AP World Exam

Ethnic diversity

Blacks in Canada were free but not equal and were segregated from political and cultural mainstream. Chinese migrants moved to Canada in search of gold, and lived in segregated Chinatowns had little voice in public affairs much like blacks in Canada. Conflict between British and French settlers was the most prominent source of ethnic tension

Guru Kabir

Blind Weaver, Famous Bhakti teacher who believed all gods are the same

Armenians

Branded as traitors by the Ottoman Empire gvmt during WW1

Ramses

Brief Egyptian Pharaoh who stabilized Egypt. Born into a noble military family

Meiji Restoration

Brief civil war between bakfu armies and militia units. Militia units won and then the boy emperor Mutsuhito (Meiji) came into power

South Africa

Britain had established a presence here long before the scramble for Africa, but now European people started to gradually move more inland, resulting in conflict

Seven Year's War

British and French fight over Indian Ocean hegemony; Spanish w/ French in Caribbean to limit the British; British & French ally with different Native Americans; British won

Mary Wollstonecraft

British writer, published an influential essay called A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Insited on right of education for women

Mary Wolstencraft

British writer; argued that women possessed the same rights John Locke granted to men; insisted on right of women to education; published essay called A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)

Council of Chalcedon

Church council held from october 8 to november 1 in 451 ce at Chalcedon

Carthage

City in modern day Tunisia fought three wars with Rome called punic wars

Devotional cults

Cults who arose over preference of Shiva or Vishnu, created cults around the gods such as the cult of dancing Shiva

Chandra Gupta II

Cultural development of India grew and reached its peak. Chandra Gupta's grandson

Alexander Dubcek

Czech statesman, driving force behind the political reforms of 1968 which prompted the Soviet invasion of Czech and his removal from office

Britain's objectives/people who pushed for them

David Lloyd George, expand empire, make Germany pay for the war

Western Front

Deadlock (there was fighting the entire war but no progress was made)

Abbasid Dynasty

Differed greatly from Umayyad, it was more cosmopolitan (urban). NOT a conquering dynasty

Bubonic plague

Disease that ravaged Europe, China spread over silk road by Mongols caused serious problems for Yuan Dynasty

Peace of Westphalia

Document that ended the 30 years war and stated that all the European states were independent and equal

Desiderius Erasmus

Dutch renaissance humanist / Catholic Priest

Jenne-Jeno

Established by Bantu and became a center of iron production and trade. Located in West Africa

Persian Ilkhanate

Established by Hulegu after he defeated the Abbasid dynasty

Yuan Dynasty

Established by Khubilai Khan after defeating Song Dynasty. He tried to expand this realm but Mongol forces did not adapt well to the humid jungle climates of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Burma

Muromachi Shogunate

Established in 1338 by Ashikaga Takauji, part of the medieval period in Japan; the second of two decentralized civilizations that rose during Japan's medieval period.

The Hague Court of Arbitration

Established in 1889; ineffective b/c it couldn't uphold its decisions

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

Established the first Spanish settlement in the East Indies

UN Resolution 242

Established the principles that were to guide the negotiations for an Arab-Israeli peace settlement. This resolution was a tortuously negotiated compromise between competing proposals

Xiongnu

Eurasian nomads who dominated the Asian Steppe and were considered as a threat to the Chinese. After defeating the previously dominant Yuezhi in the 2nd century BC, the Xiongnu became a dominant power.

Aristotle

European civilizations were already very familiar with Aristotle's work, however, Muslim philosophers translated his work into Arabic so Christian and jewish scholars had to retranslate the works back into Latin.

Imperialism

European domination over subject lands in the larger world

Consequences of Crusades

Exchange of ideas, technologies, and trade. These things included the sharing of Aristotle's work, Islamic science, and "Muslim" numbers.

madrasas

institutes of higher education, by 12th century establishing major cities in Islamic world, rulers supported this

Grand Canal

integrated economies of north and south, built by sui yangdi

Magyars

invaded Carolingian empire, descendants of nomadic peoples who settled in Hungary

Norse Expansion

invaded because on quest for wealth through trade and plundering; expanded from Russia to England;

Kuwait

invaded by Hussein's troops after the Iran-iraq war

Lazaro Cardenas

invoked and applied the reforms guaranteed to Mexicans by the Constitution of 1917

Confucianism Examination system

is a Chinese form of tests that rely on Confucian texts, and people who came out successful through the many tests became leaders of the Chinese government as scholar bureaucrats.

Oligarchy

is a form of government where a small group of the wealthy are in charge of the government, and it was first used in Athens.

Hagia Sophia

it was built as a church, destroyed, rebuilt as a church by Justinian, then became a mosque, and now rests as a museum.

Pope Gregory I

known for his writings and revision of worship Monasticism- monk order

Donation of Pepin

land given from pepin to the pope in Rome, allowed for political order to start again and gave Pepin more power

Cahokia

largest surviving, yet third largest mound structure in western hemisphere before Europeans arrived (near modern-day East St. Louis, IL)

Gamal Abdel Nasser

leader of the Arab world in the 50's and 60's

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

leader of the Muslim League. Frankly expressed muslim concerns and desires for a separate muslim state

Heinrich Himmler

leader of the SS and chief of the German police, gave speech justifying Nazi anti-Jewish policies that culminated in mass murder

The Papacy

leader of the catholic church

Kwame Nkrumah

leader of the first sub-saharan country to receive independence from colonial rule and he became a persuasive spokesperson for pan-African unity.

Theme System

method of providing troops for their army. Citizen farmers were given land to work in return for military service. established in the mid-7th century in the aftermath of the Muslim conquests of parts of Byzantine territory. Adopted by emperor Heraclius.

Spanish Civil War

military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country, initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country → a bloody civil war ensued, Germany and Italy became involved

Palestine

not an actual state, the Arab people believed they had a right to the land they had been living on despite UN claims, had increasing conflicts with the creation of an Israeli state, some Palestinians remained under Jewish control while others left for neighboring countries

Theme system

political organization of provinces which were under authority of a general

Colonialism

political, social, economic, and cultural structures that allowed imperial powers to dominate subject lands

Technology and industrial development

porcelain, metallurgy (steel), gunpowder, printing, naval technology

Renaissance

the "rebirth" of the Classical Era in which Europeans rediscovered their heritage

Intifada

the Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, beginning in 1987.

Population

the amount of people in one area. It increases with the amount of food and necessities that the people have access too

Abolition

the antislavery movement

Dharma

the basic doctrine shared by Buddhist of all sects ( 4 Noble Truths, Eightfold Path)

Cash and Carry

the british paid cash and carried materials onto their ships. This was instituted by the U.S in 1939 trying to supply the british.

Harun al-Rashid

High point at 786-809, Baghdad flourished with wealth. Center of banking, commerce, crafts, and industrial production. Supported art + gave to the poor

Upanishads

Hindu writings that explain how to leave samsara through a release and ultimate enlightenment known as moksha

Karma

Hindus believed that one could achieve this by following one's dharma, or duty, in order to succeed in being reincarnated as a good thing

Leonid Brezhnev

His administration was marked by intensified persecution of dissidents at home and by attempted detente followed by renewed Cold War in 1968; he was largely responsible for the invasion of Czechoslovakia 1968

Sima Qian

Historian of the Han dynasty, referred to as the "Grand historian" because his historical biographies covered more than two thousand years of Chinese history

Sacraments

Holy rituals that bring spiritual blessings. Include baptism, matrimony, and penance. Eucharists were priests who offered a ritual meal commemorating Jesus' last meal

Iran-Iraq War

Hussein launched attack on Iran → Iraqi troops faced determined counter attack and conflict didn't end until 1988

Muslim states in Spain

Iberian peninsula primarily Islamic until the movement of Christianity attacked this region. Throughout the 11th and 13th centuries, Christianity quickly became more prominent, yet the Kingdom of Granada was left as it was for the time being

Theory of Progress

Idea where philosophes believed that natural science would lead to greater human control over the world while rational sciences of human affairs would lead to individual freedom and the construction of a prosperous and just society

Pope Leo III

Implemented iconoclasm. He was convinced that the veneration of images was sinful, tantamount to the worship of idols

Twelver Shiism

Imposed that there had been 12 infallible imams after Ali. They believed that the twelfth imam had gone into hiding to avoid religious persecution.

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

Italian renaissance philosopher and writer of Oration on the Dignity of Man

Petrarch

Italian scholar, poet, and humanist

Carolingians

the dynasty that ruled most of Western Europe, had great rulers and was quite influential

Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar (Batista)

the elected President of Cuba from 1940 to 1944, and dictator from 1952 to 1959, before being overthrown during the Cuban Revolution

Qin Shihuangdi

the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty; He ignored the nobility and ruled the empire, from the capital at Xianyang, through a centralized bureaucracy. He divided the remainder of China into administrative provinces and districts, disarmed regional military forces, and destroyed fortresses that could serve as points of rebellion. He also built roads that extended more than 4,000 miles to facilitate communication and movement of armies.

The 21 Demands

Japan issued these to China; was a secretive request; demands would make China a protectorate of Japan if all accepted; China accepted some but refused others; told Great Britain about the demands; Great Britain intervened on China's behalf and helped stop total capitulation

Emperor Hirohito

Japanese, surrendered unconditionally to the U.S. after the 2nd atomic bomb was dropped

Peak of Anti-semitism in Germany

Kristallnacht (major country-wide pogram on Jews), November 9-10 in 1938, "night of broken glass"

Creole languages

Language that drew on several African and European languages

Ottoman empire

Large empire. Unbroken succession from 1289-1923. Sunni. Many holy wars with Byzantines. Edirne and Bursa were Capitals.

Chinampa

Large plots of land that were dredged with muck from the bottom of the lake in order to make the land more fertile. This sometimes resulted in 7 crops per year.

Yurt

Large wool tents the turks migrated in

The Hundred Days reform

Led by Kong Youwei and Liang Qichao who reinterpreted Confucian thought in a way that justified radical change. Emperor Guangxu launched this reform (make China a constitutional monarchy, root out corrpution, remodel education, etc). After 103 days, Cixi nullified the reform degrees, imprisoned the emperor, and executed six leading reformers

Hongwu

Led the rebellion against the Yuan Dynasty and founded the Ming dynasty; grew up very poor and joined a Buddhist monastery

Bolsheviks

Left wing Russian socialists; gained influence in the district groups (soviets)

Leaders of communist movement

Lenin~leader, realistic, shrewd, and iron-willed Trotsky~assistant, orator, and organizer

Ulama

the learned of Islam, who are versed theoretically and practically in the Muslim sciences, and the religious teachers of the Islamic community.

Mean People

the lower classes of Confucian (included slaves, indentured servants, entertainers, prostitutes, and other marginal groups)

Nickname for Joseph Stalin

Man of Steel

Priesthood of All Believers

Many Protestants believed that anyone could administer religious ceremonies, not only priests

Cash crops

Many of the plantations produced sugar, tobacco, rice, indigo, and cotton, which became lucrative crops

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

Mao attempted to mobilize the Chinese and reignite the revolutionary spirit with this, subjected millions of people to humiliation, persecution, and death (especially elites), cost China years of stable development and gutted it educational system

Deng Xioping

Mao's successor, came to power in 1981, the 1980's are referred to as his "revolution," moderated Mao's commitment to Chinese self sufficiency and isolation and engineered China's entry into the international financial and trading system

Cook

Mariner who had a very peaceful interaction with people of Hawai'i until his return in 1779 when he was killed due to disputes over theft.

95 Theses

Martin Luther's work in which he outlines the core tenets of what Christian philosophy should be

Emiliano Zapata

Mexican revolutionary leader. Confiscated hacienda lands and began distributing the lands to the peasants. He was unable to capture Mexico's major cities. Once the Mexican revolution ended, the government forces ambushed and killed him (1919)

MAIN Causes

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

Expansion of Islam

Military expansion to Byzantine, Sasanid territories, Byzantine Syria, Palestine, Egypt and north Africa, Persia, Hindu kingdom of Sind, and Frankish kingdom in Gaul.

Gregory the Wonderworker

Missionary that took Paul of Tarsus as his example. Went around preaching christianity and had a reputation for performing miracles. To observers he had supernatural powers

Chaghatai Khanate

Mongol Khanate founded by Chaghatai, one of Genghis Khan's sons. Continued to exist until 18th century; located in Central Asia

Khanbaliq

Mongol capital, this is where Rabban Sauma was from

Khubilai Khan

Mongol ruler of China. Most talented of Chinggis Khan's descendants. Extended rule over all of China and relentlessly attacked the Song Dynasty and conquered capital before declaring himself emperor and founding Yuan Dynasty

Khubilai Khan

Mongol ruler of China. Most talented of Chinggis Khan's descendants. Extended rule over all of China and relentlessly attacked the Song Dynasty and conquered capital before declaring himself emperor and founding Yuan Dynasty.

Hearers

More flexible and casual followers of Manichaeism.

Al-Andalus

Muslim Spain was a medieval Muslim cultural domain and territory occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal.

Saladin

Muslim ruler who lead the Islamic opposition to the Christian crusaders, and recaptured Jerusalem in 1187.

Role of women

Muslim theorists universally agreed that women should have no role in public affairs and politics but they maintained influence within the family and on their husbands.

Ibn Battuta

Muslim traveler who traveled around the muslim world; was a lawyer by trade and worked as a Qadi in many areas

"The Lost Generation"

Name given to the generation that grew up with the war and didn't know what to do after; name given by Gertrude Stein

Indira Gandhi

Nehru's daughter (not related to Mohandas Ghandi), became leader of Congress party, embarked on "green revolution" that increased agricultural yields for India's 800 million people, later declared national emergency and suspended democratic process, engaged in repressive birth control policies, when allowed elections again she was voted against, ordered her army to attack the Golden Temples in Amritsar b/c it harbored Sikh extremists, assassinated a few months later

Rabban Sauma

Nestorian Christian who was sent by the Persian Ilkhanate to try to gain support from Christians

Piri Reis

Ottoman admiral and cartographer who created several large scale maps and a major navigational text, the Book of Seafaring.

Devshirme

Ottoman policy that Christians living in the Balkans had to contribute young boys to become slaves to the sultan.

Mehmed II

Ottoman sultan who captured Constantinople

Guam

Pacific island that was very resistant to Spanish rule. The Chamorro people lived in this island and they were very opposed to missionary efforts of conversion

James II

Parliament restored the monarchy after the English civil war with this man; However, he was soon deposed after he and parliament resumed conflict and his daughter was invited to the throne; Catholic ruler

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Partial privatization of the economy in Russia

Hittites

Pastoral nomad group from Asia minor who used iron weapons and tools

Indo-Europeans

Pastoral nomads who are named because of their language that is the basis for the other romantic languages

Communist motto

Peace, bread, and land

Racism

People believed that some ethnic groups were more intelligent and moral than others. It was seen that Europeans were superior. It was seen that some ethnic groups had developed better and faster than others.

The Normans

People in which occupied the regions of France, England, and parts of Italy at various times between the 10th and 11th century. Societies developed by dukes of Normandy, who gave little regard to their superiors, were tightly centralized to these dukes themselves, and castles for individual regions served as defence. They expanded militarily due to William the Conqueror and other dukes. Also, the English monarchy was founded by the Normans

Missionaries

People who founded schools in the Americas in hopes of spreading Christianity. These people normally learned the native language in order to further explain their faith to the natives

Taino (Arawaks)

People who were the indigenous people of the modern Caribbean and Florida. At the time of European contact in the late 15th century, they were the principal inhabitants of most of Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico

Indentured servitude

People who were willing to work for four to seven years in hopes to gain their independance and buy land in the New World. Many died of disease or overwork before completing the 4-7 years of work

Era of the Warring States

Period in the Zhou dynasty in which civil war developed between the states and decentralized government could not control them; ended when all states conquered and unified under the Qin dynasty

La Reforma

Period inaugurated under Juan Alvarez. Liberal reforms to modernize Mexico

The Bronze Age (c.3500-1200 B.C.E.)

Period known as bronze age because bronze was new invention and bronze tools and weapons began to replace all others

Pax Mongolica

Period of peace during the time of the Mongol Empire

Heretics

Person believing in or practicing religious heresy. Waldensians who advocated modest and simple lives

Amenhotep IV

Pharaoh who ruled for 17 years. Abandoned Egyptian polytheism but it was not accepted by Egyptians

Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

Shifted land policies away from collective tribal reservations and toward individual tracts of land meant to promote the family farms once common in the U.S. society and now becoming increasingly less competitive.

Dutch Learning

Single Dutch ship that was allowed into Japan each year. Only Japanese contact with outside world

Haitian Revolution

Slave revolt in which the slaves declared independence and established a self-governing republic; it abolished slavery as an institution

Benito Juarez

President of Mexico for five terms. Successful liberal, strong conflict with the recurring conservatives

Anastacio Somoza Garcia

President of Nicaragua in 1954; demonstrated himself as anticommunist and US ally

Oracle bones

Priests would burn bones and could interpret the way they cracked and burned into a message from the gods

English East India Company

Private merchants fund for profitable trade; owned by enterprises; mainly involved in trade with India subcontinent and Qing China

Du Fu

Prominent Chinese poet who was considered to be one of the best poets of the Tang dynasty along with Li Bo

Philosophes

Prominent French intellectuals ("philosophers"); addressed works to the educated public; composed histories, novels, dramas, satires, and pamphlets on religious, moral, and political issues

Diderot

Prominent French philosopher; best known for contributing to Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert; the encyclopedia faced some controversy over entries on religion and natural law

Cardinal Richelieu

Prominent church official under King Louis XIII, architect of French absolutism who worked to undermine the power of the nobles by destroying nobles' castles and crushed conspiracies

Friedrich Engels

Prominent german theorist and socialist who helped write Manifesto of the Communist Party with Karl Marx

Hacienda

Prominent site of agricultural production in Spanish America. Produced Food for self and Sale

Timbuktu

Prominent trading city in West Africa, region of Mali. Fell under the control of the Songhay Empire during the reign of Sunni Ali

Promises Czar Nicholas II made to his people

Promised certain personal liberties; established the Duma; permitted Duma elections by universal male suffrage

Migration

Promotion of the spread of numerous different types of people across the world, especially Europeans and Sub-Saharan African slaves to the Americas

African-American Cultural traditions

Slaves introduced african foods and styles to the western hemisphere

Cyril and Methodius

Slavic Christians in the BYzantine empire who help spread christianity to the slavic people

Wars of Latin American Independence

Started by Creoles. Wars in Mexico, and South America against Spanish rule

Muhammad ibn Tughluq

Sultan of Delhi from 1324-1351

Eleanor of Aquitaine

Supported romantic poets and encouraged good manners, refinement, and romantic love. Most celebrated woman of her day

Features of a civilization

Surplus food, social stratification, complex institutions, labor specialization, urbanization, trade, shared values, rivers

Constitutional states

System of government where the ruler shares power with representative institutions

Mandate System

System set up b/c the Allies didn't believe some countries/lands could stand without the support/watch of advanced nations; Germany thought it was a way to divide up the colonies between the war's victors; pretty much a colonial system

Reconquest of Sicily

Taken by the Muslims in the 9th century. Lead by Robert Guisgard. The muslims either left or converted

Byzantine Empire

Takes the name of a market town, had control of Bosporus. It also had access to the rich lands of of south west Asia and South East Asia

618-907

Tang Dynasty

Major Treaty Provisions for Ottoman Empire (best deal)

Turkey created, didn't have to reduce army or pay

Universities

Turned cathedral schools into a place where larger scaled learning occurred. Students usually "majored" in law, theory and medicine

Effect of America joining the war

Turns the tide, breaks policy of isolation, emergence of US as world power (but not world leader yet)

Taira and Minamoto

Two very powerful Chinese families that competed with each other in the Gempei Wars;Minamoto No Yoritomo started the first shogunate (Kamakura) and was the first shogun in history.

Matthew C. Perry

U.S. commodore that forced shogun to open Japan up to diplomatic and commercial relations by aiming a warship at its capital city

Walt Whitman

U.S. poet that celebrated himself as well as the vast diversity of his nation in his poem "Song of Myself" written in 1855.

Magic

US code breaking operation; enabled a cryptographer monitoring Japanese radio frequencies to discover the Midway attack.

Planned Scarcity

US gvmt destroyed veggies, fruits, and animals; thought cutting down food storages would make stock prices and economy go up; didn't succeed

Bay of Pigs Invasion

US-sponsored invasion of Cuba after they trained and armed people who were exiled, the mission was supposed to be convert but word got out, the US aircrafts never arrived, huge fail and embarrassment for US

Imre Nagy

a Hungarian communist politician who was appointed Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic on two occasions, withdrew Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, executed after the Red Army crushed the uprising

Trans-Saharan trade

Used Camels to cross Sahara. Merchants traveled through it and established trading centers and trading relations with societies

Camels

Used for travel across the Sahara. Useful because they could travel long distances before needing water

Promises Czar Nicholas II broke

Used returning soldiers to spread terror and reestablish his control; restricted suffrage to the upper class; limited the Duma to a "debating society"

Crusades

Vast military campaigns intended to recapture Jerusalem and other sites holy to Christians from Muslim rule; holy wars; started in 1096 when Pope Urban held Council of Clermont; historians are unsure about the number of crusades but at least 5

Margo Polo

Venetian traveler who praised Khubilai's court for generosity towards poor and efforts to build roads. May have served as an admin. in the city of Yangzhou.

Marco Polo

Venetian traveler who praised Khubilai's court for generosity towards poor and efforts to build roads; may have served as an admin. in the city of Yangzhou

Unit 731

a Japanese military unit, conducted cruel experiments on civilians and POWS, ten of thousands of Chinese died,

Old Regime (ancient regime)

What the french revolutionaries called the old way of society.

