AP World 16-18
Who is generally credited with initiating the Protestant Reformation in 1517? Select one: a. Martin Luther b. Johann Eck c. Ignatius Loyola d. Jean Calvin e. Henry VIII
a
Who led the Russian peasant rebellion of the 1770s? Select one: a. Pugachev b. Constantinov c. Kirov d. Radishev e. Kosygin
a
All of the following countries participated in the successive partitions of Poland EXCEPT Select one: a. Hungary. b. Poland. c. Prussia. d. Austria. e. Russia
a
All of the following were typical of 16th century absolute monarchy EXCEPT Select one: a. the destruction of provincial councils. b. a growing bureaucracy. c. the cessation of parliamentary government. d. constant warfare among monarchs. e. a professionalized army.
a
All of these influenced Europe to expand EXCEPT: (A) fear of the states and peoples Europe might encounter. (B) desire for gold and monetary gain. (C) rivalries with other European states to acquire new lands. (D) hope for personal glory by explorers and conquerors. (E) desire to spread Christianity abroad.
a
Although early modern Russia was paternalistic, evidence that reforms in Russia included women is proven by all these changes EXCEPT: (A) the right of women to sue in court and divorce their husbands. (B) the rule of four Russian tsarinas (empresses). (C) the right of women to appear in public. (D) the end to the marriage tradition in which a whip was handed from father to bridegroom. (E) decrees westernizing women's dress and manners and permitting education.
a
Besides France, where else did absolute monarchy develop during the period 1450 to 1750? Select one: a. Prussia b. The Netherlands c. Italy d. Britain e. Poland
a
Dependence in the world economy and the consequent need to produce unprocessed goods cheaply led to the development of ________ labor systems. Select one: a. coercive b. dependant c. free d. socialist e. independent
a
Economically, early modern Russia was (A) largely agricultural and dependent on Western trade. (B) largely industrialized. (C) poor and backward with few items to export and unable to feed itself. (D) self-sufficient enough to be uninterested in trade. (E) one of the leading partners in international trade.
a
Following the death of Peter the Great, the next powerful ruler of Russia was Select one: a. Catherine the Great. b. Peter III. c. Ivan IV. d. Alexander III. e. Frederick II.
a
How did agriculture change in the late 17th century? Select one: a. New technology and better stock-breeding methods resulted in higher productivity. b. More people worked on farms than ever before due to the higher wages being paid. c. Tomatoes were introduced from the Americas and rapidly became a major food source in western Europe. d. Western Europe continued to rely largely on the methods and techniques characteristic of the Middle Ages. e. The practice of fallowing was introduced to restore fertility of fields.
a
How did the Western view of science compare with that of other civilizations? Select one: a. The West was not alone in developing crucial scientific data, but its thinkers were the only ones to see science in broader philosophical terms as central to intellectual life. b. In China, science was based on practical, empirical advances. c. In the West, science was seen as separate from religion leading to a more religious outlook in the long run. d. The West was the only civilization to develop scientific and technological expertise. e. Islam remained vastly ahead of the West in terms of scientific knowledge, despite the clear advances made during the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries.
a
In Early Modern Europe, in order to secure their predominant political positions within their states, rulers of west European states had to (A) limit the rights of nobles and privileges of their institutions. (B) replace the Christian clergy. (C) restrict the power and influence of the military. (D) discourage economic and entrepreneurial incentives. (E) limit the rights of ethnic and religious minorities.
a
In order to expand, Russia had to defeat all these neighboring states EXCEPT: (A) Austria. (B) Sweden. (C) Poland-Lithuania. (D) the Ottoman Empire. (E) the Khanate of the Golden Horde
a
In order to facilitate colonization, settlement, and exploration, the British, French, and Dutch (A) chartered companies and created commercial monopolies in given regions. (B) paid mercenaries to conquer desired lands. (C) negotiated with peoples and states to peacefully acquire holdings and trade concessions abroad. (D) encouraged private initiative because national governments were uninterested in overseas expeditions. (E) relied on missionaries to establish markets and colonies.
a
In what way were the early Dutch and British exploration and trade projects different from those of the Iberian nations? Select one: a. Dutch and British exploration owed much to private initiative of merchant groups and the formation of chartered trading companies. b. The Dutch and British operated joint explorations in the names of both governments while Portugal and Spain competed in the competition for conquest. c. Dutch and British exploratory expeditions were independent of their respective governments. d. The Dutch and British projects were financed with banking capital from Italy and the Florentines. e. The expeditions of Spain and Portugal did not enjoy government support.
a
Inflation and commercialization in the West produced a group of people without access to producing property called the Select one: a. proletariat. b. bourgeoisie. c. provenςales. d. gentry. e. sans culottes.
a
John Harvey was responsible for what discovery during the Scientific Revolution Select one: a. The circular movement of blood in animals b. The mathematical formulae for gravity c. Oxygen and its role in breathing d. The mathematical calculus e. Radiation of heat by fire and the sun
a
Russians who refused to accept tsarist reforms of the Orthodox church and who were exiled to Siberia for their conservatism were called Select one: a. "Old Believers." b. fundamentalists. c. boyars. d. bogomils. e. cossacks.
a
The first Portuguese fleet rounded the Cape of Good Hope in Select one: a. 1488. b. 1519. c. 1433. d. 1291. e. 1354.
a
The monarch most associated with absolute monarchy was Select one: a. Louis XIV of France. b. Frederick William of Prussia. c. Joseph II of Austria. d. Charles I of England. e. William of Orange of the Netherlands.
a
What British commercial institution ruled India for much of the 18th century? Select one: a. The British East India Company b. The Calcutta and Madras Limited c. Lloyd's Bank d. The Raj Trading Company e. The British Tea and Spice Company
a
What family was selected in 1613 to establish a new ruling dynasty in Russia? Select one: a. Romanov b. Radishev c. Esterhazy d. Molotov e. Habsburg
a
What government did Ivan the Great claim to have succeeded as the "third Rome"? Select one: a. The Byzantine Empire b. The Ottoman Empire c. Holy Roman Empire d. The Umayyad Empire e. The Abbasid Empire
a
What political center served as the focal point for the Russian liberation from the Mongols? Select one: a. Duchy of Moscow b. Kiev c. St. Petersburg d. Crimean peninsula e. Principate of Novgorod
a
What was one of the primary differences between the Northern and Italian Renaissances? Select one: a. Northern humanists focused more on religion than their Italian counterparts. b. The Northern Renaissance did not make use of the classical languages typical of the Italian Renaissance. c. The Northern Renaissance occurred a century earlier than the Italian Renaissance. d. There were no major literary figures in the Northern Renaissance. e. Northern kings did not become patrons of the arts.
a
What was the European-style family pattern that emerged in the 15th century? Select one: a. Nuclear families, late marriage ages b. Extended families, early marriage ages c. Extended families, late marriage ages d. Nuclear families, early marriage ages e. Extended families, marriage optional
a
What was the nature of the trade between eastern and western Europe in the 17th century? Select one: a. Western Europe imported grain in increasing amounts from eastern Europe in return for art objects and manufactured goods. b. Eastern Europe provided a trade route for Asian goods because of the role Moscow played as a trade nexus. c. Eastern Europe emerged as a powerful challenger to Western domination of the global commercial network. d. Eastern and western Europe remained economically isolated, as Russia, Poland, and Prussia extended their trade relationships with the Ottoman Empire. e. The inability of eastern Europe to produce anything of value to the West frustrated attempts to establish trading connections between the two halves of Europe.
a
What was the political impact of Calvinism? Select one: a. Calvinists sought the participation of all believers in church administration, which encouraged the idea of a wider access to government. b. Due to the location of the center of Calvinism in Switzerland, most governments that accepted the new religion were city-states. c. Because of the insistence of Calvinism of the acceptance of a single ecclesiastical authority, Calvinism spread rapidly among the absolute monarchies. d. Calvinist doctrine held that kings should appoint bishops and local priests. e. Calvinism was regarded as so potentially revolutionary that it failed to find a foothold outside of Germany.
a
Which of the following changes associated with treatment of children was associated with the Enlightenment? Select one: a. Parents became more interested in freer movement and greater interaction for young children. b. Childhood became a period of time where the labor of the children was freely available to the family. c. Childhood was no longer perceived as a stage for learning and growth. d. Physical discipline of children to encourage their development became more common. e. Swaddling of infants continued as a means of protecting infants from injury.
a
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the reason Luther picked up widespread support among the German elite? Select one: a. German princes who turned Protestant could increase their independence from the emperor, seize church lands, and control the church in their territories. b. Luther proposed moving the papacy from Rome to Germany. c. Luther was seen as anti-Muslim and many German princes saw a way to expand their power into eastern Europe. d. Luther's support for a more centralized German government under the control of the Holy Roman emperor struck a responsive chord in German nationalism. e. Luther proposed that indulgences should be collected by the Holy Roman emperor instead of the pope.
a
Which of the following states fell back from European ascendancy following the religious wars? Select one: a. Spain b. Britain c. Italy d. The Netherlands e. France
a
Which of the following was NOT typical of the commercial revolution of the 16th century? Select one: a. Significant reduction in prices encouraging consumer spending b. Stimulation of manufacturing c. Substantial imports of American bullion d. Formation of great trading companies e. New goods became available
a
The theological foundation of Jean Calvin's Protestantism was Select one: a. the doctrine of penance. b. the sacraments. c. iconodulism. d. solipsism. e. predestination.
e
A nation-state differs from an empire or many medieval states because it (A) grants rulers absolute rights to govern. (B) rules a state with one dominant people, government, language, and culture. (C) limits the power of monarchs and rulers. (D) has many large and different ethnic groups under a common government. (E) is democratic and representative of the people's wishes.
b
A substantial merchant class in Russia during the 18th century Select one: a. gained political power. b. failed to develop. c. emerged among the lesser nobility within the Russian cities. d. sprang from peasant origins. e. was restricted to the cities of Moscow, Novgorod, and St. Petersburg.
b
Adam Smith's economic theory advocated Select one: a. government intervention in order to control the flow of bullion through extensive tariff systems. b. that governments avoid regulation in favor of the operation of individual initiative and market forces. c. the use of a controlled money supply as a means of limiting inflation. d. the institution of state-controlled guilds to fix standards of production and wages. e. that governments should allocate labor and capital whenever they engaged in warfare.
b
As a result of what treaty did the French lose their colony in North America to the British? Select one: a. Treaty of Versailles, 1919 b. Treaty of Paris, 1763 c. Treaty of Westphalia, 1648 d. Treaty of Utrecht, 1714 e. Treaty of Ryswick, 1705
b
As part of the "Colombian Exchange," which of the following was a European contribution to the Americas? Select one: a. Potatoes b. Horses c. Corn d. Bullion e. Raw materials
b
By 1750, the strands of commercial, cultural, and political changes in Europe had combined to create Select one: a. rapid adaptation not found in other civilizations. b. an unusual version of an agricultural civilization. c. proof of the innate superiority of Western civilization. d. a truly socialistic society based on Marxian principles. e. an unstable political environment that would eventually regress backwards.
b
Compared to Western governments, how great a role did the Russian government play in economic development? Select one: a. Because of the dependent nature of the Russian economy, the government played a relatively less significant role in economic development. b. Because of the absence of a merchant class, the Russian government played a greater role than was common in Western states. c. Unlike the West, all production and distribution of goods was controlled by the government. d. Like the West, the government's role in the economy was largely restricted to establishing tariffs and protective measures for domestic industries. e. The Russian government had no role in economic development, a task it abandoned to foreign investors.
b
During the Early Modern Period in world history, laborers were (A) generally paid a fair wage but worked long hours. (B) largely coerced in their work, which was often unfree. (C) moved to where there was a demand for their work. (D) mostly skilled. (E) universally slaves.
b
Eastern Europe shared with Russia all of the following characteristics EXCEPT Select one: a. poverty. b. the development of empire. c. the dominance of the landed aristocracy. d. rigid serfdom. e. the lack of a native commercial class and a significant urban culture.
b
How was the global trade network of the 15th century different from that of previous eras? Select one: a. Trade was controlled by the Chinese due to their naval presence in the Indian Ocean. b. In previous eras, most attention was given to the development of regional economies and cultural zones, rather than a global network. c. Trade in previous eras was almost entirely in the hands of the West as a result of overwhelming advantages in technology d. Trade prior to the 15th century was limited to the Eastern Hemisphere as a result of the military dominance of Eastern nations. e. There was no significant trade between civilizations prior to the 15th century.
b
In 1733, John Kay of England introduced Select one: a. double-entry bookkeeping to western Europe. b. the flying shuttle to automate weaving. c. the cotton gin. d. the potato to European agriculture. e. the steam engine.
b
In Africa during the Early Modern Period, Europeans (A) controlled the slave trade. (B) had to negotiate with African leaders, who controlled the slave trade. (C) settled widely in West Africa. (D) exported gold and raw minerals. (E) started the slave trade.
b
The Protestant Reformation in Germany was equally a religious and political revolution because it challenged all of these authorities EXCEPT: (A) the papal position as head of the western church. (B) the noble and aristocratic class structure within society. (C) the influence of the Emperor as head of the Holy Roman Empire. (D) the church's ownership of land in Germany. (E) the influence of the Roman church and Italy in Germany
b
The average Western peasant or artisan owned about how many times more "things" than his or her counterpart in southeastern Europe? Select one: a. 10 b. Five c. Four d. Three e. Eight
b
The only group to support the tsars' attempts to modernize Russia and increase the power of the central government was (A) boyars. (B) urban artisans and merchants. (C) peasants. (D) clergy. (E) ethnic minorities
b
The relationship between the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment is (A) that the Scientific Revolution's rational approach was rejected by the Enlightenment. (B) that Enlightenment philosophies were founded on the rational approach of the Scientific Revolution. (C) that both embraced Christian mysticism. (D) that both rejected the empirical approach to the truth. (E) that Enlightenment ideas formed the basis of the Scientific Revolution.
b
What new religious order was associated with the Catholic Reformation? Select one: a. Cistercians b. Jesuits c. Franciscans d. Calvinists e. Benedictines
b
What region in the Americas was claimed by Portugal? Select one: a. Bermuda b. Brazil c. Panama d. Peru e. Mexico
b
What sea became critical in the development of Russian power during the reign of Peter the Great? Select one: a. Azov b. Baltic c. North d. Mediterranean e. Caspian
b
What was Catherine the Great's attitude toward the program of Westernization? Select one: a. Catherine earned the title of Enlightened monarch by fully embracing the ideas of the French Enlightenment, including the abolition of the serfs. b. Catherine flirted vigorously with the ideas of the French Enlightenment, but failed to take steps to abolish serfdom. c. She was more interested in the process of Asianization and reforming the aristocracy. d. Catherine rejected the concepts of Westernization in favor of a distinctive Russian culture. e. Catherine was eager to continue the policy of Westernization, but was unable to attract Western philosophers to backward Russia.
b
What was Isaac Newton's work published in 1687 that drew various theories together into a framework of natural laws? Select one: a. Analogica Pedagogica b. Principia Mathematica c. Novum Organum d. Analects e. Ars Mystica
b
What was the impact of early Russian expansion on central Asia? Select one: a. There was no impact at first but as time went by, there was a gradual assimilation of the Chinese speaking groups b. Independent central Asia, the source of nomadic cultures and invasion forces, was eliminated. c. Central Asia revived economically as a result of the expansion. d. Russian society became more culturally and ethnically homogeneous. e. Chinese trade was refocused through Russia and eastern Europe.
b
What was the state of the Russian economy immediately after the expulsion of the Mongols in the 15th century? Select one: a. Russia was following the West into an economy dominated by merchants and capitalists. b. Russia had become a more purely agricultural economy, dependent on peasant labor. c. Fueled by the establishment of the Tatar trade routes with the East, Russia had developed a significant export trade and merchant class. d. Russia was already a dependent region within the global economy dominated by the West. e. Russia's economic ties were almost exclusively with the Ottoman Empire and hence with Africa.
b
Which of the following reasons suggests why common people supported the Lutheran Reformation? Select one: a. Luther's reforms meant that indulgences and other ecclesiastical means of salvation would become less expensive and more readily available to the poor. b. Lutheranism sanctioned money-making and other earthly pursuits more wholeheartedly than did traditional Catholicism. c. Luther advocated the overthrow of the authority of the German princes. d. Luther advocated redistribution of land and property throughout Germany. e. Luther supported the Peasant Revolt that broke out throughout Germany.
b
Which of the following statements concerning the interaction of North American colonists with the Indians is most accurate? Select one: a. Rapid intermarriage between Europeans and the Native Americans resulted in the creation of a new class of people, the mestizos, who continued to play a significant role in North American colonial development. b. Colonists interacted with Indians, learned from them, and misused them, but did not forge a new cultural grouping as occurred in much of Latin America. c. The occurrence of disease that rapidly decimated the Indian populations of Latin America did not take place in North America, thus Indian populations remained large and intermingled with the European immigrants. d. Indian populations grew as a result of new foods and goods introduced by European settlers. e. Constant warfare between the numerous sedentary agricultural tribes and the European colonists resulted in limited immigration from Europe.
b
Which of the following statements concerning the political voice of the Russian nobility is most accurate? Select one: a. The nobility virtually ran the Russian empire with very little interference from the central government. b. The politics of the Russian nobility were expressed through service in the tsarist state and the preeminent power they wielded over the peasant serfs. c. The exclusion of the Russian nobility under Catherine the Great from any role in the central government or the military relegated them to strictly local authority. d. The Russian nobility exercised enormous influence through the powerful assemblies that continued to legislate through the 18th century. e. Under Catherine the Great the Russian nobility was virtually exterminated.
b
Which of the following statements most accurately describes a change in popular mentality as a result of the Protestant Reformation? Select one: a. Protestants tended to believe what church authorities told them whereas Catholics began to question church doctrines. b. Protestants and Catholics considered the family in more positive terms, not simply as an institution necessary because of human lust. c. Protestants were more likely to credit miracles or divine interruptions in nature's course. d. Religious change tended to discourage the growth of literacy in the era following the Protestant Reformation. e. Protestant churches, as physical structures, were more closely connected to market activities in the cities, encouraging the idea that religion and daily life were related.
b
Which of the following states stood apart from the trend toward absolute monarchy in the 17th century and retained a parliamentary regime? Select one: a. Denmark b. Britain c. Spain d. Austria-Hungary e. France
b
Which of the following was one of the first new areas brought into the global commercial network after 1450? Select one: a. Eastern Africa b. The Americas c. Ming China d. Scandinavia e. Asia Minor
b
Why did the initiative in early conquest and exploration pass to northern European nations in the later 16th century? Select one: a. Conquered nations rose up against Spain and Portugal, requiring large forces to suppress them. b. The Dutch and the British improved the design of oceanic vessels, producing faster ships than their Catholic rivals. c. The Spanish defeat of the English Armada cut England off from further advances in Europe and forced English attention to foreign conquest. d. Spain and Portugal were defeated in a critical war with the Ottoman Empire. e. Famine and disease disastrously reduced the population of the Iberian peninsula after 1588.
b
In Asia, significant conversion to Christianity Select one: a. was limited to the Dutch holding in Indonesia. b. happened wherever the Westerners were able to establish colonies. c. occurred only in the northern Philippines. d. occurred in Korea. e. failed to occur anywhere.
c
As Russia expanded, (A) it acquired a larger Russian population. (B) it became a largely Muslim state. (C) serfdom spread. (D) the free population expanded. (E) nobles lost their influence to merchants and artisans
c
Despite Japan's official policy of isolation, the Dutch were able to gain special access to the port of Select one: a. Yokohama. b. Kyoto. c. Nagasaki. d. Nissei. e. Osaka.
c
During the Early Modern Era, the world economy and trade (A) spread to and linked all countries and continents except Antartica. (B) was dominated by Muslim merchants. (C) did not include areas such as China, Japan, and many Muslim regions. (D) relied heavily on the slave trade to generate capital and profits. (E) shipped primarily agricultural products.
c
In what way did Peter the Great shift the foreign policy interests of Russia? Select one: a. Peter the Great initiated the Russian invasion of China. b. Peter abandoned the Russian policies of expansion in favor of consolidation at the center. c. Peter's wars with the Ottoman Empire and Sweden indicated a westward shift in Russian expansion. d. Peter allied himself with the traditional Russian enemy, the Ottoman Empire. e. Peter began Russian expansion into North America and Japan.
c
In which of the following colonies did a deeper appreciation of Western institutions and values take place? Select one: a. Brazil b. Spanish Latin America c. French and British colonies of North America d. India e. Macao
c
Ivan the Great declared that the Russian empire was the successor to which great empire? Select one: a. Mongol Empire b. Han China c. Rome d. The Golden Horde e. The Ottoman Empire
c
Johannes Gutenberg was responsible for Select one: a. the defeat of the Catholic forces during the Thirty Years War. b. the unification of the Holy Roman Empire in 1537. c. the invention of movable type in the West. d. the construction of Wittenberg cathedral during the 15th century. e. the split that occurred in the Catholic church in the late 1500s.
c
Much of the territory added to the Russian empire during the 17th and 18th centuries was Select one: a. Polynesian. b. Balkan. c. Asian. d. African. e. North American.
c
The British were able to oust the French from Canada following the Select one: a. battle of Manzikert. b. Battle of Algiers. c. Seven Years War. d. Sepoy rebellion. e. Taipei rebellion.
c
The Russian radical and nobleman who, inspired by the philosophies of the West, urged the abolition of serfdom during the reign of Catherine the Great was Select one: a. Romanov. b. Turgenev. c. Radishev. d. Ulanov. e. Pugachev.
c
The cause of the massive inflation in 16th century Europe was the (A) Renaissance rulers' increased demand for art. (B) Reformation's challenge to trust in the economy. (C) extensive importation of gold and silver from overseas colonies. (D) religious warfare that destroyed the economic structures. (E) trade between Europe and the Muslim world.
c
The main reason European conquerors and navigators were able to sail and continue to explore, and the reason the Ming Chinese fleets in the Indian Ocean failed was (A) Europeans had superior military technologies and the Chinese did not. (B) Europe encountered no opposition, while the Chinese did. (C) European governments supported and encouraged overseas expeditions; the Ming did not. (D) European nations were wealthier than the Chinese. (E) China had a smaller population base than Europe and could not afford to send people abroad.
c
The most important Dutch colony in Africa was located on Select one: a. Zanzibar. b. Mozambique. c. the Cape of Good Hope. d. Madagascar. e. the island of Ceylon.
c
The religious wars that followed the Protestant Reformation led generally to Select one: a. the establishment of Protestant dominance. b. the end of the involvement of the state in religion. c. a limited acceptance of the idea of religious pluralism. d. the restoration of Catholic unity. e. a monolithic Protestantism in Europe.
c
What land was claimed for Spain as the result of Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe beginning in 1519? Select one: a. Macao b. New Zealand c. Philippines d. Chile e. Australia
c
What monarch is associated with the establishment of enlightened despotism in Prussia in the middle of the 18th century? Select one: a. William III b. Maria Teresa c. Frederick the Great d. Joseph II e. Charles VI
c
What tsar was responsible for the abolition of the assemblies of the nobles and reform of the Orthodox church? Select one: a. Ivan IV b. Ivan III c. Alexis d. Peter I e. Michael
c
What was the impact of the introduction of American crops into Europe? Select one: a. Most Europeans rejected the new foods as uncivilized and began to import rice from China. b. Plantation agriculture fueled by slave labor became the norm in European agricultural systems. c. The introduction of corn and the potato led to major population growth in Europe. d. Although American crops were introduced around the world by European traders, they were not adopted in Europe itself. e. Fungi introduced to Europe along with American crops led to a severe decline in agricultural productivity.
c
What was the purpose of the early English voyages to North America? Select one: a. To establish colonies b. To convert natives to Catholicism c. To discover an Arctic route to China d. To drive the Spanish from the Americas e. To create a fortified port and trading region
c
Where was Peter the Great's program of economic development concentrated? Select one: a. Rapid urbanization b. Farming c. Mining and metallurgical industries d. Pottery production e. Cloth production
c
Where was the first Spanish colony on the American mainland? Select one: a. Peru b. Florida c. Panama d. California e. Mexico
c
Which of the following Western trade goods was of most interest to the Japanese? Select one: a. Glassware b. Woolen cloth c. Gunnery d. Porcelain e. Cotton cloth
c
Which of the following accounts in part for the decline of the Italian Renaissance circa 1500? Select one: a. Atlantic trade routes increased the importance of Italian cities and their role in the slave trade. b. Much of Italy was conquered by the Ottoman Turks after the battle of Lepanto. c. French and Spanish monarchs invaded the peninsula, cutting down on political independence. d. The creation of a single nation-state in northern Italy sapped the vitality of artistic patronage. e. Routes through Russia to the East undercut the Italian monopoly of trade.
c
Which of the following civilizations was fully part of the global trading network in the 16th century? Select one: a. Mughal empire b. Russia c. China d. Ottoman Empire e. Safavid Persia
c
Which of the following descriptions most accurately defines mercantilism? Select one: a. Mercantilism argued that the money supply should be freed from the supply of bullion and based instead on the flow of goods within regional markets. b. Mercantilism was a scientific theory that attempted to limit the growing dominance of merchants within society. c. Mercantilism held that government should promote the internal economy in order to improve tax revenues and to limit imports from other nations. d. Mercantilism was an economic philosophy that argued that natural laws would determine the flow of goods according to supply and demand. e. Mercantilism is the idea that all trade should be international and free of any restraints.
c
Which of the following is NOT indicative of Russia's growing economic dependence on the West during the 18th century? Select one: a. A coercive labor system b. Importation of luxuries and some manufactured goods c. Self-sufficiency in metals and weapons d. Exportation of raw materials-furs, grain, and timber e. The need to imitate the West
c
Which of the following represents an impact on western Europe from the development of colonies? Select one: a. Colonialism had limited impact on Europe due to the policy of natives selling free-access goods. b. Colonial development resulted in a greater sense of cooperation among European nations. c. The use of colonially produced sugar spread widely in Europe. d. The development of colonies hastened the growth of centralized governments and destroyed the growth of the merchant class in western Europe. e. The decline of the Catholic church and its power resulted from many Europeans moving to the colonies.
c
Which of the following statements concerning Italian humanism is most accurate? Select one: a. Humanists de-emphasized the corporate and communal aspects of human society. b. Humanists rejected scientific explanations in favor of spiritual ones. c. Humanists focused on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor. d. Humanists attacked Christianity as rife with superstition and witchcraft. e. Humanists carved out new literary styles without reference to classical or medieval models.
c
Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the view of Deists? Select one: a. The institutional church has failed Western society, and it is necessary for the reestablishment of the church through new institutions founded by the state. b. The authority of the church is paramount, and all political power is derived from divine sanction. c. While there may be a divinity, its role is only to set natural laws in motion. d. God establishes governments on Earth, and kings are his instruments. e. God can be found in all elements of creation, whether plant, animal, or mineral.
c
Which of the following was NOT a basic principle of the Enlightenment? Select one: a. Human beings are naturally good and can be educated to do better. b. Society's goals should center on improvements in material and social life. c. If people were not controlled, general social decline was inevitable. d. Religions that relied on faith or refused to tolerate diversity were wrong. e. Humans behave according to natural laws based on reason.
c
Which of the following was NOT a form of contact with the West during the reigns of the Ivans? Select one: a. Diplomatic missions were sent to leading Western states. b. Territorial expansion along the Polish and Lithuanian border c. Military alliances were signed with Spain and Portugal. d. Western merchants established outposts in Moscow and other centers. e. Italian artists and craftsmen were imported for building projects.
c
Which of the following was NOT a religious proposition advanced by Martin Luther? Select one: a. Monasticism was wrong. b. Sale of indulgence, or grants of salvation, for money was wrong. c. Priests should practice celibacy. d. Only faith could gain salvation. e. People should read the Bible in their own language.
c
Which of the following was NOT an impact of the Renaissance on politics and commerce? Select one: a. They experimented with new political forms that did not stress heredity or divine guidance. b. The city-states introduced the regular exchange of ambassadors and the exercise of diplomacy. c. Under humanist influence, wars among Italian city-states became less frequent and violent. d. Renaissance merchants improved banking techniques and became more capitalist. e. City-state leaders experimented with new political forms and functions and justified their authority on the basis of what they could do to advance the general well-being.
c
Who used astronomical observation and mathematical calculation to disprove the Hellenistic belief that the Earth was the center of the universe? Select one: a. Francis Bacon b. Galileo c. Copernicus d. Vesalius e. Isaac Newton
c
All of these were examples of the Columbian Exchange EXCEPT: (A) the spread of smallpox and measles in the Americas. (B) New World crops such as corn and potatoes spread around the world. (C) domesticated animals such as the horse spread to the Americas. (D) Muslim and Chinese merchants came to monopolize Atlantic trade. (E) Africans and Europeans migrated or were forcibly settled in the Americas.
d
By the 16th century, at what age did most Europeans marry? Select one: a. 16-19 b. 20-22 c. 23-24 d. 28-29 e. 25-27
d
Following the death of Ivan IV, Russian boyars attempted to limit tsarist autocracy and gain governing rights for themselves during the Select one: a. Great Schism. b. Boyar War. c. Era of Division. d. Time of Troubles. e. Russian civil war.
d
How did the Polish government differ from the Russian model after 1600? Select one: a. It was a monarchy. b. There was an absence of a merchant class. c. Poland was more urbanized. d. The central government was powerless. e. Poland lacked a landed aristocracy.
d
In characterizing the period from 1450 to 1750 in the West, which of the following statements is NOT accurate? Select one: a. Government powers had expanded as nation-states began to evolve. b. The idea of Christian unity started to decline, which led to religious wars. c. The popular outlook, including ideas about personality and family as well as concepts of nature, had shifted. d. What was once an agricultural society had become a predominantly manufacturing economy. e. Science came to form the centerpiece of Western intellectual life.
d
In comparison to Spain and Portugal, the northern European states and their expeditions (A) began earlier, but conquered fewer lands. (B) were more successful. (C) had superior technologies and commercial practices but were uninterested in acquiring colonies. (D) began later and initially acquired only limited holdings outside Europe. (E) were more motivated by religion than had been Portugal or Spain.
d
In western Europe following the religious wars in the 16th and 17th centuries, (A) the popes reestablished their dominant religious and political positions. (B) Christian unity was restored, but the pope was no longer head of the church. (C) full religious freedoms were granted to practice one's faith. (D) the different Christian sects accepted a limited toleration of other groups. (E) Europe abandoned religions totally because they promoted social divisions.
d
In what year did Spanish settlement of the American mainland begin? Select one: a. 1492 b. 1588 c. 1607 d. 1509 e. 1610
d
In which of the following regions was European settlement a significant factor in the establishment of colonies? Select one: a. China b. West Indies c. Indonesia d. Dutch South Africa e. Arabia
d
Peasants recruited to migrate to newly-seized lands in the Russian empire were called Select one: a. slavs. b. emigrati. c. boyars. d. cossacks. e. "Old Believers."
d
Peter the Great's symbol of his reforms, westernization, and foreign policy was (A) his visit to the West to learn firsthand about institutions and technologies. (B) toleration of religious minorities and laws granting freedom of worship. (C) the shaving of the nobles' beards. (D) building St. Petersburg as the new capital and a port on the Baltic. (E) his conversion to Islam
d
Russia did not experience either the Renaissance or Reformation because (A) Russia did not exist at the time of either movement. (B) Russia was engaged in a long war with the Ottoman Empire. (C) both revolutions were confined to Italy. (D) Mongol rule cut Russia off and isolated her from Western contacts. (E) Russia had no intellectual elites able to understand either movement.
d
The 17th century Scientific Revolution in western Europe was heavily influenced by (A) the work of Muslim scientists. (B) Hindu mathematics. (C) Chinese mystical Daoism. (D) Greek rational philosophies and classical scientists such as Aristotle. (E) Christian theology
d
The British East India Company through negotiation with local Mughal princes gained a station at Select one: a. Delhi. b. Ceylon. c. Constantinople. d. Calcutta. e. Goa.
d
The Dutch, French, and English colonies on the North American continent (A) received few colonists. (B) remained largely unsettled and unclaimed. (C) attracted little attention because they were so vast. (D) were not initially as financially important as colonies in the West and East Indies. (E) eventually were conquered by the Spanish.
d
The Edict of Nantes, issued in France in 1598, Select one: a. decreed the abolition of Protestantism in France. b. led to the Thirty Years War between France and Sweden. c. established Calvinism as the state religion of France. d. granted tolerance to Protestants and helped end the French civil wars of religion. e. declared war against the Lutheran princes of Germany.
d
The aftermath of the Scientific Revolution spilled over into a new intellectual movement in the 18th century called the Select one: a. Baroque Era. b. Renaissance. c. Risorgimento. d. Enlightenment. e. Great Awakening.
d
The captain of the first Portuguese fleet to reach India was Select one: a. Amerigo Vespucci. b. Ferdinand Magellan. c. Christopher Columbus. d. Vasco da Gama. e. Panfilo de Narvaez.
d
. In contrast to American slaves, Russian serfs (A) had fewer rights. (B) could neither be owned nor sold. (C) were largely skilled laborers working in export industries. (D) grew mostly cotton, sugar, and tobacco. (E) produced only for a domestic, local economy.
e
The development of coercive labor systems in eastern Europe was indicative of Select one: a. Russia's economic dominance over Asian trade. b. poor race relations in the East. c. the creation of a core economic zone in Russia. d. eastern Europe's growing economic subordination to the West. e. the development of industrial strength in the region.
d
The greatest source of social unrest in early modern Russia was (A) noble opposition to westernization. (B) the clergy and religious opposition to the non-Christian minorities. (C) rapid growth of towns and factories. (D) the lack of real reform and especially rights for the serfs. (E) caused by intellectuals and radicals opposed to the tsars' authority.
d
The initiative for Western exploration and conquest came from the kingdom of Select one: a. Sicily. b. Venice. c. France. d. Portugal. e. Spain.
d
What eastern European nation declined most dramatically after 1500? Select one: a. Hungary b. Prussia c. Austria d. Poland e. Lithuania
d
What economic policy encouraged the development of colonies, particularly by northern Europe countries? Select one: a. Socialism b. Free trade c. Boycotts d. Mercantilism e. Communism
d
What was one of the primary limitations on the expansion of the agricultural economy? Select one: a. The lack of cheap labor b. The lack of estate agricultural systems in Russia c. The lack of available and arable land d. Lack of technological improvement e. The lack of markets for Russian surpluses
d
What was the church established by Henry VIII in England? Select one: a. Lutheran b. Calvinism c. Jesuit d. Anglican e. Baptist
d
What was the limitation of Peter the Great's policies of cultural Westernization? Select one: a. Despite tsarist proclamations, Westernization failed to have any impact on Russian society. b. He made no attempt to introduce Western education, particularly in technological subjects. c. Peter made no attempt to enforce cultural reforms. d. Westernization was limited to the elite. e. He did not have firsthand knowledge of Western institutions
d
What was the purpose of Peter the Great's policy of economic development? Select one: a. To create a peasant class that could support the nobility b. To create a free working class devoted to industry rather than agriculture c. To raise the standard of living of all Russians d. To avoid the need of importing military armaments e. To create a wealthy merchant class capable of financing further expansion
d
Which of the following areas of trade was NOT dominated by the West after the establishment of a global trading network in the 17th century? Select one: a. The Atlantic b. The Caribbean c. The Pacific d. The Indian Ocean e. The Mediterranean
d
Which of the following regions were dependents to the core zone of the global trade network? Select one: a. Spain b. England c. Holland d. Sub-Saharan Africa e. France
d
Which of the following statements about the Renaissance is NOT accurate? Select one: a. The Renaissance challenged medieval intellectual values and styles. b. The Renaissance was largely an artistic movement that began in Italy. c. The Renaissance was built on a more commercialized economy. d. The Renaissance failed to develop any new ideas concerning political organization. e. The Renaissance had a southern and northern phase.
d
Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between Asian civilizations and the world commercial network of the 16th and 17th centuries is NOT accurate? Select one: a. China depended on extensive government regulation to keep European activities in check. b. East Asia constituted the civilization that remained most fully and consciously external to the world economy. c. Most of the silver mined and exported by the Spanish ended up in China in order for the Spanish to purchase Chinese manufactured goods. d. China was able, thanks to the existence of its coastal navy, to prevent the establishment of European ports. e. Asian civilizations had ample political strength and economic sophistication to avoid dependent status.
d
A Spanish-led fleet defeated the Ottoman Empire in 1571 at the battle of Select one: a. Nicaea. b. the Sargasso Sea. c. Civitate. d. Cyprus. e. Lepanto.
e
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the impact of the development of core-dependent economic zones on state formation? Select one: a. No state government benefited from the creation of core-dependent zones. Neither core regions nor colonies were able to develop strong, centralized governments. b. Dependent regions and their governments grew stronger in response to the European threat. c. The efforts of international trade tended to enrich private commercial interests but weaken core governments who were unable to tap the wealth. Dependent zone governments, based on company organization, tended to be strong. d. Forced labor and European influence tended to generate weak governments in dependent regions, while increased trade revenues tended to generate increasing government strength in core states. e. While the profits of global trade tended to strengthen the governments of core regions, the creation of colonies extended powerful governments to dependent zones as well.
d
Which of the following was NOT a crop imported into Europe as a result of the "Colombian Exchange"? Select one: a. Corn b. Tobacco c. Squash d. Millet e. Potatoes
d
Which of the following was NOT a result of the Thirty Years War? Select one: a. The war established the principle of territorial toleration. b. The population of the German territories was reduced by almost 60 percent. c. The treaty that ended the war granted political independence to the Protestant Netherlands. d. The treaty that ended the war established Spain as the principal power of western Europe. e. It reduced German prosperity and power for a full century.
d
Which of the following was NOT a technological improvement introduced during the 15th century in the West? Select one: a. Gunpowder adapted to gunnery b. Deep-draft, round-hulled ships c. Use of the compass for navigation d. Lateen sails e. Moveable type
d
Which of the following was NOT an accomplishment of Tsar Michael? Select one: a. Driving out foreign invaders b. Inclusion of part of the Ukraine, including Kiev, in the Russian empire c. The reestablishment of internal order d. Updating practices in the Orthodox Church e. A successful war against Poland
d
Why did the Russian expansion policy focus particularly on central Asia? Select one: a. Most of the Russian population remained ethnically Mongol with clear cultural ties to central Asia. b. Russians wanted to control the lucrative fur trade in Siberia. c. The Russians wished to seize control of the trade routes with China. d. The Russians were motivated by a desire to push the former Mongol overlords farther back to prevent renewed invasion. e. There were natural barriers to westward expansion.
d
Why did the southern colonies of the Atlantic seaboard win importance before those farther north? Select one: a. The harsh climate of the northern colonies left those regions virtually unsettled. b. Only the southern colonies were able to eliminate the native Indian population. c. Gold was discovered within the southern colonies of the Atlantic seaboard. d. Cultivation of cash crops produced by coercive labor emerged there. e. The need to defend the southern colonies against Spanish settlers.
d
The most important basic commodity traded in the Early Modern Period was (A) grain. (B) gold. (C) tobacco. (D) cotton. (E) sugar.
e
In order to accomplish her domestic goals, Catherine the Great (A) followed Enlightenment ideas and democratized her government. (B) supported peasant demands for reform and free land. (C) abolished serfdom and slavery. (D) supported the French Revolution when it broke out. (E) allied with the nobles and gave them absolute control over their peasants.
e
In what region of the world did the Dutch challenge the Portuguese for commercial dominance? Select one: a. India b. Scandinavia c. Mesoamerica d. Brazil e. Southeast Asia
e
Ivan IV, called Ivan the Terrible, Select one: a. destroyed the hold of the Vikings on Russia and eastern Europe. b. was responsible for the incorporation of Poland into the Russian empire. c. abandoned the principles of territorial expansion in favor of centralizing power at home. d. allied himself with the Russian aristocracy in a policy of political decentralization. e. wished to confirm tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of boyars.
e
Mercantilism differs from capitalism because mercantilism (A) discourages colonies and overseas adventures. (B) encourages skilled workers to demand better pay and benefits. (C) does not encourage state or government intervention in the economy. (D) allows imports and exports without tariffs and barriers. (E) promotes the wealth of a national economy at the expense of free trade.
e
Peter the Great established a new capital for Russia at Select one: a. Novgorod. b. Kiev. c. Moscow. d. Ekaterinburg. e. St. Petersburg.
e
Politically, what aspects of Western culture did Peter the Great emulate in Russia? Select one: a. Parliamentary government b. Republicanism c. Aristocratic control of the bureaucracy d. Separation of church and state e. Royal control over the bureaucracy and reorganized military
e
The Renaissance was largely influenced and financed by (A) Roman Catholic church monasteries. (B) medieval institutions. (C) popular culture and the lifestyle of the masses. (D) scientists and the Scientific Revolution. (E) the urban environment and the commercial economy.
e
The dominant commercial nations of northern Europe made up the ________ zone of the world economy. Select one: a. peripheral b. free trade c. negative trade d. dependent e. core
e
The growing commercialization of Western Europe's economy most negatively impacted the (A) rulers and bureaucracy. (B) aristocracy and the ruling elite. (C) churches and religious establishments. (D) merchants. (E) peasants, serfs, and the working poor.
e
Under what Russian ruler was a large part of Russia freed from Mongol control in the 15th century? Select one: a. Peter III b. Ivan IV c. Boris Godunov d. Alexis Romanov e. Ivan III
e
What Italian captain sailing for the monarchs of Spain reached the Americas in 1492? Select one: a. Ferdinand Magellan b. Dante Alighieri c. Bartolomeo Dias d. Amerigo Vespucci e. Christopher Columbus
e
What determined the age of marriage for many people in Europe? Select one: a. Local traditions b. The occupation of the husband c. The approval of the church d. Securing license to marry from the government e. Access to real property
e
What is the most accepted figure for the percentage of the population of American Indians who died following the European colonization? Select one: a. Over 33 percent b. Over 15 percent c. Over 25 percent d. Less than 10 percent e. Over 50 percent
e
What noble was responsible for initiating a series of expeditions along the African coast and outward to the Azores in the 15th century? Select one: a. Hugh Dupuy, Count Marechal b. Duke of Saxony c. Prince Henry of England d. Cardinal Mazarin, regent of France e. Prince Henry the Navigator
e
What percentage of the Russian population remained rural in the 18th century? Select one: a. 75 percent b. 60 percent c. 50 percent d. 20 percent e. 95 percent
e
What region of the world became the dominant culture in the period after 1450? Select one: a. Africa b. The Islamic Middle East c. Central Asia d. China e. The West
e
What was one of the primary differences between the social organization of the West and Russia in the 17th and 18th centuries? Select one: a. There was much more forced labor in Western Europe than in Russia due to the needs of the growing industrial base. b. Russia's merchant class was more fully developed than that of the West. c. The agricultural labor of the West was subject to a more restrictive form of serfdom than that of Russia. d. The West had no formal aristocracy by the 18th century, but in Russia the nobility retained their political and social function. e. Russia saw a progressive intensification of serfdom while the West was relaxing this institution in favor of other labor systems.
e
What was the relationship between Catherine the Great's government and local administration? Select one: a. The government established by Catherine the Great exercised exclusive control over both central and local government. b. The powers of the government were exercised almost entirely by the nobility and little formal authority was exercised by the central administration. c. Under Catherine the Great, there was little central authority, but village governments under the jurisdiction of peasant headmen continued to function. d. The local bureaucracy held most of the judicial power whereas the tsarist government controlled tax revenues. e. The tsarist government combined a real monopoly of formal politics by a central administration, but had little power over the noble-owned estates.
e
When did Russian serfdom become hereditary? Select one: a. 1453 b. 1618 c. 1482 d. 1558 e. 1649
e
Which of the following areas was NOT colonized or claimed by the Russian empire during the reign of Catherine the Great? Select one: a. Parts of Siberia b. Poland c. The Pacific coast of North America as far south as modern California d. Alaska e. Greece
e
Which of the following areas was NOT successfully defended by the Catholic Reformation? Select one: a. Hungary b. Southern Europe c. Poland d. Iberia e. The Netherlands
e
Which of the following lists the major developments of Western civilization in proper sequence? Select one: a. Absolute monarchy, Renaissance, Enlightenment, Protestant Reformation b. Protestant Reformation, Renaissance, absolute monarchy, Enlightenment c. Absolute monarchy, Enlightenment, Protestant Reformation, Renaissance d. Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Enlightenment, absolute monarchy e. Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, absolute monarchy, Enlightenment
e
Which of the following regions was NOT part of the Spanish colonial empire? Select one: a. Panama b. Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico c. Hispaniola d. Mexico e. Brazil
e
Which of the following statements best accounts for the Spanish failure to hold a position of dominance in world trade? Select one: a. Spain exported more finished goods than it imported due to the high quality of its artisans and craftsmen. b. The Catholic church that dominated Spanish society argued against the establishment of a commercial mentality in Spain. c. The Spanish withdrew voluntarily from the race for world trade dominance and established a policy of international isolation. d. Spain's interests were increasingly directed toward the destruction of the Ottoman Empire. e. Spain's internal economy and banking system were not sufficient to accommodate the bullion from the new world and lacked significant manufacturing capability.
e
Which of the following statements concerning mid-18th-century Western society is most accurate? Select one: a. The spread of domestic manufacturing destroyed the traditional habits and family patterns of earlier Europe. b. Radical changes in the nature of government resulted in the creation of essentially new political forms. c. As a result of the Enlightenment, established churches no longer were forces to be reckoned with in Western society. d. Most people believed that population growth was self-regulating due to the occurrence of famines. e. Agricultural changes, commercialism, and manufacturing had combined to produce a rapidly growing population in the West.
e
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of manufacturing in the later 18th century? Select one: a. The factory system was well established since the commercial revolution of the 16th century and continued to develop during this period. b. Large scale mass production was begun in places like France and Germany. c. The lack of new technology caused a bottleneck in the manufacturing processes and led to stagnation in European productivity. d. By the 18th century the economic growth typical of the 16th century had halted, and manufacturing suffered from the withdrawal of capital. e. The 18th century witnessed a rapid spread of household production of textiles and metal products, mostly by rural workers who alternated manufacturing with some agriculture.
e
Which of the following was NOT a participant in the 15th-century Italian Renaissance? Select one: a. Niccolo Machiavelli b. Michelangelo c. Donatello d. Leonardo da Vinci e. Giotto
e
Which of the following was NOT one of Peter the Great's political reforms? Select one: a. Specialized bureaucracy b. Systemization of law codes c. Elimination of noble councils d. Improved military weaponry e. Reduction of taxes on the peasantry
e
Which of the following was a Western response to the commercial revolution of the 16th century that was proletarian in outlook? Select one: a. A more elaborate family life including greater material wealth b. A more caring attitude toward the problems of the poor c. Greater admiration for the merchant class and the Catholic church d. Greater belief in personal achievement and the demystification of nature e. A wave of popular protests resulting in uprisings caused by social tensions
e
