AP World Exam
Ethnic diversity
Blacks in Canada were free but not equal and were segregated from political and cultural mainstream. Chinese migrants moved to Canada in search of gold, and lived in segregated Chinatowns had little voice in public affairs much like blacks in Canada. Conflict between British and French settlers was the most prominent source of ethnic tension
Guru Kabir
Blind Weaver, Famous Bhakti teacher who believed all gods are the same
Armenians
Branded as traitors by the Ottoman Empire gvmt during WW1
Ramses
Brief Egyptian Pharaoh who stabilized Egypt. Born into a noble military family
Meiji Restoration
Brief civil war between bakfu armies and militia units. Militia units won and then the boy emperor Mutsuhito (Meiji) came into power
South Africa
Britain had established a presence here long before the scramble for Africa, but now European people started to gradually move more inland, resulting in conflict
Seven Year's War
British and French fight over Indian Ocean hegemony; Spanish w/ French in Caribbean to limit the British; British & French ally with different Native Americans; British won
Mary Wollstonecraft
British writer, published an influential essay called A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Insited on right of education for women
Mary Wolstencraft
British writer; argued that women possessed the same rights John Locke granted to men; insisted on right of women to education; published essay called A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
Council of Chalcedon
Church council held from october 8 to november 1 in 451 ce at Chalcedon
Carthage
City in modern day Tunisia fought three wars with Rome called punic wars
Devotional cults
Cults who arose over preference of Shiva or Vishnu, created cults around the gods such as the cult of dancing Shiva
Chandra Gupta II
Cultural development of India grew and reached its peak. Chandra Gupta's grandson
Alexander Dubcek
Czech statesman, driving force behind the political reforms of 1968 which prompted the Soviet invasion of Czech and his removal from office
Britain's objectives/people who pushed for them
David Lloyd George, expand empire, make Germany pay for the war
Western Front
Deadlock (there was fighting the entire war but no progress was made)
Abbasid Dynasty
Differed greatly from Umayyad, it was more cosmopolitan (urban). NOT a conquering dynasty
Bubonic plague
Disease that ravaged Europe, China spread over silk road by Mongols caused serious problems for Yuan Dynasty
Peace of Westphalia
Document that ended the 30 years war and stated that all the European states were independent and equal
Desiderius Erasmus
Dutch renaissance humanist / Catholic Priest
Jenne-Jeno
Established by Bantu and became a center of iron production and trade. Located in West Africa
Persian Ilkhanate
Established by Hulegu after he defeated the Abbasid dynasty
Yuan Dynasty
Established by Khubilai Khan after defeating Song Dynasty. He tried to expand this realm but Mongol forces did not adapt well to the humid jungle climates of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Burma
Muromachi Shogunate
Established in 1338 by Ashikaga Takauji, part of the medieval period in Japan; the second of two decentralized civilizations that rose during Japan's medieval period.
The Hague Court of Arbitration
Established in 1889; ineffective b/c it couldn't uphold its decisions
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
Established the first Spanish settlement in the East Indies
UN Resolution 242
Established the principles that were to guide the negotiations for an Arab-Israeli peace settlement. This resolution was a tortuously negotiated compromise between competing proposals
Xiongnu
Eurasian nomads who dominated the Asian Steppe and were considered as a threat to the Chinese. After defeating the previously dominant Yuezhi in the 2nd century BC, the Xiongnu became a dominant power.
Aristotle
European civilizations were already very familiar with Aristotle's work, however, Muslim philosophers translated his work into Arabic so Christian and jewish scholars had to retranslate the works back into Latin.
Imperialism
European domination over subject lands in the larger world
Consequences of Crusades
Exchange of ideas, technologies, and trade. These things included the sharing of Aristotle's work, Islamic science, and "Muslim" numbers.
madrasas
institutes of higher education, by 12th century establishing major cities in Islamic world, rulers supported this
Grand Canal
integrated economies of north and south, built by sui yangdi
Magyars
invaded Carolingian empire, descendants of nomadic peoples who settled in Hungary
Norse Expansion
invaded because on quest for wealth through trade and plundering; expanded from Russia to England;
Kuwait
invaded by Hussein's troops after the Iran-iraq war
Lazaro Cardenas
invoked and applied the reforms guaranteed to Mexicans by the Constitution of 1917
Confucianism Examination system
is a Chinese form of tests that rely on Confucian texts, and people who came out successful through the many tests became leaders of the Chinese government as scholar bureaucrats.
Oligarchy
is a form of government where a small group of the wealthy are in charge of the government, and it was first used in Athens.
Hagia Sophia
it was built as a church, destroyed, rebuilt as a church by Justinian, then became a mosque, and now rests as a museum.
Pope Gregory I
known for his writings and revision of worship Monasticism- monk order
Donation of Pepin
land given from pepin to the pope in Rome, allowed for political order to start again and gave Pepin more power
Cahokia
largest surviving, yet third largest mound structure in western hemisphere before Europeans arrived (near modern-day East St. Louis, IL)
Gamal Abdel Nasser
leader of the Arab world in the 50's and 60's
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
leader of the Muslim League. Frankly expressed muslim concerns and desires for a separate muslim state
Heinrich Himmler
leader of the SS and chief of the German police, gave speech justifying Nazi anti-Jewish policies that culminated in mass murder
The Papacy
leader of the catholic church
Kwame Nkrumah
leader of the first sub-saharan country to receive independence from colonial rule and he became a persuasive spokesperson for pan-African unity.
Theme System
method of providing troops for their army. Citizen farmers were given land to work in return for military service. established in the mid-7th century in the aftermath of the Muslim conquests of parts of Byzantine territory. Adopted by emperor Heraclius.
Spanish Civil War
military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country, initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country → a bloody civil war ensued, Germany and Italy became involved
Palestine
not an actual state, the Arab people believed they had a right to the land they had been living on despite UN claims, had increasing conflicts with the creation of an Israeli state, some Palestinians remained under Jewish control while others left for neighboring countries
Theme system
political organization of provinces which were under authority of a general
Colonialism
political, social, economic, and cultural structures that allowed imperial powers to dominate subject lands
Technology and industrial development
porcelain, metallurgy (steel), gunpowder, printing, naval technology
Renaissance
the "rebirth" of the Classical Era in which Europeans rediscovered their heritage
Intifada
the Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, beginning in 1987.
Population
the amount of people in one area. It increases with the amount of food and necessities that the people have access too
Abolition
the antislavery movement
Dharma
the basic doctrine shared by Buddhist of all sects ( 4 Noble Truths, Eightfold Path)
Cash and Carry
the british paid cash and carried materials onto their ships. This was instituted by the U.S in 1939 trying to supply the british.
Harun al-Rashid
High point at 786-809, Baghdad flourished with wealth. Center of banking, commerce, crafts, and industrial production. Supported art + gave to the poor
Upanishads
Hindu writings that explain how to leave samsara through a release and ultimate enlightenment known as moksha
Karma
Hindus believed that one could achieve this by following one's dharma, or duty, in order to succeed in being reincarnated as a good thing
Leonid Brezhnev
His administration was marked by intensified persecution of dissidents at home and by attempted detente followed by renewed Cold War in 1968; he was largely responsible for the invasion of Czechoslovakia 1968
Sima Qian
Historian of the Han dynasty, referred to as the "Grand historian" because his historical biographies covered more than two thousand years of Chinese history
Sacraments
Holy rituals that bring spiritual blessings. Include baptism, matrimony, and penance. Eucharists were priests who offered a ritual meal commemorating Jesus' last meal
Iran-Iraq War
Hussein launched attack on Iran → Iraqi troops faced determined counter attack and conflict didn't end until 1988
Muslim states in Spain
Iberian peninsula primarily Islamic until the movement of Christianity attacked this region. Throughout the 11th and 13th centuries, Christianity quickly became more prominent, yet the Kingdom of Granada was left as it was for the time being
Theory of Progress
Idea where philosophes believed that natural science would lead to greater human control over the world while rational sciences of human affairs would lead to individual freedom and the construction of a prosperous and just society
Pope Leo III
Implemented iconoclasm. He was convinced that the veneration of images was sinful, tantamount to the worship of idols
Twelver Shiism
Imposed that there had been 12 infallible imams after Ali. They believed that the twelfth imam had gone into hiding to avoid religious persecution.
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
Italian renaissance philosopher and writer of Oration on the Dignity of Man
Petrarch
Italian scholar, poet, and humanist
Carolingians
the dynasty that ruled most of Western Europe, had great rulers and was quite influential
Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar (Batista)
the elected President of Cuba from 1940 to 1944, and dictator from 1952 to 1959, before being overthrown during the Cuban Revolution
Qin Shihuangdi
the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty; He ignored the nobility and ruled the empire, from the capital at Xianyang, through a centralized bureaucracy. He divided the remainder of China into administrative provinces and districts, disarmed regional military forces, and destroyed fortresses that could serve as points of rebellion. He also built roads that extended more than 4,000 miles to facilitate communication and movement of armies.
The 21 Demands
Japan issued these to China; was a secretive request; demands would make China a protectorate of Japan if all accepted; China accepted some but refused others; told Great Britain about the demands; Great Britain intervened on China's behalf and helped stop total capitulation
Emperor Hirohito
Japanese, surrendered unconditionally to the U.S. after the 2nd atomic bomb was dropped
Peak of Anti-semitism in Germany
Kristallnacht (major country-wide pogram on Jews), November 9-10 in 1938, "night of broken glass"
Creole languages
Language that drew on several African and European languages
Ottoman empire
Large empire. Unbroken succession from 1289-1923. Sunni. Many holy wars with Byzantines. Edirne and Bursa were Capitals.
Chinampa
Large plots of land that were dredged with muck from the bottom of the lake in order to make the land more fertile. This sometimes resulted in 7 crops per year.
Yurt
Large wool tents the turks migrated in
The Hundred Days reform
Led by Kong Youwei and Liang Qichao who reinterpreted Confucian thought in a way that justified radical change. Emperor Guangxu launched this reform (make China a constitutional monarchy, root out corrpution, remodel education, etc). After 103 days, Cixi nullified the reform degrees, imprisoned the emperor, and executed six leading reformers
Hongwu
Led the rebellion against the Yuan Dynasty and founded the Ming dynasty; grew up very poor and joined a Buddhist monastery
Bolsheviks
Left wing Russian socialists; gained influence in the district groups (soviets)
Leaders of communist movement
Lenin~leader, realistic, shrewd, and iron-willed Trotsky~assistant, orator, and organizer
Ulama
the learned of Islam, who are versed theoretically and practically in the Muslim sciences, and the religious teachers of the Islamic community.
Mean People
the lower classes of Confucian (included slaves, indentured servants, entertainers, prostitutes, and other marginal groups)
Nickname for Joseph Stalin
Man of Steel
Priesthood of All Believers
Many Protestants believed that anyone could administer religious ceremonies, not only priests
Cash crops
Many of the plantations produced sugar, tobacco, rice, indigo, and cotton, which became lucrative crops
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
Mao attempted to mobilize the Chinese and reignite the revolutionary spirit with this, subjected millions of people to humiliation, persecution, and death (especially elites), cost China years of stable development and gutted it educational system
Deng Xioping
Mao's successor, came to power in 1981, the 1980's are referred to as his "revolution," moderated Mao's commitment to Chinese self sufficiency and isolation and engineered China's entry into the international financial and trading system
Cook
Mariner who had a very peaceful interaction with people of Hawai'i until his return in 1779 when he was killed due to disputes over theft.
95 Theses
Martin Luther's work in which he outlines the core tenets of what Christian philosophy should be
Emiliano Zapata
Mexican revolutionary leader. Confiscated hacienda lands and began distributing the lands to the peasants. He was unable to capture Mexico's major cities. Once the Mexican revolution ended, the government forces ambushed and killed him (1919)
MAIN Causes
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
Expansion of Islam
Military expansion to Byzantine, Sasanid territories, Byzantine Syria, Palestine, Egypt and north Africa, Persia, Hindu kingdom of Sind, and Frankish kingdom in Gaul.
Gregory the Wonderworker
Missionary that took Paul of Tarsus as his example. Went around preaching christianity and had a reputation for performing miracles. To observers he had supernatural powers
Chaghatai Khanate
Mongol Khanate founded by Chaghatai, one of Genghis Khan's sons. Continued to exist until 18th century; located in Central Asia
Khanbaliq
Mongol capital, this is where Rabban Sauma was from
Khubilai Khan
Mongol ruler of China. Most talented of Chinggis Khan's descendants. Extended rule over all of China and relentlessly attacked the Song Dynasty and conquered capital before declaring himself emperor and founding Yuan Dynasty
Khubilai Khan
Mongol ruler of China. Most talented of Chinggis Khan's descendants. Extended rule over all of China and relentlessly attacked the Song Dynasty and conquered capital before declaring himself emperor and founding Yuan Dynasty.
Hearers
More flexible and casual followers of Manichaeism.
Al-Andalus
Muslim Spain was a medieval Muslim cultural domain and territory occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal.
Saladin
Muslim ruler who lead the Islamic opposition to the Christian crusaders, and recaptured Jerusalem in 1187.
Role of women
Muslim theorists universally agreed that women should have no role in public affairs and politics but they maintained influence within the family and on their husbands.
Ibn Battuta
Muslim traveler who traveled around the muslim world; was a lawyer by trade and worked as a Qadi in many areas
"The Lost Generation"
Name given to the generation that grew up with the war and didn't know what to do after; name given by Gertrude Stein
Indira Gandhi
Nehru's daughter (not related to Mohandas Ghandi), became leader of Congress party, embarked on "green revolution" that increased agricultural yields for India's 800 million people, later declared national emergency and suspended democratic process, engaged in repressive birth control policies, when allowed elections again she was voted against, ordered her army to attack the Golden Temples in Amritsar b/c it harbored Sikh extremists, assassinated a few months later
Rabban Sauma
Nestorian Christian who was sent by the Persian Ilkhanate to try to gain support from Christians
Piri Reis
Ottoman admiral and cartographer who created several large scale maps and a major navigational text, the Book of Seafaring.
Devshirme
Ottoman policy that Christians living in the Balkans had to contribute young boys to become slaves to the sultan.
Mehmed II
Ottoman sultan who captured Constantinople
Guam
Pacific island that was very resistant to Spanish rule. The Chamorro people lived in this island and they were very opposed to missionary efforts of conversion
James II
Parliament restored the monarchy after the English civil war with this man; However, he was soon deposed after he and parliament resumed conflict and his daughter was invited to the throne; Catholic ruler
New Economic Policy (NEP)
Partial privatization of the economy in Russia
Hittites
Pastoral nomad group from Asia minor who used iron weapons and tools
Indo-Europeans
Pastoral nomads who are named because of their language that is the basis for the other romantic languages
Communist motto
Peace, bread, and land
Racism
People believed that some ethnic groups were more intelligent and moral than others. It was seen that Europeans were superior. It was seen that some ethnic groups had developed better and faster than others.
The Normans
People in which occupied the regions of France, England, and parts of Italy at various times between the 10th and 11th century. Societies developed by dukes of Normandy, who gave little regard to their superiors, were tightly centralized to these dukes themselves, and castles for individual regions served as defence. They expanded militarily due to William the Conqueror and other dukes. Also, the English monarchy was founded by the Normans
Missionaries
People who founded schools in the Americas in hopes of spreading Christianity. These people normally learned the native language in order to further explain their faith to the natives
Taino (Arawaks)
People who were the indigenous people of the modern Caribbean and Florida. At the time of European contact in the late 15th century, they were the principal inhabitants of most of Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico
Indentured servitude
People who were willing to work for four to seven years in hopes to gain their independance and buy land in the New World. Many died of disease or overwork before completing the 4-7 years of work
Era of the Warring States
Period in the Zhou dynasty in which civil war developed between the states and decentralized government could not control them; ended when all states conquered and unified under the Qin dynasty
La Reforma
Period inaugurated under Juan Alvarez. Liberal reforms to modernize Mexico
The Bronze Age (c.3500-1200 B.C.E.)
Period known as bronze age because bronze was new invention and bronze tools and weapons began to replace all others
Pax Mongolica
Period of peace during the time of the Mongol Empire
Heretics
Person believing in or practicing religious heresy. Waldensians who advocated modest and simple lives
Amenhotep IV
Pharaoh who ruled for 17 years. Abandoned Egyptian polytheism but it was not accepted by Egyptians
Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
Shifted land policies away from collective tribal reservations and toward individual tracts of land meant to promote the family farms once common in the U.S. society and now becoming increasingly less competitive.
Dutch Learning
Single Dutch ship that was allowed into Japan each year. Only Japanese contact with outside world
Haitian Revolution
Slave revolt in which the slaves declared independence and established a self-governing republic; it abolished slavery as an institution
Benito Juarez
President of Mexico for five terms. Successful liberal, strong conflict with the recurring conservatives
Anastacio Somoza Garcia
President of Nicaragua in 1954; demonstrated himself as anticommunist and US ally
Oracle bones
Priests would burn bones and could interpret the way they cracked and burned into a message from the gods
English East India Company
Private merchants fund for profitable trade; owned by enterprises; mainly involved in trade with India subcontinent and Qing China
Du Fu
Prominent Chinese poet who was considered to be one of the best poets of the Tang dynasty along with Li Bo
Philosophes
Prominent French intellectuals ("philosophers"); addressed works to the educated public; composed histories, novels, dramas, satires, and pamphlets on religious, moral, and political issues
Diderot
Prominent French philosopher; best known for contributing to Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert; the encyclopedia faced some controversy over entries on religion and natural law
Cardinal Richelieu
Prominent church official under King Louis XIII, architect of French absolutism who worked to undermine the power of the nobles by destroying nobles' castles and crushed conspiracies
Friedrich Engels
Prominent german theorist and socialist who helped write Manifesto of the Communist Party with Karl Marx
Hacienda
Prominent site of agricultural production in Spanish America. Produced Food for self and Sale
Timbuktu
Prominent trading city in West Africa, region of Mali. Fell under the control of the Songhay Empire during the reign of Sunni Ali
Promises Czar Nicholas II made to his people
Promised certain personal liberties; established the Duma; permitted Duma elections by universal male suffrage
Migration
Promotion of the spread of numerous different types of people across the world, especially Europeans and Sub-Saharan African slaves to the Americas
African-American Cultural traditions
Slaves introduced african foods and styles to the western hemisphere
Cyril and Methodius
Slavic Christians in the BYzantine empire who help spread christianity to the slavic people
Wars of Latin American Independence
Started by Creoles. Wars in Mexico, and South America against Spanish rule
Muhammad ibn Tughluq
Sultan of Delhi from 1324-1351
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Supported romantic poets and encouraged good manners, refinement, and romantic love. Most celebrated woman of her day
Features of a civilization
Surplus food, social stratification, complex institutions, labor specialization, urbanization, trade, shared values, rivers
Constitutional states
System of government where the ruler shares power with representative institutions
Mandate System
System set up b/c the Allies didn't believe some countries/lands could stand without the support/watch of advanced nations; Germany thought it was a way to divide up the colonies between the war's victors; pretty much a colonial system
Reconquest of Sicily
Taken by the Muslims in the 9th century. Lead by Robert Guisgard. The muslims either left or converted
Byzantine Empire
Takes the name of a market town, had control of Bosporus. It also had access to the rich lands of of south west Asia and South East Asia
618-907
Tang Dynasty
Major Treaty Provisions for Ottoman Empire (best deal)
Turkey created, didn't have to reduce army or pay
Universities
Turned cathedral schools into a place where larger scaled learning occurred. Students usually "majored" in law, theory and medicine
Effect of America joining the war
Turns the tide, breaks policy of isolation, emergence of US as world power (but not world leader yet)
Taira and Minamoto
Two very powerful Chinese families that competed with each other in the Gempei Wars;Minamoto No Yoritomo started the first shogunate (Kamakura) and was the first shogun in history.
Matthew C. Perry
U.S. commodore that forced shogun to open Japan up to diplomatic and commercial relations by aiming a warship at its capital city
Walt Whitman
U.S. poet that celebrated himself as well as the vast diversity of his nation in his poem "Song of Myself" written in 1855.
Magic
US code breaking operation; enabled a cryptographer monitoring Japanese radio frequencies to discover the Midway attack.
Planned Scarcity
US gvmt destroyed veggies, fruits, and animals; thought cutting down food storages would make stock prices and economy go up; didn't succeed
Bay of Pigs Invasion
US-sponsored invasion of Cuba after they trained and armed people who were exiled, the mission was supposed to be convert but word got out, the US aircrafts never arrived, huge fail and embarrassment for US
Imre Nagy
a Hungarian communist politician who was appointed Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic on two occasions, withdrew Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, executed after the Red Army crushed the uprising
Trans-Saharan trade
Used Camels to cross Sahara. Merchants traveled through it and established trading centers and trading relations with societies
Camels
Used for travel across the Sahara. Useful because they could travel long distances before needing water
Promises Czar Nicholas II broke
Used returning soldiers to spread terror and reestablish his control; restricted suffrage to the upper class; limited the Duma to a "debating society"
Crusades
Vast military campaigns intended to recapture Jerusalem and other sites holy to Christians from Muslim rule; holy wars; started in 1096 when Pope Urban held Council of Clermont; historians are unsure about the number of crusades but at least 5
Margo Polo
Venetian traveler who praised Khubilai's court for generosity towards poor and efforts to build roads. May have served as an admin. in the city of Yangzhou.
Marco Polo
Venetian traveler who praised Khubilai's court for generosity towards poor and efforts to build roads; may have served as an admin. in the city of Yangzhou
Unit 731
a Japanese military unit, conducted cruel experiments on civilians and POWS, ten of thousands of Chinese died,
Old Regime (ancient regime)
What the french revolutionaries called the old way of society.
Total War
When countries moves entire population to help with the war effort; most men go to military and female fill in in production positions
November (October) Revolution
When the communists seize control
Limited Monarchy
When the monarchy agrees to share power with a parliament or abide by a constitution
Utopian Socialists
a group of socialists who want to create ideal communities that would lead to the perfect society
The Rule
a guideline for monks living in an abbot
Qadis
a judge that ruled in accordance to Islamic law, appointed by a ruler.
OAU
attempted to prevent conflicts that could lead to intervention by former colonial powers
Prince Henry the Navigator
From Portugal; conquered Moroccan part of Ceuta and sponsored a series of voyages down the west African coast
Simon Bolivar
From a Creole aristocratic family. Sought freedom in Venezuela through a conservative process. With Battle of Carabobo and others, continued fight for freedom in S.America
Shah Abbas the Great
Fully revitalized the Safavid Empire. He moved the capital to Isfahan, encouraged trade, and reformed administration
Ottoman empire
Gained power after Tamerlane's death. Built large empire in Anatolia conquered Byzantine Empire. Captured Constantinople in 1453
He Ram
Gandhi's last words
Collection of Books
Gvmt urged the study of Japanese classics in the place of Chinese classics
Chang'an
Han capital; main stop on silk road
Execution of Royal Family
Happened so the Communist Party could maintain power; occurred in 1918; entire Romanov family killed; secret police then proceeded to murdered thousands of upper class people
Original goal of the alliances formed
Help defend each other against attackers (defensive alliances)
President Eisenhower
Sent troops to help maintain democratic governments against communist parties, believed in the "domino theory"
Believed Siberian conspiracy
Serbian gvmt knew about the plot --> Austrain gvmt angry --> Germ. gave Austria-Hungary a diplomatic blank check" --> gave them demands
Meiji reforms
Series of reforms in Japan in which the daimyo and samurai were stripped of power, grain tax was changed into a set monetary tax, a constitutional monarchy was established, and the economy was remodeled
Isfahan
Shah Abbas's capitol with famous architecture; commercial center
Angra Mainyu
Zoroastrian god of all things evil
Ahura Mazda
Zoroastrian god of all things good
Gathas
Zoroastrian hymns for deities, Zarathustra's work
Magi
Zoroastrian priests
Cuban Missile Crisis
a 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning Soviet ballistic missiles deployment in Cuba, JFK issued an ultimatum calling USSR to withdraw all missiles from Cuba and stop the arrival of additional nuclear weapons and imposed a naval/air quarantine on the island, ended after the USSR agreed to remove their missiles from Cuban soil
Simone de Beauvior-The Second Sex
a 1949 book by the French existentialist Simone de Beauvoir; deals with the treatment of women throughout history
Frederick Lugard
a British colonial government reformer who spread the doctrine of Indirect Rule among British colonies.
Waffen SS
a German-controlled military group made of people who have been recruited or conscripted mainly from among the nationals of Nazi-occupied Europe
Millet
autonomous religious communities within the ottoman empire who retained their civil laws, traditions, and languages.
George Stephenson
built the first steam-powered locomotive in 1829, The Rocket
Tojo Hideki
defense minister general of japan assumed the office of prime minister in october 1941. He and his cabinet set into motion their plans for war against Great Britain and the United States/
Iranian Revolution
demonstrated power of Islam as a means of staving off secular foreign influences
Five Year Plan
designed to speed up the economy, emphasized improvements in infrastructure and the expansion of heavy industry at the expense of consumer goods, eliminated economic inequality at village level, land redistribution, more rights for women
Shiva
god of fertility and a destructive deity.
Vishnu
god who observed the universe from the heavens and occasionally entered in human form to resist evils
Sandinista Front for National Liberation
group made in honor of Augusto Sandino. Launched guerrilla operations aimed at overthrowing the Somozas and finally took power in 1979.
Chucuito
group of people who preceded the Incas and dominated the highlands around Lake Titicaca
Chimu
group of people who preceded the Incas and dominated the lowlands around Lake Titicaca
Heian Japan
had an empire, but it was more of a ceremonial figurehead because the real power lied in the hands of the Fujiwara clan
Fast ripening rice
harvest of 2 crops per year in southern china, expanded food supply, economic growth
Mandarins
imperial officials who ensured that other bureaucrats were doing the right thing
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
the supreme religious leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979, following many years of resistance to Shah Pahlavi. remove the Shah from power for his associations with the West
Fireside chats
the term used to describe a series of 30 evening radio addresses given by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1944
Middle Passage
the trans-Atlantic journey aboard filthy and crowded ships completed by enslaved individuals
Conservatism
viewed society as an organism that changed slowly over time. Did not like radical or revolutionary change.
Yalta Conference
wartime conference where it was decided for "the earliest possible establishment through free elections of governments responsive to the will of the people"
Matteo Ricci
was a christian missionary in China during the Ming Dynasty. He showed the Chinese some of the technological advances in Europe such as clocks.
Iconoclasm
when emperor Leo III destroyed all religious images and burned churches in 726
1937 Invasion of China
when japan launched a full scale invasion. The opening move in the undeclared war was at the Marco Polo bridge in Beijing July, 1937
Nationalism
when people began to identify strongly with nations; considered themselves a distinctive people born into a unique community that observed common customs, spoke a common language inherited common culture, held common values, and shared historical experience
"United Front" policy
when the Chinese nationalists and communists agreed and created standing armies of about 1.7 million people.
Berlin Blockade
when western powers decided to merge their zones, USSR retaliated by blockading all road, rail, and water links between Berlin and western Germany, for 11 months American and British aircrews flew around-the-clock missions to supply West Berlin with the necessities of life
Monopolies
where one company controls the entire section of a business. They have no other competitors.
Ghana
Became center of gold trade and integrated into trans-saharan trade. Adopted Islam but did not force it on society. Capital was Koumbi-Saleh. Collapsed due to raids from nomads in the north which weakened the kingdom and soon collapsed
Koumbi Saleh
Capital of Ghana; thriving commercial center with a population of some 15,000-20,000; supported large number of qadis and Muslim scholars
Mehmed II
Captured Constantinople in 1453 using gunpowder weapons. Conquered Serbia Greece Albania, Trebizond, Crimea, and briefly parts of Italy
Hannibal
Carthage General crossed alps with elephants to attack Rome, failed beat Rome in many battles.
Zheng He
explorer from the Ming Dynasty; an Eunuch; went on 7 voyages throughout the Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia, Persian Gulf, and more
Iwo Jima and Okinawa
fighting on these islands was savage, kamikaze pilots introduced on Okinawa
Sui Dynasty
first emperor of the dynasty was Yang Jian, whose military campaigns brought China under centralized imperial rule; second emperor of the dynasty was Sui Yangdi, who was responsible for completing work on the Grand Canal to facilitate trade; emperors focused on constructing palaces and granaries, carrying out repairs on extensive walls, dispatching military forces to central Asia and Korea, levying high taxes, and demanding compulsory labor services
Sputnik
first satellite sent into space. Russia. Caused a great loss of morale to the US
The Songhay Empire
followed the Mali empire; founded by Sunni Ali who expanded his power; capital centered around Gao; the emperors were Muslim and supported Muslim universities
Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas
forced fall of Arbenz, established military government, return land to the United Fruit Company and ruthlessly suppressed opponents with torture
Interment camps
forced relocation and incarceration of between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry who lived on the Pacific coast into the interior of the country.
Mazzini
formed a group called Young Italy that promoted Italian independence from Austrian and Spanish rule; lived much of his life in exile
Devotion to Saints
human beings who lead exemplary lives and God held them in special esteem. Commoners prayed for saints to ensure their entrance to heaven and to look after spiritual interests
Tokugawa Shogunate (date)
1600-1867
Thirty Year's War (date)
1618-1648
sunni
"Traditionalists" The most popular branch of Islam; Sunnis believe in the legitimacy of the early caliphs, compared with the Shiite belief that only a descendant of Ali can lead.
Daimyo
"Great names;" powerful territorial lords who ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary land holdings; shoguns (emperors) insisted that they spend one year at their home palaces but then one year at the Tokugawa court (in an attempt to limit them from building power bases)
Boer War
1889-1902
Floating worlds
"Ukiyo;" entertainment and pleasure quarters where teahouses, theaters, brothels, and public baths offered escape from social responsibilities
Sun King
"Le roi soleil" King Louis XIV declared himself this
Levee en masse
"Mass levy" or universal conscription that drafted people and resources for use in the war against invading forces
Santo Domingo
Other half of island owned by Spain. Became Dominican Republic
Qizilbash
"Red Heads" Turkish followers of shiism were instructed to wear red which is where the name came from
Assyrian Conquest of the Kingdom of Israel (years)
722 BCE
Creation of Soviet Union
"Red" (Communist) army amassed lands by crushing independent republics (Tatar Republic, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, etc); merged Russia, Ukraine, and Transcausia into a new structure in 1922; called the Union of Soviet Socialists Republics; U.S. didn't recognize them until 1933
Juan Manuel de Rosas
"Restorer of the Laws." Became governor of the province of Buenos Aires. Established an autonomy, dictatorship in which later became the Argentine Confederation.
Volto do mar
"Return through the sea;" a roundabout way of using existing wind patterns to return home that often brought sailors far from home
Bhagavad Gita
"Song of the Lord," an indian short poetic work drawn from the lengthy Mahabharata that expressed concepts such as karma and dharma
Bakufu
"Tent gvmt;" only meant to be a temporary replacement for the emperor's rule but was used for more than 200 years
Mahayana Buddhism
"The Greater Vehicle" The more complicated form of Buddhism that appealed to people that believed in the original teachings of the Buddha didn't offer enough spiritual comfort. They saw the Buddha as a godlike deity, among other deities and relied more on priests and scriptures.
Frederick Barbarossa
"The red beard", sought to absorb the region of Lombardy in order to gain the resources that would help him control of German princes and build a powerful state
Kamikaze
"Divine winds" After founding Yuan Dynasty, Khubilai Khan launched seaborne invasions of Japan but both times a typhoon stopped him.
Allah
"God" in Arabic. Muslim god.
Duke William of Normandy
"William the Conqueror," expanded upwards into the region of England. Influenced by the Anglo-Saxons for governing. Also, struggled against the Capetians for power.
Negritude
"blackness"
Blitzkrieg
"lightning war" led Germany to sudden victory
Descamisados
"shirtless ones" the poor argentines; majority of Juan Peron's supporters
Islam
"submission"; A monotheistic religion based off of the prophet Muhammad, who spoke through the words of Allah. Founded around the Arab Peninsula in the 7th century.
Quetzalcoatl
"the Feathered Serpent;" one of the two principal Mesoamerican gods, supported arts, crafts, and agriculture
Tezcatlipoca
"the Smoking Mirror;" one of the two principal Mesoamerican gods, known as the giver and taker of life; patron deity of warriors; associated with various concepts including the night sky, the night winds, hurricanes, the north, the earth, obsidian, enmity, discord, rulership, divination, temptation,
Realpolitik
"the politics of reality;" Otto von Bismarck was a master of this; politics surrounded achievable goals
Babur
"the tiger" a Chagatai Turk who claimed descent from both Chinggis Khan and Tamerlane. He made little pretense to be anything more than an adventurer and soldier
Dao
"the way" = dharma
Why Some Countries Were Devastated By The Stock Market Crash
(1) Countries depended on export of manufactured goods for essentials aka JAPAN, (2) single export countries aka SOUTH AMERICA
Reasons Why League of Nations Was Flawed
(1) No power to enforce decrees, (2) collective security~aggression against one nation was aggression against all
European Economic System
(1) System dependent on flow of cash from USA, (2) Austria/Germany borrowed from the US to pay debts, (3) France/England called to pay off US loans when their stock market began crashing, (4) investors began to pull out in 1928
Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points
(1) Treaties of peace openly arrived at (2) Freedom of seas (3) Removal of tariffs (4) Reduction of arms (5) Pay attention to the native peoples (6-13) Making new borders, paying attention to nationalism (14) Wanted formation of League of Nations
Changing Views after WW1
(1) disillusionment after war, (2) pessimism over idea of human progress
Al-Ghazali
(1058-1111 CE) one monk among of the most important of the Sufis; a Persian theologian, who argued that human reason was too frail to understand the nature of Allah and hence could not explain the mysteries of the world
Ibn-Rushd
(1126-1198 CE) qadi (Islamic judge) of Seville in the caliphate of Córdoba, who followed Aristotle in seeking to articulate a purely rational understanding of the world; known as Averroes by Christian scholars in schools and universities of western Europe; his work influenced the development of scholasticism, the effort of medieval European philosophers to harmonize Christianity with Aristotelian thought
Dominicans
(1170-1221)saint who founded the order of mendicants. They didn't believe in possessions and would beg for food and other needs to audiences who preached. Worked to combat heterodox movements
Franciscans
(1182-1226) saint who founded the order of mendicants. They didn't believe in possessions and would beg for food and other needs to audiences who preached. Worked to combat heterodox movements
English Civil war
(1642-1649) war between English king Charles I and parliament that resulted from the english kings attempt to institute new taxes without parliament's permission and the English kings being Anglican while parliament favored Calvinism. The war ended with Charles being beheaded.
Glorious Revolution
(1688-1689) change of power in which parliament deposed King James II and invited his daughter Mary and her Dutch husband William of Orange to assume the throne. The resulting arrangement provided that kings would rule in cooperation with parliament
Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
(1811-1885) Argentine president. Wrote Facundo:civilization and barbarism. He despised the Caudillos and worked to develop a society based on European values.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
(1815-1902); prominent figure in women's rights movement; organized a conference of feminists who met in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848
Ashoka (Asoka)
(269 BC to 232 BC) Indian emperor during Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent. He was a brutal military commander. He also converted to Buddhism after this battle and became pacifists
Mohenjo-daro
(35,000-40,000 people) had city walls, fortified citadel, a large pool, and a large granary which means that they served as political centers and the collection and redistribution of taxes, the city served as an example of a city with a lot of human labour invested and also traded with the Mesopotamians
Xuanzang
(602-664 CE) a monk among hundreds of Chinese pilgrims who made the dangerous journey to India to visit holy sites and learn about Buddhism in its homeland; returned to China with copies of Buddhist treatises
Umayyad Dynasty
(661-750) Dynasty with a prominent merchant class with capital at Damascus. They put a jizya on the people the conquered which was a tax if they didn't convert religions. The decline came with the rebellion in Persia when they faced resistance of the Shia.
Dates of World War I
(August) 1914 - (November) 1918
Daodejing (Tao te Ching)
(Classic of the Way and of Virtue); book that is the fundamental work of Daoism written by Laozi, and possibly other writers; envisioned Dao as a supremely passive force and spoke of it negatively, suggesting that human beings should tailor their behavior to its passive and yielding nature
Social Effects
(a) 10 million die and 20 million injured, (b) civilian toll higher than ever before, (c) hatred, intolerance, and extreme nationalism
Major Treaty Provisions for Austria
(a) Austria-Hungary split, (b) Czechoslovakia created, (c) Poland created, (d) Italy, Romania, and Yogoslavia got more land, (e) Austria and Hungary were required to limit their armies and pay, (f) Anschluss forbidden
Major Treaty Provisions for Germany
(a) Rhineland demilitarized, (b) Alsace and Lorraine now French, (c) Germany had to limit their army to 100,000 volunteers, (d) Poland created, (e) Germany had to cede colonies to League of Nations, (f) Navy reduced
Political Effects
(a) US is a world power, (b) end of three European dynasties (Hapsburgs in Austria, Romanovs in Russia, and Hohenzollerns in Germany), (c) new countries in Central Europe, (d) League of Nations created, (e) some nations turn to dictators (Russia, Italy, and Germany)
Demands made by Austria-Hungary to Serbia after assassination
(a) stop anti-Austrian propoganda; (b) dismiss anti-Austrian gvmt; (c) permit Austrian officials to enter Serbia and investigate the assassination plot
Reasons for the expansion of the war
(a) the animosity from homelands followed to colonies around the world, (b) European countries drafted people from other lands to fight for them b/c they needed people, (c) non-European countries (Japan, U.S, & Turkey) became involved b/c they wanted something
Economic Effects
(a) total cost is 350 billion, (b) trade decreased, (c) heavy taxes, (d) communists seized power in Russia, (e) helped bring about the depression in 1929
Itzcoatl
(r. 1428-1440) "the Obsidian Serpent;" ruled the Mexica with Montezeuma I; launched campaigns of imperial expansion in Oaxaca of southwestern Mexico and colonized there; turned to Gulf coast and conquered cities in high plateaus between Tenochtitlan and Gulf coast; joined forces with Texcoco and Tlacopan to form triple alliance
Montezeuma
(r. 1440-1469) launched same campaigns of imperial expansion alongside co-ruler, Itzcoatl; apart of triple alliance with Texcoco and Tlacopan
Chivalry
A code in which brought high ethical standards and honor within a time of beastiality; followed by knights
Tang Taizong
(r. 627-649 CE) the Tang Dynasty's second emperor; built capital at Chang'an and saw himself as a Confucian ruler; banditry ended during his reign, the price of rice remained low, and taxes levied on peasants amounted to only one-fortieth of the annual harvest; China enjoyed an era of unusual stability and prosperity under his reign
Nicholas II
(r.1894-1917) weak ruler, advocated oppression and police control, embarked on expansionist ventures in East Asia
Harappa
(smaller of the 2 cities) had city walls, fortified citadel, and a large granary which means that they served as political centers and suggest that is is where the collection and redistribution of taxes was taken place, the city served as an example of a city with a lot of human labour invested, they traded largely with Mesopotamians
The Egyptian Book of the Dead
A collection of Egyptian spells that are made to assist the deceased person's journey to the underworld
Fur trade
A very lucrative form of trade in North America. Explorers hunted beavers and used their skin as hats and clothing
Zheng He
Admiral of Ming dynasty; eunuch; led voyages to parts of India, Africa, and even into Red Sea; gained connections from his journeys for the imperial court
Themes of AP World History
1. (S)Development and Transformation of Social Structures: Gender Roles and relations, family and kinship, Racial and Ethnic contructions, Social and economic classes 2.(P) State Building, Expansion and Conflict: Political structures and forms of governance, Empires, Nations and nationalism, Revolts and Revolutions, Regional, trans-regional, and global structures and organization 3.(I) Interaction between Humans and the Environment: Demography and disease, migration, patterns of settlement, technology 4.(C) Development and Interactions of Cultures: Religions, belief systems, philosophies, and ideologies, science and technology, the arts and architecture 5. (E) Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems: Agriculture and pastoral production, trade and commerce, labor systems, industrialization, capitalism and Socialism
Norman Invasion of England
1066
Pope Urban's Crusade Call
1096
Zhou Dynasty (years)
1122-256 BCE
Marco Polo's Trip to China
1271-12965
Ottoman Empire (date)
1289-1923
Beginning of Portuguese Slave Trade (date)
1441
Fall of Constantinople
1453
Songhay Empire (date)
1464-1591
Colombus's Voyage
1492
Treaty of Tordesillas (date)
1494
Vedic Age in South Asia (years)
1500-500 BCE
95 Theses (date)
1517
Muhgal Dynasty (date)
1526-1858
Spanish Armada (date)
1588
Louis XIV (date)
1643-1715
Qing Dynasty (date)
1644-1911
Reign of Peter the Great (date)
1682-1725
Seven Year's War (date)
1756-1763
Seven Years War
1756-1763, Maritime and colonial conflict between the British Hegemony and its neighbors, and the conflict between Frederick II of Prussia and his opponents. Britain won
French Revolution
1789
Reign of Hammurabi (years)
1792-1750 BCE
Eli Whitney introduced interchangeable parts
1797
Coup d'état of Napoleon
1799
Conference of Vienna & Napoleon defeat
1815
Monroe Doctrine
1823
Opium War
1839-1842
Mexican-American War
1845-1848
Marx and Engels publish Communist Manifesto
1848
Marx and Engels publish Communist Manifesto & Seneca Falls Convention
1848
Seneca Falls Convention
1848
The Communist Manifesto
1848 political pamphlet that presents an analytical approach to the problems of capitalism by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx
La Reforma in Mexico
1850'S
Taiping Rebellion
1850-1864
Sepoy Rebellion
1857
Suez Canal
1859
Emancipation of Russian serfs by Alexander II
1861
Meiji Restoration
1868
Berlin Conference
1884-5
Construction of Panama Canal
1904
Russo-Japanese war
1904-05
Mexican Revolution
1911
Pearl Harbor
1941, German attack and bombing of US military base in Hawaii; pushed US into action in war
"the year of Africa"
1960, became known as this because 13 African colonies gained their independence.
Betty Friedan—The Feminine Mystique
1963 book by Betty Friedan which is widely credited with sparking the beginning of second-wave feminism in the United States. In her book, Friedan discussed her discovery of a problem that had formed within post-World War II society that she called, "the problem that has no name."
Wannsee Conference
20 January 1942, 15 leading Nazi bureaucrats met to discuss and coordinate the implementation of the final solution
Black Thursday (Date)
24 October 1929
Yongle
2nd emperor of the Ming dynasty; Ming emperor; created an Encyclopedia named after himself; sent Zheng He on his voyages
Unification of Egypt (years)
3100 BCE
Mauryan Dynasty
350 BC - 150 BC founded by Chandragupta Maurya. Unified present day eastern India. He used regional governors in order to control justice and security throughout the area. Traded along the silk road. Also had a single currency
Taino
A Caribbean tribe who were the first indigenous peoples from the Americas to come into contact with Christopher Columbus
Wuwei
A Daoist chief moral virtue trait; disengagement from the competitive exertions and active involvement in affairs of the world; called instead for individuals to live simply and in harmony with nature
John Calvin
A French lawyer who developed a Protestant church and fled from his home's oppressive government to the more-accepting land of Switzerland
Plato
A Greek philosopher. Socrates' student and Aristotle's teacher. Created theory of forms. (Allegory of the cave)
Wang Mang
A Han Dynasty official who seized the throne from the Liu family and founded the short-lived Xin Dynasty. The Han dynasty was restored after his overthrow and his rule marks the separation between the Western Han Dynasty (before Xin) and Eastern Han Dynasty (after Xin)
Silla Dynasty
A Korean dynasty that was submissive to Chinese powers and frequently gave gifts to them
Toltecs
A Mesoamerican culture of peoples that migrated from Northwestern Mexico who dominated a state centered in Tula
Calpulli
A Mexica community group of people whom claimed common ancestral descent. These people often worked and lived together or near one another.
Dona Marina
A Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast, who played a role in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, acting as an interpreter, advisor, and lover to Hernán Cortés. She became a mistress to Cortés and gave birth to his first son, Martín, who is considered one of the first Mestizos
Portuguese Brazil
A Portuguese colony in which the economic exploitation of the territory was based first on brazilwood extraction, sugar production, and finally on gold and diamond mining. Slaves, especially those brought from Africa, provided most of the working force of this economy
Pizarro
A Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incan Empire.
Bernal Diaz del Castillo
A Spanish conquistador, who participated as a foot soldier in the conquest of Mexico. He took part in the campaigns against the Mexica, later called the Aztec Empire
Cabeza de Vaca
A Spanish explorer of the New World, who during eight years of traveling across the US Southwest, he became a trader and faith healer to Native American tribes before reconnecting with Spanish colonial forces in Mexico. After returning to Spain, he wrote an account, first published in 1542 as La Relación, which in later editions was retitled Naufragios. He has been considered notable as a proto-anthropologist for his detailed accounts of the many tribes of American Indians that he encountered
Zwingli
A Swiss Protestant reformer who was killed in the Civil War that his teachings incited
St. Augustine
A bishop who changed the religion of salvation into a powerful church
The Panama Canal
A canal that linked the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans; this had been a goal of the U.S. for years before they found a suitable location in Panama, a part of Colombia. However, Colombia's government, did not want the canal to be built, so the U.S. encouraged the Panamanians to rebel; after the successful revolution, the U.S. completed the canal.
Kiev
A city now located in the ukraine
Santo Domingo
A city on an island that the Spanish settled on, and is officially the oldest European city in the Americas
Samarkand
A city that is most noted for its central position on the Silk Road between China and the West, and for being an Islamic center for scholarly study
Analects
A collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius and his contemporaries, traditionally believed to have been written by Confucius' followers
Terracotta Army
A collection of terracotta sculptures depicting the armies of Qin Shi Huang, a Qin Emperor of China. It is a form of funerary art that was buried with the emperor and whose purpose was to protect the emperor in his afterlife.
Crimean War
A conflict that broke out after Russia's expansion efforts between Russia and a coalition that included Britain, France, Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire. This conflict clearly displayed Russia's weakness to industrialized societies
Simon Bolivar
A creole elite that led a movement for independence in South America against the Spanish
Encomienda
A dependency relation where the stronger peoples protected the weaker in exchange for a service. It was used during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines. The Spanish monarch would assign a Spaniard with the task of "protecting" a specific group of Native Americans.
Arabian nights
A famous collection of Persian, Indian, and Arabian folktales. Supposedly, the legendary Scheherazade told these stories to her husband the sultan, a different tale every night for 1,001 days; therefore, the collection is sometimes called The Thousand and One Nights.
Neo-Confucianism
A form of Confucianism that borrowed Buddhist ideals about the soul and the individual. Filial piety, maintenance of proper roles, and loyalty to one's superiors were emphasized.
Dutch Republic
A group of Dutch provinces that rebelled against King Philip II of Spain and declared their independence as the United Provinces in 1581.
Golden Horde
A group of mongols who overran Russia between 1237 and 1241. They then ventured into Poland, Hungary, and Eastern Germany in 1241 and 1242. Did not occupy Russia because they considered it unattractive land of forests. Eventually attacked by Tamerlane and it was severely weakened
The Young Turks
A group of radical dissidents from the Ottoman bureaucracy who seized power in a coup, formed a cabinet that included partisans of reform, and installed Abdül Hamid II as sultan
Bloody Sunday
A group of workers were massacred by government troops after petitioning Nicholas for a popularly elected assembly and other requests at Winter Palace in St. Petersburg
French Indochina
A large region in southeast Asia that was colonized by the french; The french encouraged conversion to Christianity and introduced European style schools here. Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia were part of this
Shogun
A leader of a shogunate;rules through military power and is lead general
Hinduism
A major polytheistic religious and cultural tradition of Southern Asia, which developed from Vedic religion
Vladimir
A medieval prince of Russia
Charles V
A member of the Habsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire who came to dominate Europe briefly before stopped by the French and Ottomans; his empire stretched from Peru to Austria.
Janissaries
A member of the Turkish infantry. Increasingly corrupt.
Bhakti movement
A movement started by Guru Kabir that sought to mix Hinduism and Islam
Enlightenment
A movement where thinkers sought to discover natural laws of human society, through rational analysis, by abandoning traditionally recognized ideas
Conquistadores
A name for Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century.
The Convention
A new legislative body elected by universal manhood suffrage, which abolished the monarchy and proclaimed France a republic
Bedouin
A nomadic group in which strived off a kinship network based around the time and place of the founding of Islam.
Jainism
A nontheistic religion founded in ancient India by Mahavira. Teaches salvation by perfection through successive, peaceful lives. Created as a reaction to Brahmanism
Treaty of Tordesillas
A north/south line between Spanish lands and Portuguese lands was created by this treaty; Spain received all the land to the west and Portuguese received all the lands to the east; settled most conflicts between the two
Storming of the Bastille
A parisian crowd, fearing the king sought to undo events of the previous week, stormed the Bastille, a royal jail and arsenal, in search of weapons. It ended with citizens parading the head of a garrison around on a stick and citizens tearing it down brick by brick barehanded
Yellow Turban Uprising
A peasant revolt in China against the Han dynasty. The uprising broke out during the reign of Emperor Ling. It took 21 years until the uprising was finally suppressed. The rebellion, which got its name from the color of the cloths that the rebels wore on their heads, marked an important point in the history of Daoism due to the rebels' association with secret Daoist societies
Caeseropapism
A policy that says the emperor not only ruled as secular but also an active role in ecclesian affairs.
Antioch
A port city that played an important role in trade. Was a prime location for the silk road, spice trade routes, and the Persian Royal Road.
Alexander the Great
A powerful Macedonian warlord; began reign at the age of twenty; defeated the Achaemenid Persian empire and brought much of the known world under control (Greece, Persia, Egypt); empire crumbled after his death, leading to the rise of four different ruling kingdoms; rule led to the popularization of Hellenistic culture throughout the lands
Nan Madol
A powerful state and organized construction of a massive stone palace and administrative center on the island of Pohnpei; capital of Sandeleur Dynasty
Yemelian Pugachev
A pretender to the Russian throne who led a great Cossack insurrection during the reign of Catherine the Great
Yellow Turban Rebellion
A rebellion under the Han dynasty because of peasants under economic pressure with no way to influence the government. Wore yellow as the chinese symbol of earth and their peasant origins. Was eventually suppressed after five years of fighting.
Manichaeism
A religion created by the prophet Mani. Promoted ascetic lifestyle with strict morals for devoted followers called "the elect". While less devoted followers were called "Hearers" and had a more casual faith. The followers viewed the world as in a cosmic struggle between light and dark. Followers were persecuted by the Sassanids and Roman Empire.
Nestorian Christianity
A religious group in Southwest Asia that followed theologian Nestorians, who emphasized the human nature of jesus christ rather than the divine nature. This sect was rejected by mediterranean church authorities. Quickly spread to Mesopotamia, Iran and along the Silk Road.
Versailles
A royal hunting lodge near Paris where King Louis built a magnificent residence and moved his court to
Constantine
A saint who stopped the persecution of Christian. Created the Edict of Milan.
Galileo
A scientist who used telescopes to discover that the sun was the center of the universe, by studying the movements of the patterns
Ren
A sense of humanity, kindness, and benevolence stressed by Confucianism
Li
A sense of propriety, courtesy, respect, and deference to elders stressed by Confucianism
Astrolabe
A simplified version of an instrument used by Greek and Persian astronomers to determine latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or the pole star above the horizon
Chola Kingdom
A state in Southern India that even conquered some of SE Asia with a wealthy government financed by its control of trade. Even though it allowed considerable autonomy of its conquered nations, it was eventually reduced to a small regional state since it was not concerned with building a powerful government (which led to easy rebellion)
Han Feizi
A student of the Confucian scholar Xunzi and advisor at Qin court; reviewed Legalist ideas from political thinkers in all parts of China and synthesized them in a collection of powerful and well-argued essays on statecraft
Putting-out system
A system in which merchants sent raw materials out to people living in rural societies, these people then manufactured these materials into products that the merchants could sell
Jati
A system of extended families that originated in ancient India and still exist in somewhat changed form today; identified with a particular varna, and each had its own separate economic function.
Theocracy
A system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a God and the laws are usually administered by a priest or priestly order. Ancient China and especially the Shang dynasty is an example of a this because it declared the ruling family the sons of heaven
Monsoon system
A system of sailing in which the winds are used to aid in travel across the Red Sea between India and Arabia in the east and Egypt and the Mediterranean Basin in the west. The voyages are timed so that they go with the winds so that sailing is the easiest.
Parthenon
A temple constructed during the Athenian Empire in Athens, Greece. Dedicated to the goddess Athena.
Gao
A terminus of caravan routes across the Sahara that offered access to the Niger River Valley and all the amenities it provided (salt, gold, etc)
Land and Freedom Party
A terrorist group that promoted the assassination of prominent officials as a means to pressure the government into political reform
Calicut
A trading post in southern india that Vasco da Gama established in 1498
Coptic Christianity
A type of christianity based in Alexandria and it has the largest Middle eastern base; religion of Axum
Boxer Rebellion
A violent movement Spearheaded by militia units known as the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists. Went on a rampage in N. China to rid China of foreigners and their influence. Foreign governments crushed the movement in retaliation of a besiegement of Beijing embassies. Supported by Empress Cixi
Filial piety
A virtue of respect for one's fathers, elders, and ancestors; Confucian value
The Hundred Year's War
A war between England and France over a few French territories
The Sino-Japansese War
A war fought over the status of Korea, which was in the process of rebellion. The technologically-advanced and industrialized Japanese easily defeated the Chinese. In victory, Japan received Korea, other Qing territories, and imposed an unequal treaty on China.
The Opium War
A war revolving around the trade of Opium, a profitable, yet criminal object. The Chinese gvmt attempted to restrict the trade of Opium, which financially hurt the British traders who brought it to their ports. In retaliation, the British declared war. The Chinese army was not as militarily advanced and lost on every front to the British. The war ended after a British fleet traveled up river, threatening the safety of the Grand Canal
Charles de Gaulle
A wartime organizer of the Free French movement, he is remembered particularly for his assertive foreign policy and for quelling the student uprisings and strikes of May 1968.
Kuatala
Advisor of Chandragupta who wrote ancient political handbook known as the Arthashastra, a manual offering detailed instructions on the uses of power and the principles of government
James I
Absolute monarch, ruled right after Queen Elizabeth and was part of the Stewart family; Catholic
Etruscans
Absorbed by the Roman Empire. They were skillful seafarers and merchants. They were located in Italy on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea.
The Wealth of Nations
Adam smith's book about industrialization
St. Scholastica
Adapted Benedictine rule to provide guidance for women
Maji Maji Rebellion
African uprising against Germany. The Germans had moved in and was cruel to the Africans. When the Africans rebelled back, Germans killed thousands of people.
Reconquista of Spain
After 1200's, only stronghold remained at Granada; conquered Granada in 1492 (the same year Colombus sailed) during the reign of Isabel and Ferdanand; christians were against the muslims
Revolution of 1905
After Bloody Sunday, there was uproar in the empire that led to labor unrest, peasant insurrections, student demonstrations, and mutinies. The turmoil destroyed cities and forced the government to make concessions.
Cecil Rhodes
After making his fortune mining diamonds and gold, he worked tirelessly on behalf of British imperial expansion and believed it was an attractive alternative to civil war
Pacific Islands
After the Austronesian people left New Guinea, they sailed to this place to establish the first human settlements there. They first established settlements in Solomon and Bismark. They eventually were lead to Vanuatu, Tonga, Samoa, Tahiti, Marquesas, Polynesia, and Hawaii. The Lapita peoples were the first to establish settlements here. They established agricultural villages and maintained trade. Eventually a hierarchical chiefdoms were formed. When people were fed up with their leadership, they packed up and left. Eventually those with power started to consider themselves divine
Granada
After the beginning of the Reconquista efforts, remained as the only major stronghold of Muslim power; fell to Isabel and Ferdinand in 1492
American Revolution
After the seven years war Britain was faced with financial struggles and raised severe taxes on the colonies and strict enforcement. In response the colonies organized the Continental Congress and declared independence. After a war under the leadership of George Washington the colonies eventually won its freedom
Zhou
Aggressive young state; lasted 800 years which was the longest in Chinese history; continued practice of territories with appointed officials; Mandate of Heaven used to justify takeover; 6th through 3rd century BCE was a period of significant economic growth; instilled a large scale water project to regulate water to all fields; population of around 20 million; during 4th and 3rd century BCE declined and Warring States Period occurred though still technically ; during rule Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism were created
Divine Faith
Akbar encouraged the elaboration of a syncretic religion that focused attention on the emperor as a ruler common to all religious, ethnic, and social groups of India.
Philip of Macedonia
Alexander's father, begins the Macedonian Empire by conquering the Greek city states
Balkan Crisis of 1912-1913
Almost set off war; Russia supported Siberia's expansion (supported creation of 4 Balkan nations~Serbia, Monten., Bulg, and Greece) --> Austria-Hungary supported formation of Albania, which would have landlocked Serbia --> Austria-Hungary and Russia butt heads even more
Temujin
Also called Chinggis Khan; was the unifier of the Mongols; was recognized in 1206 as the universal ruler.
Golondrinas
Also known as "swallows". Regular migrants that traveled back and forth annually between Europe and South America to take advantage of different growing seasons in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
The Virgin Guadalupe
Also known as the Virgin Mary she was Mexico's national symbol and was embraced by the mestizo society. She believed to work miracles on people who visited her shrine
Eli Whitney
American who invented the cotton gin and interchangeable parts, allowing unskilled workers to participate in manufacturing
Tenochtitlan
An Aztec city-state located on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico. It became the capital of the expanding Mexica Empire. At height, over 400 cities gave tribute to it
King Henry VIII
An English king who had a dispute with the pope regarding the divorce of his wife. Because of this, he severed all ties with the Roman Catholic Church and founded his own Protestant Anglican Church in order to divorce his wife. Had 6 wives and have birth to Elizabeth I
Moksha
An Indian concept meaning emancipation, liberation or release, especially from samsara (the cycle of dying and rebirth)
St. Francis of Assisi
An Italian Catholic friar and preacher who he abandoned the comforts that he inherited and pledged himself to a life of poverty and preaching. Stories represented in this fresco from the basilica of St. Francis at Assisi report that he preached to the birds and encouraged them to sing in praise of God.
Smallpox
An acute contagious viral disease, with fever and pustules usually leaving permanent scars that knocked out most of the indigenous Americans upon the arrival of the Spaniards.
Charlemagne and his elephant
An albino elephant given to him by Harun al-Rashid, Charlemagne is the grandson of Charles Martel. He maintained diplomatic relations with Byzantine and Abbasid dynasties.
Menes
An ambitious minor official and priest from southern Egypt (upper Egypt) who rose to power after 3100 B.C.E; founded the city of Memphis, which was his capital (eventually became the cultural and political center of ancient Egypt); he, as well as his successors, built a centralized state that was ruled by a pharaoh
Olympic Games
An ancient Greek festival with athletic, literary, and musical competitions, held at Olympia every four years traditionally from 776 bc until abolished by the Roman emperor Theodosius I in ad 393
Paul of Tarsus
An apostle who taught the gospel of Jesus. Went to Antioch and converted many Gentiles.
Facism
An authoritarian political movement that stressed the transcendence of the state over the individual
The Russian Empire
An empire that experienced battlefield reverses that laid bare the economic and technological disparity between it and other European powers. It's tsarist government embarked on a program of reform
John Stuart Mill
An english philosopher, economist, and social reformed; most promiment exponent of early liberalism; advocated universal suffrage as the most effective way to advance individual freedom
Aztecs
An extremely strong empire that was created through an alliance between Mexica, Texcoco, and Tlacopan.
Louis XVI
An incompetent, indecisive king of France. Sought to raise taxes on the nobility to help recover from debt. He summoned the Estates General for the first time since 1614 in hopes that they would authorize the new taxes
Pyramids
Ancient shaped structures that can be located in Egypt; built mainly as tombs for the Pharaohs (Egyptian kings) during the Old and Middle kingdoms.
Charles I
Anglican, faced parliament in the English civil war, lost the war and was beheaded
Gao
Another prominent trading city in West Africa, within the region of Mali. Capital of Songhay
Gauchos
Argentine cowboys, highly romanticized figures
Mali
Arose after the collapse of Ghana; extended from Atlantic to Timbuktu and Gao on the Niger River; built wealth and power over gold trade; heartland in savanna region where enough water; villages ruled by chieftain called Mansa (Mansa~served as both religious and administrative leader and responsible for forwarding taxes); primary wealth in cities were Muslim merchants; Mansa Musa from here and openness to Islam caused the further spread of the faith
Katherine of Aragon
Arranged to be married to King Arthur to enhance political relations with the Spanish, she was instead married to King Henry VIII after he died. However, she was unable to bear him a male child, resulting in King Henry VIII to divorce her.
Westward Expansion
As the United States grew bigger, settlers began to flock to the west in search of cheap land to cultivate
Arch Duke Ferdinand
Assassinated by Gavrilo Princip; his assassination was the final straw and led to the starting of World War I
Reasons Why Collective Security Was Flawed
At any one time, one or more major powers didn't belong to the League
Anzac Day
Australian holiday; celebrated on April 25th, 1915 (day Battle of Galipoli began); similar to America's memorial day; most significant as a day of public homage
Stages of hominid development
Australopithecus, Homo Habilis, and Homo Erectus. Australopithecus were the first identified hominids that walked upright, while the Homo Habilis were the first to make stone tools. The Homo Erectus were the first hominids who learned how to control fire. Later Hominid groups are Homo Sapiens, Homo Neanderthal and Cro-Magno. Modern humans are Homo Sapiens Sapiens
Akbar
Babur's grandson. He gathered the reins of power in his own hands following an argument with Adham Khan. He created a centralized administrative structure with ministries regulating various provinces of the empire.
Most popular weapons during war
Barbed wire, machine guns, gas, submarines, tanks and airplanes (tanks and airplanes more common during WWII)
Little Big Horn
Battle at which thousands of Lakota Sioux and their allies annihilated an army under the command of Colonel George Armstrong Custer
Stalingrad
Battle between Germany and Soviet Union, 1st large scale victory for Soviet forces
Saljuk Turks and Battle of Manzikert
Battle fought between the Byzantines and Saljuk Turks in 1071. The Byzantine army lost due to its military and financial problems; after loss, the Saljuks conquered Anatolia with little resistance
Mustafa Kemal
Battle of Galipoli launched his political career; played role in the formation of the Turkish state; become one of its first rulers
Chandragupta Maurya
Became ruler of the Mauryan Dynasty in 322. He conquered the smaller civilizations of india. Unified present day India as one. Introduced regional governors. Established a single currency throughout
Resettlement
Because the Mongols were nomadic they had very limited skills as artisans and educated individuals and as the empire expanded they needed more specialized craftsmen and literate admin so they recruited talent from the ranks of their allies and people the conquered. They often moved people far away from their homes
Persian Wars
Began with the Ionian Greek rebellion under Darius. When the mainland Greeks learned of their eastern countrymen's plight with the Persians, they sent help, successfully holding the larger empire at bay while earning the resentment of the Achaemenids. Decades later, Xerxes launched an invasion of mainland Greece to avenge his predecessor's earlier defeat, but his force was crushed at the decisive Battle of Marathon. He launched another invasion 10 years later, but ultimately failed once again. This led to another 150 years of intermittent sparring between the two civilizations that resulted in a stalemate. These wars served as the first time the Greek city-states felt a part of a greater Greek unity
Roman Republic
Began with the ending of the monarchy. Replaced the kingship with two consuls that were elected every year. Slowly declined and eventually was overthrown by Octavian thus ending the Republic.
Industrialization in Russia and Japan
Beginning in the late nineteenth century, these two countries began to industrialize. The industrialization had deep global implications because industrial powers used their tools, technologies, business organization, financial influence, and transportation networks to obtain raw materials from preindustrial societies around the world
Mohanda Gandhi
Believed in one unified India state
St. Thomas Aquinas
Believed that Aristotle had understood and explained the workings of the world better than any other thinker of any era. Saw no contradiction between Aristotle and Christian revelations
Jacobins
Believed that France needed complete restructuring and they unleashed a campaign of terror to promote their revolutionary agenda. They sought to completely eliminate the Catholic Church from France
Charles Darwin
Believed that all people all descended from the same ancestry, and some adapted better than others. Believed animals and humans descended from the same place.
War of 1812
Between the U.S. and Great Britain, the world's naval power. Caused by Great Britain attempting to restrict U.S. trade, and stop U.S. expansion. U.S. then resisted to withhold their rights, and put pressure on Canada. U.S. suffered with the burning of their capital, but prevailed with prevention of invasion in most regions. Canada successfully repelled any U.S. attacks as well.
Spread of Hinduism and Buddhism
Buddhism spread through central Asia, Southeast Asia, and China. Many merchants converted to Buddhism and spread it through their travels. Hinduism spread to southeast Asia by merchants similarly to Buddhism but instead by merchants traveling through the sea lanes.
Bodhisattva
Buddhist deities who have achieved nirvana yet choose to remain on Earth.
Shah Jahan
Built the Taj Mahal, wanted to build a second for himself. Overthrown by Aurangzeb, who confined him to a small cell where he could see his wife's tomb using a mirror
Capture of Constantinople
By Ottoman Turks; 1453; name changed to Istanbul
The Mexican-American War
Caused by the United States accepting Texas as a new state and moving to consolidate its hold on the territory, despite vigorous Mexican protests. Those moves led to conflicts that escalated into this war
New name for Triple Alliance
Central Powers (included Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria)
Southern Front
Central Powers overran the Balkans; no decisive victory in Italy
Louis the Pious
Charlemagne's only surviving son. He succeeded his father and held the empire together, but lacked the strong authorities like his father
Pulp Fiction
Cheap, fictional books that were made in China. Looked down upon by Confucians. Got the name from being made on manufactured wood pulp paper which was cheap.
Magnetic compass
Chinese invention of the Tang or Song that diffused throughout the Indian Ocean Basin. Used to determine their heading in Mediterranean and Atlantic waters.
Hong Xiuquan
Chinese leader of Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty.
An Lushan
Chinese person who led a revolt against the Tang Dynasty. His rebellion succeeded in capturing both Chang'an and Luoyang.
Anabaptists
Christians who believe baptism should be delayed until one can confess their own faith
Peloponnesian War
Civil war of Ancient Greece; occurred after the Persian War but before conquered by Macedonians; Athenian allies vs. Spartan allies; Sparta believed Athens had too much power because they controlled the Delian League
Maya
Civilization that arose after the Olmecs; inherited much of Olmec tradition, such as the bloodletting rituals and their ball game; were largely agricultural and grew mostly corn; had an elaborate calendar and a writing system that was the most advanced of all early Mesoamerican writing; had several city-states that were constantly at war, but their warfare focused largely on hand to hand combat and instead of killing people they wanted to capture their opponent alive so they could force them to partake in bloodletting rituals
The multiregional thesis
Claims that the modern human simultaneously developed in different parts of the world
Socrates
Classical Greek philosopher from Athens who taught Plato and created the Socratic Method. (a form of inquiry and discussion between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to illuminate ideas)
Andean Society
Communication with Mesoamerica hindered by tough geography; only noticeable interaction with Mesoamerica was eventual trade of Mesoamerican maize cultivation and gold/metal working; major crops were beans, peanuts, sweet potatoes, and cotton; domesticated animals were llamas and alpacas (used for wool, meat, and pack animals)
Tale of genji
Composed by Murasaki Shikibu (a woman) ; told by Gengi and his aging friends and reflects the Heian court; written in Japanese
Guilds
Constituted a social infrastructure that made it possible for medieval cities to function; often referred to a group of people with the same artistic talents
Investiture Controversy
Conflict over the appointment of church officials in the late 11th and early 12th centuries between secular and religious authorities in medieval Europe.
Junzi
Confucian individuals considered superior because they are educated, conscientious, and able to put side personal ambition for the good of the state
Confucian ideals
Confucius focuses on five fundamental relationships: ruler and subject, parent and child, husband and wife, older brother and younger brother, and friend and friend. It also concentrates on being a junzi following Ren, Li, and Xiao
Jawaharlal Nehru
Congress Party Leader, urging indians to act and feel as one nation.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Congress authorized President Johnson to take any measures he believed were necessary to retaliate and to promote the maintenance of international peace and security in southeast Asia.
Napoleon's Empire
Conquered Prussia, Austria, Netherlands, Belgium, Spain. Made them accept French Hegemony. Sent family to rule those countries.
Hyksos
Conquered all of Egypt, during the Middle Kingdom. Egyptians eventually adopted their military technology and expelled them from Egypt
Java
Conquered by the Dutch; concentrate of spice trade not political expansion; near Sunda Strait so they established monopoly over spices; Dutch extract concession from here for military aid
Oceania
Consists of New Guinea and Australia; people arrived by water craft; earliest inhabitants were hunter gatherers; foraging people could travel back and forth through this place until the seas rose and separated New Guinea and Australia; Australians remained hunter-gatherers, and New Guinea turned to agriculture; Austronesians were people from Southeast Asia that came and changed the way the inhabitants lived; the Austronesians cultivated crops and kept animals which eventually rubbed off on the New Guinea people to do as well
Railroads
Construction of this linked all U.S. regions and helped create an integrated national economy. It provided cheap transportation for agricultural commodities, manufactured goods and individual travelers.
Caste System (all levels)
Contained four Varnas: brahmins (priests), kshatriyas (warriors), vaishyas (cultivators, artisans, and merchants), and shudras (landless peasants and serfs). Later a class of untouchables was added, people who performed unpleasant tasks; system of social separation developed during the Vedic age only allowed people to marry within their caste, and gave them the hope that in their next life they would be reincarnated into a better castes
Thirty Year's War
Continental conflict started when the Holy Roman EMpire tried to convert Bohemian subjects to Catholicism
King Afonso I
Converted the subjects of the Kongo Empire to Christianity. Established a large amount of churches and other institutions, in which brought up the name, "Kongo of the Bells."
Oscar Arias Sanchez
Costa Rica especially influential became especially influential in promoting a negotiated end to the Contra War in Nicaragua.
Council of Nicea
Council of Christian Bishops that came together at Nicea by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in 325 CE
Arab nations (lands around Palestine)
Countries that were promised freedom but had promise violated by France and Great Britain b/c of Mandate System
Soviet Union
Country that was barely effected by the stock market crash
Zhu Xi
Created Neo-Confucianism (more religious version of Confucianism); 12th century scholar
New Deal
Created by FDR; government was creating jobs for its people to try and bring up the economy
St. Basil
Created monastic rules for monasteries in the Byzantine empire that was based on poverty, chastity, and obedience
The Phoenicians
Created the first alphabet. Established along the Mediterranean Sea as seafaring trading people. Credited with inventing the color purple
Reconquista
Crusade, ended in 1492 by Isabel and Ferdinand, to drive the Islamic forces out of Spain
Chaldeans
Defeated Assyria; conquered the kingdom of Judah; completely destroyed Jerusalem in 586 B.C.E; deported many upper-class people from Judah; made Babylonia the leading state in western Asia after the collapse of the Assyrian empire; Nebuchadnezzar is the famous ruler
Neolithic era
Defined by the development of agricultural societies
1206-1526
Delhi Sultanate
Heads of the Provisional Government
Democratic Prince George Lvov then moderate socialist Alexander Keresky
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
Dictator of Germany, fricken evil, came to power in 1933
Characteristics of Provisional Government
Dominated by middle class liberals; guaranteed civil liberties, freed political prisoners, sought to establish western democratic regime; insisted on war continuation; couldn't provide food to cities; refused land seizures; quickly lost support of the public
Popular sovereignty
During the 17th and 18th centuries philosophers and supporters of the enlightenment sought to make the monarchy responsible to the people it governed
Zhou Dynasty
Dynasty in Chinese history in which the Warring States Period occurred and there a series of new philosophies developed such as Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism. This dynasty is also known for its decentralized government
Indra
Early Indian god associated with Aryans; king of the gods and was associated with warfare and thunderbolts; chief deity of the Rig Veda
Joint-stock companies
East India Company and VOC, traded their stocks in order to make money; less of a risk
Swahili city states
East coast of Africa; mix of African and Swahili cultures; coastal or island port cities; chieftains strengthened realms→ trade concentrated → cities arose; Mogadishu, Lamu, Malindi, Mombasa, Zanzibar, Kilwa, Mozambique, and Sofala
Colbert
Economic advisor to Louis XIV, helped him try to control his extravagant wasting of money
"domino theory"
Eisenhower says if one country becomes communist, all will follow
Hugh Capet
Elected by the lords of France to serve as king. he was the first king of the Capetian Dynasty
Zemstvos
Elected district assemblies that the Russian government created to deal with local issues of health, education, and welfare
Louis Riel
Emerged as the leader of the métis and indigenous peoples of western Canada. Assumed presidency of a government in 1870 and led his troops in capturing Fort Garry and negotiated the incorporation of the province of Manitoba into the Canadian Dominion. Was sent in exile by the Canadian government.
Robespierre
Emerged in the revolution as a ruthless but popular radical known as "the incorruptible" and he dominated the Committee of Public Safety. Thought blood was the way to change society. Killed by the guillotine (same machine he used to kill so many others)
Chandra Gupta
Emperor and founder of the Gupta dynasty in India
Diocletian
Emperor from 284-305 who split the empire into two administrative districts. A co emperor ruled each district with the help of a powerful lieutenant. Brought army under firm imperial control, strengthened imperial currency, and imposed price caps.
Sunni Ali
Emperor of the Songhay Empire. Gained control of Timbuktu and Jenne after conquest, along with many neighboring states. Successfully established an elaborate administration and military. Positioned governors per province, with a military hierarchy. While most of the other emperors of the Songhay Empire were Muslim, he had many pagan influences
Henry IV
Emperor who was excommunicated after challenging Pope Gregory VII's policy
Kongo
Empire rose in a time of African commercial productivity and state building flourishment. Was centralized with officials overseeing military, judicial, and financial affairs. Established trading and military relations with the Portuguese, converted to Christianity under King Afonso I. Capital was at Mbanza, called the, "Kongo of the Bell," because of churches. Relations eventually became complicated with the slave trading Portuguese.
Empress Dowager Cixi
Empress of China during the Reform era. A former imperial concubine who established herself as an effective ruler of China during the last fifty years of the Qing. Put Chinese at the head of the army and not Manchus. She backed the Boxer Rebellion and because of this, many Chinese viewed the Qing as bankrupt
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Ended Russia's involvement in WWI; Russia forced to sign it by Austria-Hungarian and German forces; took the lands of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russian Poland, and Ukraine from Russian possesion
Newton
English mathematician; depended on observation and mathematical reasoning; outlined views in Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687); argued that a law of universal gravitation regulates motions of bodies in the universe
William Wilberforce
English philanthropist, elected into parliament and got his bill passed to end the slave trade.
John Locke
English philosopher who stated that individuals granted political rights to their rulers but maintained the personal rights of life, liberty, and property
Edmund Burke
English philosopher, a prominent conservative, condemned radical or revolutionary change (believed his view could only lead to anarchy); approved of American revolution but denounced French revolution
John Locke
English philosopher; discovered natural laws of politics; denounced divine-right theories and advocated constitutional government, where sovereignty resides in the people rather than the state or its rulers
William Harvey
English physician; discovered principles of the circulation of human blood; observed female animals for study on human reproduction
Mary Astell
English writer, suggested that absolute sovereignty was no more appropriate in family than in a state; questioned the reason why all men were born free yet all women were slaves; drew on the thoughts of John Locke
Bananas
Entered Africa through sea lanes across Indian Ocean. Established cultivation in Madagascar. Enriched Bantu diets.
Mahabharata
Epic poem composed around 100 BCE; longest written poem in history (over 10x's longer than either the Illiad or the Odyssey) (90,000 stanzas); Mahabharata is a tale of moral confrontations and an elucidation of the ethical precepts of the dharma; most famous piece is Bhagavad Gita, which is a sermon by the legendary Indian figure Krishna on the eve of a major battle who sets forth one of the key ethical maxims of Indian society: in taking action, one must be indifferent to success or failure and consider only the moral rightness of the act itself
The Reign of Terror
Era of the revolution where fear was used to keep France united. Robespierre was a major proponent of this death and destruction; multiple executions per day
Middle and Upper Class Women
Experienced the most change; started working; once the men returned and took their jobs, petitioned for their right to vote and won
James Cook
Explored the Pacific; died in a scuffle with Hawaiians; interest in Polynesians; charted Oceania
Crop rotation
Facilitated the rapid production of crops and the diversification of European diets
1453
Fall of Constantinople
Hapsburgs
Family that acquired a large empire in Europe through nonviolent means (marriage, etc), Charles V was a part of this family
John Macdonald
Father of Confederation, first Prime Minister of Canada. Built a successful national government and forged a strong Conservative Party
Adela Zamudio
Female Bolivian poet who lamented that talented women could not vote, but ignorant men could by just learning to write their names.
Soldaderas
Female soldier or supporter of the soldiers
Olympe de Gouges
Feminist during Revolution, wrote The Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen, was executed by the Jacobins.
Xiao
Filial piety, which means a respect for family obligation, including to the extended family, also stressed in Confucianism
Women's greatest contribution on the Homefront
Filled in the positions at shell-making factories
Vasco de Gama
First European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope in 1497-8; landed at Calicut in southern India
Chichen Itza
First Mayan kingdom to seek peace/less violence; captives were given the choice to either become a citizen of the city or be executed by the way of tradition
Kongo
Formed by kin-based societies to form small states. Participated actively in trade. Formed a central government which included a king and officials. Most tightly centralized of all Bantu kingdoms
Olmecs
First civilization in Mesoamerica; largely agricultural, but had no large animals, and therefore no need for wheeled carts; name literally means "rubber people"; got name from the rubber trees around their civilization; placed a great emphasis on bloodletting rituals to please their gods; incorporated torture into the sport they invented with a large rubber ball; built large monuments; have an authoritarian government to get all those people to work on the monuments
League of Nations
First permanent international security organization whose mission was to maintain world peace
Hammurabi's Code
First written code of laws created by Hammurabi. Uses the practice of "an eye for an eye." Has laws applying to every aspect of Sumerian life
5 pillars
Five different rules Muslims should follow. Shahadah- Declaration of faith, Salah- Praying 5 times a day, Zakat- Charity, Sawm- Fasting in Ramadan, Hajj -Pilgrimmage
Spanish Armada
Fleet of Spanish ships sent to convert England back to RCC
Spheres of influence
Foreign powers influenced China so much that they dismantled the Chinese systems
U Boats
German submarines
Jan Pieterszoon Coen
Founded Batavia, the VOC entrépot
Osman
Founded Ottoman dynasty/empire. tBey (chief) of semi nomadic turks who migrated to Anatolia. Wanted to become ghazi, or Muslim Religious warriors
Osman
Founded Ottoman empire; carved out small territory in NW Anatolia; spread from there
Hulegu
Founded Persian Ilkhanate; seized Abbasid capital at Baghdad, looted cities, executed caliph, massacred more than 200,000 residents. Ventured into syria but shut down by Muslim forces
Yang Jang
Founded Sui Dynasty, ambitious ruler, embarked on many military expeditions that unified China, imposed tight political rule, started the Grand Canal Founded Sui Dynasty, ambitious ruler, embarked on many military expeditions that unified China, imposed tight political rule, started the Grand Canal
Mughal Empire
Founded by Babur who conquered Delhi in 1523. Babur's grandson Akbar instigated the Mughal golden era. Had conflict between Islam and Hindu. Largest expansion under Aurangzeb.
Antonian Movement
Founded by Dona Beatriz, who claimed to have been possessed by St. Anthony. Was an African Movement of Christianity. Believed that Jesus was black, and that heaven was for blacks. Ended the Kongo's wars.
Gupta Dynasty
Founded by Maharaja Sri Gupta re-united India. Strong mathematics accomplishments including inventing the numbers 1-9 and 0. Also important developments in medicine, astronomy and art
The Safavid Empire
Founded by Shah Ismail. The accounts of its rise were carefully controlled for propaganda purposes. Imposed Twelver Shiism on their subjects
Timbuktu
Founded in 1100 CE as a seasonal camp for caravan traders; under Mansa Musa and his successors, city emerged as major intellectual and cultural center in West Africa; became site of schools of law, literature, and sciences
Dona Beatriz
Founded the Antonian Movement. She claimed to be possessed by St. Anthony, a popular figure by the Portuguese, and made prophecies for the Antonian Movement. Was eventually burned on a stake by King Pedro IV, but movement did not end.
King Leopold II of Belgium
Founded the Congo Free State in Africa. The taxes there were very high and the working conditions were terrible
Zarathrusta
Founder of Zoroastrianism
Shah Ismail
Founder of the Safavid Empire. Left the swamps of Gilgan near the caspian sea where he had hidden from a fmily enemy for five years. Two years later he entered Tabriz at the head of an army and laid claim to the ancient Persian imperial title of shah. Shah Ismail also proclaimed that the official religion of his realm would be Twelver Shiism, and he proceeded to impose it on the formerly Sunni population
Song Taizu
Founder of the Song Dynasty, he was a military general and then took the throne by convincing all the other important generals to retire to luxurious lives
St. Ignatius of Loyola
Founder of the society of Jesus
The Mongol Empires
Four great empires: The Great Khanate (Yuan), The Golden Horde, The Persian Ilkhanate, and the Chagatai Khanate. The Great Khanate was located in northern china, lead by Khubilai Khan, who captured Hangzhou in 1276, and established the Yuan dynasty in 1279. The Golden Horde overran and demanded tribute from Russia but did not occupy. The Persian Ilkhanate was lead by Hulegu, who ended the abbasid and looted Baghdad. The Chagatai Khanate was located in Central Asia and survived significantly longer than the other khanates
How Great Britain and France chose to divide up the African Colonies
France got Morocco and Great Britain got Sudan
Charles Martel
Frankish leader. Founder of the Carolingian dynasty. Showed military power at the Battle of Tours. Charlemagne was his grandson
Huguenots
French Protestants who followed John Calvin
French and Indian War
French and Indians fight against British and Indians
Louis XIII
French king who enhanced his power and put France under the control of a tightly centralized absolute monarchy
Emilie du Chatelet
French mathematician and physicist; had a three-vol. work on German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz (1740); translated Newton's Principia Mathematica in French, along with his geometry and physics
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
French yet reflected the influence of American revolutionary ideas. Proclaimed the equality of all men, declared that sovereignty resided in the people and asserted individual rights liberty, property, and security
Barracks Emperors
From 235 to 284 c.e. twenty-six recognized emperors took control of Rome. Most of these emperors seized control, briefly ruled, then had their power taken. Large majority died violently.
Plebians
General body of the free Roman citizens. "Common people"
The late Byzantine Empire
Generated social and economical problems, as well as threats of other empires around them. Wealthy landowners undermined the theme system, which generated a class of dependent agricultural laborers, reduced incentives to serve in the army, and diminished tax receipts for the central government.
France's objectives/people who pushed for them
Georges Clemenceau, wanted security from Germany
Joseph Stalin
Georgian, mother's influence leads to Orthodox seminary education; leads Soviet Union by 1928, starts 5-year plan that doesn't succeed, rules through terror, communist
Luftwaffe
German Air force
Karl Marx
German political philosopher and founder of modern socialism. He wrote Capital and scorned the utopian socialists as unrealistic dabblers and worked closely with Friedrich Engels
Kepler
German scientist; showed how planetary orbits are elliptical, not circular like the Ptolemaic theory
Biggest part of Treaty of Versailles
Germany had to accept sole responsibility for causing the war and agreed to pay reparations
Reasons for America to join
Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare (sinking of Lusitania which killed American citizens), allied propaganda, Zimmerman Note (Germany asks MX to start war with America but intercepted), economic interests, idealism, security (an ocean apart wasn't enough)
Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (Italy joined b/c mad at France for taking Tunisia; Germany invited Austria-Hungary b/c AH hated Russia too)
Spartacus
Gladiator who escaped from slavery and formed an army of 70 thousand slaves for a rebellion
Original name for World War I
Global War
Two European countries that were competing against each other
Great Britain and Germany
New forces in the Allied Powers
Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia (1914), Japan (1914), Italy (1915), America (1917)
Triple Entente
Great Britain, France, and Russia (France wanted provinces stolen by Germany so lent Russia money so they would join; France and Britain put aside differences b/c hate Germany more than each other)
Thucydides
Greek historian; wrote a detailed history of the Peloponnesian War; on the Athenian side but did not forgo to detail the brutal tactics they used; reported that Athenians conquered Melos, massacred all of the military age men, then sold the rest to slavery
Aristotle
Greek philosopher. Taught Alexander the Great. Mainly experimented with science and believed that knowledge can be obtained by interacting with physical objects. Classified plants and animals.
Mani
He is the founder of Manichaeism. Originally a Zoroastrian from Babylon, he blended Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Buddhism into Manichaeism. Was persecuted and killed by the Sassanid empire.
Cyrus
He laid the foundation for the 1st Persian Empire, the Achaemenid Empire. In 558 BCE he becomes king and rules from Pasargadae. He conquered Lydia and Babylonia.
Marshal Tito
He organized a communist resistance movement against the German invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941. He became head of the new government at the end of World War II and established Yugoslavia as a nonaligned communist state with a federal constitution.
Ibn Battuta
He was a moroccan merchant who traveled on a haji, but continued on his journey. He visited all around Eurasia and ended up going to the Swahili coast and visiting Kilwa
Pater Familias
Head of Roman family
Holy Roman Empire
Hegemonic state that might have reintroduced imperial unity to Europe; conflict with the papacy prevented it from being a strong state; "not holy, not roman, not an empire"
794-1185
Heian Period
Suleyman the magnificent
Height of Ottoman rule. conquered Baghdad, Tigris and Euphrates rivers. He beat to Habsburgs in Austria, briefly sieged Vienna. Conquered Hungary. Built a strong navy. Got control of Mamluk navy
Vasco da Gama
In 1497, led a small fleet of four armed merchant vessels with 170 crewmen at Lisbon. In a several months, rounded the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean. On 20 May 1498, the fleet anchored at Calicut in southern India. By 1500, they had built a trading post at Calicut. Had three conquests along the East Coast of Africa, attacking Swahili settlements
Seneca Falls Convention
In 1848, feminists issued a "declaration of sentiments" modeled on the Declaration of Independence and demanded equal political and economic rights for U.S. women
Ayllus
In Incan society, a clan or community that worked together on projects required by the ruler
Bactria
In NW India, and ruled by Greek-speaking descendants of Alexander's campaigns, modern day Afghanistan. Influenced Indian culture and development.
The Seven Year's War
In a contest for imperial superiority, British and French forces battled each other in Europe, India, and North America. Britain won
Satrapies
In the Achaemenid Empire, Darius divided the empire into 23 of these ruled by satraps. These had officers who checked on them.
Indian Ocean trade
Indian Persian, Malayan, Roman, and Hellenistic sailors all made contact with eastern Africa using the Indian ocean; caused mix of cultures (created Swahili mix); monsoon winds often used when traveling from Malay peninsula or India to Africa
Emporia
Indian ports that became the principal clearing houses of trade
Pachacuti
Inca Ruler who launched a series of expansion campaigns beginning in 1438
Mita system
Inca practice of drafting labourers
Stateless societies
Included kin-based societies and chiefdoms in Africa
Sternpost Rudder
Increased the maneuverability of the European ships
Specialized production
Increased trade was a natural result of the growth in population. Began cross-cultural trade in the Indian Ocean Basin using Dhows and Junks.
Trade in southern India
Increased trade was a natural result of the growth in population. Began cross-cultural trade in the Indian Ocean Basin using Dhows and Junks.
Kalinga
Independent of Mauryan rule. Controlled principal trade routes. in 260, Ashoka overtook.
Jati
Indian word for sub caste in Hindu society; assumed much of responsibility for maintaining social order in India; guilds, corporate bodies that supervised prices and wages in a given industry and provided for the welfare of members and their families; regularly organized courts, resolved differences, and regulated community affairs
Rajiv Gandhi
Indira Ghandi's son, took over leadership of India in 1985, offered reconciliation to the Sikhs, assassinated by a terrorist in 1991
Metis
Individuals of mixed European and indigenous ancestry. Children of fur traders that lived on margins between European and indigenous societies and married or consorted with native women
Medes
Indo-European branch that settled into northern Persia and eventually fell to the Persians
Aryans
Indo-European migrants who settled into India after 1500B.C.E; their union with the indigenous Dravidians formed the basis of Hinduism
Slavs
Indo-European people who are from eastern Europe
Achmad Sukarno
Indonesian president who proclaimed Bandung as the first conference of colored people.
The Indus and Ganges Rivers
Indus River (Pakistan) is where Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were built. Ganges River Valley (India) primarily planted rice. Aryan groups also began to settle in the Ganges River Valley, which lead to the Vedic period. The Ganges river also separated Pakistan from India.
Funan
Influenced by India, Southeast Asian country, Dominated by trade, Hindu, Capital in Oc Eo, Land Based
Gold trade
Influenced the development of sub-Saharan African civilizations; greatly influenced Mali and made them one of most prominent states; this metal came from more southern regions of Africa but was transferred to more northern states
Nara Japan
Instituted a Chinese-style bureaucracy; capital at Nara; observed the rites of Shinto
White Huns
Invaded the Gupta Empire causing its collapse
Pope Innocent IV
Invited the Mongols to Work together with the Christians
Mecca
Islam's holiest city, as the birthplace of Muhammad and Islam itself. Also where Muhammad made his return with his followers.
Sufi missionaries
Islamic Missionaries who taught more based on devotion to Allah than strict adherence to teachings of the Qur'an
Sharia
Islamic code of law based on the Qur'an
shia
Islamic minority in opposition to the Sunni majority; their belief is that leadership should reside in the line descended from Ali.
Delhi Sultanate
Islamic rulers with Hindu commoners; Northern India; Delhi Sultanate, the state ranked among the most prominent but had no permanent bureaucracy or administration
Hawai'i
Islands in the Pacific ocean, discovered by James Cook. People paid little attention to these islands until after Cook's reports and it received many migrants and visitors during the 19th and 20th centuries.
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by Abraham Lincoln, declared that all slaves within the rebellious states would be completely freed. Showed intention of the Union. Didn't free any slaves when first released because didn't have any control over the southern states
Slave trading
It became a major way to make wealth after Africa became apart of the bigger economy. The slaves are mainly prisoners of war, and they are shipped around the world
Caste system
It extended its graphic reach and the emergence of guilds strengthened it. Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, Sudras, Untouchables
Axum
It is a empire located in Ethiopia and they were devout christians who made rock churches for the faith
Age grades
It is how children are grouped when they are younger. They all do the same job and through that experience with one another they build friendships and relationships
Zanj Revolt
It was a revolt in Mesopotamia lead by an African slave named Ali bin Muhammad and conquered a city. They created a new region, and they were destroyed
Ethiopian Christianity
It was a sect of Christianity based in Ethiopia from Axum. They believe that most people contain demons so they wear charms to keep them out.
Missi Dominici
It was an official commissioned by the Frankish king or Holy Roman Emperor to supervise the administration, mainly of justice, in parts of his dominions too far for frequent personal visits. It performed important intermediary functions between royal and local administrations
Michelangelo Buonarotti
Italian artist of the renaissance
Cesare Beccaria
Italian criminologist and economist; formed a society called "the academy of fists" dedicated to economic, political, and administrative reform; published famous criminology essay "On Crimes and Punishments," which criticized the legal system at the time (1764); spoke against the death penalty
Brunelleschi
Italian renaissance designer; known for linear perspectice technique
Printing Press
Jewish refugees from spain introduced this to anatolia in the late fifteenth century. Originally not allowed to print books in turkish or arabic language within the ottoman empire but ban was lifted in 1729.
Early Capitalism
Joint-stock companies were one of the first examples of people trying to use this way of mercantilism
D-Day
June 6, 1944; British and US troops stormed the French coast at normandy; German forces overwhelmed
Dhows and junks
Junks were big Chinese boats and Dhows were the small indian boats.
Justinian's Code
Justinian most significant contribution was the codification of roman law. Heavily influencing european and japanese law, its original name was Corpus iuris civilis
Ferdinand and Isabel
King and Queen of Spain who started Spanish Inquisition; sent Columbus to the New World; united all of Spain in 1492 for first time in centuries
Philip II of Spain
King during the reign of Elizabeth I who tried to force England to return to the Roman Catholic Church using the power of the Spanish Armada
Otto I
King of Germany, first of Germans to be called Holy Roman Emperor
King Pedro IV of Kongo
King when the Antonian Movement was in progress. After evaluation, claimed the Antonian Movement as a movement of heresy, and executed Dona Beatriz.
Capetian Dynasty
Kings in France that added resources and political influence to centralize power and authority in France
Lin Zexu
Known as the incorruptible. The Qing charged him with the destruction of the opium trade. Confiscated and destroyed 20,000 chests of Opium (which ignited the Opium war)
Syngman Rhee
Korean statesman, the first president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, and the first president of the Republic of Korea (South Korea)
Indian Removal Act
Law in which the United States government determined to move all native Americans west if the Mississippi River into "Indian Territory." Reason for the Trail of Tears
The Duma
Law-making body of Russia; eventually became a "debating society"
The Calico Acts
Laws passed by Parliament to protect wool producers in England from competition with cotton
Ghaznavid Turks
Lead by Mahmud of Ghazni, they raided and conquered Northern India. Against the indian religions, like buddhism and hinduism, they heavily promoted Islam in their new land
Mahmud of Ghazni
Lead the Ghaznavid Turks in the initial raids and conquering of Northern India
Mahmud of Ghazni
Leader of Turks in Afghanistan as well as a patron to the arts, built Ghanzi into refined capital, and was known as a ruthless warrior
Caliph
Leader of a caliphate. A caliphate is a Muslim empire.
Safi al-Din
Leader of the Sufi religious order in North Western Persia
Mexican revolution
Liberals and conservatives were divided, conservatives forced the Juárez government out of Mexico city until 1861. Napoleon III attempted to end Mexican disorder by re-creating monarchy but faced resistance, instead he proclaimed a Mexican empire and appointed Austrian archduke Maximilian as emperor who was assassinated. Peasants and workers attempted to overthrow dictator Porfirio Díaz. Emiliano Zapata and Francisco (pancho) Villa assisted peasants by fighting for tierra y libertad. The Mexican Constitution of 1917 addressed some revolutionary concerns and gave people basic human rights.
Saljuk Turks
Lived on the border of the Abbasid Empire but eventually migrated in, defeating the byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. After displacing byzantine authority, they set up their own institutions which included taxing the church
The Nile River
Located in North Africa; became a crucial source to the growth of Egypt; predictable flooding allowed for easy scheduling of crops; provided nutrient rich silt deposits for the crops; allowed for easy transportation of goods and materials for Egypt and trade.
Kushan Kingdom
Located in Northern India/Central Asia, maintained Silk Road. One of the first emerging territories from Bactria
Justification by faith alone
Luther believed that even if a non-Christian was more virtuous than a Christian that the Christian would have a higher chance at getting into Heaven; people can only be saved if they believe in Jesus
Civil Code
Made by Napoleon, helped stabilize France. Assured legal equality of all men. Merit based society. Used moderate Revolutionary Ideals
Paleolithic era
Mainly defined by the use of stone tools; people were hunters and gatherers
The Taiping Rebellion
Massive rebellion in China from 1850 - 1864, fought between the Qing Dynasty, and the Christians. Hong Xiuayan provided leadership for the rebellion. Contained radical features that appealed to discontented subjects including free public education and literacy for the masses.
Bantu
Mastered iron metallurgy; migrated throughout Africa; governed through family and kinship groups
Chinggis Khan
Meaning "Universal Ruler" was the title given to Temujin
Jesuits
Members of the society of Jesus, sought to extend the powers of the Roman Catholic Church, were very effective missionaries
Islam
Merchants introduced it from North Africa and SW Asia. Came from caravans and sea lanes. Became main religion for many large kingdoms like Ghana and Mali
Huitzilopochtli
Mesoamerican war god that the Mexica were devoted to when performing rituals of human sacrifice; warriors saw the deity as their patron god
Taj Mahal
Most famous Mughal monument. Built by Shah Jahan in 18 years using 20 thousand workers. Used as a tomb for his wife and a mosque
Zapatistas
Most famous group of women to serve in conjunction with men in the Mexican revolution
Self-Strengthening Movement
Most imaginative reform program that sought to blend Chinese Cultural tradition with Europeon Industrial technology. Brought only superficial change because it did not introduce enough industry to bring real military and economic strength.
Peter I (the Great)
Most important of the Romanov tsars; heir to the Russian throne, husband of Catherine the Great; reformed the army and began construction of navy; provoked spiritual protest when tried to make Russia more like Prussia
Enlightenment
Most thinkers were of common birth but comfortable means. Although seeking to limit the prerogatives of ruling and aristocratic classes, they did not envision a society in which they would share equal rights with women, children, peasants, laborers, slaves, or people of color
Teotihuacan
Mostly peaceful city; only engaged in military activity when defending territory; constructed Pyramid of the Sun (largest building in Mesoamerica); believed to be theocracy b/c artwork; priests would have been at head of government b/c could interpret the calendar and determine what days certain things would happen; developed empire based on commerce; 2/3 population were peasants; inherited many aspects of Olmec society, including ball game, calendar, and writing system; since all their books were burned, we know little about their culture except that they did sacrifice humans; declined after invasion (most survivors abandoned the city)
The Virgin Mary
Mother of Jesus who personified Christian ideals of womanhood, love, and sympathy; most worshipped saint
570-632
Muhammad
Abu Bakr
Muhammad's closest friend; one of his first converts; was the first succeeding caliph after the death of Muhammad; his job was to compel people to recognize Islam as the official religion.
Ali
Muhammad's cousin and son in law. Was a candidate for first caliph but everyone agreed on Abu. After this person was appointed as fourth caliph he served briefly before being assassinated. After his assassination there became a divide in Islam between the the Shia sect which believed that the line this person was the rightful caliph, while the Sunni believed that the victor line of caliphs was rightful to lead
Hijra
Muhammad's departure from Mecca to Medina
Neolithic revolution (10,000-4,000 B.C.E.)
New Stone age, marked by the discovery and mastery of Agriculture. The switch from hunting and gathering to agriculture. Allowed people to stay located in one place and domesticate animals, build cities, establish governments, etc
Influenza Pandemic of 1918
No cure; affected everyone equally; wartime movements proliferated its spread; died within days on infection; in US, more people were killed by disease than all the wars of 20th century combined
Visigoths
Nomadic people who came from Germanic tribes, they adopted the agriculture and other advancements of the Romans. They were not able to settle within the walls of Rome. They also adopted Christianity.
Huns
Nomadic tribe, that was very warlike. The moved westward while conquering. They were ruled by Attila the Hun, who made them unstoppable.
Armenian Massacres (1915-1917)
Non-Muslims were abused by the Ottoman gmt officials --> Non-Muslims resorted to confrontation --> demonstrations led to government reprisals during which 1 million plus people were killed
The Vikings
Norse mariners who mounted invasions and plundered settlements from Russia and eastern Europe to Mediterranean lands. They had shallow-draft boats so they could make their way through rivers, offering access to interior regions in Europe.
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty organization, sponsored by USSR
Reconstruction
Northern forces sent armies of occupation to the southern states and forced them to undergo this program of social and political change. This program did not work, because once the armies left, freed slaves had not received land grants or any other form of economic support.
Trench foot
Occurred because soldiers' feet never dried completely, rotting of the tissue on one's feet that led to loss of toes, armies attempted to alleviate by giving 2 pairs of socks
Hellenistic Era
Of or relating to Greek history, language, and culture from the death of Alexander the Great to the defeat of Cleopatra; during this period Greek culture flourished, spreading through the Mediterranean and into the Near East and Asia centering around Alexandria in Egypt and Pergamum in Turkey
Mexica
Often referred to as the Aztecs (because they dominated the alliance that eventually formed the Aztec empire), these people had a reputation of making trouble with neighboring cultures so were forced to migrate a lot. These people also created chinampas. Located around present day Mexico
Sasanid Dynasty
One of Constantine's reasons for moving the capitol was to keep watch over this dynasty. was located in Persia near the lower stretches of the Danube River. Claimed direct descent of Achaemenid and ruled until 651 CE. They were active rulers.
Kilwa
One of the busiest city-states on the east African coast; relied on fishing to support themselves → turned to agriculture b/c of rise in population; used copper coins to facilitate trade; enjoyed tremendous prosperity located on east African coast; imported and exported many luxurious goods (gold, pottery, etc)
Audiencias
One of the most important governmental institutions of Spanish colonial America. During the 16th century, were established in the various administrative districts of Spanish America.
Mansa Musa
One of the most powerful kings in Mali; height of empire; primary contribution was the Muslim faith; encouraged the buildings of mosques and the study of the Qur'an; undertook Hajj pilgrimage in 1324; the amount of gold he brought changed worth of it in Cairo
Treaty of Nanjing
One of the most significant unequal treaties, as it ended the Opium War. Guided Chinese relations with foreign states until 1943. Ceded Hong Kong to Britain, opened 5 Chinese ports to commerce, and made the Qing extend most-favored-nation status to Britain. Led to more unequal treaties with China and other greater powers
The Romance of the Three Kingdoms
One of the popular novels of the Ming/Qing dynasties; explored the political intrigue that followed the collapse of the Han dynasty
Athens
One of the two main city states and the main center of all Greece's commercial activity. It was the political, commercial, and cultural center of Greek civilization. It was regarded as the "first democracy" but the democracy did not develop immediately. Although most of this city was destroyed in the Persian Wars, it became a cultural center again under the leadership of Pericles.
Sparta
One of the two main city states in Ancient Greece. It was the agricultural and highly militaristic region. Most of its citizens lived highly disciplined lives and all of the boys (and some of the girls) received military training.
The Haitian Revolution
Only successful slave revolt. Half of the island of Hispaniola rebelled against France after Revolution
Pope Gregory VII
Ordered an end to the practice of lay investiture, the selection and installation of church officials by lay rulers
Cathedral Schools
Organized schools in cathedrals and invited well-known scholars to teach
European Facism
Originates with Benito Mussolini; adopted by Adolf Hilter
Confucianism
Philosophy that developed during the Hundred Schools Era, taught that everyone had a role in society, that there were five basic relationships which should be honored, and that humans are naturally good. This philosophy upheld a moral code and was commonly practiced in China
Daoism (Taoism)
Philosophy that developed during the Hundred Schools Era, taught that humans should have inaction and work with nature instead of against it. It also taught that humans were naturally good, and did not need a government
Legalism
Philosophy that developed during the Hundred Schools Era, taught that humans were naturally evil and need strict rules and punishments to do good. Practised during the Qin dynasty to complete labor, stressed the importance of authority in a ruler
Jose Hernandez
Poet who offered a romanticized view of gaucho life and protested its decline in his epic poem The Gaucho Martin Fierro. He conveyed the pride of gauchos especially those who assimilated into Euro-American society
The Witte System
Policies Count Sergei Witte designed to boost the economy, including railway construction, savings banks, and infant industries with high tariffs; trans-Siberian railway was the most important of the new lines
Copernicus
Polish astronomer; published a treatise called On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in 1543 arguing that the sun rather than the earth stood at the center of the universe and that the planets revolved around the sun (heliocentric theory)
Caudillos
Political landholders/military leaders of Latin America
March (February) Revolution Underlying Causes
Political~wanted end to absolutism and repression; middle class wanted a voice Economic~peasants wanted lands from the nobles; city workers wanted better working conditions Social~subject nationalists wanted an end to discrimination and Russification
1096
Pope Urban's crusade call
Angkor
Port city; participated in trade; in SE Asia; both Buddhist and Hindu; Angkor Wat and Angkor Thom=amazing representation of blended religious culture
Prince Henry the Navigator
Portuguese Ruler; sent missions down the coast of Africa
Bartolomeu Dias
Portuguese explorer who sailed around the southern tip of Africa
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese explorer; first person to reach India by sea
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese navigator; Spain sent him to where he thought that there were Asian markets near America; his crew got scurvy; he died in a political dispute in the Philippines; HIS CREW completed the first circumnavigation of the world
Manilla Galleons
Powerful and fast Spanish ships that participated in Asian trade markets
The Ottoman Empire
Powerful turkish empire that lasted from the conquest of Istanbul in 1453 until 1918 and reached its peak under Suleyman the Magnificent
The Fulani
Practiced a strict form of Islam, within a time of reforming religion. Mounted campaigns to establish religion and schools promoting Islam.
Prehistory vs. History
Prehistory refers to the period of time before written records, to tell us about history in the beginning. Whereas history is the time after written records were invented
Bernardino de Sahagun
Preserved volumes of information about the language, customs, beliefs, literature and history of Mexico before the arrival of the Spanish
Jacobo Arbenz Guzman
President of Guatemala; publicly announced a gov. Seizure of acres of uncultivated land owned by the United Fruit Company; attempted to reassert Guatemala's control over its economy and land
George Washington
Provided strong and imaginative military leadership for the colonial army. Eventually became the first president.
Ilkan Ghazan
Publicly converted to Islam in 1295 and most of the Mongols in Persia soon followed. His conversion sparked large-scale massacres of Jews and Christians. it signified the return of Islam to its privileged position in Persian society and the absorption of the Mongols into Persian Society
Second Treatise of Civil Government
Published in 1690 by John Locke; outlines Locke's ideas for a more civilized society based on natural rights and contract theory
Ponciano Arriaga
Pushed for equality through property rights and proposed a law where government would confiscate hacienda lands and redistribute between the Indigenous population
Great Wall
Qin Shihuangdi ordered that earlier fortifications between states be removed and a number of existing walls along the northern border be joined into a single system that would extend for more than 3,100 miles and protect China from attacks up north. This famous construction project was later completed during the Ming Dynasty
Louis XIV
Ruler who best epitomized royal absolutism, built a magnificent capital at Versailles, promoted economic development and waged a series of wars to expand French borders
Qin dynasty
Qin Shihuangdi was the first emperor of this dynasty, focusing his efforts on a more centralized bureaucracy. He ordered execution for those who criticized his regime and demanded the burning of all books of philosophy, ethics, history, and literature, exempting works that had utilitarian value. Regarding centralization, uniform coinage and legal standards, along with the construction of roads and bridges, encouraged the integration of China's various regions into a more tightly knit society. The use of a common script was also mandated, where speakers of different languages used the same written symbols--yet pronounced them and processed them in different ways; this allowed people to communicate in writing across linguistic boundaries
Hatshepsut
Queen of Egypt (reigned from 1473-1457); took power as pharaoh and served as a co ruler with her stepson Tuthmosis III
Marie-Antoinette
Queen of France, married to Louis Capet (Louis XVI). Was more concerned with fashion than ruling France. Became representative of everything corrupt about the French gvmt
Liu Bang
Rebel leader and founder of the Han dynasty
Taipings
Rebellion that called for the end to the Qing Dynasty. Created many social changes such as footbinding and private property. They moved Nanjing to Beijing in 1853. Defeated in 1864
Dharma
Refers to the concept of "duty," but varies throughout Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism
Ram Mohan Roy
Reformed India and challenged Hindu beliefs like the Caste System. He was called the Father of India.
768-814
Reign of Charlemagne
527-565 CE
Reign of Justinian
Sundiata
Reigned 1230-1255; lion prince; assembled large army dominated by cavalry; started Mali empire
Charles II
Reigned after Oliver Cromwell; rule was the restoration of the English monarchy;
Cathars
Rejected official churches, which they considered hopelessly corrupt
Zoroastrianism
Religion founded by Zarathustra; in this religion, there are two great spirits, Ahura Mazda, spirit of good, and Angra Mainyu, spirit of evil, who are in constant conflict. When good eventually triumphs over evil, then everyone will be judged as either good or evil and then either be sentenced to a pleasurable heaven like after life or a terrible hellish one. This concept of good and evil heavily influenced the rise of monotheistic religious such as Judaism or Christianity
Chavin cult
Religion practiced in the central Andes; named after the modern town, Chavin de Huantar; possibly arose when maize became important in South America; promoted fertility and abundant harvest; followers produced stone carvings; society becomes more complex with intricate weaving and fishnets; cities begin to appear after the end
Viceroys
Rulers in Spanish colonies; were under the jurisdiction of the Spanish king but since questions took 2 years to be answered and were often vague they were the true rulers
Ghazi
Religious warriors. Described as "the sword of God"
Shang
Replaced Xia dynasty around 16th century BCE; capital at Anyang which was north of the Yellow River; first technological breakouts occurred during rule (writing, farming techniques, bronze); practiced diving kingdoms in territories with appointed officials
The Directory
Replaced the Convention after Robespierre's beheading. More pragmatic government. Unable to solve economic and military problems. Faced constant challenge to power. Ended in 1799 when Napoleon took power
Scholasticism
Represents the harmonization of Aristotle with Christianity and the synthesis of reason and faith
Courtly Love
Respectable romantic entertainment was spread throughout various courts by troubadours
Changes in Art
Retreat to abstraction
Absolute Monarchs
Rulers who had power based on divine right and made laws and defined policy; Parliament had no power over them
maroons
Runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous or forested regions and built self-governing communities
Vikings
Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of northwestern Europe in the 8th-11th centuries
Two European arms manufacturers
Scheinder (French) and Krupp (German)
Twelve Tables
Roman Laws
Pax Romana
Roman peace. Period of time where there was very few wars fought because Rome was powerful.
Cicero
Roman politician/philosopher; studied both classical and hellenistic schools of thought;his writing emphasized an individual's duty to live in accordance with nature and reason.
Srivijaya
Rose after the fall of Funan, powerful navy, Southeast Asian country, Capital in Palembang, Buddhist, Island based, wealth from agriculture, taxed ships to finance state, kingdom split
Chiefdoms
Rose when kin-based society had to much people and conflicts arose which caused for military organization. Chiefs took over districts and overrode kinship groups. Chiefs conquered neighboring lands and formed small kingdoms (Ife and Benin)
Bartolomeu Dias
Rounded the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean in 1488
Lydians and coinage
Ruled land of Mesopotamia; first land to use standardized coins with value guaranteed by the state; conducted maritime trade with Greece, Egypt, and Phoenicia; in and around area of present day Turkey
Attila
Ruler of the Huns from 434 CE to 453 CE. He organized the Huns it such a great way they were virtually unstoppable. He attacked both the Eastern and Western Roman Empire. He was seen one of the most successful leaders of the Huns.
Mithradates I
Ruler of the Parthian Empire, His religious tolerance and great military expansion made him similar to Cyrus the Great
Central and Southeast Asia
Russia and Britain started to travel around Asia to places neither had been before to prepare for the war for India they thought was coming
Vitus Bering
Russia sent him to the Northeast Passage
Eastern Front
Russia vs. Austria-Hungary and Germany; Russia suffered huge defeats --> Russia withdrew signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in progress
Romanovs
Russian imperial dynasty of tsars who ruled through autocratic regime
Shankara
S. Indian, Shiva Devotee, Brahmin Philosopher, Tried to make Hinduism into a single system of thought, and Logic.
Christopher Colombus
Sailed the ocean blue in 1492; wanted to get the riches from Asia; sponsored by Isabel and Ferdinand; actually Italian not Spanish
Akkadians
Sargon was the famous ruler of these people; conquered the Sumerian city-states; power was based on military (5,400 men); were Semitic bc of language; at one point had an empire including all of Mesopotamia and lands westward to the Mediterranean; center of kingdom was Akkad (city near Kish and Babylon); by 2150 b.c.e. had collapsed because of internal rebellions and outside invasion
Lamaist Buddhism
School of Buddhism that had magic and supernatural powers. The Mongol ruling elite liked because similar to shamanism and it approved them as legitimate rulers
Adam Smith
Scottish philosopher and economist; often regarded as the founder of economics; wrote Wealth of Nations in 1776
Adam Smith
Scottish philosopher known for writing The Wealth of Nations; believed society for prosper when individuals pursues their own economic interests
Toussaint Louverture
Second leader of Revolution after Boukman died in battle. Son of slaves. Learned to read and write from Roman Catholic Priest. Became free man. Built strong disciplined army. led army of 20000.
Gens de couleur
Second social class in Haiti before revolution. 28000 "people of color" mostly artisans, domestic servants, or overseers
Olaudah Equiano
Seized by slave raiders when he was ten years old and spent the next twenty years as a slave. Eventually purchased freedom and worked against the slave trade for the rest of his life.
Seleucid Empire
Seleucus, one of Alexander's generals, took control of much of Iran after Alexander's death. The second Persian dynasty, they retained the former Achaemenid dynasty's administration techniques and founded new cities to foster greater trade and a new fascination with Greek culture. However, since the ruling class was Macedonian, this dynasty was despised by the native Persians, and the satraps commonly rebelled against the king. Soon, the empire lost both India and much of Iran, resulting in a vastly-abbreviated empire that lasted until Roman times
Three Estates
Social distribution, "those who pray," "those who fight," and, "those who worked". These were classifications of the clergy, the ranked soldiers, and the land cultivators/manufacturers (vast majority)
March (February) Revolution Immediate Causes
Soldiers received inadequate supplies and resorted to deserting the cause, factories couldn't supply civil or military needs; railroads broke down; food shortages; prices rose; peasants rioting; Duma members demanded reform
March (February) Revolution
Soldiers refused gvmt. orders to fire on striking workers in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) --> railroad workers delayed czars from returning from the warfront --> Nicholas II realized he had no real power and abdicated his throne
Kong Fuzi (Confucius)
Son of an aristocratic family from northern China, who spent most of his life trying to gain a high position in government. Instead, he served as an educator and political advisor with regards towards his belief system, Confucianism
960-1279
Song Dynasty
Actions of Lenin and Trotsky After Seizing Power
Sought popular support; Took Russia out of war (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk); organized workers to wake factories; nationalized industry and land; carried out peace, bread, and land program
SEATO
South East Asia Treaty Organization
Battle of Chaldirian
Started because the Sunni Ottomans detested the Shiite Safavids and feared the spread of their propaganda
Quinto
Spanish government gets ⅕ of money made in the colonies
Francisco Franco
Spanish, his militarists overthrew the republican gov. and annexed Albania
Textile production
Specialization of labor from agricultural surplus led to manufacturing focus. Wool textiles brought great economical development and production within Europe
Troubadours
Spread chivalry for the respectability of sexes, and did so within love poetry among courts; loved by the ladies of court
Shapur I
Stabilized the empire by creating buffer states around it, he was the last emperor to expand the Persian Empire militarily
Ukraine Famine of 1932-1933
Stalin took crops from the Ukrainian people and exported or sold them to pay for Stalin's five-year plan; estimated 10 million people killed/starved to death; a terror famine?
Five-Year Plan
Stalin's plan to bring Russian industry and agriculture firmly under his control
Vijayanagar
Started by brothers Harihara and Bukka (2 sent to represent Delhi Sultanate), muslim merchants continued to trade but Hindu was dominant. Wasn't powerful enough to organize the political life.
Footbinding
Started during the Song Dynasty; vastly expanded during the Qing/Ming dynasty; wrapping of a woman's foot so that the bones grew in different ways; represented subordination of women in Confucianism
U.S. Civil War
Started in 1861, determined the status of sovereignty and slaveholding in the U.S. The major sides included the Union and the Confederacy; North and South. the north won
Colonies
Started to use coal instead of wood, were supplied products like sugar and cotton from places like the Caribbean's, United States, and Brazil
The Spanish-American War
Starting with the Cuban Revolution against Spain, the U.S. joined in the fight when a battleship exploded in Havana's harbor. The U.S. won and destroyed the Spanish Armada and took rights to Cuba, Guam, and the Philippines.
The "Out of Africa" thesis
States that modern humans developed in Africa then migrated throughout the world
Marcus Aurelius
Stoic philosopher and Roman Emperor
Hieroglyphics
Stylized pictures of an object representing a word, syllable, or sound that were used by the ancient Egyptians for a writing system
Song Dynasty
Successor of the Tang Dynasty; expanded merit bureaucracy; foot bindings became popular; split into Song and northern Song
The Engenho
Sugar mill, complex business enterprise in the Americas
589-618
Sui Dynasty
Peace of Augsburg
Temporary period where the disputes over religion in the Holy Roman Empire ceased and each state was free to choose protestant or catholic
Zimbabwe/Great Zimbabwe
Term originally used to describe dwelling of a chief; between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers; build homes of stone showed increasingly complex and well organized society; city is very similar to name; city has stone towers, a thick wall, and palaces; kings residing in this city controlled and taxed trade between interior and coastal regions; control of products such as gold enabled them to form alliances
Umma
The "Community" reliant on the teachings of Muhammad, and served as his followers.
Terra australis incognita
The "Unknown Southern Land" that European geographers believed to exist in the Southern Hemisphere to balance huge land masses north of the equator
Dar al-Islam
The "house of islam", which is a term for the Islamic world
Abraham Lincoln
The 16th President of the U.S. Was not favored often because of being against the Mexican-American War, but eventually elected due to ideals of government; originally neutral on the Union and Confederate states conflict. Became savior and preserver of the Union. Brought emancipation of slave
Battle of Galipoli
The Allies wanted to force the Ottomans to exit the war; attempted to take the Dardanelles Straight; thought it would be easy to take over; when reached, men massacred on the beach; kept battle going for 9 months then abandoned troops (pretty much); most troops abandoned were non-British (aka people drafted from their colonies) --> spurred independence movements
Hanseatic League
The Baltic and North Seas' network of trade. Eventually linked to other prominent trade routes in which led to economical flourishing throughout the rest of Europe
Kinship groups
The Bantu way of governing through family. Formed villages with males heads to decide public affairs of group
Colonial Conflict
The Berlin Conference had to decide who got what parts of Africa, and each country had to decide which colonies they would take in Asian areas. Colonies were beginning to want independence.
Potsdam Conference
The Big Three—Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (replaced on July 26 by Prime Minister Clement Attlee), and U.S. President Harry Truman—met in Potsdam, Germany, from July 17 to August 2, 1945, to negotiate terms for the end of World War II.
British Imperial Rule
The British began to rule India directly instead of ruling through the British East India Company. They did this by establishing a viceroy to oversee the rule and an elite civil service staffed by mostly English people.
Queen Victoria
The British queen who decided how the direct rule of India was going to be carried out. She appointed viceroys to rule over India
4 noble truths
The Buddha founded the these as basis for Buddhism. These include: Life has inevitable suffering, There is a cause to our suffering, There is an end to suffering, The end to suffering is containing to the eightfold path
The Declaration of Independence
The Continental Congress adopted a document which stated the equality and rights of men and justified the the colonies quest for independence from Britain
1054 CE
The Great Schism
Hebrews and monotheism
The Hebrews achievement is making monotheism popular
The Indian National Congress
The Indians expressed their grievances to Great Britain leaders and joined with All-Indian Muslims. The colonial leaders let rich Indian elect councils, but India wanted full independence.
Qu'ran
The Islamic sacred book, believed to be the word of Allah.
Missionary efforts
The New Testament urged Christians to spread their faith throughout the world.
Xerxes
The Persian king who dealt with the Persian Wars; not well liked by people because of his reputation for harshly putting down rebellions
Church of England (Anglican)
The Protestant church formed by King Henry VIII after he severed all ties with the Roman Catholic church due to his want of divorcing his wife. Head of the state is also head of church
Tokugawa Japan
The Shogunate of Japan before the Meiji Reformation
Turkish Migrations
The Turks started as nomadic pastoralists who followed migratory patterns with sheep, horses, goats, cattle, and camels. Living in wool tents, called yurts, the Turks also participated in some local but mostly long distance trade networks
The Yangtze and Yellow River
The Yangtze river (south) is the longest river in Asia, and the third longest in the world. The Song Dynasty were originally along the Yellow River, but had to go south of the Yellow River due to invasion. The Yellow River (north) is the third longest in Asia. The Xia and Shang Dynasties were built on the Yellow River. The grand canal linked the two rivers (built by Sui Dynasty)
Administrative System
The administrative system of the Persian Empire was central initiative with local administration. There were appointed governors. Darius divided the empire into 23 satrapies ruled by satraps who were constantly checked. There were imperial spies considered "the eyes and ears" of the king.
Ahimsa
The ancient sanskrit term translating to "nonviolence." Used as a reference for peace in many ancient religions
Confucian literary classics
The authoritative books of Confucianism, which illustrate the core values and belief system of Confucianism
Deism
The belief in the existence of a god, yet denial of the supernatural teachings of Christianity; a powerful god (watchmaker) set the universe in motion and established natural laws that govern it, without interfering in the workings of his creation
Hellenic Era
The branch of the Indo-European language family comprising classical and modern Greek
Dao
The central concept of Daoism, meaning "the way," "the way of nature," or "the way of the cosmos;" an elusive concept, as the Daoists themselves did not generally characterize it in positive and forthright term; described as a passive force in the Daodejing, where it does nothing, yet accomplishes everything; living in harmony with dao meant retreating from engagement in politics and administration
Medina
The city in which Muhammad fled to with his followers after persecution in Mecca. The Umma "community" of Muhammad's teachings was persevered here.
Constantine
The city was designed by Byzantine, it was the site of a new capital. Fell to the Ottoman Turks
Homefront
The civil population and activities of nations actively involved or preparing for war; government often took over private businesses and forced an increase in the draft age range
Bushido
The code of the Samurai
Taxation without representation
The colonists slogan for rebellion in response to Britain's new taxes and laws
Caste System
The concept of a hierarchical division of society that placed each individual within a ritual framework that defined the person's occupation and status within the broader community: Brahmins (Mouth, speak to the gods), Kshatriya (Arms, warriors), Vaisyas (Thighs, made money), Sudras (feet, farmers)
Samsara
The constant cycle of birth and rebirth believed in Hinduism
Vedas
The earliest Aryan collection of religious and literary works, composed of numerous songs and poems; written in Sanskrit; spurred what is known as the Vedic age, the period in Indian history during which these books were composed
Scientific Revolution
The emergence of modern science in early modern times
Columbian Exchange
The exchange that took place ager Columbus' explorations; smallpox spread; wheat in the Americas; maize/potatoes/beans/tomatoes
Nirvana
The final goal of Buddhism, a state in which lacks suffering, desire, and sense of self. It is a released form, when karma and the cycle of life no longer exist.
Afrikaners
The first European settlers of South Africa
Sargon of Akkad
The first person to create an empire; he was the first king of Mesopotamia. He set the standards for all kings to follow
Cuneiform
The first written language used by the Sumerians. Uses ideographs and pictographs to convey messages
tetrachs
The four officials under Diocletian who helped rule the administrative empires. After splitting the empire into two administrative halves. Each was ruled by one co emperor and a powerful lieutenant.
Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite
The goals of the National Assembly as they reconfigured France; the saying that became associated with the rebellion
Mandate of Heaven
The god given right rule, began in the Zhou dynasty and was used to get rid of the Shang dynasty. People told the Shang dynasty that they only conquered the Xia dynasty because they lost the Mandate of Heaven
The First Republic
The government during the French Revolution, it was founded in 1792
The Trail of Tears
The harrowing 800 mile migration from eastern woodlands to Oklahoma made by the Cherokee Indians that caused thousands to die from disease, starvation, and the difficulties of relocation
Encomenderos
The holder of an encomienda grant.
Predestination
The idea in Protestant philosophy that God knows who is going to Heaven before they are even born.
Manifest Destiny
The idea that the United States was destined to to expand across the North American continent from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific and beyond
Paper Money
The ilkhanate tried to solve their financial difficulties by introducing paper money and requiring all subjects to accept it as payment for debts. The goal was to bring precious metals into hands of government but plan failed. Caused merchants to close their shops instead of accepting it. Caused commerce to come to a stop
Sharia
The islamic holy law, drawn up by theologians from the Quran and accounts of Muhammad's life.
Serfdom
The key to Russian reform was the emancipation of this large institution. Many had grown opposed to this and many believed it had become an obstacle to economic development
Romanov Dynasty
The last imperial dynasty to rule over Russia. During the reign of this dynasty, Russia grew to be considerably powerful
Sasanid Empire
The last of the persian empires (224-651 CE) who worked to recreate a time like the Achaemenid Empire
Tula
The main site of Toltec culture. It was a center of weaving, pottery, and obsidian craft. It also ended abruptly after civil conflict between ethnic groups.
Shamanism
The mongols native religion which focused on magical elements
Li Bo
The most popular poet of the Tang/Song dynasties, he wrote poems about common Chinese social life
Persepolis
The new capital city of the Achaemenid Empire. It was home to reception halls, royal residencies, and a treasury.
Cohongs
The only specifically licensed Chinese firms that foreign merchants could deal with
8-fold path
The path in which Buddhists follow to reach Nirvana. This path includes the sections of having Right View, Right Intention, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Concentration, and Right Mindfulness. It is said by Sidhartha that one who follows this is able to reach Nirvana
The Middle Ages
The period between the fall of Rome until the Renaissance
New Kingdom
The period in Egypt between 1550 and 1070 B.C. In this period, Egypt had much of a drive for expansion. Much conflict resulted with this as a negative consequence
Middle Kingdom
The period in Egypt between 2030 and 1640 B.C. In this period, there was military threat, especially from the Hyksos, and Egypt advanced as they did in order to drive them out
Old Kingdom
The period in Egypt between 2649 and 2150 B.C. In this period, the first continuous peak of civilization in Egypt was attained. Many famous structures were built in this time, as well as famous pharaohs who ruled
Battle of Marathon
The pivotal battle during Xerxes' first invasion of Greece that led Greece's successful repulsion of the Persians
Qanat
The plumbing system of the Persian Empire that worked by gravity
Leo III
The pope who crowned Charlemagne as the "Holy Roman Emperor;" instituted iconoclasm; reigned from 717-741 C.E.
Serfdom in Russia
The practice of using serfs to do the work for the nobles, used in Russia
Patricians
The privileged class in Rome. The opposite of a Pleb. The Senate consisted of mostly patricians as members.
The National Assembly
The proclaimed name of the Third Estate after they seceded from France
Act of Supremacy
The proclamation that gave King Henry VIII the right to be the head of the Anglican Church
Mehmed V Rashid
The puppet sultan established by The Young Turks after dethroning Abdül Hamid
Sultan Selim III
The reform-minded Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807. The Janissaries eventually deposed and imprisoned him. He was killed by a group of assassins subsequently after a Janissary revolt
Third Estate
The rest of the French population ~24 million serfs, free peasants, laborers, artisans, shopkeepers, physicians, bankers, and attorneys
Siddhartha Gautama
The sage in which Buddhism teachings were founded from. Buddhism- A nontheistic religion or philosophy founded off of the life of Siddhartha Gautama, or the Buddha
Metallurgy
The science of making and purifying metals
Han Dynasty
The second imperial dynasty of China founded by the leader Liu Bang, preceded by the Qin dynasty (221-207 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220-280 AD)
Han Wudi
The seventh emperor of the Han dynasty, whose reign lasted 54 years. His reign resulted in territorial expansion, development of a strong and centralized state due to his governmental reorganization, and his promotion of Confucian doctrines
Abd al-Hamid II
The sultan installed by The Young Turks whom accepted a constitution that limited his authority and established a representative government. Within a year, he suspended this constitution and dissolved parliament
Brahman
The supreme existence or absolute reality in the Upanishads; idea that Upanishads taught, suggesting that each person participates in a larger cosmic order and forms a small part of a universal soul; an eternal, unchanging, permanent foundation for all things that exist
Scramble for Africa
The term used to describe the period where many European countries were rushing to colonize africa
Parthian Empire
The third of the Persian dynasties, this empire was founded when semi-nomadic invaders from Central Asia captured Iran and Mesopotamia. They retained much of their steppe traditions, including decentralized rule and skillful battle strategy. They overthrew the Seleucids, and portrayed themselves as the enemy of the former dynasty. They soon adopted many Achaemenid governing techniques but retained the steppe focus on clan leaders. They founded a new capital at the Euphrates river called Ctesiphon. Lastly, they fell to internal rebellion after being externally pressured by the Romans
Vardhamma Mahavira
The twenty-fourth and last tirthankara of Jainism. Was born into a royal family, ended up as a spiritual figure in Jainism
Muhammad Ali
The victor of the fight for power over Egypt after Napoleon's attempted invasion. He built a powerful army modeled on European forces and ruled Egypt from 1805-1848
Hunting and gathering
The way of life before the development of agriculture. Societies moved around following animal migration and finding new plants to pick fruits, berries, and vegetables from
Women's roles
The women have more opportunities; they are able to be a merchant, rule the village, and are able to participate in warfare. In Africa, the impact of Islam did not affect women's rights as harshly as it affected Persia. Women still had a lot of rights even after the conversion to Islam
Divine Right
Theory that held that kings derived their authority from God and served as "god's lieutenants on earth
Italian states
There was no single regime for control, but the papal states provided the most jurisdiction and influence. Power was originally within the hands of the pope, but that faltered, struggles between the political and religious leaders. For instance, lay classes took power eventually
Elect
These are strict followers of Manichaeism who lived an ascetic lifestyle with strict morals.
Persians
These people originated from Iran. They established the Persian Royal Road as means of communicating. They also organized a courier service. They built qanats, underground canals. They fell when Xerxe's people rebelled, and they lost the Persian Wars.
Protests
These revolutionary movements occurred when peasants were discontent with little or no land and others sought out a more socialist system in keeping with Russian cultural traditions
Diviners
They are a group of people who are said to have powers to communicate with the spirits.They were revered because they were able to stop bad things from happening to the villages
The French Revolution
They repudiated existing society, often referred to as the anciens regime, and sought to replace it with new political, social, and cultural structures. After a financial crisis and high taxes the people rebelled under the leadership of Robespierre.
Latins
They were ancient Italic people who were located in central Italy. Their language, Latin, was spread throughout the Roman Empire as the official language.
Delhi Sultanate
They were the Islamic rule in northern India started by Mahmud of Ghazni. With ambitions of conquering all of india, they had a large army but failed to fulfill that goal
Vishnu and Shiva
They were two of the most important deities in the Hindu pantheon
Darius
Third emperor of the Achaemenid Empire. He expanded from the Indus to Aegean & the Armenia to the Nile. He replaced tribute systems with tax levies .
Achaemenid Empire
This Empire was established by Cyrus. It was divided into satrapies ruled by satraps. It was ruled by Cyrus and Darius. It's capital was Persepolis.
Tsar Alexander II
This Russian leader signed the Treaty of Paris in 1856, ending the Crimean War. He also abolished serfdom in all of the Russian Empire
Hong Kong
This country near China played a big role in the foreign influences on China that were present during the Reformation era. Ceded to Britain at conclusion of Opium War by Treaty of Nanjing
The Chinese Empire
This empire was in a weakened state after suffering from European defeats on Qing forces. The Chinese leaders had to accept treaties, setting the stage for economic exploitation and the inability to deal with domestic order.
Heliocentric universe
This is a correct theory, which states that the sun is the center of the universe
Mahmud II
This ruler's reign is recognized for the extensive administrative, military, and fiscal reforms that he instituted along Western European lines, which culminated into the Tanzimat Era; reforms included abolishment of the Janissaries
Geocentric universe
This was a common, incorrect theory which states that the earth is the center of the universe
Punic Wars
Three wars fought between Rome and Carthage. First was for Sicily, second Hannibal crossed Alps with elephants, third Rome burned Carthage to ground then salted earth
Ottoman Turks
Took over Constantine and renamed it Istanbul
Assyrians
Took over Mesopotamia by using a brutal, vicious army. Ashur was their great god and king and said that as long as conquest continued the world will not end. Spread this saying through propaganda on monuments and readings. Empire came to an end when they lost to a mixture of Babylonians, Chaldeans, and Persians
Napoleon
Took power with coup d'etat. Amazing general, conquered most of Europe. He failed in Russia during the winter. lost Battle of Leipzig and Waterloo. After failed invasion of Russia forced to abdicate and was exiled to Elba where he escaped and returned for 100 days before losing at Waterloo and being exiled again to an Atlantic island of St. Helena where he died
Manila
Trade port city for Spanish silk trade; a lot of Chinese merchants; pressure Roman Catholicism
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Treaty between Mexico and the U.S. that ended the Mexican-American War; Favored U.S. in land acquirement
Anschluss
Union between Germany and Austria, forbidden after WW1
VOC
United East India Company; private merchants fund for profitable trade; owned by enterprises
Bogomils
Viewed the world as a site of unrelenting, cosmic struggle between the forces of good and evil
Ramanuja
Vishnu devotee, S. Indian Brahmin Philosopher, Personal Union better than logic.
Italy's objectives/people who pushed for them
Vittorio Orlando, wanted land
Aurangzeb
Waged relentless campaign to push Mughal authority into southern India. Large conflict between Hindu and Islam since he imposed tax on Hindus and demolished their temples.
Pan-Serbian Nationalism
Wanting a unified Serbian state
The Russo-Japanese War
War between Russia and Japan. Nicholas II was the leader of Russia. Both were fighting over Korea and Manchuria. Japan won.
Tamerlane
Warlord from Samarkand. Had a limp. similar story to Genghis Khan, based government on Genghis, conquered Persia and Afghanistan sacked Delhi did not build lasting state fell apart after death
Urban II
Warned Western Europe that Muslim Turks were threatening borders; at the Council of Clermont in 1096, urged Europeans to reclaim the Holy Land in the name of the Lord; began the crusades
Roman Catholic vs. Eastern Orthodoxy
Western Europe was Roman Catholic and Byzantine was Eastern Orthodox. Tension between the two because of different views on how the services or rituals should be held. Split in RC and EO; because Byzantine Patriarchs (EO) fought Roman Popes (RC) and this strained relations causing the church to split into two. then they excommunicated eachother.
Queen Nzinga
Was a female, but often referred to as a male because of her male warrior descent. Cross-dressed and preferred to be called a king. Aimed to expel the Portuguese and the Dutch from territory, and expand control. Failed after Portuguese persevered
Fabian Fucan
Was a supporter of Buddhism and rejected and went against Christianity.
Angola (Ndongo)
Was originally the Kingdom of Ndongo, but the Portuguese referred to them as this because of their title for emperor. Originally allied by non-natives because of slave trade involvement, but eventually established as official settlement
Otto I
Was proclaimed emperor in 962, the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire, and was aggressive in extending influence beyond his own jurisdiction
Song Dynasty
Was relentlessly attacked by Mongols until capital at Hangzhou fell; within three years Khubilai had eliminated all resistance and established Yuan Dynasty
Abu al-Abbas
Was the chief leader of the rebellion. He was a Sunni Arab, but allied with the Shia. There was a huge battle and then invited them to a banquet where he killed off the Umayyads. Then he founded the Abbasid dynasty.
The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Were crucial in the development of ancient Mesopotamia; unpredictable flooding
Lateen sails
Were maneuverable and could catch winds from the side as well as from behind
Khan
Were military rulers of the turks, who used a large cavalry and skilled archers for combat
Catherine the Great
Wife of Peter I, queen of Russia who was obsessed with the Russian Orthodox church; promoted economic development; worked to improve conditions of peasantry; social reforms met resistance
British Hegemony
Win in the 7 Year's War placed Britain in position to dominate world trade and create British empire
Status of Islamic women
Women in Islam are guided by primary Islamic sources of personal law, namely the Quran. Islamic law and customs restrict some parts of a woman's life, including her education, employment, rights to inheritance, dress, age of marriage, and divorce. Polygamy for men was also allowed in Islam.
Self-Determination
Woodrow Wilson promoted and thought key to national peace of cooperation; often pushed aside for security reasons or because it was impossible to draw state lines without separating one group of nationalist
Jesuits
Worked to strengthen the Roman Catholic Christianity in Europe and spread RCC to other countries; founder of the Jesuit mission in China was Matteo Ricci; dazzled their Chinese hosts with European science, technology, and mechanical gadgetry
Indentured labor
Workers were free, but needed money, so they worked. They signed a contract where they had to work for 5 years, but were promised free shelter. The working conditions were not that great though.
Ramayana
Written around 100 BC, and talks about Indian concepts of the ideal warrior/ruler
The Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen
Written by Olympe de Gouges, claimed same rights for women that men got from the revolution
Wilfred Owen
Wrote "Dulce et Decorum Est," said it wasn't sweet and noble to die for ones country
Alfred Dreyfus
a Jewish army officer; convicted on spying for Germany in 1894; was innocent and had his guilty order reversed on appeal; was focus of bitter debates about trustworthiness of Jews in French society
Theodor Herzl
a Jewish journalism during Dreyfus trial; observed mobs shouting "Death to the Jews;" concluded that anti-Semitism was a persistent feature of human society that assimilation couldn't solve
Martin Luther
a Protestant reformer who resisted Catholic church hierarchy and promoted that the Bible was the only authority in Christian religion; followers were extremely prominent in Germany
Cortes
a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century.
Prague Spring
a brief period of liberalization in Czechoslovakia, ending in August 1968, during which a program of political, economic, and cultural reform was initiated.
Robert Owen
a businessman who strived to help the people who were working for him. He showed that you can be a good and kind employer and make a profit.
Agora
a central gathering place in Athens and was the center many activities in the city
Fatehpur Sikri
a city planned and constructed by Akbar and served as capital. commemorated conquest of prosperous commercial province of Gujarat.
The Berlin West Africa Conference
a conference spurred by European tensions that came up with a set of rules for African colonization. It included numerous European countries, the United States, and Japan. The conference sook the extension of civilization and Christianity throughout Africa and worked to stimulate African trade and the abolition of African slavery. Any colony also needed to prove their claim to the land by keeping it stocked with troops.
Bernardo O'Higgins
a creole leader who led a rebellion in chile against the spanish. Teamed up with Bolivar and San Martin.
Garibaldi
a dashing soldier of fortune and a passionate nationalist; led unification movement of southern Italy; met King Vittore Emmanuele near Naples and delivered southern Italy to him; not ambitious enough to rule
The Final Solution
a euphemism used by the Nazis to refer to their plan for the annihilation of the Jewish people
Spanish Inquisition
a force founded by Ferdinand and Isabel in Spain that investigated cases of heresy; looked for Protestants later on
Cartels
a form of horizontal business where the competitors are bought and become part of the large company
Trusts
a form of vertical organization where a business tries to completely out do the competition, therefore controlling the industry
Birth control
a form of voluntary birth. It lead to declining fertility
Belisarius
a general in the Byzantine Empire who helped Justinian reconquer the mediterranean basin
The Corporation
a group of people/investors who control a company
Harsha
a king who briefly reestablished a unified, centralized rule; he had a reputation of piety, liberality, and scholarship. Harsha was a Buddhist, but accepted many religions in his state.
Hippodrome
a large stadium adjacent to the imperial palace, where Byzantine subjects watched chariot races, athletic matches, contests between wild animals, and circuses featuring acts by clowns, jugglers, acrobats, and dwarfs
Civil Rights Movement
a mass popular movement to secure for African Americans equal access to and opportunities for the basic privileges and rights of U.S. citizenship. Although the roots of the movement go back to the 19th century, it peaked in the 1950s and 1960s.
Viet Cong
a member of the communist guerrilla movement in Vietnam that fought the South Vietnamese government forces
Warsaw Pact
a military alliance of seven communist European nations
Shogun
a military governor who ruled in place of the emperor in Japan
Quipu
a mnemonic aid involving a variety of different ribbons used throughout the Incan empire which allowed them to keep track of their responsibilities.
PEMEX
a national oil company in control of Mexico's petroleum products
Jomo Kenyatta
a nationalist leader that was jailed by the British in 1953.
Miguel de Hidalgo
a parish priest that led a rebellion in Mexico against the Spanish; some view his rebellion as social/economic warfare by the masses against the elite; executed by creoles; became a symbol of MX independence
Thomas Malthus
a philosopher, who was influential in political economy, he believed that population would one day out grow resources
United Fruit Company
a private enterprise controlled mainly by US investors; dominated Guatemala's economy with bananas
Samurai
a professional warrior who served Japan's provincial lords; followed the Bushido Code
Charlemagne
a ruler in the carolingian dynasty (high point under him), expanded the empire, and created a centralized government, Pope Leo III proclaimed him to be emperor in 800 (which caused strains with the byzantine empire)
Odovacer
a soldier, and became the first King of Italy, and his reign is considered the end of the Western Roman Empire
Bob Marley-Get up Stand UP
a song written about standing up for your rights
The Cold War
a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc and powers in the Eastern Bloc.
Vietnamization
a strategy of turning the war over to the South Vietnamese
Tripartite Pact
a ten-year military and economic pact signed in September 1940 by Germany and Italy that aligned themselves with Japan
Treaty of Waitangi
a treaty that the British forced the Maori to sign. It theoretically gave the Maori British protection but practically turned them into a British colony.
South African War (Boer War)
a war fought between the Dutch Boers and their British overlords in South Africa after a new wave of British immigrants The British won and unified the four Boer states as well as imposed more laws on them.
Yom Kippur War
a war that began on Yom Kippur in 1973 with the attack of Israel by Egypt, Syria, and Iraq: Israel recovered most of its initial losses.
Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)
acted harshly and experimented with various economic strategies that decreased/increased Mexico's reliance on foreign markets and capital
Lebensraum
additional territory considered by a nation, especially Nazi Germany, to be necessary for national survival or for the expansion of trade
Cuzco
administrative, religious, and ceremonial center of Inca Empire. This city was the retirement place of the famous ruler Pachacuti
Pueblo
agriculture society located in American southwest; peoples tapped rivers to irrigate maize crops; cultivated beans, squashes, and sunflowers; ate wild plants and small game; constructed permanent stone and adobe buildings
FLN
aka National Liberation Front, adopted tactics similar to those of nationalist liberation groups in asia, relying on bases in outlying mountainous areas and resorting to guerilla warfare
NLF
aka National Liberation Front, formed by Vietnamese nationalists in 1960 to fight for freedom from South Vietnamese rule.
Truman Doctrine
an American foreign policy created to counter Soviet geopolitical hegemony during the Cold War. It was first announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947
Rudyard Kipling
an English short-story writer, poet, and novelist who defined the "white man's burden" as the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands
Christopher Colombus
an Italian explorer; rejected by Portuguese ruler to sail to the new land; Ferdinand and Isabella approved his voyage, and he found the new land, America
Joseph McCarthy
an Republic Senator for the state of Wisconsin who made claims that Communist spies were in the U.S Federal Government
Hajj
an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all Muslims who are physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey.
Estates General
an assembly that represented the french population through groups called estates, or three political classes.
Acropolis
an elevated fortress overlooking Athens
Silk Roads
an extensive network of trade routes that linked much of Eurasia and North Africa; greatly expanded the scope of long distance trade
Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere
an imperial propaganda concept created and promoted for occupied Asian populations It promoted the cultural and economic unity of the Asians and Oceanians.
Tupac Amaru rebellion
an uprising of native and mestizo peasants against reforms in the Spanish Viceroyalty
Incas
ancient Mexican civilizations that settles in the region of Lake Titicaca
Navajo
another agriculture society in American southwest (like Pueblo); irrigated crops of maize; cultivated vegetables; ate wild plants and small game; built stone and adobe buildings
President Reagan
anti-communist, came to presidency in 1981, abandoned and reversed Carter's policies, halted aid to Nicaragua and economically boycotted it.
Rhineland
area of land between France and Germany that caused many tensions, Germany was forced to demilitarize it after WW1 ended
Muhammad
at the age of 6, lost parents and grandfather and uncle cared and provided him education, worked for Khadija, soon to be his wife around 595 C.E., established himself as a merchant at 30, went through enlightenment by the angel Gabriel; The Prophet of Islam, regarded as the "Seal of the Prophets," or final prophet. Restored the words of Allah as have been distorted before by others.
F.W. de Klerk
became president of South Africa in 1989, alongside the National party he began to dismantle the Apartheid system, released Mandela from jail, created a new constitution and held elections open to everyone in 1994
Retreat at Dunkirk
before the fall of france, the british engineered this trying to rescue some allied troops but it couldn't hide the failure of the allied troops
Algerian War of Liberation
began in 1954 under the command of the National Liberation Front. The war was very ugly with algerians killing algerians fighting for the other side. By the end of the war in 1962, when the algerians finally gained their independence, hundreds of thousands of algerians had died.
Creoles (Criollos)
born in america of Iberian Parents, second in society
38th parallel
boundary in between the Koreas that evenly separated the two by law (disrespected by NK but SK came back and conquered past line; china stepped in and push SK back down past 38th parallel)
Istanbul
bustling prosperous ottoman city. Topkapi palace was at center and housed government offices. Sultan Suleyman the magnificent built a vast religious complex called the Suleymaniye.
Afrikaner National Party
came to power in 1948, dedicated to quashing any move toward black independence, instituted new set of laws designed to control the resistive black population
Eunichs
castrated males who played an important role in the Chinese bureaucracy since they couldn't start a family (no nuts)
Silver mining
centralized on a thin population in North Mexico and Central Andes.
Ali i nui
classes of high chiefs in Hawai`i that could intermarry, eat the best fish, and had the right to wear magnificent cloaks
Peninsulares
colonial officials from Spain or Portugal that governed the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in America. The group that the Creoles wanted to displace.
Types of Imperialism
colony, protectorate, sphere of influence, and economic imperialism
Afonso d'Alboquerque
commander of Portuguese forces in the Indian Ocean during the early 16th century; established the policy of ships purchasing safe conduct passes at Portuguese trading post
Mao Zedong
communist dictator in China
Fidel Castro
communist dictator in Cuba, USSR supported him, allowed USSR to set up nuclear missiles in Cuba
Dhimmi
communities of non muslims who paid a jizya and maintained personal freedoms. Means protected peoples
Kilwa
community in Eastern Africa that stretched the entire length of the Swahili Coast, these people used copper coins to facilitate economic transactions and practiced Islam
Space Race
competition between two Cold War rivals, the USSR and the US for supremacy in spaceflight capability, the USSR was winning at the beginning which was very devastating to the US moral
Appeasement
conceding to the demands of Hitler in an attempt to prevent another world war
Trojan War
conflict between the Mycenaeans and the city of Troy and it coincided with the invasions of foreign mariners in Mycenaean lands. Homer recalled it with a Greek Perspective in the Iliad.
Kangxi
confucian scholar and enlightened ruler. Organized flood-control and irrigation projects, also a conqueror and projected Chinese influence in Cent. Asia
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
conservative president of Iran; touted Iran's nuclear project and his antipathy to the state of Israel which increased his status
Ayatollah Khanenei
conservative supreme leader of iran
Security Council
created by the united nations and it was responsible for maintaining international peace.
United Nations
created in October 1945, it was a supranational organization dedicated to keeping world peace and security.
Julius Caesar
credited with ending the republic. Crossed Danube river with army part of first triumvirate with Crassus and Pompey other two died Caesar took power. Also he conquered Gaul.
Sugarcane
crop spread to Europe by the Muslims
Dependency Theory
developed industrial nations dominated international economy and profited at the expense of less developed industrialized nations burdened with the export oriented unbalance economies that were a legacy of colonialism
Henry Bessemer
developed the Bessemer process which produced steel sharply and in large quantities
Luddites
disgruntled English handicraft workers destroyed textile machines and were influenced by King Lud, or Ludlam, who broke a knitting frame to spite his father. Wore masks and worked at night; they were popular because they didn't harm people. Movement died out after 14 were hanged
Masaccio
early major painter of the Renaissance Era; used linear perspective in his works
Causes of Imperialism
economic causes were that lands were reliable source of raw materials and colonies would consume manufactured products and provide haven for migrants. Political motives were that some colonies were strategically located on world's sea lanes and European politicians diffused social tension be focusing on foreign imperial ventures.
Juan Peron
elected president in Argentina, nationalist militarist with regime garnering immense popularity because of his appeal to downtrodden Argentines
Richard Nixon
entered politics on basis of service in WWII and belief of anticommunism
Great Leap Forward or "giant Step Backward"
envisioned as a way to overtake the industrial production of more developed nations, worked to collectivize all land and to manage all business and industrial enterprises collectively, failed epicly, farmers didn't meet quotas, deadly famines b/c of bad harvests, Mao ordered peasants to kill millions of sparrows which allowed insects to eat the remaining crops
Suez Crisis
erupted in 1956 when Nasser decided to nationalize the canal and use the money collected from the canal to finance construction of a massive dam of the Nile river at Aswan.
Edict of Milan
establish toleration for Christianity in Rome
Triple Alliance
formed between three city-states that eventually turned into the Aztecs. Main reason was to gain tribute. Other city states were Texcoco and Tlacopan
African National Congress
formed in 1912, gained leaders such as Mandela, published its Freedom Charter in 1955 that proclaimed the ideal of multiracial democratic rule for South Africa, faced severe repression
Timbuktu
founded in 1100 CE as a seasonal camp for caravan traders; under Mansa Musa and his successors, city emerged as major intellectual and cultural center in West Africa; became site of schools of law, literature, and sciences
Hongwu
founder of the Ming Dynasty, drove Mongols out and built a tightly centralized state. Made extensive use of mandarins and placed trust in Eunuchs.
Metis
french fur traders with native women
Frantz Fanon
gained fame as an Algerian revolutionary and as an influential proponent of national liberation for colonial peoples through violent revolution.
Charles Fourier
he despised the market system and wanted social transformations. He planned communities held together by love not necessity
Macedon
he state north of Greece of which Alexander the Great became ruler. They were largely considered as inferior to the Classical Greeks, but after the crippling Peloponnesian War between the Delian league of Athens and the Peloponnesian league of Sparta, they moved in to conquer all of Greece except Sparta under Philip II. After his death, Philip II's son, Alexander the Great, moved against the Achaemenid Persians and many other contemporary civilizations, consolidating them under a single rule
The Catholic Church
head of christianity sect centered in rome
Agriculture Technology
heavy plows, water mills, horse collar
Qianlong
height of Qing Dynasty, during reign imperial treasury bulged so much on 4 occasions he cancelled tax collections.
Munich Conference
held in September 1938, consolidated the policy that was known as appeasement. They gave into Hitler's demands in order to keep the peace. Failed because Hitler refused to be bound by them.
Shah Reza Pahlavi
helped gain power by CIA; during his reign Islamist influences penetrated Iran
King Farouk
his Egyptian monarchy was ended by Nasser and other officials when they staged a bloodless coup in 1952.
King Wilhelm I
in 1871 proclaimed himself emperor of the Second Reich (2nd German empire) which encompasses all German speaking peoples outside Austria and Switzerland; his prime minister was Otto von Bismarck
Conquest of Sind
in 711 CE. An organized invasion of Sind by Umayyad Muslims. The territory passed into Abbasid hands, but was beyond the extent of their effective rule. The Hindus eventually reasserted themselves after frequent infighting among the Arabs. Most of the population remained Hindu, Buddhist or Parsee
Melaka
in land by the sea in SE Asia; rebellious prince; power from trade; were Hindu but became Islamic; stimulated growth of Islam in SE Asia; had a lot of pirates
Israel
independent state created in May 1948 by the Jews in Palestine
Lend-Lease program
initiated in 1941, the U.S. "lent" destroyers and other war goods to the british in return for the lease of naval bases.
The Son of Heaven
is the emperor who ruled China from the Forbidden city. He is thought to be all powerful.
Nirvana
is the highest state that someone can attain, a state of enlightenment
Berlin Wall
it stemmed the flow of refugees, though at the cost of shaming a regime that obviously lacked legitimacy among its own people. Split Berlin into east and west
Thermopylae
it was a battle where 300 spartans and their king with 1000 of other greeks held off the vastly more populated Persians for 3 days. It was a key battle in the Persian war, and they held off the Persians to allow the citizens of Athens to evacuate.
Battle of Salamis
it was a naval battle that was the decisive battle of the Persian war where Greece's navy utterly destroyed Persians by creating a choke point in which they could destroy the Persian ships one at a time. It ended the Persian wars.
Augusto Cesar Sandino
led a guerilla movement aimed at ending IS interference in Nicaragua and his sons- controlled Nicaraguan politics for more than 40 years aided by US support
Oliver Cromwell
led parliament in the English civil war, he captured and beheaded Charles I; became a dictator so was overthrown by Parliament
Gulf War
led to a decisive military defeat for Iraq at the hands of an international coalition led by US
Ho Chi Minh
led vietnam resistance forces and mounted a campaign of guerilla warfare.
Sakk
letters of credit that were common in the medieval islamic banking world
Vichy Government
located in central France, provided a prominent place for French willing to collaborate with German rule
Feudalism
lords provided grants of land to their retainers in exchange for loyalty and military service
Humanists
loved the art of human nature; often portrayed in art (human form and human emotion)
The Qing Dynasty
manchus, a group of pastoral nomads, founded this dynasty. They expanded their territory throughout East asia. They created a time of peace and prosperity. They had a social classes built of off not mixing with the Chinese population. Their government was ruled by and emperor, but confucian scholars had lots of power.
Justinian and Theodora
married and ruled 527-565CE; rebuilt the Hagia Sophia and Constantinople
Council of Trent
meeting Catholic church officials where they discussed reform, beginning of catholic counter reformation; banned indulgences to name one
Zhang Quian
merchant; ventured from China as far west as Bactria
Sufis
missionaries devoted to allah (so do not necessarily follow all rules of the qu'ran) asetic lives, and lead to lots of converts
Mestizo
mixed between portuguese and indigenous women
Zambos
mixed with indigenous and african parents
John of Montecorvino
most active Italian missionary in the efforts to convert the Mongols and the Chinese to Christianity; translated the bible into turkish; Baptized around 6,000 people
Zhu Xi
most important representative of Song neo-confucianism (philosopher, wrote about nature and reality; most important confucian philosopher who wrote Family Rituals
Zionism
movement to create a Jewish homeland
Uighurs
nomadic tribes hired by the Tang to get rid of the An Lushan revolt. Their only condition was that they got to sack Chang'an and Luoyang after defeating the An Lushan rebels.
MAD
mutually assured destruction, if the US fired on the USSR both would be destroyed
Octavian (Augustus)
nephew of Caesar, became first emperor part of second triumvirate killed other two.
American Food Crops
new crops, easy to grow, and were high in calories that allowed for a population increases.
Nelson Mandela
new leader of the ANC, captured by the ANP in 1963 along with other ANC leaders, sentenced to life in prison, freed by F.W. de Klerk in 1990, worked to negotiate end to white minority rule, became 1st black president of South Africa
Nuremburg Trials
occurred after WW2 ended, the court trials that dealt with the sentencing and punishment of Nazi officials
Urbanization
occurs when large groups of people begin to congregate somewhere to work. An example of this is when people begin to move from the countryside to cities
Witch Hunting
offered an explanation for bad things that happened in the world; thousands killed
Ihara Saikaku
one of Japan's most prolific poets; helped create a new genre of prose literature (the "books of the floating world"); books surround the theme of love
Kikuyu
one of Kenya's largest ethnic group, their radicalism and violence had much more to do with nationalist opposition to British colonial rule, especially land policies in Kenya.
Brown vs. Board of Education
one of the biggest supreme court cases in education, step towards equal education, ruled that racially divided schools were inherently unequal
Pitosi
one of the highest cities in the world by elevation; lies at the foot of the Cerro de Potosí (Cerro Rico), a mountain popularly conceived of as being "made of" silver ore; major supply of silver for Spain
Ming Dynasty
one of the most powerful Chinese dynasties that played an important role in Indian Ocean trade. Had a large exploratory fleet that traveled the known world in search of riches.
President Lyndon Johnson
ordered bombing campaign on N. Vietnam and sent US ground troops to augment S. Vietnamese army
Association of Women Concerned about National Crisis or later AMNLAE
organization established by nicaragua women that had over 80,000 members that encouraged suffrage.
Manorial system
organized estates of aristocracy and made feudalism possible
Kingdom of Axum
originally a small kingdom. It maintained independence and the Christian religion. It's most prominent port was Adulis
Manchus
overan Ming dynasty and started the Qing dynasty, pastoral nomads run by chieftan Nurhaci who unified them into a centralized state.
Rockefeller
owned Standard Oil which had a monopoly of the oil industry by outdoing the competition. Participated in the trusts system
Edmund Cartwright
patented a water-driven power loom/ mechanical weaving without training or experience in either mechanics or textiles
Geneva Conference
peace conference that determined that Vietnam should be temporarily divided at the 17th parallel
Serfs
peasants who were attached to the land that they worked on that was supplied by the lord
Liberalism
people who believed in this took change as normal, Wanted change to be managed in the best interests of society and believed voting was more of a privilege than a right
Nomads of Australia
peoples who maintained nomadic foraging societies and traded small scale, which enabled trade goods to spread throughout most of Australia. These people's cultures did not spread much beyond the regions inhabited by individual societies.
Catholic Counter Reformation
period of Catholic resurgence beginning with the Council of Trent
Little Ice Age
period of cooler temperatures that lasted for around 500 years. Caused agricultural difficulties
Voltaire
philosopher who advocated individual freedom and attacked any institution supporting oppressive policies, such as the French monarchy and the Roman Catholic church; battle cry was écrasez l'infame ("crush the damned thing")
Tang Dynasty
preceded by the Sui Dynasty, this dynasty's high point was when Tang Taizong was the ruler. They had confucian rule and were afraid of the growing Buddhism.
Saddam Hussein
president of Iraq and launched attacks on Iran in 1980
JFK
president of the US during the Cuban Missile Crisis
Winston Churchill
prime minister of Great Britain during WW2, suggested that the Allies attack the Ottomans, suspended home rule in India
Cavour
prime minister to King Vittore Emmanuele II of Piedmont and Sardinia (powerful Italian states); cunning diplomat; expelled Austrian forces from most of northern Italy in 1859
Ivan III
prince of Moscow who declared independence from the Golden Horde
POWs
prisoners of war, both sides had them but the Axis treated theirs very harsh
Benito Mussolini
promised to bring glory to Italy by achieving land that was denied to them after the Great War.
A Vindication of the Rights of Women
published in 1792; written by Mary Wollstonecraft; argued that women possessed all the right that Locke had granted to men; women had the right to be educated
Marshall Plan
rebuild European economies through cooperation and capitalism, forestalling communist or Soviet influence in the devastated nations of Europe. Also known as The European Recovery Program
Reconquista
recapturing of the Iberian peninsula by the Spanish from the Muslims; Ferdinand and Isabella completed it in 1492
Warriors
received extensive land grants as well as tribute from commoners for their support; the most successful formed a council whose members selected the ruler, discussed public issues, and filled government positions; ate best foods; wore capes, lip plugs, and eagle feathers
President Carter
recognized Sandinistas
Thomas Peters
recruited African settlers in Nova Scotia for colonization of Sierra Leone
Détente
reduction in hostility
De-Stalinization
refers to a process of political reform in the Soviet Union that took place after the death of long-time leader Joseph Stalin in 1953
Iron Curtain
saying created by Winston Churchill, the political, military, and ideological barrier erected by the Soviet Union after World War II to seal off itself and its dependent eastern and central European allies from open contact with the West and other noncommunist areas
Yongle
reigned 1403-1424, launched series of naval expeditions throughout the Indian Ocean basin. 1421 moved the capital of the Ming Dynasty from Nanjing to Beijing.
Tokugawa Ieyasu
reigned 1600-1616; last of chieftains that brought about unification of Japan; established military gvmt known as Bakufu; descendants ruled until end of dynasty in 1867
Donatello
renaissance sculptor from florence
The Factory System
replaced putting-out system, centralized production, created a division of labor
Doctrine of Limited Sovereignty (Brezhnev Doctrine)
reserved the right to invade any socialist country that was deemed to be threatened by internal or external elements "hostile to socialism"
Revisionist Powers
revised/overthrew the terms of the post war piece, confronted nations that were committed to the international system and to the avoidance of another world war (Germany, Japan, Italy)
Yalu River
river in northern Korea, the US advance to this river precipitated the Chinese invasion of North Korea
Montecuzoma II
ruler of Tenochtitlan, reigning from 1502 to 1520. The first contact between indigenous civilizations of Mesoamerica and Europeans took place during his reign, and he was killed during the initial stages of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, when Hernán Cortés and his men fought to escape from the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan.
"Peace For Our Time"
said by Britain's prime minister Neville Chamberlain when he arrived home saying that the Munich meeting had achieved this.
St. Benedict
saint who established a set rule for other monks
Monsoons
seasonal change in the direction of the prevailing, or strongest, winds of a region. Usually associated with the Indian Ocean.
The Kitchen Debate
series of impromptu exchanges (through interpreters) between then U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of the American National Exhibition at Sokolniki Park in Moscow on July 24, 1959.
Helots
servants of the Spartan state and probably outnumbered the Spartan citizens by the sixth century B.C.E.
Munich Accord
settlement reached by Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy that permitted German annexation of the Sudetenland in western Czechoslovakia
Balfour Declaration
some Palestinian land would become a homeland for Jews
Pepin
son of charles martel, father of charlemagne, ruler of the franks
Trade unions
sought to advance the quest for a just and equitable society and struggled to eliminate abuses of early industrial society and improve workers' lives
Nikita Khrushchev
soviet premier, extracted an open pledge from JFK to refrain from attempting to overthrow Castro's regime and a secret deal to remove US missiles from Turkey
Arms race
soviet union and us acquire great amounts of nuclear weapons
The Great Schism
split in the orthodox and catholic church
Steam power
started using steam engines that burned coal to boil water that created steam. They were used in the textile industry which resulted in greater productivity and cheaper prices
Bandung Conference
stressed the struggle against colonialism and racism. "The first international conference of coloured people in the history of mankind". It was the precursor of the broader Nonaligned Movement.
Tribute
system where the triple alliance received food crops and manufactured goods from subject peoples
Kapu
taboo, good food such as fish had this taboo on them for commoners
Jizya
tax on non-muslims
Post-Great War Peace
temporary, peace established by the Treaty of Versailles, League of Nations technically meant to help maintain peace but never did much
Bubonic Plague
terrible plague that ravaged the world and killed tens of millions of people; named after swollen lymph nodes it caused; also knows as black death; caused peasants to revolt and population to decline
Operation Barbarossa
the June invasion of the Soviet Union/ huge invasion force/ brutal winter and soviet's reinforcements hurt Germany,
Dien Bien Phu
the climactic confrontation of the First Indochina War between the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps and Viet Minh communist-nationalist revolutionaries.
Manchuria
the conquest of this area was the first step in the revisionist process of expansionism and aggression for the Japanese
COMECON
the council for mutual economic assistance, supported by democratic governments
Foot Binding
the custom of applying painfully tight binding to the feet of young girls to prevent further growth, represented status, Song Dynasty
African Diaspora
the dispersal of African peoples and their descendants b/c of slave trade
Partition of India
the division of india into separate hindu and muslim states.
Kamakura Shogunate
the first of the two decentralized civilizations that rose during Japan's medieval period. After the equal-field system fell into disuse, aristocratic families began to fight over the Japanese countryside. The Minamoto clan emerged as the most powerful and established the Kamakura shogunate. This shogunate relied mostly on military discipline instead of the older court practices of courtesy and etiquette and was ruled by provincial landlords.
Ngo Dinh Diem
the first president of the Republic of (South) Vietnam.
Explorer I
the first satellite of the United States, launched as part of its participation in the International Geophysical Year.
Laozi (Lao-tse)
the founder of Daoism, who was a sage, and was allegedly known for writing the Daodejing
Battle of Britain
the germans were lead by their air force, the Luftwaffe. They hoped to defeat britain almost solely through air attacks. However britain the royal air forced delayed the defeat which forced Hitler to abandon his plans to invade britain.
India Act of 1935
the gradual trend toward self-rule
Leonardo da Vinci
the ideal Renaissance man who painted, philosophized, and invented
Maori
the indigenous peoples of New Zealand. Sweet potatoes were especially important to them because traditional crops did not flourish in the dry climates of New Zealand.
The Congress of Vienna
the meeting of conservative political leaders to solve the problem France's revolution caused; the powers included Britain, Prussia, Austria, and Russia; attempted to restore pre revolutionary order; Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austrian) was influential foreign minister; dismantled Napoleon's empire, restored European families to their thrones, and created diplomatic order based on balance of power; this balance remained for 100 years then fell apart
Marae
the most distinctive architecture of early Pacific societies, ceremonial precinct and temple structure, these often had several terraced floors with a rock or coral wall designating the boundaries of the sacred space.
Slave trade
the most momentous process that linked Africa to the larger world and source of labor for European peoples and their plantations
Zionism
the movement to establish a home for the Jewish people in Palestine; provoked resentful nationalism among Palestine Arabs displaced by Jewish settlers; started after the Dreyfus trial
James Watt
the one who developed the steam engine, he was also an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow in Scotland
The Franks
the people who invaded Rome and had the carolingian dynasty, very popular because of their conversion to christianity (very influential)
Asia for Asians
the phrase that the Japanese told the other asian nations in order to get them to fight with them against the other nations but they really just wanted to control all of asia.
Anschluss
the political union of Austria and Germany, forbidden after WW1 ended
The Monroe Doctrine
the proclamation given by President James Monroe that declared the Americas to be closed to further European colonization. After the Panama Rebellion, President Roosevelt added the Roosevelt Corollary to the doctrine, giving the U.S. power to intervene in an unstable situation in any Central or South American country.
Islamism
the revival of Islamic values in the political and social sphere.
Jihad
the right and duty to defend Islam and the Islamic community from unjust attack (rationalize and legitimize terrorism)
Demographic transition
the shifting patterns of fertility and mortality
Russian-German Treaty of Nonaggression
the two nations agreed not to attack each other and they promised neutrality in the event that either of them went to war with a third party, Germany broke this pack
The Great Wall
the wall to protect China from northern invaders; started during the Qin
The "November Crime"
the way that Hitler referred to the signing of the 1918 armistice
Sudetenland
the western portion of Czechoslovakia. Inhabited largely by ethnic germans. The french and the british accommodated hitler and allowed germany to incorporate this region because they were not willing to risk war with hitler.
Ferdinand and Isabella
their marriage signified the unitement of Aragon and Castile; completed reconquest of Spain in 1492; sent Columbus on his voyage
Ionian Greeks
they were a group of Greeks that lived in on the Coast of Turkey who were conquered by the Persians but did not accept Persian rule. They revolted and asked the Mycenaean greeks for help, and they received help from Athens. They were put down by the Persians, but the revolt gave the Persians a reason to attack Greece.
Ming dynasty
this dynasty drove out the Mongols, and they restored the chinese traditions and the civil service exams. They rebuilt and extended the great wall. The ming began to decline when eunuchs gained too much power and their government became corrupted. Peasant revolts and famines lead to the Manchus coming in and conquering the chinese.
Allied Powers
this group consisted of Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, Belgium, Japan, Italy, and the U.S.
Axis Powers
this group consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria
Siberia
this place was used due to its fur commodities; some people accepted Russia & some resent the tribute; Yakut Revolt
Buddhism in China
this religion attracted people due to its morality, intellect, and promise of salvation. It also challenged social and cultural traditions due to its emphasis on celibacy. Monasteries that were developed were important to the local economy,
Apartheid
this system asserted white supremacy and institutionalized the racial segregation established in the years before 1948
Equal field system
this system governed the allocation of agricultural land; ensured an equitable distribution of land and avoided the concentration of landed property that had caused social problems during the Han dynasty; system allotted land to individuals and their families according to the land's fertility and the recipient's needs
Ptolemaic Universe
this was Ptolemy's description of the earth being the center of the universe, but it was more accepted than other theories, because it showed a reason as to why the planets did not revolve perfectly around the earth
Joseph Stalin
thought that Britain and France would send German aggression to Russia/ sought peace with Germany
VE Day
victory in Europe day, celebrated on 8 May 1945, signified end of WW2 in Europe but not the entire war
SS Einsatzgruppen
three thousand troops in mobile detachments, created to kill entire populations of Jews and Roma, by spring of 1943 they had killed over one million Jews
Peninsulares
top of society, migrants born in Europe
V-J Day
victory in Japan day, 15 August 1945, the war officially ended 2 weeks later
Triangular Trade
trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that featured finished products from Europe, slaves from Africa and American products bound for Europe.
Inti and Viracocha
traditional Inca gods, one of which represented the Sun as a God and Deity
Tight packers vs. loose packers
two ideologies on how to keep slaves below deck
Franklin Roosevelt
two months after the entry of the U.S. entered the war, he delivered a broadcast explaining the nature of the war. Saying things like "This war is a new kind of war" and "It is warfare in terms of every continent, every island, every sea, every air lane"
Clovis
united all the frankish kingdoms under one rule, the franks
Tang Expansion
used their discovery of fast growing rice, to have more specialization of labor, which allowed their population to expand their population greatly. Also, using their military they expanded to the north, south and the east.
Persian War
was a series of conflicts in Greece between Persia and Greece started over Athens aiding a rebellion in Persia. The first battle was at Marathon in which the Greeks pushed back Persian, and then the Greeks in the battles of Thermopylae and Salamis used superior tactics to defeat the Persians. After this the Greek Golden age began.
Pericles
was the general and leader of Athens during their golden age. He promoted the arts and philosophies during this time; he also foster democracy as Athens' form of government. He was the general during the Peloponnesian War, and he died from the plague that was running rampant in Athens during that time.
Herodotus
was the historian who wrote about the battle of Thermopylae and the Persian wars, and he is one of the first examples of historical biaseness.
Otto von Bismarck
wealthy landowner and prime minister of Prussia; master of Realpolitik; reformed and expanded the Prussian army; provoked 3 wars to whip up German sentiment against enemies
Vassal (retainer)
were given land if they were loyal to their lord
Tiananmen Square
western educated students staged democratic demonstrations in this square, fearing revolutionary movements Deng approved a bloody crackdown, Deng faced hostile world opinion after crushing this
Occupation
when a country is taken over by another, troops from that country often remain behind to ensure control using the military
Evita Peron
wife of Juan Peron, pushed husband's political reforms and ministered to the needs of the poor
Comfort Women
women and girls who were forced into sexual slavery by the Imperial Japanese Army in occupied territories before and during World War II. many were raped up to 20 times a day
Iroquois
woodlands peoples in settled communities east of Mississippi River; five nations emerged from Owasco society: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca; built mounds as stages for ceremonies and rituals
The Life of the Man Who Lived for Love
written by Ihara Saikaku; deatailed the experiences of a townsman who devoted his life to a quest for sexual pleasure
Neville Chamberlain
Britain's prime minister who said that the Munch meeting had created "peace for our time".
Ethiopia
Italy invaded this place, which angered non revisionists because it broke the peace and also because of the excessive use of force against the Ethiopians.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Japanese cities where two atomic bombs were dropped
Japanese Neutrality Pact
Japanese neutrality with Soviet Union
Kamikaze pilots
Japanese pilots that would fly planes into enemy ships killing themselves and hundreds of others at the same time, showed what Japan was willing to sacrifice to win
Rape of Nanjing (Nanking)
Japanese soldiers stormed Nanjing, China and raped 7,000 women, murdered unarmed people, and burned homes.
The People's Republic of China
Mao Zedong's communist government
Korean War
a war between North and South Korea, in which a United Nations force led by the United States of America fought for the South, and China fought for the North, which was also assisted by the Soviet Union (democracy vs. communism)
Battle at Midway
crucial and decisive naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II, turning point in the war in the pacific
Kim II Sing
the supreme leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, commonly referred to as North Korea, for 46 years, from its establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994
Holocaust
the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators