy in his inaugural address; Significance: Showed that Americans were tired of Progressive reforms and international commitments.

*Social Gospel*

Was a powerful movement in the early 20th century within American Protestantism-containing a small gathering within Catholicism as well. It was chiefly concerned with redeeming the nation's cities. Salvation Army was the result of such sentiments.

*"Quarantine Speech"*

Was a speech in Chicago in 1937, FDR warned forcefully the dangers that Japanese aggression posed to world peace. Aggressors must be "quarantined" by the international community to prevent war. he was highly criticized for the speech, and would not attempt to curb the isolationist tend that had befallen America; Sign: made FDR realize he had to go slower in educating America about the dangers of the aggressor nations; reaction probably made aggressors more confident US would not do anything.

*Headright System*

Was a system used by several colonizing companies to attract settlers to their colony by offering land to anyone who paid for the cost o also, made it necessary for the colonies to expand forcing Native Americans off a settler over, usually was given 50 acres; Sign.: helped to settle the US; land; also, demonstrated problem for colonies was labor not land

*Teddy Roosevelt*

Was an accidental President, and took office after McKinley was shot and killed. he was a progressive, and served another term, but lost when he ran for his third term with Wilson. He formed the Progressive, or Bull-Moose Party. Also known as the hero of San Juan Hill (Spanish-American War)

*"Total War"*

Was caused as a result of 3 competing "isms" in Europe: imperialism, nationalism, and militarism- as well as the failure of the system of alliances; Europe was dragged into total was after German declared war on France in 1914; total war also, includes the concept that one side needs to destroy the other side's capacity to make war; therefore, all civilians must be seen as combatants in the war and they are fair targets.

*Fair Employment Practices Commission*

Was established as a response to A. Phillip Randolph's threat to march on Washington w/ 100,000 black men to protest civil rights. FDR relented and proposed to look into the issue w/ the FEPC.

*American First Committee*

Was opposed to the Fight for Freedom Committee, and attacked prominent members such as General Wood, Charles Lindbergh, Senator Nye; and won the editorial support of the Hearst chain; Sign: Very influential in preventing the US from aiding the allies.

*Fugitive Slave Act*

Was part of the compromise of 1850. Accused of being runaways and had no right to a trial or a jury, or even to plead their case. Slaves turned over and were paid for returning an alleged slave. Northern hostility is increased. Helped bring support to Northern Abolitionists and start Civil war.

*Toleration Act of 1649*

Was passed by Catholic settlers in MD to ensure that they would have freedom of worship in lieu of the increasing numbers of protestants in MD

*Neutrality Acts*

When Mussolini's attack on Ethiopia seemed eminent, the US moved to prevent itself from the conflict. Neutrality Acts of '35, '36 and '37 established mandatory arms embargo against belligerent nations, and warned American citizens to travel at their own risk. It also established the cash and carry policy; Sign: limited the role the US could play in stopping or reacting to aggression in the late 1930s.

*Boston Tea Party*

When the Tea Act of 1773 was passed to help prevent the East India Company from going bankrupt, it gave the company an American monopoly over the tea industry. Many merchants plotted to prevent the East India Company from landing its tea, so Bostonian (disguised as 50 Mohawk Indians) raided the ships in front of a crowd and tossed the tea overboard.

*Bureau of Indian Affairs*

White management of Indian matters was entrusted to the BIM, a branch of the Department of the Interior. It was responsible for distributing land, making payments, and supervising the shipments of supplies to the Indians.

*indentured servants*

White servants brought from England by many settlers to help solve the labor shortage in No. America; many came willingly; many were forced to come; usually, the passage fee was paid and in return the indentured servant would serve as a servant for 5 to 7 years; at the end of this time, they were given freedom dues, that frequently included land

*Marbury v. Madison*

William Marbury was one of Adam's "midnight appts" but he never received his commission from the Secretary of State; under the new administration of Jefferson he asked the Sec. of State, James Madison to issue him his commission. Madison refused, so Marbury appealed to the Supreme Court. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Marbury had a right to a commission but ruled that the commission was illegal because it had been created by an unconstitutional law, the Judiciary Act of 1789. Significance: asserted the power of Judicial Review to the Judicial branch.

*14 Points*

Wilson's war aims had 14 distinctive provisions, widely heralded as the 14 Pints which fell into 3 broad categories: -8 specific recommendations for adjusting post-war boundaries -5 General Principles for conducting international actions in the future -League of Nations proposal

*Woodrow Wilson*

Woodrow Wilson began his career as the President of Princeton, then he became the Governor of NJ, and became famous as a progressive law passer. He was on the democratic ticket for a president in 1912 and won it over TR and Taft. He introduced 14 points after WWI, and was a scholar president.

*Thomas Jefferson*

Wrote the Declaration of Independence and helped to draft the Virginia Act of Religious Toleration. 3rd President of the US and founder of the Republican Party. Believed in strict construction of the Constitution, reduced the army and navy, bought the Louisiana purchase, sent Lewis and Clark to explore the West; accepted many federalist ideas or institutions; got Congress to pass the Embargo Act in 1807.

*Plymouth Plantation*

in 1608-Puritans began to leave England for Holland where they could worship wlo interference. children began drifting towards Dutch ways. The They had lousy jobs, and their group soon obtained permission from the VA Company, and informal permission from the King to settle in Left Plymouth port in September 1620 aboard the Mayflower. Half the colonists perished in the first winter. The rest survived due to aide from Indians. In a decade, the population reached 300: Sig n.: although small in number, Plymouth had l arge effect on American history and historical myths; partially, because of the I" American historian, William Bradford who wrote a history of Plymouth Plantation

*Dominion of New England*

in 1679, Charles II attempted to increase control of MA, which was exhibiting independent behavior, by stripping the colony of its control of NH. When James II ascended to the throne, he merged New York and New England colonies into a single Dominion of New England. Sir Edmund Andros was sent to supervise the region from Boston. After the Glorious Revolution in England, Andros was driven out and killed. (He attempted to escape while dressed in disguise as a woman); Sign.: one of the first attempts to create colonial unity and one of the eariy attempts of England to exercise greater control over its colonies

*Mayflower Compact*

it was an agreement signed before the Mayflower landed because they all knew that they had landed outside of Va. territory; all 41 surviving saints signed and pledged allegiance to the king; also established a civil government; Sign: one of the 1t written documents of laws in the colonies