AP US Unit 4

Federalized Republicans

As a consequence of their experiences in the War of 1812, Madison and many other Jeffersonian Republicans acknowledged the wisdom of the old Hamiltonian ideas. They had been Federalized. The remnants of the Federalist Party seized upon the Jeffersonian doctrine of strict constructionism as their only defense against the Republican juggernaut.

impressment

British sailors preferred sailing American merchant ships. The British intercepted merchant vessels and took British citizens to serve on the British navy.

Weehawken, New Jersey

Burr was outraged by Hamilton's role in his defeat and challenged him to a duel at Weehawken, New Jersey. Hamilton chose to not fire at his opponent based on ethical grounds. Burr's bullet shot Hamilton dead, and Hamilton's death ended Burr's political career and the Essex Junto's scheme.

Burr Conspiracy

Burr's intentions remain unclear. His plot complicated party squabbles. He made a number of trips into the western territories and visited prominent people. He stockpiled weapons, established connection with General James Wilkinson, he had boats built, and he planned for an army. There are three likely scenarios of what Burr was planning: establish an independent republic in Louisiana (not likely because of the friendly relations between Burr and Andrew Jackson) invading Mexico, or invading west Florida (probably the most probable because many of the Americans there were very unhappy with Spanish control). Jefferson ordered Burr be arrested before his plan could be implemented. Burr was indicted for treason and was tried by Chief Justice John Marshall. Jefferson wants Burr to be convicted so he collected affidavits and would grant a presidential pardon to those who will help convict Burr. Marshall doesn't act much better. While he is presiding over the trial, he goes to parties where Bur and his attorneys are. The trial established two important precedents: executive privilege and the fact that future administrations could not use vague charges of treason to terrorize dissenters.

Commodore Oliver Hazzard Perry

Commodore Perry won a victory for the US at the northern theater on Lake Eerie. He said, "We have met the enemy and they are ours."

Mr Madison's War

Critics of the War of 1812 called it Mr. Madison's war especially New Englanders.

Zebulon Pike

Explored the upper reaches of the Mississippi River and Arkansas River. His funds were secured by Jefferson from Congress.

paper blockade

Following the Essex Case, British created a series of Orders in Council which established a paper blockade of Europe from Copenhagen to Trieste and required all vessels headed to continental ports to secure British licenses and submit to British inspection. Any vessels that failed to comply would be liable to seizure.

Albert Gallatin

Gallatin was the Secretary of the Treasury who urged the Congress to prevent the twenty year charter of the Bank of the US from expiring. However Congress ignored his pleas and thus found the US financially unprepared for war.

General William Henry Harrison

General Harrison led a land offensive by American forces against the British. They smashed the British army and their Indian allies at the Battle of the Thames. This battle eliminated any serious British threat to the Old Northwest for the rest of the war and the battle also resulted in the death of talented Indian leader Tecumseh

Battle of Tippecanoe

General Harrison's, governor of Ohio at the time, army marched against Tecumseh's capital Prophet Town on the Tippecanoe River. Against the orders of his brother Tenskwatawa attacked Harrison's force and battle ensued. There were many casualties on the American side but it also inflicted disastrous defeat on Tecumseh's followers.

General Andrew Jackson

Hero of New Orleans who was now responsible for securing the southern border. Decides to go over Calhoun's order and appeal to Monroe for permission to pursue for aggressive policy. He launched an unauthorized invasion of Spanish Florida and it proved a complete success. In a matter of weeks, he has conquered Spanish Florida and defeated the Indians. He destroyed Seminole villages and captured two British traders. Spain wanted him removed from the department of the army as a way to repudiate this invasion of Florida and Secretary of War Calhoun backed Spain. However, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams endorsed Jackson's activities.

Fort McHenry

In the Chesapeake theatre of the war, American defenders at Fort McHenry withstood an all-night bombardment by the British fleet and frustrated a planned British assault on Baltimore. Their heroism inspired the Star Spangled Banner.

Essex Case

In the Essex Case Britain reasserted the Rule of 1756. They hoped to cut supplies to Napoleon and restrict American competition with British merchants.

Marbury vs. Madison

In the case of Marbury v. Madison, William Marbury was one of the justices of the peace created under the Judiciary Act of 1801. Through some oversight, when all commissions went out to recipients Marbury's was left on desk of Secretary of State. Jefferson told Madison to file away the commission and that they would appoint another official. Marbury goes to state department and asks for commission, and Madison tells him that they are going to give it to someone else. Marbury files a law suit and the case goes directly to the US Supreme Court due to provision in the Judiciary Act of 1789. The act said that in all cases seeking a writ of mandamus against the government, the Supreme Court will have original jurisdiction. This creates dilemma for Chief Justice John Marshall who believes Marbury is entitled to his commission in case but avoids embarrassing confrontation with Jefferson administration in order to save power of judicial review. He made it impossible for the government to challenge the new power claimed by the Supreme Court by using Jefferson's strict constructionism.

Second War for Independence

In the eyes of many Americans their escape in the War of 1812 represented their survival of a Second War for Independence.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

In the south, the Battle of Horseshoe bend took place on the Tallapoosa River when forces led by Andrew Jackson broke the back of the Indian resistance.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

In these cases the Court ruled that a government charter represented a legal contract and thus could not be unilaterally altered by legislative bodies. This decision limited state authority and implied a new and larger definition of contracts. It strengthened the sanctity of the contract.

USS Constitution

The USS Constitution was the name of an American vessel, also known as Old Ironsides, that scored impressive victories over British warships in the first year of the War of 1812.

judicial review

The power of the court to examine a law and decide whether or not it is constitutional. Marshall established the power of judicial review for the Supreme Court after ruling that the Court possessed no jurisdiction in the case of Marbury vs. Madison.

executive privilege

The refusal to obey a subpoena to appear in court with certain papers. Jefferson and Washington took such stands as they feared the independence of the executive branch may be compromised if subjected to court writ.

Tertium Quid

The term meaning "third something" describing the Old Republican party which never really became a third party due to Randolph's erratic behavior and Jefferson's skill as a party leader.

Non-Intercourse Act

This act replaced the repealed Embargo Act. The US would resume trade with everyone but Britain and France. It authorized the reopening of trade with either or both if they lifted their restrictions on American commerce. British Ambassador David M. Erskine told Madison that Britain would remove its restrictions as of June 1809. Madison decided to reopen trade with Britain based on this assertion. However, Erskine had acted on his own and the British repudiated his action. Thus Madison resumed the policy of non-intercourse with Britain. However, the policy was abandoned as it was as ineffective as Jefferson's embargo act.

Commercial Convention of 1815

This convention was one of the policies created under Monroe's diplomatic nationalism. It reduced tariff barriers between the US and England.

Macon's Bill #2

This legislation reopened trade with everyone but provided that if either Britain or France lifted their restrictions, the US would resume non-intercourse with one another.

Cadore Letter

This letter was drafted through the Duc de Cadore that made it appear that the Berlin and Milan Decrees had been revoked. The letter actually promised to lift French restrictions on American trade as soon as Britain revoked its Orders-in Council. Madison noticed the fraud but chose to accept it at face value in hopes of putting pressure on Britain.

Essex Junto

This was the first secessionist plot and it was in the north. Pickering plotted with Vice President Aaron Burr to take New York and New England out of the Union. The entire plot depended on Burr winning governorship in New York. Burr lost the election due to the fact that Hamilton campaigned against Burr.

Era of Good Feelings

This was the label associated with the Monroe administration. Monroe found the country at peace and the economy flourishing when he entered office and he embarked on a goodwill tour of New England. However, the phrase conveyed enough truth to be misleading as a resurgence of factionalism and sectionalism during his term coincided with a collapse of national prosperity in the Panic of 1819.

Yazoo Fraud

It was an aborted land scheme perpetrated by the Georgia legislature. Yazoo land company was a company made up of previous legislatures; new legislature decided to nullify the arrangement. Jefferson attempted to resolve the issue with the use of federal dollars; Randolph and the Old Republicans objected to Jefferson's plan. Randolph is able to bock Jefferson's proposal on strict constructional terms.

Andrew Jackson

Jackson led the forces at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. He also faced the challenging of countering British forces as they tried to capture New Orleans. He was known as "Old Hickory". He became a war hero for his victory at the Battle of New Orleans.

Pensacola

Jackson took steps to fortify New Orleans against the British and this included an unauthorized invasion of Spanish Florida to capture Pensacola in addition to hanging British agents in the area.

James Monroe and Robert Livingston

James Monroe and Robert Livingston decided Napoleon's offer was too good an opportunity to pass up and thus they agreed to pay 15 million dollars for the territory.

"We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists."

Jefferson declared this in his inaugural to emphasize the sharing of beliefs that united the people especially the fact that they were all Americans.

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson described his election as the Revolution of 1800. This was partly false as his margin of victory was extremely narrow and people had not risen up to overthrow the Federalists. In addition, his presidential policies were more conciliatory than revolutionary. However, this was also partly true in that his election was a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalists to the Jeffersonian Republicans.

Embargo Act

Jefferson encouraged Congress to enact the Embargo Act of 1807 which stopped the export of all American goods and prohibited all American vessels from clearing for foreign ports.

peaceable coercion

Jefferson rejected a military response to the Leopard v. Chesapeake conflict and opted for a policy of peaceable coercion. He believed that by peaceful means they could force the French and British to recognize American rights as a neutral nation.

Midnight Appointments

John Adams appointed John Marshall Chief Justice while appointing loyal federalists to new judicial posts. He stayed up late at night doing so the eve of Jefferson's inauguration and thus the new judges were called midnight appointees.

John Marshall

John Marshall was the chief justice of the Supreme Court during the Marbury v. Madison case. He declared that Marbury deserved to receive commission but he ruled that the court possessed no jurisdiction in the case. He said that the Judiciary Act of 1789 violated the Constitution when it gave the Supreme Court original jurisdiction in mandamus cases. Article III, Section 2 defined the types of cases where the court would have such jurisdiction and the mandamus cases were not among them. He ruled this way in order to establish power of judicial review for the Supreme Court and made it impossible for the administration to challenge the new power claimed by the Supreme Court.

Francis Scott Key

Key was the author of the Star Spangled Banner and was inspired by the heroism of the garrison at Fort McHenry.

Major Pierre L'Enfant

L'Enfant was the French engineer who faught in the American Revolution and designed Washington DC at the juncture of the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers as selected by George Washington. He planned the city with three foci—the Capitol, the Executive Mansion (White House), and the Supreme Court to symbolize the three branches of government. The Supreme Court building was not built until the twentieth century.

Lewis and Clark

Lewis and Clark led a two year expedition that departed from St. Louis and explored the Missouri River, Rocky and Sierra Madre Mountains, and on to the Pacific. They established a tenuous US claim to Oregon.

Barbary Pirates (after War of 1812)

Madison launched a short successful campaign against the Barbary Pirates. The pirates were forced in defeat to pay indemnities for damage to American vessels. From then on the US paid no more tribute to the pirates and was the first country to do so

Gibbon v. Ogden

Marshall Court established its last important decision. This case established the supremacy of the federal government in all matters relating to interstate commerce.

Continental System

Napoleon responded with the Continental System. The Berlin Decree declared Napoleon's own paper blockade of Britian and the Milan Decree declared any neutral vessel complying with Britain's Orders in Council would be seized upon arrival in continental ports.

Old Republicans

Old Republicans were a coalition of Republican extremists who opposed Jefferson on many issues. They adhered to original party principals thus they were more Jeffersonian than Jefferson himself. They disliked the fact that Jefferson tended to adjust principle to circumstance. They never actually became a third political party.

John Randolph of Roanoke

Randolph was the leader of the Old Republicans. He was famous for his invectives which he delivered in shrill soprano voice. He objected to Jefferson's attempt to use federal dollars to fix the Yazoo Fraud. He also objected when Jefferson asked for 2 million dollars appropriation for use as a bribe to the French.

Tenskwatawa

Tenskwatawa was Tecumseh's twin brother. He was "the Prophet" and emerged as a leader among the Shawnee Indians in the early 1800s. He provided a religious strategy during the war which emphasized worship of the Master of Life and a simple mode of existence.

status quo ante bellum

The Americans and British agreed to this as a way to end the war. They agreed that everything would go back to it was before the war. The issues that sparked the war (impressments, neutral rights, border disputes) remained unresolved.

Barbary Pirates

The Barbary Pirates raided American shipping in the Mediterranean and wanted more protection money than the United States was willing to pay. Eventually the pasha of Tripoli agreed to accept less tribute.

Battle of New Orleans

The Battle of New Orleans took place in the southern theatre. The British focused their efforts on capturing New Orleans. This battle was the greatest American victory of the war. It came after the Treaty of Ghent had already been signed but it insured rapid ratification of the peace treaty by the British.

Leopard vs. Chesapeake

The British practiced impressing seamen for service in British warships and this heightened the risk for sailors. In 1807 the British ship Leopard accosted the USS Chesapeake. When the Chesapeake refused to be searched the Leopard opened fire without warning. The Chesapeake surrendered and the British then boarded the vessel and removed four sailors.

Judiciary Act of 1801

The Judiciary Act of 1801 was the result of Lame Duck Federalists in Congress who were worried of losing control of all three branches of government during Jefferson's presidency. They hope this act would allow them to maintain control of the Judiciary branch. The act expanded the number of federal judges and declared the next Supreme Court vacancy should not be filmed. John Adams signed the legislation.

Louisiana Purchase

The Louisiana Purchase was the greatest achievement of Jefferson's administration. It more than doubled the size of the US and emphasized Jefferson's desire that America remain a nation of yeoman farmers. Napoleon forced Spain to cede Louisiana back to France in 1800. Jefferson realized the importance of New Orleans to the US national security and acknowledged that France would become the natural enemy of his country if they took control of the mouth of the Mississippi. This would cause the US to form an open alliance with Britain. Jefferson decided to purchase New Orleans from Napoleon and Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana due to hardships in his empire. James Monroe and Robert Livingston decided Napoleon's offer was too good an opportunity to pass up and thus they agreed to pay 15 million dollars for the territory. This new treaty provided Jefferson with a great new empire for liberty though it went against his strict constructionist views of the constitution.

McCulloch v. Maryland

The Marshall Court issued its most important interpretation of the American constitutional system. It resolves the dispute, in terms of the judicial system, between Hamiltonian Federalist loose construction and Jeffersonian Republican strict construction. The Court ruled that Congress had the right to charter a national bank and that the states lacked the Constitutional authority tax institutions created by Congress; they said the power to tax was the power to destroy. It also said that the federal government was more than a creation of sovereign states. Marshall declared that the people had created both the state and federal governments and divided sovereignty between them. However, while the range of actions permitted to the federal government is limited, state interposition is not lawful. Hamilton's doctrine of broad construction and implied powers based on the elastic clause (Article 1, Section 8) provided the correct basis of constitutional interpretation. Finally the Court decided that the Constitution and laws of the US are supreme over the constitutions and laws of the states.

John Pickering and Samuel Chase

: John Pickering was one of the Federalist district judges who was an insane alcoholic and was easily removed for incompetence during Jefferson's attempt to remove Federalists judges through impeachment. Samuel Chase was an associate justice who was abusive of the Jeffersonian Republicans but was neither corrupt nor incompetent. Thus the Senate declined to convict Chase and Jefferson decided to abandon his campaign against the Federalist Judiciary.

Tecumseh

A highly talented Indian leader who died during the Battle of the Thames. His twin brother was Tenskwatawa. He wanted to build a confederation of all the tribes west of the Appalachians in order to have enough power to negotiate with the United States for a better life. He made a tour of the southern tribes—Creeks, Cherokees, Choctaws, and Chickasaws to seek help in his plan for building a Confederacy.

Treaty of Fort Jackson

The Treaty of Fort Jackson caused the Creek Indians to cede about two-thirds of their territory to the US after the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.

Treaty of Ghent

The Treaty of Ghent was a peace treaty created between the British and US for the War of 1812 that was signed before the Battle of New Orleans.

Abigail Adams

Abigail Adams was the wife of John Adams and part of the first "first family" to live in the still unfinished White House.

Adams-Onis Treaty (Transcontinental Treaty)

Adams used his position in diplomatic strength to coerce major concessions from Spain in the Adams-Onis Treaty (Transcontinental Treaty). It was signed in 1819 and the Senate ratified the treaty in 1821. Adams agreed to yield all American claims to Texas, in exchange Spain ceded Florida to the US for a sum of 5 million dollars that went to reimburse Americans along the border who were affected by Spain's claims. Spain also accepted a definite boundary to the western edge of the Louisiana Purchase as well as extending the boundary to the Pacific. This also strengthened American claims to Oregon.

Rush-Bagot Agreement 1817

Another example of Monroe's diplomatic nationalism, this agreement eliminated armed vessels on the Great Lakes.

Martin v. Hunter's Lessee and Cohen v. Virginia

Virginia: In these cases the Court established its power to hear appeals arising from state courts. Marshall said that the only way of the maintain the supremacy clause of the Constitution, laws, and treaties of the US so none can be undermined.

War Hawks

War Hawks were a group of young congressmen from the South (led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John Calhoun of South Carolina) actively sought to fan the flames of war fever by demanding that British insults to the national honor be avenged. The group was called War Hawks by John Randolph.

Convention of 1818

Yet another example of Monroe's diplomatic nationalism, this convention established the national boundary of the Louisiana Purchase along the forty-ninth parallel from the lake of the Woods to the crest of the Rocky Mountains, called for joint occupation of Oregon by the US and Britain, and acknowledged American fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Marbury vs. Madison and Fletcher vs. Peck

n these cases, the Court used judicial review to overturn first a federal and then a state law.