Total War

When countries moves entire population to help with the war effort; most men go to military and female fill in in production positions

November (October) Revolution

When the communists seize control

Limited Monarchy

When the monarchy agrees to share power with a parliament or abide by a constitution

Utopian Socialists

a group of socialists who want to create ideal communities that would lead to the perfect society

The Rule

a guideline for monks living in an abbot

Qadis

a judge that ruled in accordance to Islamic law, appointed by a ruler.

OAU

attempted to prevent conflicts that could lead to intervention by former colonial powers

Prince Henry the Navigator

From Portugal; conquered Moroccan part of Ceuta and sponsored a series of voyages down the west African coast

Simon Bolivar

From a Creole aristocratic family. Sought freedom in Venezuela through a conservative process. With Battle of Carabobo and others, continued fight for freedom in S.America

Shah Abbas the Great

Fully revitalized the Safavid Empire. He moved the capital to Isfahan, encouraged trade, and reformed administration

Ottoman empire

Gained power after Tamerlane's death. Built large empire in Anatolia conquered Byzantine Empire. Captured Constantinople in 1453

He Ram

Gandhi's last words

Collection of Books

Gvmt urged the study of Japanese classics in the place of Chinese classics

Chang'an

Han capital; main stop on silk road

Execution of Royal Family

Happened so the Communist Party could maintain power; occurred in 1918; entire Romanov family killed; secret police then proceeded to murdered thousands of upper class people

Original goal of the alliances formed

Help defend each other against attackers (defensive alliances)

President Eisenhower

Sent troops to help maintain democratic governments against communist parties, believed in the "domino theory"

Believed Siberian conspiracy

Serbian gvmt knew about the plot --> Austrain gvmt angry --> Germ. gave Austria-Hungary a diplomatic blank check" --> gave them demands

Meiji reforms

Series of reforms in Japan in which the daimyo and samurai were stripped of power, grain tax was changed into a set monetary tax, a constitutional monarchy was established, and the economy was remodeled

Isfahan

Shah Abbas's capitol with famous architecture; commercial center

Angra Mainyu

Zoroastrian god of all things evil

Ahura Mazda

Zoroastrian god of all things good

Gathas

Zoroastrian hymns for deities, Zarathustra's work

Magi

Zoroastrian priests

Cuban Missile Crisis

a 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning Soviet ballistic missiles deployment in Cuba, JFK issued an ultimatum calling USSR to withdraw all missiles from Cuba and stop the arrival of additional nuclear weapons and imposed a naval/air quarantine on the island, ended after the USSR agreed to remove their missiles from Cuban soil

Simone de Beauvior-The Second Sex

a 1949 book by the French existentialist Simone de Beauvoir; deals with the treatment of women throughout history

Frederick Lugard

a British colonial government reformer who spread the doctrine of Indirect Rule among British colonies.

Waffen SS

a German-controlled military group made of people who have been recruited or conscripted mainly from among the nationals of Nazi-occupied Europe

Millet

autonomous religious communities within the ottoman empire who retained their civil laws, traditions, and languages.

George Stephenson

built the first steam-powered locomotive in 1829, The Rocket

Tojo Hideki

defense minister general of japan assumed the office of prime minister in october 1941. He and his cabinet set into motion their plans for war against Great Britain and the United States/

Iranian Revolution

demonstrated power of Islam as a means of staving off secular foreign influences

Five Year Plan

designed to speed up the economy, emphasized improvements in infrastructure and the expansion of heavy industry at the expense of consumer goods, eliminated economic inequality at village level, land redistribution, more rights for women

Shiva

god of fertility and a destructive deity.

Vishnu

god who observed the universe from the heavens and occasionally entered in human form to resist evils

Sandinista Front for National Liberation

group made in honor of Augusto Sandino. Launched guerrilla operations aimed at overthrowing the Somozas and finally took power in 1979.

Chucuito

group of people who preceded the Incas and dominated the highlands around Lake Titicaca

Chimu

group of people who preceded the Incas and dominated the lowlands around Lake Titicaca

Heian Japan

had an empire, but it was more of a ceremonial figurehead because the real power lied in the hands of the Fujiwara clan

Fast ripening rice

harvest of 2 crops per year in southern china, expanded food supply, economic growth

Mandarins

imperial officials who ensured that other bureaucrats were doing the right thing

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

the supreme religious leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979, following many years of resistance to Shah Pahlavi. remove the Shah from power for his associations with the West

Fireside chats

the term used to describe a series of 30 evening radio addresses given by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1944

Middle Passage

the trans-Atlantic journey aboard filthy and crowded ships completed by enslaved individuals

Conservatism

viewed society as an organism that changed slowly over time. Did not like radical or revolutionary change.

Yalta Conference

wartime conference where it was decided for "the earliest possible establishment through free elections of governments responsive to the will of the people"

Matteo Ricci

was a christian missionary in China during the Ming Dynasty. He showed the Chinese some of the technological advances in Europe such as clocks.

Iconoclasm

when emperor Leo III destroyed all religious images and burned churches in 726

1937 Invasion of China

when japan launched a full scale invasion. The opening move in the undeclared war was at the Marco Polo bridge in Beijing July, 1937

Nationalism

when people began to identify strongly with nations; considered themselves a distinctive people born into a unique community that observed common customs, spoke a common language inherited common culture, held common values, and shared historical experience

"United Front" policy

when the Chinese nationalists and communists agreed and created standing armies of about 1.7 million people.

Berlin Blockade

when western powers decided to merge their zones, USSR retaliated by blockading all road, rail, and water links between Berlin and western Germany, for 11 months American and British aircrews flew around-the-clock missions to supply West Berlin with the necessities of life

Monopolies

where one company controls the entire section of a business. They have no other competitors.

Ghana

Became center of gold trade and integrated into trans-saharan trade. Adopted Islam but did not force it on society. Capital was Koumbi-Saleh. Collapsed due to raids from nomads in the north which weakened the kingdom and soon collapsed

Koumbi Saleh

Capital of Ghana; thriving commercial center with a population of some 15,000-20,000; supported large number of qadis and Muslim scholars

Mehmed II

Captured Constantinople in 1453 using gunpowder weapons. Conquered Serbia Greece Albania, Trebizond, Crimea, and briefly parts of Italy

Hannibal

Carthage General crossed alps with elephants to attack Rome, failed beat Rome in many battles.

Zheng He

explorer from the Ming Dynasty; an Eunuch; went on 7 voyages throughout the Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia, Persian Gulf, and more

Iwo Jima and Okinawa

fighting on these islands was savage, kamikaze pilots introduced on Okinawa

Sui Dynasty

first emperor of the dynasty was Yang Jian, whose military campaigns brought China under centralized imperial rule; second emperor of the dynasty was Sui Yangdi, who was responsible for completing work on the Grand Canal to facilitate trade; emperors focused on constructing palaces and granaries, carrying out repairs on extensive walls, dispatching military forces to central Asia and Korea, levying high taxes, and demanding compulsory labor services

Sputnik

first satellite sent into space. Russia. Caused a great loss of morale to the US

The Songhay Empire

followed the Mali empire; founded by Sunni Ali who expanded his power; capital centered around Gao; the emperors were Muslim and supported Muslim universities

Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas

forced fall of Arbenz, established military government, return land to the United Fruit Company and ruthlessly suppressed opponents with torture

Interment camps

forced relocation and incarceration of between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry who lived on the Pacific coast into the interior of the country.

Mazzini

formed a group called Young Italy that promoted Italian independence from Austrian and Spanish rule; lived much of his life in exile

Devotion to Saints

human beings who lead exemplary lives and God held them in special esteem. Commoners prayed for saints to ensure their entrance to heaven and to look after spiritual interests

Tokugawa Shogunate (date)

1600-1867

Thirty Year's War (date)

1618-1648

sunni

"Traditionalists" The most popular branch of Islam; Sunnis believe in the legitimacy of the early caliphs, compared with the Shiite belief that only a descendant of Ali can lead.

Daimyo

"Great names;" powerful territorial lords who ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary land holdings; shoguns (emperors) insisted that they spend one year at their home palaces but then one year at the Tokugawa court (in an attempt to limit them from building power bases)

Boer War

1889-1902

Floating worlds

"Ukiyo;" entertainment and pleasure quarters where teahouses, theaters, brothels, and public baths offered escape from social responsibilities

Sun King

"Le roi soleil" King Louis XIV declared himself this

Levee en masse

"Mass levy" or universal conscription that drafted people and resources for use in the war against invading forces

Santo Domingo

Other half of island owned by Spain. Became Dominican Republic

Qizilbash

"Red Heads" Turkish followers of shiism were instructed to wear red which is where the name came from

Assyrian Conquest of the Kingdom of Israel (years)

722 BCE

Creation of Soviet Union

"Red" (Communist) army amassed lands by crushing independent republics (Tatar Republic, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, etc); merged Russia, Ukraine, and Transcausia into a new structure in 1922; called the Union of Soviet Socialists Republics; U.S. didn't recognize them until 1933

Juan Manuel de Rosas

"Restorer of the Laws." Became governor of the province of Buenos Aires. Established an autonomy, dictatorship in which later became the Argentine Confederation.

Volto do mar

"Return through the sea;" a roundabout way of using existing wind patterns to return home that often brought sailors far from home

Bhagavad Gita

"Song of the Lord," an indian short poetic work drawn from the lengthy Mahabharata that expressed concepts such as karma and dharma

Bakufu

"Tent gvmt;" only meant to be a temporary replacement for the emperor's rule but was used for more than 200 years

Mahayana Buddhism

"The Greater Vehicle" The more complicated form of Buddhism that appealed to people that believed in the original teachings of the Buddha didn't offer enough spiritual comfort. They saw the Buddha as a godlike deity, among other deities and relied more on priests and scriptures.

Frederick Barbarossa

"The red beard", sought to absorb the region of Lombardy in order to gain the resources that would help him control of German princes and build a powerful state

Kamikaze

"Divine winds" After founding Yuan Dynasty, Khubilai Khan launched seaborne invasions of Japan but both times a typhoon stopped him.

Allah

"God" in Arabic. Muslim god.

Duke William of Normandy

"William the Conqueror," expanded upwards into the region of England. Influenced by the Anglo-Saxons for governing. Also, struggled against the Capetians for power.

Negritude

"blackness"

Blitzkrieg

"lightning war" led Germany to sudden victory

Descamisados

"shirtless ones" the poor argentines; majority of Juan Peron's supporters

Islam

"submission"; A monotheistic religion based off of the prophet Muhammad, who spoke through the words of Allah. Founded around the Arab Peninsula in the 7th century.

Quetzalcoatl

"the Feathered Serpent;" one of the two principal Mesoamerican gods, supported arts, crafts, and agriculture

Tezcatlipoca

"the Smoking Mirror;" one of the two principal Mesoamerican gods, known as the giver and taker of life; patron deity of warriors; associated with various concepts including the night sky, the night winds, hurricanes, the north, the earth, obsidian, enmity, discord, rulership, divination, temptation,

Realpolitik

"the politics of reality;" Otto von Bismarck was a master of this; politics surrounded achievable goals

Babur

"the tiger" a Chagatai Turk who claimed descent from both Chinggis Khan and Tamerlane. He made little pretense to be anything more than an adventurer and soldier

Dao

"the way" = dharma

Why Some Countries Were Devastated By The Stock Market Crash

(1) Countries depended on export of manufactured goods for essentials aka JAPAN, (2) single export countries aka SOUTH AMERICA

Reasons Why League of Nations Was Flawed

(1) No power to enforce decrees, (2) collective security~aggression against one nation was aggression against all

European Economic System

(1) System dependent on flow of cash from USA, (2) Austria/Germany borrowed from the US to pay debts, (3) France/England called to pay off US loans when their stock market began crashing, (4) investors began to pull out in 1928

Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points

(1) Treaties of peace openly arrived at (2) Freedom of seas (3) Removal of tariffs (4) Reduction of arms (5) Pay attention to the native peoples (6-13) Making new borders, paying attention to nationalism (14) Wanted formation of League of Nations

Changing Views after WW1

(1) disillusionment after war, (2) pessimism over idea of human progress

Al-Ghazali

(1058-1111 CE) one monk among of the most important of the Sufis; a Persian theologian, who argued that human reason was too frail to understand the nature of Allah and hence could not explain the mysteries of the world

Ibn-Rushd

(1126-1198 CE) qadi (Islamic judge) of Seville in the caliphate of Córdoba, who followed Aristotle in seeking to articulate a purely rational understanding of the world; known as Averroes by Christian scholars in schools and universities of western Europe; his work influenced the development of scholasticism, the effort of medieval European philosophers to harmonize Christianity with Aristotelian thought

Dominicans

(1170-1221)saint who founded the order of mendicants. They didn't believe in possessions and would beg for food and other needs to audiences who preached. Worked to combat heterodox movements

Franciscans

(1182-1226) saint who founded the order of mendicants. They didn't believe in possessions and would beg for food and other needs to audiences who preached. Worked to combat heterodox movements

English Civil war

(1642-1649) war between English king Charles I and parliament that resulted from the english kings attempt to institute new taxes without parliament's permission and the English kings being Anglican while parliament favored Calvinism. The war ended with Charles being beheaded.

Glorious Revolution

(1688-1689) change of power in which parliament deposed King James II and invited his daughter Mary and her Dutch husband William of Orange to assume the throne. The resulting arrangement provided that kings would rule in cooperation with parliament

Domingo Faustino Sarmiento

(1811-1885) Argentine president. Wrote Facundo:civilization and barbarism. He despised the Caudillos and worked to develop a society based on European values.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902); prominent figure in women's rights movement; organized a conference of feminists who met in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848

Ashoka (Asoka)

(269 BC to 232 BC) Indian emperor during Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent. He was a brutal military commander. He also converted to Buddhism after this battle and became pacifists

Mohenjo-daro

(35,000-40,000 people) had city walls, fortified citadel, a large pool, and a large granary which means that they served as political centers and the collection and redistribution of taxes, the city served as an example of a city with a lot of human labour invested and also traded with the Mesopotamians

Xuanzang

(602-664 CE) a monk among hundreds of Chinese pilgrims who made the dangerous journey to India to visit holy sites and learn about Buddhism in its homeland; returned to China with copies of Buddhist treatises

Umayyad Dynasty

(661-750) Dynasty with a prominent merchant class with capital at Damascus. They put a jizya on the people the conquered which was a tax if they didn't convert religions. The decline came with the rebellion in Persia when they faced resistance of the Shia.

Dates of World War I

(August) 1914 - (November) 1918

Daodejing (Tao te Ching)

(Classic of the Way and of Virtue); book that is the fundamental work of Daoism written by Laozi, and possibly other writers; envisioned Dao as a supremely passive force and spoke of it negatively, suggesting that human beings should tailor their behavior to its passive and yielding nature

Social Effects

(a) 10 million die and 20 million injured, (b) civilian toll higher than ever before, (c) hatred, intolerance, and extreme nationalism

Major Treaty Provisions for Austria

(a) Austria-Hungary split, (b) Czechoslovakia created, (c) Poland created, (d) Italy, Romania, and Yogoslavia got more land, (e) Austria and Hungary were required to limit their armies and pay, (f) Anschluss forbidden

Major Treaty Provisions for Germany

(a) Rhineland demilitarized, (b) Alsace and Lorraine now French, (c) Germany had to limit their army to 100,000 volunteers, (d) Poland created, (e) Germany had to cede colonies to League of Nations, (f) Navy reduced

Political Effects

(a) US is a world power, (b) end of three European dynasties (Hapsburgs in Austria, Romanovs in Russia, and Hohenzollerns in Germany), (c) new countries in Central Europe, (d) League of Nations created, (e) some nations turn to dictators (Russia, Italy, and Germany)

Demands made by Austria-Hungary to Serbia after assassination

(a) stop anti-Austrian propoganda; (b) dismiss anti-Austrian gvmt; (c) permit Austrian officials to enter Serbia and investigate the assassination plot

Reasons for the expansion of the war

(a) the animosity from homelands followed to colonies around the world, (b) European countries drafted people from other lands to fight for them b/c they needed people, (c) non-European countries (Japan, U.S, & Turkey) became involved b/c they wanted something

Economic Effects

(a) total cost is 350 billion, (b) trade decreased, (c) heavy taxes, (d) communists seized power in Russia, (e) helped bring about the depression in 1929

Itzcoatl

(r. 1428-1440) "the Obsidian Serpent;" ruled the Mexica with Montezeuma I; launched campaigns of imperial expansion in Oaxaca of southwestern Mexico and colonized there; turned to Gulf coast and conquered cities in high plateaus between Tenochtitlan and Gulf coast; joined forces with Texcoco and Tlacopan to form triple alliance

Montezeuma

(r. 1440-1469) launched same campaigns of imperial expansion alongside co-ruler, Itzcoatl; apart of triple alliance with Texcoco and Tlacopan

Chivalry

A code in which brought high ethical standards and honor within a time of beastiality; followed by knights

Tang Taizong

(r. 627-649 CE) the Tang Dynasty's second emperor; built capital at Chang'an and saw himself as a Confucian ruler; banditry ended during his reign, the price of rice remained low, and taxes levied on peasants amounted to only one-fortieth of the annual harvest; China enjoyed an era of unusual stability and prosperity under his reign

Nicholas II

(r.1894-1917) weak ruler, advocated oppression and police control, embarked on expansionist ventures in East Asia

Harappa

(smaller of the 2 cities) had city walls, fortified citadel, and a large granary which means that they served as political centers and suggest that is is where the collection and redistribution of taxes was taken place, the city served as an example of a city with a lot of human labour invested, they traded largely with Mesopotamians

The Egyptian Book of the Dead

A collection of Egyptian spells that are made to assist the deceased person's journey to the underworld

Fur trade

A very lucrative form of trade in North America. Explorers hunted beavers and used their skin as hats and clothing

Zheng He

Admiral of Ming dynasty; eunuch; led voyages to parts of India, Africa, and even into Red Sea; gained connections from his journeys for the imperial court

Themes of AP World History

1. (S)Development and Transformation of Social Structures: Gender Roles and relations, family and kinship, Racial and Ethnic contructions, Social and economic classes 2.(P) State Building, Expansion and Conflict: Political structures and forms of governance, Empires, Nations and nationalism, Revolts and Revolutions, Regional, trans-regional, and global structures and organization 3.(I) Interaction between Humans and the Environment: Demography and disease, migration, patterns of settlement, technology 4.(C) Development and Interactions of Cultures: Religions, belief systems, philosophies, and ideologies, science and technology, the arts and architecture 5. (E) Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems: Agriculture and pastoral production, trade and commerce, labor systems, industrialization, capitalism and Socialism

Norman Invasion of England

1066

Pope Urban's Crusade Call

1096

Zhou Dynasty (years)

1122-256 BCE

Marco Polo's Trip to China

1271-12965

Ottoman Empire (date)

1289-1923

Beginning of Portuguese Slave Trade (date)

1441

Fall of Constantinople

1453

Songhay Empire (date)

1464-1591

Colombus's Voyage

1492

Treaty of Tordesillas (date)

1494

Vedic Age in South Asia (years)

1500-500 BCE

95 Theses (date)

1517

Muhgal Dynasty (date)

1526-1858

Spanish Armada (date)

1588

Louis XIV (date)

1643-1715

Qing Dynasty (date)

1644-1911

Reign of Peter the Great (date)

1682-1725

Seven Year's War (date)

1756-1763

Seven Years War

1756-1763, Maritime and colonial conflict between the British Hegemony and its neighbors, and the conflict between Frederick II of Prussia and his opponents. Britain won

French Revolution

1789

Reign of Hammurabi (years)

1792-1750 BCE

Eli Whitney introduced interchangeable parts

1797

Coup d'état of Napoleon

1799

Conference of Vienna & Napoleon defeat

1815

Monroe Doctrine

1823

Opium War

1839-1842

Mexican-American War

1845-1848

Marx and Engels publish Communist Manifesto

1848

Marx and Engels publish Communist Manifesto & Seneca Falls Convention

1848

Seneca Falls Convention

1848

The Communist Manifesto

1848 political pamphlet that presents an analytical approach to the problems of capitalism by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx

La Reforma in Mexico

1850'S

Taiping Rebellion

1850-1864

Sepoy Rebellion

1857

Suez Canal

1859

Emancipation of Russian serfs by Alexander II

1861

Meiji Restoration

1868

Berlin Conference

1884-5

Construction of Panama Canal

1904

Russo-Japanese war

1904-05

Mexican Revolution

1911

Pearl Harbor

1941, German attack and bombing of US military base in Hawaii; pushed US into action in war

"the year of Africa"

1960, became known as this because 13 African colonies gained their independence.

Betty Friedan—The Feminine Mystique

1963 book by Betty Friedan which is widely credited with sparking the beginning of second-wave feminism in the United States. In her book, Friedan discussed her discovery of a problem that had formed within post-World War II society that she called, "the problem that has no name."

Wannsee Conference

20 January 1942, 15 leading Nazi bureaucrats met to discuss and coordinate the implementation of the final solution

Black Thursday (Date)

24 October 1929

Yongle

2nd emperor of the Ming dynasty; Ming emperor; created an Encyclopedia named after himself; sent Zheng He on his voyages

Unification of Egypt (years)

3100 BCE

Mauryan Dynasty

350 BC - 150 BC founded by Chandragupta Maurya. Unified present day eastern India. He used regional governors in order to control justice and security throughout the area. Traded along the silk road. Also had a single currency

Taino

A Caribbean tribe who were the first indigenous peoples from the Americas to come into contact with Christopher Columbus

Wuwei

A Daoist chief moral virtue trait; disengagement from the competitive exertions and active involvement in affairs of the world; called instead for individuals to live simply and in harmony with nature

John Calvin

A French lawyer who developed a Protestant church and fled from his home's oppressive government to the more-accepting land of Switzerland

Plato

A Greek philosopher. Socrates' student and Aristotle's teacher. Created theory of forms. (Allegory of the cave)

Wang Mang

A Han Dynasty official who seized the throne from the Liu family and founded the short-lived Xin Dynasty. The Han dynasty was restored after his overthrow and his rule marks the separation between the Western Han Dynasty (before Xin) and Eastern Han Dynasty (after Xin)

Silla Dynasty

A Korean dynasty that was submissive to Chinese powers and frequently gave gifts to them

Toltecs

A Mesoamerican culture of peoples that migrated from Northwestern Mexico who dominated a state centered in Tula

Calpulli

A Mexica community group of people whom claimed common ancestral descent. These people often worked and lived together or near one another.

Dona Marina

A Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast, who played a role in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, acting as an interpreter, advisor, and lover to Hernán Cortés. She became a mistress to Cortés and gave birth to his first son, Martín, who is considered one of the first Mestizos

Portuguese Brazil

A Portuguese colony in which the economic exploitation of the territory was based first on brazilwood extraction, sugar production, and finally on gold and diamond mining. Slaves, especially those brought from Africa, provided most of the working force of this economy

Pizarro

A Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incan Empire.

Bernal Diaz del Castillo

A Spanish conquistador, who participated as a foot soldier in the conquest of Mexico. He took part in the campaigns against the Mexica, later called the Aztec Empire

Cabeza de Vaca

A Spanish explorer of the New World, who during eight years of traveling across the US Southwest, he became a trader and faith healer to Native American tribes before reconnecting with Spanish colonial forces in Mexico. After returning to Spain, he wrote an account, first published in 1542 as La Relación, which in later editions was retitled Naufragios. He has been considered notable as a proto-anthropologist for his detailed accounts of the many tribes of American Indians that he encountered

Zwingli

A Swiss Protestant reformer who was killed in the Civil War that his teachings incited

St. Augustine

A bishop who changed the religion of salvation into a powerful church

The Panama Canal

A canal that linked the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans; this had been a goal of the U.S. for years before they found a suitable location in Panama, a part of Colombia. However, Colombia's government, did not want the canal to be built, so the U.S. encouraged the Panamanians to rebel; after the successful revolution, the U.S. completed the canal.

Kiev

A city now located in the ukraine

Santo Domingo

A city on an island that the Spanish settled on, and is officially the oldest European city in the Americas

Samarkand

A city that is most noted for its central position on the Silk Road between China and the West, and for being an Islamic center for scholarly study

Analects

A collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius and his contemporaries, traditionally believed to have been written by Confucius' followers

Terracotta Army

A collection of terracotta sculptures depicting the armies of Qin Shi Huang, a Qin Emperor of China. It is a form of funerary art that was buried with the emperor and whose purpose was to protect the emperor in his afterlife.

Crimean War

A conflict that broke out after Russia's expansion efforts between Russia and a coalition that included Britain, France, Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire. This conflict clearly displayed Russia's weakness to industrialized societies

Simon Bolivar

A creole elite that led a movement for independence in South America against the Spanish

Encomienda

A dependency relation where the stronger peoples protected the weaker in exchange for a service. It was used during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines. The Spanish monarch would assign a Spaniard with the task of "protecting" a specific group of Native Americans.

Arabian nights

A famous collection of Persian, Indian, and Arabian folktales. Supposedly, the legendary Scheherazade told these stories to her husband the sultan, a different tale every night for 1,001 days; therefore, the collection is sometimes called The Thousand and One Nights.

Neo-Confucianism

A form of Confucianism that borrowed Buddhist ideals about the soul and the individual. Filial piety, maintenance of proper roles, and loyalty to one's superiors were emphasized.

Dutch Republic

A group of Dutch provinces that rebelled against King Philip II of Spain and declared their independence as the United Provinces in 1581.

Golden Horde

A group of mongols who overran Russia between 1237 and 1241. They then ventured into Poland, Hungary, and Eastern Germany in 1241 and 1242. Did not occupy Russia because they considered it unattractive land of forests. Eventually attacked by Tamerlane and it was severely weakened

The Young Turks

A group of radical dissidents from the Ottoman bureaucracy who seized power in a coup, formed a cabinet that included partisans of reform, and installed Abdül Hamid II as sultan

Bloody Sunday

A group of workers were massacred by government troops after petitioning Nicholas for a popularly elected assembly and other requests at Winter Palace in St. Petersburg

French Indochina

A large region in southeast Asia that was colonized by the french; The french encouraged conversion to Christianity and introduced European style schools here. Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia were part of this

Shogun

A leader of a shogunate;rules through military power and is lead general

Hinduism

A major polytheistic religious and cultural tradition of Southern Asia, which developed from Vedic religion

Vladimir

A medieval prince of Russia

Charles V

A member of the Habsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire who came to dominate Europe briefly before stopped by the French and Ottomans; his empire stretched from Peru to Austria.

Janissaries

A member of the Turkish infantry. Increasingly corrupt.

Bhakti movement

A movement started by Guru Kabir that sought to mix Hinduism and Islam

Enlightenment

A movement where thinkers sought to discover natural laws of human society, through rational analysis, by abandoning traditionally recognized ideas

Conquistadores

A name for Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century.

The Convention

A new legislative body elected by universal manhood suffrage, which abolished the monarchy and proclaimed France a republic

Bedouin

A nomadic group in which strived off a kinship network based around the time and place of the founding of Islam.

Jainism

A nontheistic religion founded in ancient India by Mahavira. Teaches salvation by perfection through successive, peaceful lives. Created as a reaction to Brahmanism

Treaty of Tordesillas

A north/south line between Spanish lands and Portuguese lands was created by this treaty; Spain received all the land to the west and Portuguese received all the lands to the east; settled most conflicts between the two

Storming of the Bastille

A parisian crowd, fearing the king sought to undo events of the previous week, stormed the Bastille, a royal jail and arsenal, in search of weapons. It ended with citizens parading the head of a garrison around on a stick and citizens tearing it down brick by brick barehanded

Yellow Turban Uprising

A peasant revolt in China against the Han dynasty. The uprising broke out during the reign of Emperor Ling. It took 21 years until the uprising was finally suppressed. The rebellion, which got its name from the color of the cloths that the rebels wore on their heads, marked an important point in the history of Daoism due to the rebels' association with secret Daoist societies

Caeseropapism

A policy that says the emperor not only ruled as secular but also an active role in ecclesian affairs.

Antioch

A port city that played an important role in trade. Was a prime location for the silk road, spice trade routes, and the Persian Royal Road.

Alexander the Great

A powerful Macedonian warlord; began reign at the age of twenty; defeated the Achaemenid Persian empire and brought much of the known world under control (Greece, Persia, Egypt); empire crumbled after his death, leading to the rise of four different ruling kingdoms; rule led to the popularization of Hellenistic culture throughout the lands

Nan Madol

A powerful state and organized construction of a massive stone palace and administrative center on the island of Pohnpei; capital of Sandeleur Dynasty

Yemelian Pugachev

A pretender to the Russian throne who led a great Cossack insurrection during the reign of Catherine the Great

Yellow Turban Rebellion

A rebellion under the Han dynasty because of peasants under economic pressure with no way to influence the government. Wore yellow as the chinese symbol of earth and their peasant origins. Was eventually suppressed after five years of fighting.

Manichaeism

A religion created by the prophet Mani. Promoted ascetic lifestyle with strict morals for devoted followers called "the elect". While less devoted followers were called "Hearers" and had a more casual faith. The followers viewed the world as in a cosmic struggle between light and dark. Followers were persecuted by the Sassanids and Roman Empire.

Nestorian Christianity

A religious group in Southwest Asia that followed theologian Nestorians, who emphasized the human nature of jesus christ rather than the divine nature. This sect was rejected by mediterranean church authorities. Quickly spread to Mesopotamia, Iran and along the Silk Road.

Versailles

A royal hunting lodge near Paris where King Louis built a magnificent residence and moved his court to

Constantine

A saint who stopped the persecution of Christian. Created the Edict of Milan.

Galileo

A scientist who used telescopes to discover that the sun was the center of the universe, by studying the movements of the patterns

Ren

A sense of humanity, kindness, and benevolence stressed by Confucianism

Li

A sense of propriety, courtesy, respect, and deference to elders stressed by Confucianism

Astrolabe

A simplified version of an instrument used by Greek and Persian astronomers to determine latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or the pole star above the horizon

Chola Kingdom

A state in Southern India that even conquered some of SE Asia with a wealthy government financed by its control of trade. Even though it allowed considerable autonomy of its conquered nations, it was eventually reduced to a small regional state since it was not concerned with building a powerful government (which led to easy rebellion)

Han Feizi

A student of the Confucian scholar Xunzi and advisor at Qin court; reviewed Legalist ideas from political thinkers in all parts of China and synthesized them in a collection of powerful and well-argued essays on statecraft

Putting-out system

A system in which merchants sent raw materials out to people living in rural societies, these people then manufactured these materials into products that the merchants could sell

Jati

A system of extended families that originated in ancient India and still exist in somewhat changed form today; identified with a particular varna, and each had its own separate economic function.

Theocracy

A system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a God and the laws are usually administered by a priest or priestly order. Ancient China and especially the Shang dynasty is an example of a this because it declared the ruling family the sons of heaven

Monsoon system

A system of sailing in which the winds are used to aid in travel across the Red Sea between India and Arabia in the east and Egypt and the Mediterranean Basin in the west. The voyages are timed so that they go with the winds so that sailing is the easiest.

Parthenon

A temple constructed during the Athenian Empire in Athens, Greece. Dedicated to the goddess Athena.

Gao

A terminus of caravan routes across the Sahara that offered access to the Niger River Valley and all the amenities it provided (salt, gold, etc)

Land and Freedom Party

A terrorist group that promoted the assassination of prominent officials as a means to pressure the government into political reform

Calicut

A trading post in southern india that Vasco da Gama established in 1498

Coptic Christianity

A type of christianity based in Alexandria and it has the largest Middle eastern base; religion of Axum

Boxer Rebellion

A violent movement Spearheaded by militia units known as the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists. Went on a rampage in N. China to rid China of foreigners and their influence. Foreign governments crushed the movement in retaliation of a besiegement of Beijing embassies. Supported by Empress Cixi

Filial piety

A virtue of respect for one's fathers, elders, and ancestors; Confucian value

The Hundred Year's War

A war between England and France over a few French territories

The Sino-Japansese War

A war fought over the status of Korea, which was in the process of rebellion. The technologically-advanced and industrialized Japanese easily defeated the Chinese. In victory, Japan received Korea, other Qing territories, and imposed an unequal treaty on China.

The Opium War

A war revolving around the trade of Opium, a profitable, yet criminal object. The Chinese gvmt attempted to restrict the trade of Opium, which financially hurt the British traders who brought it to their ports. In retaliation, the British declared war. The Chinese army was not as militarily advanced and lost on every front to the British. The war ended after a British fleet traveled up river, threatening the safety of the Grand Canal

Charles de Gaulle

A wartime organizer of the Free French movement, he is remembered particularly for his assertive foreign policy and for quelling the student uprisings and strikes of May 1968.

Kuatala

Advisor of Chandragupta who wrote ancient political handbook known as the Arthashastra, a manual offering detailed instructions on the uses of power and the principles of government

James I

Absolute monarch, ruled right after Queen Elizabeth and was part of the Stewart family; Catholic

Etruscans

Absorbed by the Roman Empire. They were skillful seafarers and merchants. They were located in Italy on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea.

The Wealth of Nations

Adam smith's book about industrialization

St. Scholastica

Adapted Benedictine rule to provide guidance for women

Maji Maji Rebellion

African uprising against Germany. The Germans had moved in and was cruel to the Africans. When the Africans rebelled back, Germans killed thousands of people.

Reconquista of Spain

After 1200's, only stronghold remained at Granada; conquered Granada in 1492 (the same year Colombus sailed) during the reign of Isabel and Ferdanand; christians were against the muslims

Revolution of 1905

After Bloody Sunday, there was uproar in the empire that led to labor unrest, peasant insurrections, student demonstrations, and mutinies. The turmoil destroyed cities and forced the government to make concessions.

Cecil Rhodes

After making his fortune mining diamonds and gold, he worked tirelessly on behalf of British imperial expansion and believed it was an attractive alternative to civil war

Pacific Islands

After the Austronesian people left New Guinea, they sailed to this place to establish the first human settlements there. They first established settlements in Solomon and Bismark. They eventually were lead to Vanuatu, Tonga, Samoa, Tahiti, Marquesas, Polynesia, and Hawaii. The Lapita peoples were the first to establish settlements here. They established agricultural villages and maintained trade. Eventually a hierarchical chiefdoms were formed. When people were fed up with their leadership, they packed up and left. Eventually those with power started to consider themselves divine

Granada

After the beginning of the Reconquista efforts, remained as the only major stronghold of Muslim power; fell to Isabel and Ferdinand in 1492

American Revolution

After the seven years war Britain was faced with financial struggles and raised severe taxes on the colonies and strict enforcement. In response the colonies organized the Continental Congress and declared independence. After a war under the leadership of George Washington the colonies eventually won its freedom

Zhou

Aggressive young state; lasted 800 years which was the longest in Chinese history; continued practice of territories with appointed officials; Mandate of Heaven used to justify takeover; 6th through 3rd century BCE was a period of significant economic growth; instilled a large scale water project to regulate water to all fields; population of around 20 million; during 4th and 3rd century BCE declined and Warring States Period occurred though still technically ; during rule Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism were created

Divine Faith

Akbar encouraged the elaboration of a syncretic religion that focused attention on the emperor as a ruler common to all religious, ethnic, and social groups of India.

Philip of Macedonia

Alexander's father, begins the Macedonian Empire by conquering the Greek city states

Balkan Crisis of 1912-1913

Almost set off war; Russia supported Siberia's expansion (supported creation of 4 Balkan nations~Serbia, Monten., Bulg, and Greece) --> Austria-Hungary supported formation of Albania, which would have landlocked Serbia --> Austria-Hungary and Russia butt heads even more

Temujin

Also called Chinggis Khan; was the unifier of the Mongols; was recognized in 1206 as the universal ruler.

Golondrinas

Also known as "swallows". Regular migrants that traveled back and forth annually between Europe and South America to take advantage of different growing seasons in the Northern and Southern hemispheres

The Virgin Guadalupe

Also known as the Virgin Mary she was Mexico's national symbol and was embraced by the mestizo society. She believed to work miracles on people who visited her shrine

Eli Whitney

American who invented the cotton gin and interchangeable parts, allowing unskilled workers to participate in manufacturing

Tenochtitlan

An Aztec city-state located on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico. It became the capital of the expanding Mexica Empire. At height, over 400 cities gave tribute to it

King Henry VIII

An English king who had a dispute with the pope regarding the divorce of his wife. Because of this, he severed all ties with the Roman Catholic Church and founded his own Protestant Anglican Church in order to divorce his wife. Had 6 wives and have birth to Elizabeth I

Moksha

An Indian concept meaning emancipation, liberation or release, especially from samsara (the cycle of dying and rebirth)

St. Francis of Assisi

An Italian Catholic friar and preacher who he abandoned the comforts that he inherited and pledged himself to a life of poverty and preaching. Stories represented in this fresco from the basilica of St. Francis at Assisi report that he preached to the birds and encouraged them to sing in praise of God.

Smallpox

An acute contagious viral disease, with fever and pustules usually leaving permanent scars that knocked out most of the indigenous Americans upon the arrival of the Spaniards.

Charlemagne and his elephant

An albino elephant given to him by Harun al-Rashid, Charlemagne is the grandson of Charles Martel. He maintained diplomatic relations with Byzantine and Abbasid dynasties.

Menes

An ambitious minor official and priest from southern Egypt (upper Egypt) who rose to power after 3100 B.C.E; founded the city of Memphis, which was his capital (eventually became the cultural and political center of ancient Egypt); he, as well as his successors, built a centralized state that was ruled by a pharaoh

Olympic Games

An ancient Greek festival with athletic, literary, and musical competitions, held at Olympia every four years traditionally from 776 bc until abolished by the Roman emperor Theodosius I in ad 393

Paul of Tarsus

An apostle who taught the gospel of Jesus. Went to Antioch and converted many Gentiles.

Facism

An authoritarian political movement that stressed the transcendence of the state over the individual

The Russian Empire

An empire that experienced battlefield reverses that laid bare the economic and technological disparity between it and other European powers. It's tsarist government embarked on a program of reform

John Stuart Mill

An english philosopher, economist, and social reformed; most promiment exponent of early liberalism; advocated universal suffrage as the most effective way to advance individual freedom

Aztecs

An extremely strong empire that was created through an alliance between Mexica, Texcoco, and Tlacopan.

Louis XVI

An incompetent, indecisive king of France. Sought to raise taxes on the nobility to help recover from debt. He summoned the Estates General for the first time since 1614 in hopes that they would authorize the new taxes

Pyramids

Ancient shaped structures that can be located in Egypt; built mainly as tombs for the Pharaohs (Egyptian kings) during the Old and Middle kingdoms.

Charles I

Anglican, faced parliament in the English civil war, lost the war and was beheaded

Gao

Another prominent trading city in West Africa, within the region of Mali. Capital of Songhay

Gauchos

Argentine cowboys, highly romanticized figures

Mali

Arose after the collapse of Ghana; extended from Atlantic to Timbuktu and Gao on the Niger River; built wealth and power over gold trade; heartland in savanna region where enough water; villages ruled by chieftain called Mansa (Mansa~served as both religious and administrative leader and responsible for forwarding taxes); primary wealth in cities were Muslim merchants; Mansa Musa from here and openness to Islam caused the further spread of the faith

Katherine of Aragon

Arranged to be married to King Arthur to enhance political relations with the Spanish, she was instead married to King Henry VIII after he died. However, she was unable to bear him a male child, resulting in King Henry VIII to divorce her.

Westward Expansion

As the United States grew bigger, settlers began to flock to the west in search of cheap land to cultivate

Arch Duke Ferdinand

Assassinated by Gavrilo Princip; his assassination was the final straw and led to the starting of World War I

Reasons Why Collective Security Was Flawed

At any one time, one or more major powers didn't belong to the League

Anzac Day

Australian holiday; celebrated on April 25th, 1915 (day Battle of Galipoli began); similar to America's memorial day; most significant as a day of public homage

Stages of hominid development

Australopithecus, Homo Habilis, and Homo Erectus. Australopithecus were the first identified hominids that walked upright, while the Homo Habilis were the first to make stone tools. The Homo Erectus were the first hominids who learned how to control fire. Later Hominid groups are Homo Sapiens, Homo Neanderthal and Cro-Magno. Modern humans are Homo Sapiens Sapiens

Akbar

Babur's grandson. He gathered the reins of power in his own hands following an argument with Adham Khan. He created a centralized administrative structure with ministries regulating various provinces of the empire.

Most popular weapons during war

Barbed wire, machine guns, gas, submarines, tanks and airplanes (tanks and airplanes more common during WWII)

Little Big Horn

Battle at which thousands of Lakota Sioux and their allies annihilated an army under the command of Colonel George Armstrong Custer

Stalingrad

Battle between Germany and Soviet Union, 1st large scale victory for Soviet forces

Saljuk Turks and Battle of Manzikert

Battle fought between the Byzantines and Saljuk Turks in 1071. The Byzantine army lost due to its military and financial problems; after loss, the Saljuks conquered Anatolia with little resistance

Mustafa Kemal

Battle of Galipoli launched his political career; played role in the formation of the Turkish state; become one of its first rulers

Chandragupta Maurya

Became ruler of the Mauryan Dynasty in 322. He conquered the smaller civilizations of india. Unified present day India as one. Introduced regional governors. Established a single currency throughout

Resettlement

Because the Mongols were nomadic they had very limited skills as artisans and educated individuals and as the empire expanded they needed more specialized craftsmen and literate admin so they recruited talent from the ranks of their allies and people the conquered. They often moved people far away from their homes

Persian Wars

Began with the Ionian Greek rebellion under Darius. When the mainland Greeks learned of their eastern countrymen's plight with the Persians, they sent help, successfully holding the larger empire at bay while earning the resentment of the Achaemenids. Decades later, Xerxes launched an invasion of mainland Greece to avenge his predecessor's earlier defeat, but his force was crushed at the decisive Battle of Marathon. He launched another invasion 10 years later, but ultimately failed once again. This led to another 150 years of intermittent sparring between the two civilizations that resulted in a stalemate. These wars served as the first time the Greek city-states felt a part of a greater Greek unity

Roman Republic

Began with the ending of the monarchy. Replaced the kingship with two consuls that were elected every year. Slowly declined and eventually was overthrown by Octavian thus ending the Republic.

Industrialization in Russia and Japan

Beginning in the late nineteenth century, these two countries began to industrialize. The industrialization had deep global implications because industrial powers used their tools, technologies, business organization, financial influence, and transportation networks to obtain raw materials from preindustrial societies around the world

Mohanda Gandhi

Believed in one unified India state

St. Thomas Aquinas

Believed that Aristotle had understood and explained the workings of the world better than any other thinker of any era. Saw no contradiction between Aristotle and Christian revelations

Jacobins

Believed that France needed complete restructuring and they unleashed a campaign of terror to promote their revolutionary agenda. They sought to completely eliminate the Catholic Church from France

Charles Darwin

Believed that all people all descended from the same ancestry, and some adapted better than others. Believed animals and humans descended from the same place.

War of 1812

Between the U.S. and Great Britain, the world's naval power. Caused by Great Britain attempting to restrict U.S. trade, and stop U.S. expansion. U.S. then resisted to withhold their rights, and put pressure on Canada. U.S. suffered with the burning of their capital, but prevailed with prevention of invasion in most regions. Canada successfully repelled any U.S. attacks as well.

Spread of Hinduism and Buddhism

Buddhism spread through central Asia, Southeast Asia, and China. Many merchants converted to Buddhism and spread it through their travels. Hinduism spread to southeast Asia by merchants similarly to Buddhism but instead by merchants traveling through the sea lanes.

Bodhisattva

Buddhist deities who have achieved nirvana yet choose to remain on Earth.

Shah Jahan

Built the Taj Mahal, wanted to build a second for himself. Overthrown by Aurangzeb, who confined him to a small cell where he could see his wife's tomb using a mirror

Capture of Constantinople

By Ottoman Turks; 1453; name changed to Istanbul

The Mexican-American War

Caused by the United States accepting Texas as a new state and moving to consolidate its hold on the territory, despite vigorous Mexican protests. Those moves led to conflicts that escalated into this war

New name for Triple Alliance

Central Powers (included Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria)

Southern Front

Central Powers overran the Balkans; no decisive victory in Italy

Louis the Pious

Charlemagne's only surviving son. He succeeded his father and held the empire together, but lacked the strong authorities like his father

Pulp Fiction

Cheap, fictional books that were made in China. Looked down upon by Confucians. Got the name from being made on manufactured wood pulp paper which was cheap.

Magnetic compass

Chinese invention of the Tang or Song that diffused throughout the Indian Ocean Basin. Used to determine their heading in Mediterranean and Atlantic waters.

Hong Xiuquan

Chinese leader of Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty.

An Lushan

Chinese person who led a revolt against the Tang Dynasty. His rebellion succeeded in capturing both Chang'an and Luoyang.

Anabaptists

Christians who believe baptism should be delayed until one can confess their own faith

Peloponnesian War

Civil war of Ancient Greece; occurred after the Persian War but before conquered by Macedonians; Athenian allies vs. Spartan allies; Sparta believed Athens had too much power because they controlled the Delian League

Maya

Civilization that arose after the Olmecs; inherited much of Olmec tradition, such as the bloodletting rituals and their ball game; were largely agricultural and grew mostly corn; had an elaborate calendar and a writing system that was the most advanced of all early Mesoamerican writing; had several city-states that were constantly at war, but their warfare focused largely on hand to hand combat and instead of killing people they wanted to capture their opponent alive so they could force them to partake in bloodletting rituals

The multiregional thesis

Claims that the modern human simultaneously developed in different parts of the world

Socrates

Classical Greek philosopher from Athens who taught Plato and created the Socratic Method. (a form of inquiry and discussion between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to illuminate ideas)

Andean Society

Communication with Mesoamerica hindered by tough geography; only noticeable interaction with Mesoamerica was eventual trade of Mesoamerican maize cultivation and gold/metal working; major crops were beans, peanuts, sweet potatoes, and cotton; domesticated animals were llamas and alpacas (used for wool, meat, and pack animals)

Tale of genji

Composed by Murasaki Shikibu (a woman) ; told by Gengi and his aging friends and reflects the Heian court; written in Japanese

Guilds

Constituted a social infrastructure that made it possible for medieval cities to function; often referred to a group of people with the same artistic talents

Investiture Controversy

Conflict over the appointment of church officials in the late 11th and early 12th centuries between secular and religious authorities in medieval Europe.

Junzi

Confucian individuals considered superior because they are educated, conscientious, and able to put side personal ambition for the good of the state

Confucian ideals

Confucius focuses on five fundamental relationships: ruler and subject, parent and child, husband and wife, older brother and younger brother, and friend and friend. It also concentrates on being a junzi following Ren, Li, and Xiao

Jawaharlal Nehru

Congress Party Leader, urging indians to act and feel as one nation.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Congress authorized President Johnson to take any measures he believed were necessary to retaliate and to promote the maintenance of international peace and security in southeast Asia.

Napoleon's Empire

Conquered Prussia, Austria, Netherlands, Belgium, Spain. Made them accept French Hegemony. Sent family to rule those countries.

Hyksos

Conquered all of Egypt, during the Middle Kingdom. Egyptians eventually adopted their military technology and expelled them from Egypt

Java

Conquered by the Dutch; concentrate of spice trade not political expansion; near Sunda Strait so they established monopoly over spices; Dutch extract concession from here for military aid

Oceania

Consists of New Guinea and Australia; people arrived by water craft; earliest inhabitants were hunter gatherers; foraging people could travel back and forth through this place until the seas rose and separated New Guinea and Australia; Australians remained hunter-gatherers, and New Guinea turned to agriculture; Austronesians were people from Southeast Asia that came and changed the way the inhabitants lived; the Austronesians cultivated crops and kept animals which eventually rubbed off on the New Guinea people to do as well

Railroads

Construction of this linked all U.S. regions and helped create an integrated national economy. It provided cheap transportation for agricultural commodities, manufactured goods and individual travelers.

Caste System (all levels)

Contained four Varnas: brahmins (priests), kshatriyas (warriors), vaishyas (cultivators, artisans, and merchants), and shudras (landless peasants and serfs). Later a class of untouchables was added, people who performed unpleasant tasks; system of social separation developed during the Vedic age only allowed people to marry within their caste, and gave them the hope that in their next life they would be reincarnated into a better castes

Thirty Year's War

Continental conflict started when the Holy Roman EMpire tried to convert Bohemian subjects to Catholicism

King Afonso I

Converted the subjects of the Kongo Empire to Christianity. Established a large amount of churches and other institutions, in which brought up the name, "Kongo of the Bells."

Oscar Arias Sanchez

Costa Rica especially influential became especially influential in promoting a negotiated end to the Contra War in Nicaragua.

Council of Nicea

Council of Christian Bishops that came together at Nicea by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in 325 CE

Arab nations (lands around Palestine)

Countries that were promised freedom but had promise violated by France and Great Britain b/c of Mandate System

Soviet Union

Country that was barely effected by the stock market crash

Zhu Xi

Created Neo-Confucianism (more religious version of Confucianism); 12th century scholar

New Deal

Created by FDR; government was creating jobs for its people to try and bring up the economy

St. Basil

Created monastic rules for monasteries in the Byzantine empire that was based on poverty, chastity, and obedience

The Phoenicians

Created the first alphabet. Established along the Mediterranean Sea as seafaring trading people. Credited with inventing the color purple

Reconquista

Crusade, ended in 1492 by Isabel and Ferdinand, to drive the Islamic forces out of Spain

Chaldeans

Defeated Assyria; conquered the kingdom of Judah; completely destroyed Jerusalem in 586 B.C.E; deported many upper-class people from Judah; made Babylonia the leading state in western Asia after the collapse of the Assyrian empire; Nebuchadnezzar is the famous ruler

Neolithic era

Defined by the development of agricultural societies

1206-1526

Delhi Sultanate

Heads of the Provisional Government

Democratic Prince George Lvov then moderate socialist Alexander Keresky

Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)

Dictator of Germany, fricken evil, came to power in 1933

Characteristics of Provisional Government

Dominated by middle class liberals; guaranteed civil liberties, freed political prisoners, sought to establish western democratic regime; insisted on war continuation; couldn't provide food to cities; refused land seizures; quickly lost support of the public

Popular sovereignty

During the 17th and 18th centuries philosophers and supporters of the enlightenment sought to make the monarchy responsible to the people it governed

Zhou Dynasty

Dynasty in Chinese history in which the Warring States Period occurred and there a series of new philosophies developed such as Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism. This dynasty is also known for its decentralized government

Indra

Early Indian god associated with Aryans; king of the gods and was associated with warfare and thunderbolts; chief deity of the Rig Veda

Joint-stock companies

East India Company and VOC, traded their stocks in order to make money; less of a risk

Swahili city states

East coast of Africa; mix of African and Swahili cultures; coastal or island port cities; chieftains strengthened realms→ trade concentrated → cities arose; Mogadishu, Lamu, Malindi, Mombasa, Zanzibar, Kilwa, Mozambique, and Sofala

Colbert

Economic advisor to Louis XIV, helped him try to control his extravagant wasting of money

"domino theory"

Eisenhower says if one country becomes communist, all will follow

Hugh Capet

Elected by the lords of France to serve as king. he was the first king of the Capetian Dynasty

Zemstvos

Elected district assemblies that the Russian government created to deal with local issues of health, education, and welfare

Louis Riel

Emerged as the leader of the métis and indigenous peoples of western Canada. Assumed presidency of a government in 1870 and led his troops in capturing Fort Garry and negotiated the incorporation of the province of Manitoba into the Canadian Dominion. Was sent in exile by the Canadian government.

Robespierre

Emerged in the revolution as a ruthless but popular radical known as "the incorruptible" and he dominated the Committee of Public Safety. Thought blood was the way to change society. Killed by the guillotine (same machine he used to kill so many others)

Chandra Gupta

Emperor and founder of the Gupta dynasty in India

Diocletian

Emperor from 284-305 who split the empire into two administrative districts. A co emperor ruled each district with the help of a powerful lieutenant. Brought army under firm imperial control, strengthened imperial currency, and imposed price caps.

Sunni Ali

Emperor of the Songhay Empire. Gained control of Timbuktu and Jenne after conquest, along with many neighboring states. Successfully established an elaborate administration and military. Positioned governors per province, with a military hierarchy. While most of the other emperors of the Songhay Empire were Muslim, he had many pagan influences

Henry IV

Emperor who was excommunicated after challenging Pope Gregory VII's policy

Kongo

Empire rose in a time of African commercial productivity and state building flourishment. Was centralized with officials overseeing military, judicial, and financial affairs. Established trading and military relations with the Portuguese, converted to Christianity under King Afonso I. Capital was at Mbanza, called the, "Kongo of the Bell," because of churches. Relations eventually became complicated with the slave trading Portuguese.

Empress Dowager Cixi

Empress of China during the Reform era. A former imperial concubine who established herself as an effective ruler of China during the last fifty years of the Qing. Put Chinese at the head of the army and not Manchus. She backed the Boxer Rebellion and because of this, many Chinese viewed the Qing as bankrupt

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Ended Russia's involvement in WWI; Russia forced to sign it by Austria-Hungarian and German forces; took the lands of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russian Poland, and Ukraine from Russian possesion

Newton

English mathematician; depended on observation and mathematical reasoning; outlined views in Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687); argued that a law of universal gravitation regulates motions of bodies in the universe

William Wilberforce

English philanthropist, elected into parliament and got his bill passed to end the slave trade.

John Locke

English philosopher who stated that individuals granted political rights to their rulers but maintained the personal rights of life, liberty, and property

Edmund Burke

English philosopher, a prominent conservative, condemned radical or revolutionary change (believed his view could only lead to anarchy); approved of American revolution but denounced French revolution

John Locke

English philosopher; discovered natural laws of politics; denounced divine-right theories and advocated constitutional government, where sovereignty resides in the people rather than the state or its rulers

William Harvey

English physician; discovered principles of the circulation of human blood; observed female animals for study on human reproduction

Mary Astell

English writer, suggested that absolute sovereignty was no more appropriate in family than in a state; questioned the reason why all men were born free yet all women were slaves; drew on the thoughts of John Locke

Bananas

Entered Africa through sea lanes across Indian Ocean. Established cultivation in Madagascar. Enriched Bantu diets.

Mahabharata

Epic poem composed around 100 BCE; longest written poem in history (over 10x's longer than either the Illiad or the Odyssey) (90,000 stanzas); Mahabharata is a tale of moral confrontations and an elucidation of the ethical precepts of the dharma; most famous piece is Bhagavad Gita, which is a sermon by the legendary Indian figure Krishna on the eve of a major battle who sets forth one of the key ethical maxims of Indian society: in taking action, one must be indifferent to success or failure and consider only the moral rightness of the act itself

The Reign of Terror

Era of the revolution where fear was used to keep France united. Robespierre was a major proponent of this death and destruction; multiple executions per day

Middle and Upper Class Women

Experienced the most change; started working; once the men returned and took their jobs, petitioned for their right to vote and won

James Cook

Explored the Pacific; died in a scuffle with Hawaiians; interest in Polynesians; charted Oceania

Crop rotation

Facilitated the rapid production of crops and the diversification of European diets

1453

Fall of Constantinople

Hapsburgs

Family that acquired a large empire in Europe through nonviolent means (marriage, etc), Charles V was a part of this family

John Macdonald

Father of Confederation, first Prime Minister of Canada. Built a successful national government and forged a strong Conservative Party

Adela Zamudio

Female Bolivian poet who lamented that talented women could not vote, but ignorant men could by just learning to write their names.

Soldaderas

Female soldier or supporter of the soldiers

Olympe de Gouges

Feminist during Revolution, wrote The Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen, was executed by the Jacobins.

Xiao

Filial piety, which means a respect for family obligation, including to the extended family, also stressed in Confucianism

Women's greatest contribution on the Homefront

Filled in the positions at shell-making factories

Vasco de Gama

First European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope in 1497-8; landed at Calicut in southern India

Chichen Itza

First Mayan kingdom to seek peace/less violence; captives were given the choice to either become a citizen of the city or be executed by the way of tradition

Kongo

Formed by kin-based societies to form small states. Participated actively in trade. Formed a central government which included a king and officials. Most tightly centralized of all Bantu kingdoms

Olmecs

First civilization in Mesoamerica; largely agricultural, but had no large animals, and therefore no need for wheeled carts; name literally means "rubber people"; got name from the rubber trees around their civilization; placed a great emphasis on bloodletting rituals to please their gods; incorporated torture into the sport they invented with a large rubber ball; built large monuments; have an authoritarian government to get all those people to work on the monuments

League of Nations

First permanent international security organization whose mission was to maintain world peace

Hammurabi's Code

First written code of laws created by Hammurabi. Uses the practice of "an eye for an eye." Has laws applying to every aspect of Sumerian life

5 pillars

Five different rules Muslims should follow. Shahadah- Declaration of faith, Salah- Praying 5 times a day, Zakat- Charity, Sawm- Fasting in Ramadan, Hajj -Pilgrimmage

Spanish Armada

Fleet of Spanish ships sent to convert England back to RCC

Spheres of influence

Foreign powers influenced China so much that they dismantled the Chinese systems

U Boats

German submarines

Jan Pieterszoon Coen

Founded Batavia, the VOC entrépot

Osman

Founded Ottoman dynasty/empire. tBey (chief) of semi nomadic turks who migrated to Anatolia. Wanted to become ghazi, or Muslim Religious warriors

Osman

Founded Ottoman empire; carved out small territory in NW Anatolia; spread from there

Hulegu

Founded Persian Ilkhanate; seized Abbasid capital at Baghdad, looted cities, executed caliph, massacred more than 200,000 residents. Ventured into syria but shut down by Muslim forces

Yang Jang

Founded Sui Dynasty, ambitious ruler, embarked on many military expeditions that unified China, imposed tight political rule, started the Grand Canal Founded Sui Dynasty, ambitious ruler, embarked on many military expeditions that unified China, imposed tight political rule, started the Grand Canal

Mughal Empire

Founded by Babur who conquered Delhi in 1523. Babur's grandson Akbar instigated the Mughal golden era. Had conflict between Islam and Hindu. Largest expansion under Aurangzeb.

Antonian Movement

Founded by Dona Beatriz, who claimed to have been possessed by St. Anthony. Was an African Movement of Christianity. Believed that Jesus was black, and that heaven was for blacks. Ended the Kongo's wars.

Gupta Dynasty

Founded by Maharaja Sri Gupta re-united India. Strong mathematics accomplishments including inventing the numbers 1-9 and 0. Also important developments in medicine, astronomy and art

The Safavid Empire

Founded by Shah Ismail. The accounts of its rise were carefully controlled for propaganda purposes. Imposed Twelver Shiism on their subjects

Timbuktu

Founded in 1100 CE as a seasonal camp for caravan traders; under Mansa Musa and his successors, city emerged as major intellectual and cultural center in West Africa; became site of schools of law, literature, and sciences

Dona Beatriz

Founded the Antonian Movement. She claimed to be possessed by St. Anthony, a popular figure by the Portuguese, and made prophecies for the Antonian Movement. Was eventually burned on a stake by King Pedro IV, but movement did not end.

King Leopold II of Belgium

Founded the Congo Free State in Africa. The taxes there were very high and the working conditions were terrible

Zarathrusta

Founder of Zoroastrianism

Shah Ismail

Founder of the Safavid Empire. Left the swamps of Gilgan near the caspian sea where he had hidden from a fmily enemy for five years. Two years later he entered Tabriz at the head of an army and laid claim to the ancient Persian imperial title of shah. Shah Ismail also proclaimed that the official religion of his realm would be Twelver Shiism, and he proceeded to impose it on the formerly Sunni population

Song Taizu

Founder of the Song Dynasty, he was a military general and then took the throne by convincing all the other important generals to retire to luxurious lives

St. Ignatius of Loyola

Founder of the society of Jesus

The Mongol Empires

Four great empires: The Great Khanate (Yuan), The Golden Horde, The Persian Ilkhanate, and the Chagatai Khanate. The Great Khanate was located in northern china, lead by Khubilai Khan, who captured Hangzhou in 1276, and established the Yuan dynasty in 1279. The Golden Horde overran and demanded tribute from Russia but did not occupy. The Persian Ilkhanate was lead by Hulegu, who ended the abbasid and looted Baghdad. The Chagatai Khanate was located in Central Asia and survived significantly longer than the other khanates

How Great Britain and France chose to divide up the African Colonies

France got Morocco and Great Britain got Sudan

Charles Martel

Frankish leader. Founder of the Carolingian dynasty. Showed military power at the Battle of Tours. Charlemagne was his grandson

Huguenots

French Protestants who followed John Calvin

French and Indian War

French and Indians fight against British and Indians

Louis XIII

French king who enhanced his power and put France under the control of a tightly centralized absolute monarchy

Emilie du Chatelet

French mathematician and physicist; had a three-vol. work on German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz (1740); translated Newton's Principia Mathematica in French, along with his geometry and physics

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

French yet reflected the influence of American revolutionary ideas. Proclaimed the equality of all men, declared that sovereignty resided in the people and asserted individual rights liberty, property, and security

Barracks Emperors

From 235 to 284 c.e. twenty-six recognized emperors took control of Rome. Most of these emperors seized control, briefly ruled, then had their power taken. Large majority died violently.

Plebians

General body of the free Roman citizens. "Common people"

The late Byzantine Empire

Generated social and economical problems, as well as threats of other empires around them. Wealthy landowners undermined the theme system, which generated a class of dependent agricultural laborers, reduced incentives to serve in the army, and diminished tax receipts for the central government.

France's objectives/people who pushed for them

Georges Clemenceau, wanted security from Germany

Joseph Stalin

Georgian, mother's influence leads to Orthodox seminary education; leads Soviet Union by 1928, starts 5-year plan that doesn't succeed, rules through terror, communist

Luftwaffe

German Air force

Karl Marx

German political philosopher and founder of modern socialism. He wrote Capital and scorned the utopian socialists as unrealistic dabblers and worked closely with Friedrich Engels

Kepler

German scientist; showed how planetary orbits are elliptical, not circular like the Ptolemaic theory

Biggest part of Treaty of Versailles

Germany had to accept sole responsibility for causing the war and agreed to pay reparations

Reasons for America to join

Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare (sinking of Lusitania which killed American citizens), allied propaganda, Zimmerman Note (Germany asks MX to start war with America but intercepted), economic interests, idealism, security (an ocean apart wasn't enough)

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (Italy joined b/c mad at France for taking Tunisia; Germany invited Austria-Hungary b/c AH hated Russia too)

Spartacus

Gladiator who escaped from slavery and formed an army of 70 thousand slaves for a rebellion

Original name for World War I

Global War

Two European countries that were competing against each other

Great Britain and Germany

New forces in the Allied Powers

Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia (1914), Japan (1914), Italy (1915), America (1917)

Triple Entente

Great Britain, France, and Russia (France wanted provinces stolen by Germany so lent Russia money so they would join; France and Britain put aside differences b/c hate Germany more than each other)

Thucydides

Greek historian; wrote a detailed history of the Peloponnesian War; on the Athenian side but did not forgo to detail the brutal tactics they used; reported that Athenians conquered Melos, massacred all of the military age men, then sold the rest to slavery

Aristotle

Greek philosopher. Taught Alexander the Great. Mainly experimented with science and believed that knowledge can be obtained by interacting with physical objects. Classified plants and animals.

Mani

He is the founder of Manichaeism. Originally a Zoroastrian from Babylon, he blended Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Buddhism into Manichaeism. Was persecuted and killed by the Sassanid empire.

Cyrus

He laid the foundation for the 1st Persian Empire, the Achaemenid Empire. In 558 BCE he becomes king and rules from Pasargadae. He conquered Lydia and Babylonia.

Marshal Tito

He organized a communist resistance movement against the German invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941. He became head of the new government at the end of World War II and established Yugoslavia as a nonaligned communist state with a federal constitution.

Ibn Battuta

He was a moroccan merchant who traveled on a haji, but continued on his journey. He visited all around Eurasia and ended up going to the Swahili coast and visiting Kilwa

Pater Familias

Head of Roman family

Holy Roman Empire

Hegemonic state that might have reintroduced imperial unity to Europe; conflict with the papacy prevented it from being a strong state; "not holy, not roman, not an empire"

794-1185

Heian Period

Suleyman the magnificent

Height of Ottoman rule. conquered Baghdad, Tigris and Euphrates rivers. He beat to Habsburgs in Austria, briefly sieged Vienna. Conquered Hungary. Built a strong navy. Got control of Mamluk navy

Vasco da Gama

In 1497, led a small fleet of four armed merchant vessels with 170 crewmen at Lisbon. In a several months, rounded the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean. On 20 May 1498, the fleet anchored at Calicut in southern India. By 1500, they had built a trading post at Calicut. Had three conquests along the East Coast of Africa, attacking Swahili settlements

Seneca Falls Convention

In 1848, feminists issued a "declaration of sentiments" modeled on the Declaration of Independence and demanded equal political and economic rights for U.S. women

Ayllus

In Incan society, a clan or community that worked together on projects required by the ruler

Bactria

In NW India, and ruled by Greek-speaking descendants of Alexander's campaigns, modern day Afghanistan. Influenced Indian culture and development.

The Seven Year's War

In a contest for imperial superiority, British and French forces battled each other in Europe, India, and North America. Britain won

Satrapies

In the Achaemenid Empire, Darius divided the empire into 23 of these ruled by satraps. These had officers who checked on them.

Indian Ocean trade

Indian Persian, Malayan, Roman, and Hellenistic sailors all made contact with eastern Africa using the Indian ocean; caused mix of cultures (created Swahili mix); monsoon winds often used when traveling from Malay peninsula or India to Africa

Emporia

Indian ports that became the principal clearing houses of trade

Pachacuti

Inca Ruler who launched a series of expansion campaigns beginning in 1438

Mita system

Inca practice of drafting labourers

Stateless societies

Included kin-based societies and chiefdoms in Africa

Sternpost Rudder

Increased the maneuverability of the European ships

Specialized production

Increased trade was a natural result of the growth in population. Began cross-cultural trade in the Indian Ocean Basin using Dhows and Junks.

Trade in southern India

Increased trade was a natural result of the growth in population. Began cross-cultural trade in the Indian Ocean Basin using Dhows and Junks.

Kalinga

Independent of Mauryan rule. Controlled principal trade routes. in 260, Ashoka overtook.

Jati

Indian word for sub caste in Hindu society; assumed much of responsibility for maintaining social order in India; guilds, corporate bodies that supervised prices and wages in a given industry and provided for the welfare of members and their families; regularly organized courts, resolved differences, and regulated community affairs

Rajiv Gandhi

Indira Ghandi's son, took over leadership of India in 1985, offered reconciliation to the Sikhs, assassinated by a terrorist in 1991

Metis

Individuals of mixed European and indigenous ancestry. Children of fur traders that lived on margins between European and indigenous societies and married or consorted with native women

Medes

Indo-European branch that settled into northern Persia and eventually fell to the Persians

Aryans

Indo-European migrants who settled into India after 1500B.C.E; their union with the indigenous Dravidians formed the basis of Hinduism

Slavs

Indo-European people who are from eastern Europe

Achmad Sukarno

Indonesian president who proclaimed Bandung as the first conference of colored people.

The Indus and Ganges Rivers

Indus River (Pakistan) is where Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were built. Ganges River Valley (India) primarily planted rice. Aryan groups also began to settle in the Ganges River Valley, which lead to the Vedic period. The Ganges river also separated Pakistan from India.

Funan

Influenced by India, Southeast Asian country, Dominated by trade, Hindu, Capital in Oc Eo, Land Based

Gold trade

Influenced the development of sub-Saharan African civilizations; greatly influenced Mali and made them one of most prominent states; this metal came from more southern regions of Africa but was transferred to more northern states

Nara Japan

Instituted a Chinese-style bureaucracy; capital at Nara; observed the rites of Shinto

White Huns

Invaded the Gupta Empire causing its collapse

Pope Innocent IV

Invited the Mongols to Work together with the Christians

Mecca

Islam's holiest city, as the birthplace of Muhammad and Islam itself. Also where Muhammad made his return with his followers.

Sufi missionaries

Islamic Missionaries who taught more based on devotion to Allah than strict adherence to teachings of the Qur'an

Sharia

Islamic code of law based on the Qur'an

shia

Islamic minority in opposition to the Sunni majority; their belief is that leadership should reside in the line descended from Ali.

Delhi Sultanate

Islamic rulers with Hindu commoners; Northern India; Delhi Sultanate, the state ranked among the most prominent but had no permanent bureaucracy or administration

Hawai'i

Islands in the Pacific ocean, discovered by James Cook. People paid little attention to these islands until after Cook's reports and it received many migrants and visitors during the 19th and 20th centuries.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Abraham Lincoln, declared that all slaves within the rebellious states would be completely freed. Showed intention of the Union. Didn't free any slaves when first released because didn't have any control over the southern states

Slave trading

It became a major way to make wealth after Africa became apart of the bigger economy. The slaves are mainly prisoners of war, and they are shipped around the world

Caste system

It extended its graphic reach and the emergence of guilds strengthened it. Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, Sudras, Untouchables

Axum

It is a empire located in Ethiopia and they were devout christians who made rock churches for the faith

Age grades

It is how children are grouped when they are younger. They all do the same job and through that experience with one another they build friendships and relationships

Zanj Revolt

It was a revolt in Mesopotamia lead by an African slave named Ali bin Muhammad and conquered a city. They created a new region, and they were destroyed

Ethiopian Christianity

It was a sect of Christianity based in Ethiopia from Axum. They believe that most people contain demons so they wear charms to keep them out.

Missi Dominici

It was an official commissioned by the Frankish king or Holy Roman Emperor to supervise the administration, mainly of justice, in parts of his dominions too far for frequent personal visits. It performed important intermediary functions between royal and local administrations

Michelangelo Buonarotti

Italian artist of the renaissance

Cesare Beccaria

Italian criminologist and economist; formed a society called "the academy of fists" dedicated to economic, political, and administrative reform; published famous criminology essay "On Crimes and Punishments," which criticized the legal system at the time (1764); spoke against the death penalty

Brunelleschi

Italian renaissance designer; known for linear perspectice technique

Printing Press

Jewish refugees from spain introduced this to anatolia in the late fifteenth century. Originally not allowed to print books in turkish or arabic language within the ottoman empire but ban was lifted in 1729.

Early Capitalism

Joint-stock companies were one of the first examples of people trying to use this way of mercantilism

D-Day

June 6, 1944; British and US troops stormed the French coast at normandy; German forces overwhelmed

Dhows and junks

Junks were big Chinese boats and Dhows were the small indian boats.

Justinian's Code

Justinian most significant contribution was the codification of roman law. Heavily influencing european and japanese law, its original name was Corpus iuris civilis

Ferdinand and Isabel

King and Queen of Spain who started Spanish Inquisition; sent Columbus to the New World; united all of Spain in 1492 for first time in centuries

Philip II of Spain

King during the reign of Elizabeth I who tried to force England to return to the Roman Catholic Church using the power of the Spanish Armada

Otto I

King of Germany, first of Germans to be called Holy Roman Emperor

King Pedro IV of Kongo

King when the Antonian Movement was in progress. After evaluation, claimed the Antonian Movement as a movement of heresy, and executed Dona Beatriz.

Capetian Dynasty

Kings in France that added resources and political influence to centralize power and authority in France

Lin Zexu

Known as the incorruptible. The Qing charged him with the destruction of the opium trade. Confiscated and destroyed 20,000 chests of Opium (which ignited the Opium war)

Syngman Rhee

Korean statesman, the first president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, and the first president of the Republic of Korea (South Korea)

Indian Removal Act

Law in which the United States government determined to move all native Americans west if the Mississippi River into "Indian Territory." Reason for the Trail of Tears

The Duma

Law-making body of Russia; eventually became a "debating society"

The Calico Acts

Laws passed by Parliament to protect wool producers in England from competition with cotton

Ghaznavid Turks

Lead by Mahmud of Ghazni, they raided and conquered Northern India. Against the indian religions, like buddhism and hinduism, they heavily promoted Islam in their new land

Mahmud of Ghazni

Lead the Ghaznavid Turks in the initial raids and conquering of Northern India

Mahmud of Ghazni

Leader of Turks in Afghanistan as well as a patron to the arts, built Ghanzi into refined capital, and was known as a ruthless warrior

Caliph

Leader of a caliphate. A caliphate is a Muslim empire.

Safi al-Din

Leader of the Sufi religious order in North Western Persia

Mexican revolution

Liberals and conservatives were divided, conservatives forced the Juárez government out of Mexico city until 1861. Napoleon III attempted to end Mexican disorder by re-creating monarchy but faced resistance, instead he proclaimed a Mexican empire and appointed Austrian archduke Maximilian as emperor who was assassinated. Peasants and workers attempted to overthrow dictator Porfirio Díaz. Emiliano Zapata and Francisco (pancho) Villa assisted peasants by fighting for tierra y libertad. The Mexican Constitution of 1917 addressed some revolutionary concerns and gave people basic human rights.

Saljuk Turks

Lived on the border of the Abbasid Empire but eventually migrated in, defeating the byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. After displacing byzantine authority, they set up their own institutions which included taxing the church

The Nile River

Located in North Africa; became a crucial source to the growth of Egypt; predictable flooding allowed for easy scheduling of crops; provided nutrient rich silt deposits for the crops; allowed for easy transportation of goods and materials for Egypt and trade.

Kushan Kingdom

Located in Northern India/Central Asia, maintained Silk Road. One of the first emerging territories from Bactria

Justification by faith alone

Luther believed that even if a non-Christian was more virtuous than a Christian that the Christian would have a higher chance at getting into Heaven; people can only be saved if they believe in Jesus

Civil Code

Made by Napoleon, helped stabilize France. Assured legal equality of all men. Merit based society. Used moderate Revolutionary Ideals

Paleolithic era

Mainly defined by the use of stone tools; people were hunters and gatherers

The Taiping Rebellion

Massive rebellion in China from 1850 - 1864, fought between the Qing Dynasty, and the Christians. Hong Xiuayan provided leadership for the rebellion. Contained radical features that appealed to discontented subjects including free public education and literacy for the masses.

Bantu

Mastered iron metallurgy; migrated throughout Africa; governed through family and kinship groups

Chinggis Khan

Meaning "Universal Ruler" was the title given to Temujin

Jesuits

Members of the society of Jesus, sought to extend the powers of the Roman Catholic Church, were very effective missionaries

Islam

Merchants introduced it from North Africa and SW Asia. Came from caravans and sea lanes. Became main religion for many large kingdoms like Ghana and Mali

Huitzilopochtli

Mesoamerican war god that the Mexica were devoted to when performing rituals of human sacrifice; warriors saw the deity as their patron god

Taj Mahal

Most famous Mughal monument. Built by Shah Jahan in 18 years using 20 thousand workers. Used as a tomb for his wife and a mosque

Zapatistas

Most famous group of women to serve in conjunction with men in the Mexican revolution

Self-Strengthening Movement

Most imaginative reform program that sought to blend Chinese Cultural tradition with Europeon Industrial technology. Brought only superficial change because it did not introduce enough industry to bring real military and economic strength.

Peter I (the Great)

Most important of the Romanov tsars; heir to the Russian throne, husband of Catherine the Great; reformed the army and began construction of navy; provoked spiritual protest when tried to make Russia more like Prussia

Enlightenment

Most thinkers were of common birth but comfortable means. Although seeking to limit the prerogatives of ruling and aristocratic classes, they did not envision a society in which they would share equal rights with women, children, peasants, laborers, slaves, or people of color

Teotihuacan

Mostly peaceful city; only engaged in military activity when defending territory; constructed Pyramid of the Sun (largest building in Mesoamerica); believed to be theocracy b/c artwork; priests would have been at head of government b/c could interpret the calendar and determine what days certain things would happen; developed empire based on commerce; 2/3 population were peasants; inherited many aspects of Olmec society, including ball game, calendar, and writing system; since all their books were burned, we know little about their culture except that they did sacrifice humans; declined after invasion (most survivors abandoned the city)

The Virgin Mary

Mother of Jesus who personified Christian ideals of womanhood, love, and sympathy; most worshipped saint

570-632

Muhammad

Abu Bakr

Muhammad's closest friend; one of his first converts; was the first succeeding caliph after the death of Muhammad; his job was to compel people to recognize Islam as the official religion.

Ali

Muhammad's cousin and son in law. Was a candidate for first caliph but everyone agreed on Abu. After this person was appointed as fourth caliph he served briefly before being assassinated. After his assassination there became a divide in Islam between the the Shia sect which believed that the line this person was the rightful caliph, while the Sunni believed that the victor line of caliphs was rightful to lead

Hijra

Muhammad's departure from Mecca to Medina

Neolithic revolution (10,000-4,000 B.C.E.)

New Stone age, marked by the discovery and mastery of Agriculture. The switch from hunting and gathering to agriculture. Allowed people to stay located in one place and domesticate animals, build cities, establish governments, etc

Influenza Pandemic of 1918

No cure; affected everyone equally; wartime movements proliferated its spread; died within days on infection; in US, more people were killed by disease than all the wars of 20th century combined

Visigoths

Nomadic people who came from Germanic tribes, they adopted the agriculture and other advancements of the Romans. They were not able to settle within the walls of Rome. They also adopted Christianity.

Huns

Nomadic tribe, that was very warlike. The moved westward while conquering. They were ruled by Attila the Hun, who made them unstoppable.

Armenian Massacres (1915-1917)

Non-Muslims were abused by the Ottoman gmt officials --> Non-Muslims resorted to confrontation --> demonstrations led to government reprisals during which 1 million plus people were killed

The Vikings

Norse mariners who mounted invasions and plundered settlements from Russia and eastern Europe to Mediterranean lands. They had shallow-draft boats so they could make their way through rivers, offering access to interior regions in Europe.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty organization, sponsored by USSR

Reconstruction

Northern forces sent armies of occupation to the southern states and forced them to undergo this program of social and political change. This program did not work, because once the armies left, freed slaves had not received land grants or any other form of economic support.

Trench foot

Occurred because soldiers' feet never dried completely, rotting of the tissue on one's feet that led to loss of toes, armies attempted to alleviate by giving 2 pairs of socks

Hellenistic Era

Of or relating to Greek history, language, and culture from the death of Alexander the Great to the defeat of Cleopatra; during this period Greek culture flourished, spreading through the Mediterranean and into the Near East and Asia centering around Alexandria in Egypt and Pergamum in Turkey

Mexica

Often referred to as the Aztecs (because they dominated the alliance that eventually formed the Aztec empire), these people had a reputation of making trouble with neighboring cultures so were forced to migrate a lot. These people also created chinampas. Located around present day Mexico

Sasanid Dynasty

One of Constantine's reasons for moving the capitol was to keep watch over this dynasty. was located in Persia near the lower stretches of the Danube River. Claimed direct descent of Achaemenid and ruled until 651 CE. They were active rulers.

Kilwa

One of the busiest city-states on the east African coast; relied on fishing to support themselves → turned to agriculture b/c of rise in population; used copper coins to facilitate trade; enjoyed tremendous prosperity located on east African coast; imported and exported many luxurious goods (gold, pottery, etc)

Audiencias

One of the most important governmental institutions of Spanish colonial America. During the 16th century, were established in the various administrative districts of Spanish America.

Mansa Musa

One of the most powerful kings in Mali; height of empire; primary contribution was the Muslim faith; encouraged the buildings of mosques and the study of the Qur'an; undertook Hajj pilgrimage in 1324; the amount of gold he brought changed worth of it in Cairo

Treaty of Nanjing

One of the most significant unequal treaties, as it ended the Opium War. Guided Chinese relations with foreign states until 1943. Ceded Hong Kong to Britain, opened 5 Chinese ports to commerce, and made the Qing extend most-favored-nation status to Britain. Led to more unequal treaties with China and other greater powers

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms

One of the popular novels of the Ming/Qing dynasties; explored the political intrigue that followed the collapse of the Han dynasty

Athens

One of the two main city states and the main center of all Greece's commercial activity. It was the political, commercial, and cultural center of Greek civilization. It was regarded as the "first democracy" but the democracy did not develop immediately. Although most of this city was destroyed in the Persian Wars, it became a cultural center again under the leadership of Pericles.

Sparta

One of the two main city states in Ancient Greece. It was the agricultural and highly militaristic region. Most of its citizens lived highly disciplined lives and all of the boys (and some of the girls) received military training.

The Haitian Revolution

Only successful slave revolt. Half of the island of Hispaniola rebelled against France after Revolution

Pope Gregory VII

Ordered an end to the practice of lay investiture, the selection and installation of church officials by lay rulers

Cathedral Schools

Organized schools in cathedrals and invited well-known scholars to teach

European Facism

Originates with Benito Mussolini; adopted by Adolf Hilter

Confucianism

Philosophy that developed during the Hundred Schools Era, taught that everyone had a role in society, that there were five basic relationships which should be honored, and that humans are naturally good. This philosophy upheld a moral code and was commonly practiced in China

Daoism (Taoism)

Philosophy that developed during the Hundred Schools Era, taught that humans should have inaction and work with nature instead of against it. It also taught that humans were naturally good, and did not need a government

Legalism

Philosophy that developed during the Hundred Schools Era, taught that humans were naturally evil and need strict rules and punishments to do good. Practised during the Qin dynasty to complete labor, stressed the importance of authority in a ruler

Jose Hernandez

Poet who offered a romanticized view of gaucho life and protested its decline in his epic poem The Gaucho Martin Fierro. He conveyed the pride of gauchos especially those who assimilated into Euro-American society

The Witte System

Policies Count Sergei Witte designed to boost the economy, including railway construction, savings banks, and infant industries with high tariffs; trans-Siberian railway was the most important of the new lines

Copernicus

Polish astronomer; published a treatise called On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in 1543 arguing that the sun rather than the earth stood at the center of the universe and that the planets revolved around the sun (heliocentric theory)

Caudillos

Political landholders/military leaders of Latin America

March (February) Revolution Underlying Causes

Political~wanted end to absolutism and repression; middle class wanted a voice Economic~peasants wanted lands from the nobles; city workers wanted better working conditions Social~subject nationalists wanted an end to discrimination and Russification

1096

Pope Urban's crusade call

Angkor

Port city; participated in trade; in SE Asia; both Buddhist and Hindu; Angkor Wat and Angkor Thom=amazing representation of blended religious culture

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese Ruler; sent missions down the coast of Africa

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who sailed around the southern tip of Africa

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer; first person to reach India by sea

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator; Spain sent him to where he thought that there were Asian markets near America; his crew got scurvy; he died in a political dispute in the Philippines; HIS CREW completed the first circumnavigation of the world

Manilla Galleons

Powerful and fast Spanish ships that participated in Asian trade markets

The Ottoman Empire

Powerful turkish empire that lasted from the conquest of Istanbul in 1453 until 1918 and reached its peak under Suleyman the Magnificent

The Fulani

Practiced a strict form of Islam, within a time of reforming religion. Mounted campaigns to establish religion and schools promoting Islam.

Prehistory vs. History

Prehistory refers to the period of time before written records, to tell us about history in the beginning. Whereas history is the time after written records were invented

Bernardino de Sahagun

Preserved volumes of information about the language, customs, beliefs, literature and history of Mexico before the arrival of the Spanish

Jacobo Arbenz Guzman

President of Guatemala; publicly announced a gov. Seizure of acres of uncultivated land owned by the United Fruit Company; attempted to reassert Guatemala's control over its economy and land

George Washington

Provided strong and imaginative military leadership for the colonial army. Eventually became the first president.

Ilkan Ghazan

Publicly converted to Islam in 1295 and most of the Mongols in Persia soon followed. His conversion sparked large-scale massacres of Jews and Christians. it signified the return of Islam to its privileged position in Persian society and the absorption of the Mongols into Persian Society

Second Treatise of Civil Government

Published in 1690 by John Locke; outlines Locke's ideas for a more civilized society based on natural rights and contract theory

Ponciano Arriaga

Pushed for equality through property rights and proposed a law where government would confiscate hacienda lands and redistribute between the Indigenous population

Great Wall

Qin Shihuangdi ordered that earlier fortifications between states be removed and a number of existing walls along the northern border be joined into a single system that would extend for more than 3,100 miles and protect China from attacks up north. This famous construction project was later completed during the Ming Dynasty

Louis XIV

Ruler who best epitomized royal absolutism, built a magnificent capital at Versailles, promoted economic development and waged a series of wars to expand French borders

Qin dynasty

Qin Shihuangdi was the first emperor of this dynasty, focusing his efforts on a more centralized bureaucracy. He ordered execution for those who criticized his regime and demanded the burning of all books of philosophy, ethics, history, and literature, exempting works that had utilitarian value. Regarding centralization, uniform coinage and legal standards, along with the construction of roads and bridges, encouraged the integration of China's various regions into a more tightly knit society. The use of a common script was also mandated, where speakers of different languages used the same written symbols--yet pronounced them and processed them in different ways; this allowed people to communicate in writing across linguistic boundaries

Hatshepsut

Queen of Egypt (reigned from 1473-1457); took power as pharaoh and served as a co ruler with her stepson Tuthmosis III

Marie-Antoinette

Queen of France, married to Louis Capet (Louis XVI). Was more concerned with fashion than ruling France. Became representative of everything corrupt about the French gvmt

Liu Bang

Rebel leader and founder of the Han dynasty

Taipings

Rebellion that called for the end to the Qing Dynasty. Created many social changes such as footbinding and private property. They moved Nanjing to Beijing in 1853. Defeated in 1864

Dharma

Refers to the concept of "duty," but varies throughout Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism

Ram Mohan Roy

Reformed India and challenged Hindu beliefs like the Caste System. He was called the Father of India.

768-814

Reign of Charlemagne

527-565 CE

Reign of Justinian

Sundiata

Reigned 1230-1255; lion prince; assembled large army dominated by cavalry; started Mali empire

Charles II

Reigned after Oliver Cromwell; rule was the restoration of the English monarchy;

Cathars

Rejected official churches, which they considered hopelessly corrupt

Zoroastrianism

Religion founded by Zarathustra; in this religion, there are two great spirits, Ahura Mazda, spirit of good, and Angra Mainyu, spirit of evil, who are in constant conflict. When good eventually triumphs over evil, then everyone will be judged as either good or evil and then either be sentenced to a pleasurable heaven like after life or a terrible hellish one. This concept of good and evil heavily influenced the rise of monotheistic religious such as Judaism or Christianity

Chavin cult

Religion practiced in the central Andes; named after the modern town, Chavin de Huantar; possibly arose when maize became important in South America; promoted fertility and abundant harvest; followers produced stone carvings; society becomes more complex with intricate weaving and fishnets; cities begin to appear after the end

Viceroys

Rulers in Spanish colonies; were under the jurisdiction of the Spanish king but since questions took 2 years to be answered and were often vague they were the true rulers

Ghazi

Religious warriors. Described as "the sword of God"

Shang

Replaced Xia dynasty around 16th century BCE; capital at Anyang which was north of the Yellow River; first technological breakouts occurred during rule (writing, farming techniques, bronze); practiced diving kingdoms in territories with appointed officials

The Directory

Replaced the Convention after Robespierre's beheading. More pragmatic government. Unable to solve economic and military problems. Faced constant challenge to power. Ended in 1799 when Napoleon took power

Scholasticism

Represents the harmonization of Aristotle with Christianity and the synthesis of reason and faith

Courtly Love

Respectable romantic entertainment was spread throughout various courts by troubadours

Changes in Art

Retreat to abstraction

Absolute Monarchs

Rulers who had power based on divine right and made laws and defined policy; Parliament had no power over them

maroons

Runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous or forested regions and built self-governing communities

Vikings

Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of northwestern Europe in the 8th-11th centuries

Two European arms manufacturers

Scheinder (French) and Krupp (German)

Twelve Tables

Roman Laws

Pax Romana

Roman peace. Period of time where there was very few wars fought because Rome was powerful.

Cicero

Roman politician/philosopher; studied both classical and hellenistic schools of thought;his writing emphasized an individual's duty to live in accordance with nature and reason.

Srivijaya

Rose after the fall of Funan, powerful navy, Southeast Asian country, Capital in Palembang, Buddhist, Island based, wealth from agriculture, taxed ships to finance state, kingdom split

Chiefdoms

Rose when kin-based society had to much people and conflicts arose which caused for military organization. Chiefs took over districts and overrode kinship groups. Chiefs conquered neighboring lands and formed small kingdoms (Ife and Benin)

Bartolomeu Dias

Rounded the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean in 1488

Lydians and coinage

Ruled land of Mesopotamia; first land to use standardized coins with value guaranteed by the state; conducted maritime trade with Greece, Egypt, and Phoenicia; in and around area of present day Turkey

Attila

Ruler of the Huns from 434 CE to 453 CE. He organized the Huns it such a great way they were virtually unstoppable. He attacked both the Eastern and Western Roman Empire. He was seen one of the most successful leaders of the Huns.

Mithradates I

Ruler of the Parthian Empire, His religious tolerance and great military expansion made him similar to Cyrus the Great

Central and Southeast Asia

Russia and Britain started to travel around Asia to places neither had been before to prepare for the war for India they thought was coming

Vitus Bering

Russia sent him to the Northeast Passage

Eastern Front

Russia vs. Austria-Hungary and Germany; Russia suffered huge defeats --> Russia withdrew signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in progress

Romanovs

Russian imperial dynasty of tsars who ruled through autocratic regime

Shankara

S. Indian, Shiva Devotee, Brahmin Philosopher, Tried to make Hinduism into a single system of thought, and Logic.

Christopher Colombus

Sailed the ocean blue in 1492; wanted to get the riches from Asia; sponsored by Isabel and Ferdinand; actually Italian not Spanish

Akkadians

Sargon was the famous ruler of these people; conquered the Sumerian city-states; power was based on military (5,400 men); were Semitic bc of language; at one point had an empire including all of Mesopotamia and lands westward to the Mediterranean; center of kingdom was Akkad (city near Kish and Babylon); by 2150 b.c.e. had collapsed because of internal rebellions and outside invasion

Lamaist Buddhism

School of Buddhism that had magic and supernatural powers. The Mongol ruling elite liked because similar to shamanism and it approved them as legitimate rulers

Adam Smith

Scottish philosopher and economist; often regarded as the founder of economics; wrote Wealth of Nations in 1776

Adam Smith

Scottish philosopher known for writing The Wealth of Nations; believed society for prosper when individuals pursues their own economic interests

Toussaint Louverture

Second leader of Revolution after Boukman died in battle. Son of slaves. Learned to read and write from Roman Catholic Priest. Became free man. Built strong disciplined army. led army of 20000.

Gens de couleur

Second social class in Haiti before revolution. 28000 "people of color" mostly artisans, domestic servants, or overseers

Olaudah Equiano

Seized by slave raiders when he was ten years old and spent the next twenty years as a slave. Eventually purchased freedom and worked against the slave trade for the rest of his life.

Seleucid Empire

Seleucus, one of Alexander's generals, took control of much of Iran after Alexander's death. The second Persian dynasty, they retained the former Achaemenid dynasty's administration techniques and founded new cities to foster greater trade and a new fascination with Greek culture. However, since the ruling class was Macedonian, this dynasty was despised by the native Persians, and the satraps commonly rebelled against the king. Soon, the empire lost both India and much of Iran, resulting in a vastly-abbreviated empire that lasted until Roman times

Three Estates

Social distribution, "those who pray," "those who fight," and, "those who worked". These were classifications of the clergy, the ranked soldiers, and the land cultivators/manufacturers (vast majority)

March (February) Revolution Immediate Causes

Soldiers received inadequate supplies and resorted to deserting the cause, factories couldn't supply civil or military needs; railroads broke down; food shortages; prices rose; peasants rioting; Duma members demanded reform

March (February) Revolution

Soldiers refused gvmt. orders to fire on striking workers in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) --> railroad workers delayed czars from returning from the warfront --> Nicholas II realized he had no real power and abdicated his throne

Kong Fuzi (Confucius)

Son of an aristocratic family from northern China, who spent most of his life trying to gain a high position in government. Instead, he served as an educator and political advisor with regards towards his belief system, Confucianism

960-1279

Song Dynasty

Actions of Lenin and Trotsky After Seizing Power

Sought popular support; Took Russia out of war (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk); organized workers to wake factories; nationalized industry and land; carried out peace, bread, and land program

SEATO

South East Asia Treaty Organization

Battle of Chaldirian

Started because the Sunni Ottomans detested the Shiite Safavids and feared the spread of their propaganda

Quinto

Spanish government gets ⅕ of money made in the colonies

Francisco Franco

Spanish, his militarists overthrew the republican gov. and annexed Albania

Textile production

Specialization of labor from agricultural surplus led to manufacturing focus. Wool textiles brought great economical development and production within Europe

Troubadours

Spread chivalry for the respectability of sexes, and did so within love poetry among courts; loved by the ladies of court

Shapur I

Stabilized the empire by creating buffer states around it, he was the last emperor to expand the Persian Empire militarily

Ukraine Famine of 1932-1933

Stalin took crops from the Ukrainian people and exported or sold them to pay for Stalin's five-year plan; estimated 10 million people killed/starved to death; a terror famine?

Five-Year Plan

Stalin's plan to bring Russian industry and agriculture firmly under his control

Vijayanagar

Started by brothers Harihara and Bukka (2 sent to represent Delhi Sultanate), muslim merchants continued to trade but Hindu was dominant. Wasn't powerful enough to organize the political life.

Footbinding

Started during the Song Dynasty; vastly expanded during the Qing/Ming dynasty; wrapping of a woman's foot so that the bones grew in different ways; represented subordination of women in Confucianism

U.S. Civil War

Started in 1861, determined the status of sovereignty and slaveholding in the U.S. The major sides included the Union and the Confederacy; North and South. the north won

Colonies

Started to use coal instead of wood, were supplied products like sugar and cotton from places like the Caribbean's, United States, and Brazil

The Spanish-American War

Starting with the Cuban Revolution against Spain, the U.S. joined in the fight when a battleship exploded in Havana's harbor. The U.S. won and destroyed the Spanish Armada and took rights to Cuba, Guam, and the Philippines.

The "Out of Africa" thesis

States that modern humans developed in Africa then migrated throughout the world

Marcus Aurelius

Stoic philosopher and Roman Emperor

Hieroglyphics

Stylized pictures of an object representing a word, syllable, or sound that were used by the ancient Egyptians for a writing system

Song Dynasty

Successor of the Tang Dynasty; expanded merit bureaucracy; foot bindings became popular; split into Song and northern Song

The Engenho

Sugar mill, complex business enterprise in the Americas

589-618

Sui Dynasty

Peace of Augsburg

Temporary period where the disputes over religion in the Holy Roman Empire ceased and each state was free to choose protestant or catholic

Zimbabwe/Great Zimbabwe

Term originally used to describe dwelling of a chief; between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers; build homes of stone showed increasingly complex and well organized society; city is very similar to name; city has stone towers, a thick wall, and palaces; kings residing in this city controlled and taxed trade between interior and coastal regions; control of products such as gold enabled them to form alliances

Umma

The "Community" reliant on the teachings of Muhammad, and served as his followers.

Terra australis incognita

The "Unknown Southern Land" that European geographers believed to exist in the Southern Hemisphere to balance huge land masses north of the equator

Dar al-Islam

The "house of islam", which is a term for the Islamic world

Abraham Lincoln

The 16th President of the U.S. Was not favored often because of being against the Mexican-American War, but eventually elected due to ideals of government; originally neutral on the Union and Confederate states conflict. Became savior and preserver of the Union. Brought emancipation of slave

Battle of Galipoli

The Allies wanted to force the Ottomans to exit the war; attempted to take the Dardanelles Straight; thought it would be easy to take over; when reached, men massacred on the beach; kept battle going for 9 months then abandoned troops (pretty much); most troops abandoned were non-British (aka people drafted from their colonies) --> spurred independence movements

Hanseatic League

The Baltic and North Seas' network of trade. Eventually linked to other prominent trade routes in which led to economical flourishing throughout the rest of Europe

Kinship groups

The Bantu way of governing through family. Formed villages with males heads to decide public affairs of group

Colonial Conflict

The Berlin Conference had to decide who got what parts of Africa, and each country had to decide which colonies they would take in Asian areas. Colonies were beginning to want independence.

Potsdam Conference

The Big Three—Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (replaced on July 26 by Prime Minister Clement Attlee), and U.S. President Harry Truman—met in Potsdam, Germany, from July 17 to August 2, 1945, to negotiate terms for the end of World War II.

British Imperial Rule

The British began to rule India directly instead of ruling through the British East India Company. They did this by establishing a viceroy to oversee the rule and an elite civil service staffed by mostly English people.

Queen Victoria

The British queen who decided how the direct rule of India was going to be carried out. She appointed viceroys to rule over India

4 noble truths

The Buddha founded the these as basis for Buddhism. These include: Life has inevitable suffering, There is a cause to our suffering, There is an end to suffering, The end to suffering is containing to the eightfold path

The Declaration of Independence

The Continental Congress adopted a document which stated the equality and rights of men and justified the the colonies quest for independence from Britain

1054 CE

The Great Schism

Hebrews and monotheism

The Hebrews achievement is making monotheism popular

The Indian National Congress

The Indians expressed their grievances to Great Britain leaders and joined with All-Indian Muslims. The colonial leaders let rich Indian elect councils, but India wanted full independence.

Qu'ran

The Islamic sacred book, believed to be the word of Allah.

Missionary efforts

The New Testament urged Christians to spread their faith throughout the world.

Xerxes

The Persian king who dealt with the Persian Wars; not well liked by people because of his reputation for harshly putting down rebellions

Church of England (Anglican)

The Protestant church formed by King Henry VIII after he severed all ties with the Roman Catholic church due to his want of divorcing his wife. Head of the state is also head of church

Tokugawa Japan

The Shogunate of Japan before the Meiji Reformation

Turkish Migrations

The Turks started as nomadic pastoralists who followed migratory patterns with sheep, horses, goats, cattle, and camels. Living in wool tents, called yurts, the Turks also participated in some local but mostly long distance trade networks

The Yangtze and Yellow River

The Yangtze river (south) is the longest river in Asia, and the third longest in the world. The Song Dynasty were originally along the Yellow River, but had to go south of the Yellow River due to invasion. The Yellow River (north) is the third longest in Asia. The Xia and Shang Dynasties were built on the Yellow River. The grand canal linked the two rivers (built by Sui Dynasty)

Administrative System

The administrative system of the Persian Empire was central initiative with local administration. There were appointed governors. Darius divided the empire into 23 satrapies ruled by satraps who were constantly checked. There were imperial spies considered "the eyes and ears" of the king.

Ahimsa

The ancient sanskrit term translating to "nonviolence." Used as a reference for peace in many ancient religions

Confucian literary classics

The authoritative books of Confucianism, which illustrate the core values and belief system of Confucianism

Deism

The belief in the existence of a god, yet denial of the supernatural teachings of Christianity; a powerful god (watchmaker) set the universe in motion and established natural laws that govern it, without interfering in the workings of his creation

Hellenic Era

The branch of the Indo-European language family comprising classical and modern Greek

Dao

The central concept of Daoism, meaning "the way," "the way of nature," or "the way of the cosmos;" an elusive concept, as the Daoists themselves did not generally characterize it in positive and forthright term; described as a passive force in the Daodejing, where it does nothing, yet accomplishes everything; living in harmony with dao meant retreating from engagement in politics and administration

Medina

The city in which Muhammad fled to with his followers after persecution in Mecca. The Umma "community" of Muhammad's teachings was persevered here.

Constantine

The city was designed by Byzantine, it was the site of a new capital. Fell to the Ottoman Turks

Homefront

The civil population and activities of nations actively involved or preparing for war; government often took over private businesses and forced an increase in the draft age range

Bushido

The code of the Samurai

Taxation without representation

The colonists slogan for rebellion in response to Britain's new taxes and laws

Caste System

The concept of a hierarchical division of society that placed each individual within a ritual framework that defined the person's occupation and status within the broader community: Brahmins (Mouth, speak to the gods), Kshatriya (Arms, warriors), Vaisyas (Thighs, made money), Sudras (feet, farmers)

Samsara

The constant cycle of birth and rebirth believed in Hinduism

Vedas

The earliest Aryan collection of religious and literary works, composed of numerous songs and poems; written in Sanskrit; spurred what is known as the Vedic age, the period in Indian history during which these books were composed

Scientific Revolution

The emergence of modern science in early modern times

Columbian Exchange

The exchange that took place ager Columbus' explorations; smallpox spread; wheat in the Americas; maize/potatoes/beans/tomatoes

Nirvana

The final goal of Buddhism, a state in which lacks suffering, desire, and sense of self. It is a released form, when karma and the cycle of life no longer exist.

Afrikaners

The first European settlers of South Africa

Sargon of Akkad

The first person to create an empire; he was the first king of Mesopotamia. He set the standards for all kings to follow

Cuneiform

The first written language used by the Sumerians. Uses ideographs and pictographs to convey messages

tetrachs

The four officials under Diocletian who helped rule the administrative empires. After splitting the empire into two administrative halves. Each was ruled by one co emperor and a powerful lieutenant.

Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite

The goals of the National Assembly as they reconfigured France; the saying that became associated with the rebellion

Mandate of Heaven

The god given right rule, began in the Zhou dynasty and was used to get rid of the Shang dynasty. People told the Shang dynasty that they only conquered the Xia dynasty because they lost the Mandate of Heaven

The First Republic

The government during the French Revolution, it was founded in 1792

The Trail of Tears

The harrowing 800 mile migration from eastern woodlands to Oklahoma made by the Cherokee Indians that caused thousands to die from disease, starvation, and the difficulties of relocation

Encomenderos

The holder of an encomienda grant.

Predestination

The idea in Protestant philosophy that God knows who is going to Heaven before they are even born.

Manifest Destiny

The idea that the United States was destined to to expand across the North American continent from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific and beyond

Paper Money

The ilkhanate tried to solve their financial difficulties by introducing paper money and requiring all subjects to accept it as payment for debts. The goal was to bring precious metals into hands of government but plan failed. Caused merchants to close their shops instead of accepting it. Caused commerce to come to a stop

Sharia

The islamic holy law, drawn up by theologians from the Quran and accounts of Muhammad's life.

Serfdom

The key to Russian reform was the emancipation of this large institution. Many had grown opposed to this and many believed it had become an obstacle to economic development

Romanov Dynasty

The last imperial dynasty to rule over Russia. During the reign of this dynasty, Russia grew to be considerably powerful

Sasanid Empire

The last of the persian empires (224-651 CE) who worked to recreate a time like the Achaemenid Empire

Tula

The main site of Toltec culture. It was a center of weaving, pottery, and obsidian craft. It also ended abruptly after civil conflict between ethnic groups.

Shamanism

The mongols native religion which focused on magical elements

Li Bo

The most popular poet of the Tang/Song dynasties, he wrote poems about common Chinese social life

Persepolis

The new capital city of the Achaemenid Empire. It was home to reception halls, royal residencies, and a treasury.

Cohongs

The only specifically licensed Chinese firms that foreign merchants could deal with

8-fold path

The path in which Buddhists follow to reach Nirvana. This path includes the sections of having Right View, Right Intention, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Concentration, and Right Mindfulness. It is said by Sidhartha that one who follows this is able to reach Nirvana

The Middle Ages

The period between the fall of Rome until the Renaissance

New Kingdom

The period in Egypt between 1550 and 1070 B.C. In this period, Egypt had much of a drive for expansion. Much conflict resulted with this as a negative consequence

Middle Kingdom

The period in Egypt between 2030 and 1640 B.C. In this period, there was military threat, especially from the Hyksos, and Egypt advanced as they did in order to drive them out

Old Kingdom

The period in Egypt between 2649 and 2150 B.C. In this period, the first continuous peak of civilization in Egypt was attained. Many famous structures were built in this time, as well as famous pharaohs who ruled

Battle of Marathon

The pivotal battle during Xerxes' first invasion of Greece that led Greece's successful repulsion of the Persians

Qanat

The plumbing system of the Persian Empire that worked by gravity

Leo III

The pope who crowned Charlemagne as the "Holy Roman Emperor;" instituted iconoclasm; reigned from 717-741 C.E.

Serfdom in Russia

The practice of using serfs to do the work for the nobles, used in Russia

Patricians

The privileged class in Rome. The opposite of a Pleb. The Senate consisted of mostly patricians as members.

The National Assembly

The proclaimed name of the Third Estate after they seceded from France

Act of Supremacy

The proclamation that gave King Henry VIII the right to be the head of the Anglican Church

Mehmed V Rashid

The puppet sultan established by The Young Turks after dethroning Abdül Hamid

Sultan Selim III

The reform-minded Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807. The Janissaries eventually deposed and imprisoned him. He was killed by a group of assassins subsequently after a Janissary revolt

Third Estate

The rest of the French population ~24 million serfs, free peasants, laborers, artisans, shopkeepers, physicians, bankers, and attorneys

Siddhartha Gautama

The sage in which Buddhism teachings were founded from. Buddhism- A nontheistic religion or philosophy founded off of the life of Siddhartha Gautama, or the Buddha

Metallurgy

The science of making and purifying metals

Han Dynasty

The second imperial dynasty of China founded by the leader Liu Bang, preceded by the Qin dynasty (221-207 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220-280 AD)

Han Wudi

The seventh emperor of the Han dynasty, whose reign lasted 54 years. His reign resulted in territorial expansion, development of a strong and centralized state due to his governmental reorganization, and his promotion of Confucian doctrines

Abd al-Hamid II

The sultan installed by The Young Turks whom accepted a constitution that limited his authority and established a representative government. Within a year, he suspended this constitution and dissolved parliament

Brahman

The supreme existence or absolute reality in the Upanishads; idea that Upanishads taught, suggesting that each person participates in a larger cosmic order and forms a small part of a universal soul; an eternal, unchanging, permanent foundation for all things that exist

Scramble for Africa

The term used to describe the period where many European countries were rushing to colonize africa

Parthian Empire

The third of the Persian dynasties, this empire was founded when semi-nomadic invaders from Central Asia captured Iran and Mesopotamia. They retained much of their steppe traditions, including decentralized rule and skillful battle strategy. They overthrew the Seleucids, and portrayed themselves as the enemy of the former dynasty. They soon adopted many Achaemenid governing techniques but retained the steppe focus on clan leaders. They founded a new capital at the Euphrates river called Ctesiphon. Lastly, they fell to internal rebellion after being externally pressured by the Romans

Vardhamma Mahavira

The twenty-fourth and last tirthankara of Jainism. Was born into a royal family, ended up as a spiritual figure in Jainism

Muhammad Ali

The victor of the fight for power over Egypt after Napoleon's attempted invasion. He built a powerful army modeled on European forces and ruled Egypt from 1805-1848

Hunting and gathering

The way of life before the development of agriculture. Societies moved around following animal migration and finding new plants to pick fruits, berries, and vegetables from

Women's roles

The women have more opportunities; they are able to be a merchant, rule the village, and are able to participate in warfare. In Africa, the impact of Islam did not affect women's rights as harshly as it affected Persia. Women still had a lot of rights even after the conversion to Islam

Divine Right

Theory that held that kings derived their authority from God and served as "god's lieutenants on earth

Italian states

There was no single regime for control, but the papal states provided the most jurisdiction and influence. Power was originally within the hands of the pope, but that faltered, struggles between the political and religious leaders. For instance, lay classes took power eventually

Elect

These are strict followers of Manichaeism who lived an ascetic lifestyle with strict morals.

Persians

These people originated from Iran. They established the Persian Royal Road as means of communicating. They also organized a courier service. They built qanats, underground canals. They fell when Xerxe's people rebelled, and they lost the Persian Wars.

Protests

These revolutionary movements occurred when peasants were discontent with little or no land and others sought out a more socialist system in keeping with Russian cultural traditions

Diviners

They are a group of people who are said to have powers to communicate with the spirits.They were revered because they were able to stop bad things from happening to the villages

The French Revolution

They repudiated existing society, often referred to as the anciens regime, and sought to replace it with new political, social, and cultural structures. After a financial crisis and high taxes the people rebelled under the leadership of Robespierre.

Latins

They were ancient Italic people who were located in central Italy. Their language, Latin, was spread throughout the Roman Empire as the official language.

Delhi Sultanate

They were the Islamic rule in northern India started by Mahmud of Ghazni. With ambitions of conquering all of india, they had a large army but failed to fulfill that goal

Vishnu and Shiva

They were two of the most important deities in the Hindu pantheon

Darius

Third emperor of the Achaemenid Empire. He expanded from the Indus to Aegean & the Armenia to the Nile. He replaced tribute systems with tax levies .

Achaemenid Empire

This Empire was established by Cyrus. It was divided into satrapies ruled by satraps. It was ruled by Cyrus and Darius. It's capital was Persepolis.

Tsar Alexander II

This Russian leader signed the Treaty of Paris in 1856, ending the Crimean War. He also abolished serfdom in all of the Russian Empire

Hong Kong

This country near China played a big role in the foreign influences on China that were present during the Reformation era. Ceded to Britain at conclusion of Opium War by Treaty of Nanjing

The Chinese Empire

This empire was in a weakened state after suffering from European defeats on Qing forces. The Chinese leaders had to accept treaties, setting the stage for economic exploitation and the inability to deal with domestic order.

Heliocentric universe

This is a correct theory, which states that the sun is the center of the universe

Mahmud II

This ruler's reign is recognized for the extensive administrative, military, and fiscal reforms that he instituted along Western European lines, which culminated into the Tanzimat Era; reforms included abolishment of the Janissaries

Geocentric universe

This was a common, incorrect theory which states that the earth is the center of the universe

Punic Wars

Three wars fought between Rome and Carthage. First was for Sicily, second Hannibal crossed Alps with elephants, third Rome burned Carthage to ground then salted earth

Ottoman Turks

Took over Constantine and renamed it Istanbul

Assyrians

Took over Mesopotamia by using a brutal, vicious army. Ashur was their great god and king and said that as long as conquest continued the world will not end. Spread this saying through propaganda on monuments and readings. Empire came to an end when they lost to a mixture of Babylonians, Chaldeans, and Persians

Napoleon

Took power with coup d'etat. Amazing general, conquered most of Europe. He failed in Russia during the winter. lost Battle of Leipzig and Waterloo. After failed invasion of Russia forced to abdicate and was exiled to Elba where he escaped and returned for 100 days before losing at Waterloo and being exiled again to an Atlantic island of St. Helena where he died

Manila

Trade port city for Spanish silk trade; a lot of Chinese merchants; pressure Roman Catholicism

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty between Mexico and the U.S. that ended the Mexican-American War; Favored U.S. in land acquirement

Anschluss

Union between Germany and Austria, forbidden after WW1

VOC

United East India Company; private merchants fund for profitable trade; owned by enterprises

Bogomils

Viewed the world as a site of unrelenting, cosmic struggle between the forces of good and evil

Ramanuja

Vishnu devotee, S. Indian Brahmin Philosopher, Personal Union better than logic.

Italy's objectives/people who pushed for them

Vittorio Orlando, wanted land

Aurangzeb

Waged relentless campaign to push Mughal authority into southern India. Large conflict between Hindu and Islam since he imposed tax on Hindus and demolished their temples.

Pan-Serbian Nationalism

Wanting a unified Serbian state

The Russo-Japanese War

War between Russia and Japan. Nicholas II was the leader of Russia. Both were fighting over Korea and Manchuria. Japan won.

Tamerlane

Warlord from Samarkand. Had a limp. similar story to Genghis Khan, based government on Genghis, conquered Persia and Afghanistan sacked Delhi did not build lasting state fell apart after death

Urban II

Warned Western Europe that Muslim Turks were threatening borders; at the Council of Clermont in 1096, urged Europeans to reclaim the Holy Land in the name of the Lord; began the crusades

Roman Catholic vs. Eastern Orthodoxy

Western Europe was Roman Catholic and Byzantine was Eastern Orthodox. Tension between the two because of different views on how the services or rituals should be held. Split in RC and EO; because Byzantine Patriarchs (EO) fought Roman Popes (RC) and this strained relations causing the church to split into two. then they excommunicated eachother.

Queen Nzinga

Was a female, but often referred to as a male because of her male warrior descent. Cross-dressed and preferred to be called a king. Aimed to expel the Portuguese and the Dutch from territory, and expand control. Failed after Portuguese persevered

Fabian Fucan

Was a supporter of Buddhism and rejected and went against Christianity.

Angola (Ndongo)

Was originally the Kingdom of Ndongo, but the Portuguese referred to them as this because of their title for emperor. Originally allied by non-natives because of slave trade involvement, but eventually established as official settlement

Otto I

Was proclaimed emperor in 962, the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire, and was aggressive in extending influence beyond his own jurisdiction

Song Dynasty

Was relentlessly attacked by Mongols until capital at Hangzhou fell; within three years Khubilai had eliminated all resistance and established Yuan Dynasty

Abu al-Abbas

Was the chief leader of the rebellion. He was a Sunni Arab, but allied with the Shia. There was a huge battle and then invited them to a banquet where he killed off the Umayyads. Then he founded the Abbasid dynasty.

The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

Were crucial in the development of ancient Mesopotamia; unpredictable flooding

Lateen sails

Were maneuverable and could catch winds from the side as well as from behind

Khan

Were military rulers of the turks, who used a large cavalry and skilled archers for combat

Catherine the Great

Wife of Peter I, queen of Russia who was obsessed with the Russian Orthodox church; promoted economic development; worked to improve conditions of peasantry; social reforms met resistance

British Hegemony

Win in the 7 Year's War placed Britain in position to dominate world trade and create British empire

Status of Islamic women

Women in Islam are guided by primary Islamic sources of personal law, namely the Quran. Islamic law and customs restrict some parts of a woman's life, including her education, employment, rights to inheritance, dress, age of marriage, and divorce. Polygamy for men was also allowed in Islam.

Self-Determination

Woodrow Wilson promoted and thought key to national peace of cooperation; often pushed aside for security reasons or because it was impossible to draw state lines without separating one group of nationalist

Jesuits

Worked to strengthen the Roman Catholic Christianity in Europe and spread RCC to other countries; founder of the Jesuit mission in China was Matteo Ricci; dazzled their Chinese hosts with European science, technology, and mechanical gadgetry

Indentured labor

Workers were free, but needed money, so they worked. They signed a contract where they had to work for 5 years, but were promised free shelter. The working conditions were not that great though.

Ramayana

Written around 100 BC, and talks about Indian concepts of the ideal warrior/ruler

The Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen

Written by Olympe de Gouges, claimed same rights for women that men got from the revolution

Wilfred Owen

Wrote "Dulce et Decorum Est," said it wasn't sweet and noble to die for ones country

Alfred Dreyfus

a Jewish army officer; convicted on spying for Germany in 1894; was innocent and had his guilty order reversed on appeal; was focus of bitter debates about trustworthiness of Jews in French society

Theodor Herzl

a Jewish journalism during Dreyfus trial; observed mobs shouting "Death to the Jews;" concluded that anti-Semitism was a persistent feature of human society that assimilation couldn't solve

Martin Luther

a Protestant reformer who resisted Catholic church hierarchy and promoted that the Bible was the only authority in Christian religion; followers were extremely prominent in Germany

Cortes

a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century.

Prague Spring

a brief period of liberalization in Czechoslovakia, ending in August 1968, during which a program of political, economic, and cultural reform was initiated.

Robert Owen

a businessman who strived to help the people who were working for him. He showed that you can be a good and kind employer and make a profit.

Agora

a central gathering place in Athens and was the center many activities in the city

Fatehpur Sikri

a city planned and constructed by Akbar and served as capital. commemorated conquest of prosperous commercial province of Gujarat.

The Berlin West Africa Conference

a conference spurred by European tensions that came up with a set of rules for African colonization. It included numerous European countries, the United States, and Japan. The conference sook the extension of civilization and Christianity throughout Africa and worked to stimulate African trade and the abolition of African slavery. Any colony also needed to prove their claim to the land by keeping it stocked with troops.

Bernardo O'Higgins

a creole leader who led a rebellion in chile against the spanish. Teamed up with Bolivar and San Martin.

Garibaldi

a dashing soldier of fortune and a passionate nationalist; led unification movement of southern Italy; met King Vittore Emmanuele near Naples and delivered southern Italy to him; not ambitious enough to rule

The Final Solution

a euphemism used by the Nazis to refer to their plan for the annihilation of the Jewish people

Spanish Inquisition

a force founded by Ferdinand and Isabel in Spain that investigated cases of heresy; looked for Protestants later on

Cartels

a form of horizontal business where the competitors are bought and become part of the large company

Trusts

a form of vertical organization where a business tries to completely out do the competition, therefore controlling the industry

Birth control

a form of voluntary birth. It lead to declining fertility

Belisarius

a general in the Byzantine Empire who helped Justinian reconquer the mediterranean basin

The Corporation

a group of people/investors who control a company

Harsha

a king who briefly reestablished a unified, centralized rule; he had a reputation of piety, liberality, and scholarship. Harsha was a Buddhist, but accepted many religions in his state.

Hippodrome

a large stadium adjacent to the imperial palace, where Byzantine subjects watched chariot races, athletic matches, contests between wild animals, and circuses featuring acts by clowns, jugglers, acrobats, and dwarfs

Civil Rights Movement

a mass popular movement to secure for African Americans equal access to and opportunities for the basic privileges and rights of U.S. citizenship. Although the roots of the movement go back to the 19th century, it peaked in the 1950s and 1960s.

Viet Cong

a member of the communist guerrilla movement in Vietnam that fought the South Vietnamese government forces

Warsaw Pact

a military alliance of seven communist European nations

Shogun

a military governor who ruled in place of the emperor in Japan

Quipu

a mnemonic aid involving a variety of different ribbons used throughout the Incan empire which allowed them to keep track of their responsibilities.

PEMEX

a national oil company in control of Mexico's petroleum products

Jomo Kenyatta

a nationalist leader that was jailed by the British in 1953.

Miguel de Hidalgo

a parish priest that led a rebellion in Mexico against the Spanish; some view his rebellion as social/economic warfare by the masses against the elite; executed by creoles; became a symbol of MX independence

Thomas Malthus

a philosopher, who was influential in political economy, he believed that population would one day out grow resources

United Fruit Company

a private enterprise controlled mainly by US investors; dominated Guatemala's economy with bananas

Samurai

a professional warrior who served Japan's provincial lords; followed the Bushido Code

Charlemagne

a ruler in the carolingian dynasty (high point under him), expanded the empire, and created a centralized government, Pope Leo III proclaimed him to be emperor in 800 (which caused strains with the byzantine empire)

Odovacer

a soldier, and became the first King of Italy, and his reign is considered the end of the Western Roman Empire

Bob Marley-Get up Stand UP

a song written about standing up for your rights

The Cold War

a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc and powers in the Eastern Bloc.

Vietnamization

a strategy of turning the war over to the South Vietnamese

Tripartite Pact

a ten-year military and economic pact signed in September 1940 by Germany and Italy that aligned themselves with Japan

Treaty of Waitangi

a treaty that the British forced the Maori to sign. It theoretically gave the Maori British protection but practically turned them into a British colony.

South African War (Boer War)

a war fought between the Dutch Boers and their British overlords in South Africa after a new wave of British immigrants The British won and unified the four Boer states as well as imposed more laws on them.

Yom Kippur War

a war that began on Yom Kippur in 1973 with the attack of Israel by Egypt, Syria, and Iraq: Israel recovered most of its initial losses.

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

acted harshly and experimented with various economic strategies that decreased/increased Mexico's reliance on foreign markets and capital

Lebensraum

additional territory considered by a nation, especially Nazi Germany, to be necessary for national survival or for the expansion of trade

Cuzco

administrative, religious, and ceremonial center of Inca Empire. This city was the retirement place of the famous ruler Pachacuti

Pueblo

agriculture society located in American southwest; peoples tapped rivers to irrigate maize crops; cultivated beans, squashes, and sunflowers; ate wild plants and small game; constructed permanent stone and adobe buildings

FLN

aka National Liberation Front, adopted tactics similar to those of nationalist liberation groups in asia, relying on bases in outlying mountainous areas and resorting to guerilla warfare

NLF

aka National Liberation Front, formed by Vietnamese nationalists in 1960 to fight for freedom from South Vietnamese rule.

Truman Doctrine

an American foreign policy created to counter Soviet geopolitical hegemony during the Cold War. It was first announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947

Rudyard Kipling

an English short-story writer, poet, and novelist who defined the "white man's burden" as the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands

Christopher Colombus

an Italian explorer; rejected by Portuguese ruler to sail to the new land; Ferdinand and Isabella approved his voyage, and he found the new land, America

Joseph McCarthy

an Republic Senator for the state of Wisconsin who made claims that Communist spies were in the U.S Federal Government

Hajj

an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all Muslims who are physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey.

Estates General

an assembly that represented the french population through groups called estates, or three political classes.

Acropolis

an elevated fortress overlooking Athens

Silk Roads

an extensive network of trade routes that linked much of Eurasia and North Africa; greatly expanded the scope of long distance trade

Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere

an imperial propaganda concept created and promoted for occupied Asian populations It promoted the cultural and economic unity of the Asians and Oceanians.

Tupac Amaru rebellion

an uprising of native and mestizo peasants against reforms in the Spanish Viceroyalty

Incas

ancient Mexican civilizations that settles in the region of Lake Titicaca

Navajo

another agriculture society in American southwest (like Pueblo); irrigated crops of maize; cultivated vegetables; ate wild plants and small game; built stone and adobe buildings

President Reagan

anti-communist, came to presidency in 1981, abandoned and reversed Carter's policies, halted aid to Nicaragua and economically boycotted it.

Rhineland

area of land between France and Germany that caused many tensions, Germany was forced to demilitarize it after WW1 ended

Muhammad

at the age of 6, lost parents and grandfather and uncle cared and provided him education, worked for Khadija, soon to be his wife around 595 C.E., established himself as a merchant at 30, went through enlightenment by the angel Gabriel; The Prophet of Islam, regarded as the "Seal of the Prophets," or final prophet. Restored the words of Allah as have been distorted before by others.

F.W. de Klerk

became president of South Africa in 1989, alongside the National party he began to dismantle the Apartheid system, released Mandela from jail, created a new constitution and held elections open to everyone in 1994

Retreat at Dunkirk

before the fall of france, the british engineered this trying to rescue some allied troops but it couldn't hide the failure of the allied troops

Algerian War of Liberation

began in 1954 under the command of the National Liberation Front. The war was very ugly with algerians killing algerians fighting for the other side. By the end of the war in 1962, when the algerians finally gained their independence, hundreds of thousands of algerians had died.

Creoles (Criollos)

born in america of Iberian Parents, second in society

38th parallel

boundary in between the Koreas that evenly separated the two by law (disrespected by NK but SK came back and conquered past line; china stepped in and push SK back down past 38th parallel)

Istanbul

bustling prosperous ottoman city. Topkapi palace was at center and housed government offices. Sultan Suleyman the magnificent built a vast religious complex called the Suleymaniye.

Afrikaner National Party

came to power in 1948, dedicated to quashing any move toward black independence, instituted new set of laws designed to control the resistive black population

Eunichs

castrated males who played an important role in the Chinese bureaucracy since they couldn't start a family (no nuts)

Silver mining

centralized on a thin population in North Mexico and Central Andes.

Ali i nui

classes of high chiefs in Hawai`i that could intermarry, eat the best fish, and had the right to wear magnificent cloaks

Peninsulares

colonial officials from Spain or Portugal that governed the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in America. The group that the Creoles wanted to displace.

Types of Imperialism

colony, protectorate, sphere of influence, and economic imperialism

Afonso d'Alboquerque

commander of Portuguese forces in the Indian Ocean during the early 16th century; established the policy of ships purchasing safe conduct passes at Portuguese trading post

Mao Zedong

communist dictator in China

Fidel Castro

communist dictator in Cuba, USSR supported him, allowed USSR to set up nuclear missiles in Cuba

Dhimmi

communities of non muslims who paid a jizya and maintained personal freedoms. Means protected peoples

Kilwa

community in Eastern Africa that stretched the entire length of the Swahili Coast, these people used copper coins to facilitate economic transactions and practiced Islam

Space Race

competition between two Cold War rivals, the USSR and the US for supremacy in spaceflight capability, the USSR was winning at the beginning which was very devastating to the US moral

Appeasement

conceding to the demands of Hitler in an attempt to prevent another world war

Trojan War

conflict between the Mycenaeans and the city of Troy and it coincided with the invasions of foreign mariners in Mycenaean lands. Homer recalled it with a Greek Perspective in the Iliad.

Kangxi

confucian scholar and enlightened ruler. Organized flood-control and irrigation projects, also a conqueror and projected Chinese influence in Cent. Asia

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

conservative president of Iran; touted Iran's nuclear project and his antipathy to the state of Israel which increased his status

Ayatollah Khanenei

conservative supreme leader of iran

Security Council

created by the united nations and it was responsible for maintaining international peace.

United Nations

created in October 1945, it was a supranational organization dedicated to keeping world peace and security.

Julius Caesar

credited with ending the republic. Crossed Danube river with army part of first triumvirate with Crassus and Pompey other two died Caesar took power. Also he conquered Gaul.

Sugarcane

crop spread to Europe by the Muslims

Dependency Theory

developed industrial nations dominated international economy and profited at the expense of less developed industrialized nations burdened with the export oriented unbalance economies that were a legacy of colonialism

Henry Bessemer

developed the Bessemer process which produced steel sharply and in large quantities

Luddites

disgruntled English handicraft workers destroyed textile machines and were influenced by King Lud, or Ludlam, who broke a knitting frame to spite his father. Wore masks and worked at night; they were popular because they didn't harm people. Movement died out after 14 were hanged

Masaccio

early major painter of the Renaissance Era; used linear perspective in his works

Causes of Imperialism

economic causes were that lands were reliable source of raw materials and colonies would consume manufactured products and provide haven for migrants. Political motives were that some colonies were strategically located on world's sea lanes and European politicians diffused social tension be focusing on foreign imperial ventures.

Juan Peron

elected president in Argentina, nationalist militarist with regime garnering immense popularity because of his appeal to downtrodden Argentines

Richard Nixon

entered politics on basis of service in WWII and belief of anticommunism

Great Leap Forward or "giant Step Backward"

envisioned as a way to overtake the industrial production of more developed nations, worked to collectivize all land and to manage all business and industrial enterprises collectively, failed epicly, farmers didn't meet quotas, deadly famines b/c of bad harvests, Mao ordered peasants to kill millions of sparrows which allowed insects to eat the remaining crops

Suez Crisis

erupted in 1956 when Nasser decided to nationalize the canal and use the money collected from the canal to finance construction of a massive dam of the Nile river at Aswan.

Edict of Milan

establish toleration for Christianity in Rome

Triple Alliance

formed between three city-states that eventually turned into the Aztecs. Main reason was to gain tribute. Other city states were Texcoco and Tlacopan

African National Congress

formed in 1912, gained leaders such as Mandela, published its Freedom Charter in 1955 that proclaimed the ideal of multiracial democratic rule for South Africa, faced severe repression

Timbuktu

founded in 1100 CE as a seasonal camp for caravan traders; under Mansa Musa and his successors, city emerged as major intellectual and cultural center in West Africa; became site of schools of law, literature, and sciences

Hongwu

founder of the Ming Dynasty, drove Mongols out and built a tightly centralized state. Made extensive use of mandarins and placed trust in Eunuchs.

Metis

french fur traders with native women

Frantz Fanon

gained fame as an Algerian revolutionary and as an influential proponent of national liberation for colonial peoples through violent revolution.

Charles Fourier

he despised the market system and wanted social transformations. He planned communities held together by love not necessity

Macedon

he state north of Greece of which Alexander the Great became ruler. They were largely considered as inferior to the Classical Greeks, but after the crippling Peloponnesian War between the Delian league of Athens and the Peloponnesian league of Sparta, they moved in to conquer all of Greece except Sparta under Philip II. After his death, Philip II's son, Alexander the Great, moved against the Achaemenid Persians and many other contemporary civilizations, consolidating them under a single rule

The Catholic Church

head of christianity sect centered in rome

Agriculture Technology

heavy plows, water mills, horse collar

Qianlong

height of Qing Dynasty, during reign imperial treasury bulged so much on 4 occasions he cancelled tax collections.

Munich Conference

held in September 1938, consolidated the policy that was known as appeasement. They gave into Hitler's demands in order to keep the peace. Failed because Hitler refused to be bound by them.

Shah Reza Pahlavi

helped gain power by CIA; during his reign Islamist influences penetrated Iran

King Farouk

his Egyptian monarchy was ended by Nasser and other officials when they staged a bloodless coup in 1952.

King Wilhelm I

in 1871 proclaimed himself emperor of the Second Reich (2nd German empire) which encompasses all German speaking peoples outside Austria and Switzerland; his prime minister was Otto von Bismarck

Conquest of Sind

in 711 CE. An organized invasion of Sind by Umayyad Muslims. The territory passed into Abbasid hands, but was beyond the extent of their effective rule. The Hindus eventually reasserted themselves after frequent infighting among the Arabs. Most of the population remained Hindu, Buddhist or Parsee

Melaka

in land by the sea in SE Asia; rebellious prince; power from trade; were Hindu but became Islamic; stimulated growth of Islam in SE Asia; had a lot of pirates

Israel

independent state created in May 1948 by the Jews in Palestine

Lend-Lease program

initiated in 1941, the U.S. "lent" destroyers and other war goods to the british in return for the lease of naval bases.

The Son of Heaven

is the emperor who ruled China from the Forbidden city. He is thought to be all powerful.

Nirvana

is the highest state that someone can attain, a state of enlightenment

Berlin Wall

it stemmed the flow of refugees, though at the cost of shaming a regime that obviously lacked legitimacy among its own people. Split Berlin into east and west

Thermopylae

it was a battle where 300 spartans and their king with 1000 of other greeks held off the vastly more populated Persians for 3 days. It was a key battle in the Persian war, and they held off the Persians to allow the citizens of Athens to evacuate.

Battle of Salamis

it was a naval battle that was the decisive battle of the Persian war where Greece's navy utterly destroyed Persians by creating a choke point in which they could destroy the Persian ships one at a time. It ended the Persian wars.

Augusto Cesar Sandino

led a guerilla movement aimed at ending IS interference in Nicaragua and his sons- controlled Nicaraguan politics for more than 40 years aided by US support

Oliver Cromwell

led parliament in the English civil war, he captured and beheaded Charles I; became a dictator so was overthrown by Parliament

Gulf War

led to a decisive military defeat for Iraq at the hands of an international coalition led by US

Ho Chi Minh

led vietnam resistance forces and mounted a campaign of guerilla warfare.

Sakk

letters of credit that were common in the medieval islamic banking world

Vichy Government

located in central France, provided a prominent place for French willing to collaborate with German rule

Feudalism

lords provided grants of land to their retainers in exchange for loyalty and military service

Humanists

loved the art of human nature; often portrayed in art (human form and human emotion)

The Qing Dynasty

manchus, a group of pastoral nomads, founded this dynasty. They expanded their territory throughout East asia. They created a time of peace and prosperity. They had a social classes built of off not mixing with the Chinese population. Their government was ruled by and emperor, but confucian scholars had lots of power.

Justinian and Theodora

married and ruled 527-565CE; rebuilt the Hagia Sophia and Constantinople

Council of Trent

meeting Catholic church officials where they discussed reform, beginning of catholic counter reformation; banned indulgences to name one

Zhang Quian

merchant; ventured from China as far west as Bactria

Sufis

missionaries devoted to allah (so do not necessarily follow all rules of the qu'ran) asetic lives, and lead to lots of converts

Mestizo

mixed between portuguese and indigenous women

Zambos

mixed with indigenous and african parents

John of Montecorvino

most active Italian missionary in the efforts to convert the Mongols and the Chinese to Christianity; translated the bible into turkish; Baptized around 6,000 people

Zhu Xi

most important representative of Song neo-confucianism (philosopher, wrote about nature and reality; most important confucian philosopher who wrote Family Rituals

Zionism

movement to create a Jewish homeland

Uighurs

nomadic tribes hired by the Tang to get rid of the An Lushan revolt. Their only condition was that they got to sack Chang'an and Luoyang after defeating the An Lushan rebels.

MAD

mutually assured destruction, if the US fired on the USSR both would be destroyed

Octavian (Augustus)

nephew of Caesar, became first emperor part of second triumvirate killed other two.

American Food Crops

new crops, easy to grow, and were high in calories that allowed for a population increases.

Nelson Mandela

new leader of the ANC, captured by the ANP in 1963 along with other ANC leaders, sentenced to life in prison, freed by F.W. de Klerk in 1990, worked to negotiate end to white minority rule, became 1st black president of South Africa

Nuremburg Trials

occurred after WW2 ended, the court trials that dealt with the sentencing and punishment of Nazi officials

Urbanization

occurs when large groups of people begin to congregate somewhere to work. An example of this is when people begin to move from the countryside to cities

Witch Hunting

offered an explanation for bad things that happened in the world; thousands killed

Ihara Saikaku

one of Japan's most prolific poets; helped create a new genre of prose literature (the "books of the floating world"); books surround the theme of love

Kikuyu

one of Kenya's largest ethnic group, their radicalism and violence had much more to do with nationalist opposition to British colonial rule, especially land policies in Kenya.

Brown vs. Board of Education

one of the biggest supreme court cases in education, step towards equal education, ruled that racially divided schools were inherently unequal

Pitosi

one of the highest cities in the world by elevation; lies at the foot of the Cerro de Potosí (Cerro Rico), a mountain popularly conceived of as being "made of" silver ore; major supply of silver for Spain

Ming Dynasty

one of the most powerful Chinese dynasties that played an important role in Indian Ocean trade. Had a large exploratory fleet that traveled the known world in search of riches.

President Lyndon Johnson

ordered bombing campaign on N. Vietnam and sent US ground troops to augment S. Vietnamese army

Association of Women Concerned about National Crisis or later AMNLAE

organization established by nicaragua women that had over 80,000 members that encouraged suffrage.

Manorial system

organized estates of aristocracy and made feudalism possible

Kingdom of Axum

originally a small kingdom. It maintained independence and the Christian religion. It's most prominent port was Adulis

Manchus

overan Ming dynasty and started the Qing dynasty, pastoral nomads run by chieftan Nurhaci who unified them into a centralized state.

Rockefeller

owned Standard Oil which had a monopoly of the oil industry by outdoing the competition. Participated in the trusts system

Edmund Cartwright

patented a water-driven power loom/ mechanical weaving without training or experience in either mechanics or textiles

Geneva Conference

peace conference that determined that Vietnam should be temporarily divided at the 17th parallel

Serfs

peasants who were attached to the land that they worked on that was supplied by the lord

Liberalism

people who believed in this took change as normal, Wanted change to be managed in the best interests of society and believed voting was more of a privilege than a right

Nomads of Australia

peoples who maintained nomadic foraging societies and traded small scale, which enabled trade goods to spread throughout most of Australia. These people's cultures did not spread much beyond the regions inhabited by individual societies.

Catholic Counter Reformation

period of Catholic resurgence beginning with the Council of Trent

Little Ice Age

period of cooler temperatures that lasted for around 500 years. Caused agricultural difficulties

Voltaire

philosopher who advocated individual freedom and attacked any institution supporting oppressive policies, such as the French monarchy and the Roman Catholic church; battle cry was écrasez l'infame ("crush the damned thing")

Tang Dynasty

preceded by the Sui Dynasty, this dynasty's high point was when Tang Taizong was the ruler. They had confucian rule and were afraid of the growing Buddhism.

Saddam Hussein

president of Iraq and launched attacks on Iran in 1980

JFK

president of the US during the Cuban Missile Crisis

Winston Churchill

prime minister of Great Britain during WW2, suggested that the Allies attack the Ottomans, suspended home rule in India

Cavour

prime minister to King Vittore Emmanuele II of Piedmont and Sardinia (powerful Italian states); cunning diplomat; expelled Austrian forces from most of northern Italy in 1859

Ivan III

prince of Moscow who declared independence from the Golden Horde

POWs

prisoners of war, both sides had them but the Axis treated theirs very harsh

Benito Mussolini

promised to bring glory to Italy by achieving land that was denied to them after the Great War.

A Vindication of the Rights of Women

published in 1792; written by Mary Wollstonecraft; argued that women possessed all the right that Locke had granted to men; women had the right to be educated

Marshall Plan

rebuild European economies through cooperation and capitalism, forestalling communist or Soviet influence in the devastated nations of Europe. Also known as The European Recovery Program

Reconquista

recapturing of the Iberian peninsula by the Spanish from the Muslims; Ferdinand and Isabella completed it in 1492

Warriors

received extensive land grants as well as tribute from commoners for their support; the most successful formed a council whose members selected the ruler, discussed public issues, and filled government positions; ate best foods; wore capes, lip plugs, and eagle feathers

President Carter

recognized Sandinistas

Thomas Peters

recruited African settlers in Nova Scotia for colonization of Sierra Leone

Détente

reduction in hostility

De-Stalinization

refers to a process of political reform in the Soviet Union that took place after the death of long-time leader Joseph Stalin in 1953

Iron Curtain

saying created by Winston Churchill, the political, military, and ideological barrier erected by the Soviet Union after World War II to seal off itself and its dependent eastern and central European allies from open contact with the West and other noncommunist areas

Yongle

reigned 1403-1424, launched series of naval expeditions throughout the Indian Ocean basin. 1421 moved the capital of the Ming Dynasty from Nanjing to Beijing.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

reigned 1600-1616; last of chieftains that brought about unification of Japan; established military gvmt known as Bakufu; descendants ruled until end of dynasty in 1867

Donatello

renaissance sculptor from florence

The Factory System

replaced putting-out system, centralized production, created a division of labor

Doctrine of Limited Sovereignty (Brezhnev Doctrine)

reserved the right to invade any socialist country that was deemed to be threatened by internal or external elements "hostile to socialism"

Revisionist Powers

revised/overthrew the terms of the post war piece, confronted nations that were committed to the international system and to the avoidance of another world war (Germany, Japan, Italy)

Yalu River

river in northern Korea, the US advance to this river precipitated the Chinese invasion of North Korea

Montecuzoma II

ruler of Tenochtitlan, reigning from 1502 to 1520. The first contact between indigenous civilizations of Mesoamerica and Europeans took place during his reign, and he was killed during the initial stages of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, when Hernán Cortés and his men fought to escape from the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan.

"Peace For Our Time"

said by Britain's prime minister Neville Chamberlain when he arrived home saying that the Munich meeting had achieved this.

St. Benedict

saint who established a set rule for other monks

Monsoons

seasonal change in the direction of the prevailing, or strongest, winds of a region. Usually associated with the Indian Ocean.

The Kitchen Debate

series of impromptu exchanges (through interpreters) between then U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of the American National Exhibition at Sokolniki Park in Moscow on July 24, 1959.

Helots

servants of the Spartan state and probably outnumbered the Spartan citizens by the sixth century B.C.E.

Munich Accord

settlement reached by Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy that permitted German annexation of the Sudetenland in western Czechoslovakia

Balfour Declaration

some Palestinian land would become a homeland for Jews

Pepin

son of charles martel, father of charlemagne, ruler of the franks

Trade unions

sought to advance the quest for a just and equitable society and struggled to eliminate abuses of early industrial society and improve workers' lives

Nikita Khrushchev

soviet premier, extracted an open pledge from JFK to refrain from attempting to overthrow Castro's regime and a secret deal to remove US missiles from Turkey

Arms race

soviet union and us acquire great amounts of nuclear weapons

The Great Schism

split in the orthodox and catholic church

Steam power

started using steam engines that burned coal to boil water that created steam. They were used in the textile industry which resulted in greater productivity and cheaper prices

Bandung Conference

stressed the struggle against colonialism and racism. "The first international conference of coloured people in the history of mankind". It was the precursor of the broader Nonaligned Movement.

Tribute

system where the triple alliance received food crops and manufactured goods from subject peoples

Kapu

taboo, good food such as fish had this taboo on them for commoners

Jizya

tax on non-muslims

Post-Great War Peace

temporary, peace established by the Treaty of Versailles, League of Nations technically meant to help maintain peace but never did much

Bubonic Plague

terrible plague that ravaged the world and killed tens of millions of people; named after swollen lymph nodes it caused; also knows as black death; caused peasants to revolt and population to decline

Operation Barbarossa

the June invasion of the Soviet Union/ huge invasion force/ brutal winter and soviet's reinforcements hurt Germany,

Dien Bien Phu

the climactic confrontation of the First Indochina War between the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps and Viet Minh communist-nationalist revolutionaries.

Manchuria

the conquest of this area was the first step in the revisionist process of expansionism and aggression for the Japanese

COMECON

the council for mutual economic assistance, supported by democratic governments

Foot Binding

the custom of applying painfully tight binding to the feet of young girls to prevent further growth, represented status, Song Dynasty

African Diaspora

the dispersal of African peoples and their descendants b/c of slave trade

Partition of India

the division of india into separate hindu and muslim states.

Kamakura Shogunate

the first of the two decentralized civilizations that rose during Japan's medieval period. After the equal-field system fell into disuse, aristocratic families began to fight over the Japanese countryside. The Minamoto clan emerged as the most powerful and established the Kamakura shogunate. This shogunate relied mostly on military discipline instead of the older court practices of courtesy and etiquette and was ruled by provincial landlords.

Ngo Dinh Diem

the first president of the Republic of (South) Vietnam.

Explorer I

the first satellite of the United States, launched as part of its participation in the International Geophysical Year.

Laozi (Lao-tse)

the founder of Daoism, who was a sage, and was allegedly known for writing the Daodejing

Battle of Britain

the germans were lead by their air force, the Luftwaffe. They hoped to defeat britain almost solely through air attacks. However britain the royal air forced delayed the defeat which forced Hitler to abandon his plans to invade britain.

India Act of 1935

the gradual trend toward self-rule

Leonardo da Vinci

the ideal Renaissance man who painted, philosophized, and invented

Maori

the indigenous peoples of New Zealand. Sweet potatoes were especially important to them because traditional crops did not flourish in the dry climates of New Zealand.

The Congress of Vienna

the meeting of conservative political leaders to solve the problem France's revolution caused; the powers included Britain, Prussia, Austria, and Russia; attempted to restore pre revolutionary order; Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austrian) was influential foreign minister; dismantled Napoleon's empire, restored European families to their thrones, and created diplomatic order based on balance of power; this balance remained for 100 years then fell apart

Marae

the most distinctive architecture of early Pacific societies, ceremonial precinct and temple structure, these often had several terraced floors with a rock or coral wall designating the boundaries of the sacred space.

Slave trade

the most momentous process that linked Africa to the larger world and source of labor for European peoples and their plantations

Zionism

the movement to establish a home for the Jewish people in Palestine; provoked resentful nationalism among Palestine Arabs displaced by Jewish settlers; started after the Dreyfus trial

James Watt

the one who developed the steam engine, he was also an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow in Scotland

The Franks

the people who invaded Rome and had the carolingian dynasty, very popular because of their conversion to christianity (very influential)

Asia for Asians

the phrase that the Japanese told the other asian nations in order to get them to fight with them against the other nations but they really just wanted to control all of asia.

Anschluss

the political union of Austria and Germany, forbidden after WW1 ended

The Monroe Doctrine

the proclamation given by President James Monroe that declared the Americas to be closed to further European colonization. After the Panama Rebellion, President Roosevelt added the Roosevelt Corollary to the doctrine, giving the U.S. power to intervene in an unstable situation in any Central or South American country.

Islamism

the revival of Islamic values in the political and social sphere.

Jihad

the right and duty to defend Islam and the Islamic community from unjust attack (rationalize and legitimize terrorism)

Demographic transition

the shifting patterns of fertility and mortality

Russian-German Treaty of Nonaggression

the two nations agreed not to attack each other and they promised neutrality in the event that either of them went to war with a third party, Germany broke this pack

The Great Wall

the wall to protect China from northern invaders; started during the Qin

The "November Crime"

the way that Hitler referred to the signing of the 1918 armistice

Sudetenland

the western portion of Czechoslovakia. Inhabited largely by ethnic germans. The french and the british accommodated hitler and allowed germany to incorporate this region because they were not willing to risk war with hitler.

Ferdinand and Isabella

their marriage signified the unitement of Aragon and Castile; completed reconquest of Spain in 1492; sent Columbus on his voyage

Ionian Greeks

they were a group of Greeks that lived in on the Coast of Turkey who were conquered by the Persians but did not accept Persian rule. They revolted and asked the Mycenaean greeks for help, and they received help from Athens. They were put down by the Persians, but the revolt gave the Persians a reason to attack Greece.

Ming dynasty

this dynasty drove out the Mongols, and they restored the chinese traditions and the civil service exams. They rebuilt and extended the great wall. The ming began to decline when eunuchs gained too much power and their government became corrupted. Peasant revolts and famines lead to the Manchus coming in and conquering the chinese.

Allied Powers

this group consisted of Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, Belgium, Japan, Italy, and the U.S.

Axis Powers

this group consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria

Siberia

this place was used due to its fur commodities; some people accepted Russia & some resent the tribute; Yakut Revolt

Buddhism in China

this religion attracted people due to its morality, intellect, and promise of salvation. It also challenged social and cultural traditions due to its emphasis on celibacy. Monasteries that were developed were important to the local economy,

Apartheid

this system asserted white supremacy and institutionalized the racial segregation established in the years before 1948

Equal field system

this system governed the allocation of agricultural land; ensured an equitable distribution of land and avoided the concentration of landed property that had caused social problems during the Han dynasty; system allotted land to individuals and their families according to the land's fertility and the recipient's needs

Ptolemaic Universe

this was Ptolemy's description of the earth being the center of the universe, but it was more accepted than other theories, because it showed a reason as to why the planets did not revolve perfectly around the earth

Joseph Stalin

thought that Britain and France would send German aggression to Russia/ sought peace with Germany

VE Day

victory in Europe day, celebrated on 8 May 1945, signified end of WW2 in Europe but not the entire war

SS Einsatzgruppen

three thousand troops in mobile detachments, created to kill entire populations of Jews and Roma, by spring of 1943 they had killed over one million Jews

Peninsulares

top of society, migrants born in Europe

V-J Day

victory in Japan day, 15 August 1945, the war officially ended 2 weeks later

Triangular Trade

trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that featured finished products from Europe, slaves from Africa and American products bound for Europe.

Inti and Viracocha

traditional Inca gods, one of which represented the Sun as a God and Deity

Tight packers vs. loose packers

two ideologies on how to keep slaves below deck

Franklin Roosevelt

two months after the entry of the U.S. entered the war, he delivered a broadcast explaining the nature of the war. Saying things like "This war is a new kind of war" and "It is warfare in terms of every continent, every island, every sea, every air lane"

Clovis

united all the frankish kingdoms under one rule, the franks

Tang Expansion

used their discovery of fast growing rice, to have more specialization of labor, which allowed their population to expand their population greatly. Also, using their military they expanded to the north, south and the east.

Persian War

was a series of conflicts in Greece between Persia and Greece started over Athens aiding a rebellion in Persia. The first battle was at Marathon in which the Greeks pushed back Persian, and then the Greeks in the battles of Thermopylae and Salamis used superior tactics to defeat the Persians. After this the Greek Golden age began.

Pericles

was the general and leader of Athens during their golden age. He promoted the arts and philosophies during this time; he also foster democracy as Athens' form of government. He was the general during the Peloponnesian War, and he died from the plague that was running rampant in Athens during that time.

Herodotus

was the historian who wrote about the battle of Thermopylae and the Persian wars, and he is one of the first examples of historical biaseness.

Otto von Bismarck

wealthy landowner and prime minister of Prussia; master of Realpolitik; reformed and expanded the Prussian army; provoked 3 wars to whip up German sentiment against enemies

Vassal (retainer)

were given land if they were loyal to their lord

Tiananmen Square

western educated students staged democratic demonstrations in this square, fearing revolutionary movements Deng approved a bloody crackdown, Deng faced hostile world opinion after crushing this

Occupation

when a country is taken over by another, troops from that country often remain behind to ensure control using the military

Evita Peron

wife of Juan Peron, pushed husband's political reforms and ministered to the needs of the poor

Comfort Women

women and girls who were forced into sexual slavery by the Imperial Japanese Army in occupied territories before and during World War II. many were raped up to 20 times a day

Iroquois

woodlands peoples in settled communities east of Mississippi River; five nations emerged from Owasco society: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca; built mounds as stages for ceremonies and rituals

The Life of the Man Who Lived for Love

written by Ihara Saikaku; deatailed the experiences of a townsman who devoted his life to a quest for sexual pleasure

Neville Chamberlain

Britain's prime minister who said that the Munch meeting had created "peace for our time".

Ethiopia

Italy invaded this place, which angered non revisionists because it broke the peace and also because of the excessive use of force against the Ethiopians.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Japanese cities where two atomic bombs were dropped

Japanese Neutrality Pact

Japanese neutrality with Soviet Union

Kamikaze pilots

Japanese pilots that would fly planes into enemy ships killing themselves and hundreds of others at the same time, showed what Japan was willing to sacrifice to win

Rape of Nanjing (Nanking)

Japanese soldiers stormed Nanjing, China and raped 7,000 women, murdered unarmed people, and burned homes.

The People's Republic of China

Mao Zedong's communist government

Korean War

a war between North and South Korea, in which a United Nations force led by the United States of America fought for the South, and China fought for the North, which was also assisted by the Soviet Union (democracy vs. communism)

Battle at Midway

crucial and decisive naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II, turning point in the war in the pacific

Kim II Sing

the supreme leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, commonly referred to as North Korea, for 46 years, from its establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994

Holocaust

the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators