AP World History
Aztec Empire [P.C.]
- Mexica grew their military, were mercenaries, made alliances and built capital - Triple Alliance brought power that united majority under mesoamerica into a single framework-> Aztec empire - Tenochtitlan became a metropolis of a large pop, floating gardens (chinampas) or agricultural islands + vast marketplaces led to commercialization and craft goods - Mexica left conquered free and only required nice tribute - Hernan Cortes aka spanish conquistador who wrote about how diverse the goods of Tlatelolco marketplace \ - Huitzilopochtli was the sun that needed energy from human blood, Aztec deity
Mongol Empire's Harsh Rule
- Mongol rule was harsh, never assimilated and discriminated - violent rule in Persia and large mongol conversion to Islam - Kievan Rus of Russia was devastated by Mongols, earned title "Khanate of the Golden Horde"; exploited Russia for their steppes with heavy tax and demand of tribute
Mughal Empire [E.M.]
- Muslim Indian Empire - 20% of population was Muslim, rest was Hindu - Akbar accommodated Hindu majority, supported temples, soften restrictions on Islamic ulama (schools), removed jizya tax - House of Worship - welcomed intellectual discussion and Persian artists + blend of culture - Aurangzeb reversed Akbar's policy to impose Islamic supremacy - forbade Hindu sati, jizya imposed - antagonized Hindus and prompted movements of opposition that fatally fractured Mughal Empire - opened way for British takeover
Culture & Society: Tang & Song Dynasties
- Neo-Confucianism: revived Confucianism with Daoism and Buddhism; shaped philosophical, political, and moral thought in East Asia - in Tang Dynasty, Chinese women had greater freedom due to nomadic influence, a Daoist female deity was widely worshiped - Buddhist persecution led to growth of confucianism - in Song Dynasty, revival of Confucianism meant revival of stricter patriarchy, highlighted separation of women; masculinity redefined as strength to knowledge - foot binding - women had expanded property rights and education (so they could teach their sons)
Mongol Empire fostering progress
- Russian Orthodox Church flourished due to tolerance and tax-exempt, and princes adopted Mongolian state policies and weapons - promoted TRADE with wealth from developed places and promoted diplomatic relationships aā - Persia and China exchanged ambassadors, info, goods - prioritized skill over religion which fostered innovation
syncretism
- Sikhism: Islam and Hindu, founded by Guru Nanak - Kabir: poet who blended Hinduism and Islam - Islam was popular in Africa but society and culture remained African; Ramadan + mosques & traditional gods with sacrifices aspect - Africanized Christianity: - Mexicanized Christianity consisting of Virgin of Guadalupe, added pre-colonial gods
Gunpowder Empires
- The Gunpowder Empires were the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires. Each of these three empires had considerable military success using the newly developed firearms, especially cannon and small arms, in the course of their empires, but unlike Europe for example, the introduction of the gunpowder weapons prompted changes well beyond simply army organization
1800s Russia
- US opposite, absolute monarchy, state had more control over people than anywhere - Tsar answered to only god, remained unchecked, high class nobility and the rest were peasant serfs - Crimean war: Russia, Britain and France, resulted in end of serfdom (influenced by enlightenment) - Russian industrialization II violent social revolution; emancipation of russian serfs: freed serfs and ended serfdom (enlightenment influence) - Sergei Witte: a prime minister of imperial Russia, brought industrialization through reforms - began industrialization which focused on heavy industry, fueled by foreign investment - social outcome of big middle class of educated businessmen - 70% of population were migrants of rural areas, lived terribly - Russian social-democratic labor party created illegally by workers in bad conditions - revolutionary action taken and forced tsar's regime to make constitution which legalized trade unions and political parties
fascist Italy
[post- WWI] Benito Mussolini gained power through army of veterans + unemployed men known as Black Shirts - anti communist; the opposite of Marxist socialism promised his following social reforms, - women portrayed in highly traditional domestic terms, no equality emphasized - preceeded by the industrialization of Italy many believed they were done unjustly after the Treaty of Versailles Both Italy and German fascism consisted of extreme nationalism, advocated violence, a single-party dictatorship, anti-democracy, and communism
Southernization
- a multifaceted process of change that began in Southern Asia and spread from there to various other places around the globe (same thing as westernization except not in Western Europe) : Effects On China Buddhism became increasingly important Monasteries spread through the disunited realm Cultural exchange between China and India grew : Effects on the Tang Dynasty: Technological innovations: printing (from buddhist monasteries) and gunpowder (from Daoist alchemists) : Effects on the Song Dynasty: Perfected the compass which were used by mariners Cities on China's southern coasts became centers of oversea commerce Reformed math, incorporating advantages of the Indian system Sugar became important and so did champa rice (which was from vietnam) : In Europe appropriation of elements of southernization that were not confined by geography + the Mongols took over : huge spread of Islam, even to Eastern Europe
West Europe [P.C]
- after Mongol empire fell, Europeans used naval knowledge to get to Asia by sea and took over Mongol role of facilitating trade routes - politically consisted of competing states and power shifts, militarized and rivalries fueled technological development, independent state and church - crusades: - were main tool in expansion and they were violent, but had little impact on politics or religion in the middle east - Europeans seeking wealth of Africa and Asia and christian converts with the - they forced much more of their culture on the conquered - conducted the holy wars/Crusades to spread Christianity (ordered by Pope) - most famous crusades were the attempt of claiming the holy land (Jerusalem) for Christianity - maritime voyaging - portugal-based expeditions, that Columbus and Vasco da Gama around southern tip of Africa to India
abolition of slavery
- atlantic revolution ideas resulted in end of slavery - enlightenment thinkers of europe didn't like it and its abolition was the focus of american+french revolutions - damage of Haitian revolution resulted in the view of slavery as economically inefficient and politically unwise - abolition in Britain resulted in 1807 following boycotts, petitions, pamphlets; the pressure of most powerful state abolishing slavery led to other nations to do the same - post-abolition: slavery was replaced by underpaid work and indentured servants, poor working conditions remained
Japan's Meiji Restoration [M]
- centralized government, ended feudalism, industrial revolution - westernized legal systems; western powers revised treaties to see them as equal - shinto united highly educated pop., replaced buddhism
e: European Colonialism
- colonial rule facilitated the expansion of the global market, involving more Asian and African economies - huge plantations financed by Europeans (sugarcane, rubber, tea, tobacco) examples of colonies benefiting: - in BURMA: British provided transportation, irrigation, and laws supporting private farms to increase rice production, mass migration to Burma and rice exports increased - in the southern gold coast, British territory, Africans took charge of exports and became the leading export of cacao; popular because required little labor
World War I Effects
- deadly war to null Europe's previously accented enlightenment values & technology was no longer completely progressive - colonies lost any respect for Europeans and returned from war with demands of better treatment and payment - women replaced men in factories during war, urged to leave when men returned - social mobility, suffrage movements, women received right to vote, consumerism encouraged production - Treaty of Versailles: Germany (Weimar Republic) lost colonial empire and territory, required to pay heavy wages, military restrictions - Ottoman Empire ended (set stage for conflict over "Holy Land") - U.S. emerged as a global power
socialism
- economic system where means of making money is owned by society as whole instead of individual owners; belief in cooperative efforts of all people; many different forms Totalitarian governments that controlled most of economy and checked that arts, education, and media conformed to marxism needed modernization and industrialization, socialist modernization attacked inequality state-directed feminism and political equality for women industrialization necessary to end poverty
identity change in colonial era
- exposure to racism and european culture + social and economic upheavals -> rapid change of self perspectives and thoughts on community, changed definition of societies they belonged to european culture replicated: - military defeats resulted in lost faith - India, western educated made new Hinduism with no castes and an emphasis on women's rights - widespread conversion to christianity - Africanized Christianity added charms, medicine men, voodoo, and African gods reviving cultural self-confidence through new African identity: -- C.A Diop highlighted similarities; to introduce new mindset of europeans replicating what African societies had already done: large empires and complex political systems ---argued that western civilizations derived from Africa, so Africans should be respected and equal -- Edward Blyden highlighted differences; scholar/official in Libya, believed all races were different and had all different cultures --- they had unity and nature connections while Europe had dividedness and materialism -- WWI brought american black leaders together which led to notions of larger pan-African world
Ottoman Empire [M]
- in 1750 the empire was a flourished center of Islamic world; lost all regions to christian powers or independence achieved from nationalist ideas, had weakening economy dependent on foreign loans - became dependent on Europe Tanzimat: revolutionary reformists wanting economic, social, and legal basis for strong tar (?) -It held a virtual monopoly on trade between Europe and Asia as it controlled many of the trade routes. -- eventually young Turks rejecting islam gained power and enforced westernization, more opportunity for women
Japan's Tokugawa Shogunate [E.M.]
- laid foundation for long term political and social stability - Tokugawa Ieyasu established Tokugawa Bakfutu which unified Japan - aimed to prevent civil war by controlling Daimyo: the rulers of land that divided Japan - stability led to agricultural/economic/population growth - Dutch merchants brought global knowledge to Japan - unbanning of foreign books meant dutch books and scholars learned dutch medical and scientific intelligence c: - supported neo-confucianism for its traditional values - restricted foreign influence Chinese influenc e - social ranks- elites to peasants to artisans to merchants - education, language, Buddhism, and Confucianism
The Enlightenment [M]
- notion of political and social change possible through human action - inspired popular sovereignty: people are governed, no divine figure or tradition - John Locke's social contract: in which rulers are held accountable, led to universal declaration of human rights - led to revolutions, feminism, and abolishing slavery
Fundamentalism: Islam [1900s]
- old renewal movement Wahhabis focused on internal flaws of muslim societies while new movement focuses on western imperialism and secular modernity - Wahhabism - conservative form of Sunni Islam practiced in Saudi Arabia and Qatar; to return practices to early Islamic generations governments anchored themselves in modern islamic practice and rhetoric islamic movements and organizations flourished and provided services that weren't offered by gov science and traditional Muslim thinking was mixed sharia law
Ming Dynasty [1368-1644]
- recovery from Mongol Yuan Empire, completely eliminated impact under Emperor Yongle - Yongle revived previous culture; established Temple of Heaven for Confucian rituals in new capital of Beijing; renewed civil service exam economy flourished due to restoration of public works - Zheng He voyages in largest naval fleet across Indian Ocean; expansion of tribute system and led to Chinese control of trade; Yongle was main supporter but it was too expensive and ended after his death - porcelain was less expensive and became an art form, innovative - European demand for silk and porcelain impacted global trade during the Ming Dynasty by letting them grow rich by exchanging their goods for silver
China in Modern Era
- refused to trade with britain in the modern era and became dependent off of europe - no industrial revolution or enough agriculture needed to supply pop growth - local gentry grew as government decentralized - European military pressure disrupted national trade grew unemployment, raised peasant taxes - Taiping Uprising united by new christianity with Hong Xiaquan claiming to be Jesus' brother and aiming to establish great peace through revolution, women seen as equal - failed due to contrasting goals and Euro support for Qing Dynasty British sent China highly addictive opium to fix trade: - Opium Wars began due to Chinese suppression of it and Britain's hurt feelings, ended with Treaty of Nanjing - Britain used treaties to gain imperialist relationship - self-strengthening movement: exam systems provided uncorrupted men, focused on public works and helped order, consisted of landlord class scared development wouldnt benefit them - society of righteous and harmonious fists: anti-foreign movement, nationalism, crushed by western powers and revealed that China was completely under foreign rule
feminism
- revived feminism involved awareness of oppression and embracing roles other than marriage and motherhood WOC in Global North: - black women viewed solidarity with black men essential to confronting a racist america; African women in Britain + US forced on racism and poverty in their organizations - global northern feminism was individualistic and held values against culture that reflected colonialism which made it hated in the global south - global south feminism focused on poverty, struggles for independence, racism, and political oppression - - Kenya's women's group movement fostered independence and empowerment - - Morocco's feminist movement targeted the family law code which defined them as minors - - Chile's women's movements aimed at economic survival of families and democracy, and women majority in human rights activism returned Chile to independence
Latin America Post-Colonization
- split into 18 countries with unstable political life- white creoles held most of the land and plantations, POC remained impoverished - exports grew rapidly: Mexican silver, Chilean copper, Bolivian tin, amazonian rubber - no industrialization - Mexican revolution effects: bringing universal male suffrage, redistribution of land, separation of church and education
Post-Classical Era Japan
-island prevented China from conquering so influence was voluntary, absorbed Chinese Buddhism in school samurai -Kami (sacred spirits of ancestors and various natural phenomenon) persevere alongside Buddhism -The Tale of Genji, a novel by Murasaki Shikibu delineated courting in Japan - women unaffected because China imposed during Tang Dynasty of increased freedom
Spanish American Revolutions
-occurred in spanish and portuguese colonies in Latin America, creoles became familiar with enlightenment ideals - Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos led first peasant rebellion in Mexico towards independence, crushed by creoles who feared sicuak raducakusn - Simon Bolivar was a creole military leader that casted all latinos under "americanos" to unite them against Spain and Portugal, along with other leaders - promised equality to gain support but castas remained
World War II Causes
1920s to 1930s - Japan's control over Manchukuo was threatened by China, and after aligning themselves with Germany and Italy they attack China -> beginning of WWII in Asia Japan began focusing on Asia for Asians aka independence from West and freeing from colonization but in reality, their aim was more resources and were very violent Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 1941 as a last resort for keeping country afloat, which tied Asia's war with Europe ended with atomic bombs against Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 Germany took post-WWI resentment and channeled it into their war, therefore making WWII planned and desired by German leaders 1939 attacked Poland which began WWII in Europe as Britain and France declared war on Germany
Islam's cultural & societal impact [P.C]
c: - in India, mostly low-castes, hindus, buddhists, and those wanting to avoid jizya tax converted (25% of population); brought by Turks; wasn't adapted in Hindu due to vast cultural divide - Islam religiously appealed to growing societies exposed to world and created many major centers of Islamic religious + intellectual life - Timbuktu in West Africa; Islam was brought peacefully by traders of islamified North Africa and it flourished in urban centers; many Quranic schools (madrassas) and major centers of higher education; Arabic was a prominent language even without Arabs; Islam Africanized and West Africa Islamized Ramadan + mosques & traditional gods with sacrifices aspect - Cordoba in Muslim Spain: Spain conquered by Arabs and Berbers who made it a vibrant place of religious tolerance to People of the Book; city of high culture and good relationships between Muslims, Christians, and Jews - Baghdad: had House of Wisdom, made by caliph for research and translation; Baghdad was the jewel of the world due to culmination of best thinkers/philosophers/artists; jewel of the world due to culmination of best thinkers/philosophers/artists
Enviornmental Impact [1900s]
Anthropocene: "age of man" due to global impact of human activity, starting with Industrial Revolution 3 main factors of dramatic increase in environmental impact population boom thanks to medical, sanitation, and world food supply advances new ability of tapping fossil fuel energy potential and new energy resources like nuclear power + hydroelectricity global warming caused by emitting carbon dioxide and deforestation economic growth due to science increasing food production green revolution: brought modified seeds that increased food supply
Great Depression
Causes: - wartime stimulated capacity, so factories produced more goods than could be sold - highly unequal distribution of income - reduced demand for American goods, stock market drove up until collapsed Effects: - import substitution industrialization - manufacturing for domestic market instead of importing - FDR's New Deal: experimental reforms to restart economy, permanently changing relationship between private economy, government, and citizens - Fascism
Spanish and Portuguese Trading Post Empires + East India Trading Companies
cause: - few products of Europe were attractive in Eastern markets , Europeans set out to find routes to East Asia, desire for spices sb: - population increase, monarchies taxing, military equipped with gun powder - Portuguese ships quickly established fortified bases in Indian Ocean and created their trading post empire - aimed to control commerce through force of arms rather than economy - Spanish established colony on Philippine Islands; major missionary effort & only Christian outpost in Asia - Manila, colony, flourished, even with taxation, unpaid labor, displacement of jobs - Private trading companies empires with Dutch in Indonesia and British in India - Dutch control of spice, killing/enslaving populations, briefly establishing in Taiwan - British East India Company established three settlements in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras
communist end for Russia and China
China Deng Xiaoping took over after Mao's death with goals of political stability and economic growth - wanted to end Maoism unbanned art implemented economic reform china was opened to world market and township enterprises flourished producing a surplus of new goods poverty declined, mortality rates lowered, exports surged, overpopulation and pollution grew along with sharp inequalities capitalism restored Russia stagnant economy in SU with a declining availability to obtain goods Mikhail Gorbachev became general secretary and launched his economic program perestroika which offered private farming and welcomed foreign investment
communism
Communism - ideology that constitutes the common ownership of means of production and the absence of social classes, money, and the state As opposed to capitalism - economic system in which government plays secondary role, as individuals and companies make decisions and own property; means of production operate for profit Self Determination - large global powers encourage colonies to determine their government, which benefitted communist countries because they could push out imperialism along with capitalism (how though) NATO committed US to alliance with Europe against communist SU marxism in theory, socialism as pathway, communism as end result revolutions inspired by enlightenment ideals of human action into change Russian Revolution of 1917 as socialist revolution that inspired others lower class was the only class that benefited from rebellions gender equality treaty of friendship with China threatened West but China and SU still had rivalry Vietnam turned to communism which was a step to the globalization of it
Industrialization
cause: large population growth after 1400s which brought an energy crisis of low resources solution: non-renewable fossil fuels replacing resources and man power Industrial Revolution: - began with Industrial Revolution in Britain - thrived in Europe due to competitive states that constantly pushed innovation forward - - royals alliance with merchant class; royals needed revenue - industrial workers and tolerance welcomed skilled technicians and aristocrats into business Britain as 1st industrial society - dramatic production in mining, manufacturing and services increase, replaced importance of agriculture - shifted class as aristocracy shared wealth with new business bankers and manufacturers - thrived since location protected them from war - middle class most benefitted as more job opportunities, formed distinct middle class of liberals women: - took on motherly role, with moral center of home and focus on sons and husbands - expected not to have jobs but did so anyways - wider lower middle class brought advantages
Haitian Revolution
causes: unfair treatment of slaves, tortured and many in number, slaves united under suffering, wanted liberty and equality outcomes: Haitians united under constitution, failure to distribute land, Republic, weak and frequently overthrown political states, created world's first free black republic, heavily taxed peasants, united POC
Sui Dynasty [581-618]
econ: Grand Canal: built under Yangdi, world's lagest waterwork process, facilitated trade in China
Islam ecses [P.C.]
econ: hajj spread trade/ideas/inventions; commerce valued due to Muhammed's origins as a merchant state: conquered without oppression which led to little resistance; water purification and technology led to flourishing of agriculture (Islam's Green Revolution) society: scholars of different religions and both genders cultivating in Baghdad, international scientific innovations due to muslim open-mindedness to great thinkers; scientific process of questioning ancient texts; Baghdad was the jewel of the world due to culmination of best thinkers/philosophers/artists
globalization pt 2
economic aspects pop growth tied to growing economies and modernization fueled it as nations entered global economy Transnational Corporations (TNCs) - huge global businesses that produce goods or deliver services across countries; they were central to the acceleration of economic globalization Migration global migration emerged in new patterns from war, poverty, revolution, and post-empire most significant pattern is movement from developing countries to industrialized world / "labor migrants" flee poverty Issues economic worldwide contraction started in 2008 issues with rules and growing disparities division among industrialized and third world countries hardship fueled opposition against U.S. anti-globalization appeared in meeting of the WTO as they demanded globalization with representation American dominance became more widespread, though its increase in foreign affairs was often controversial and exercise of power was resisted both abroad and at home
econ: Latin American Colonies
economy - found wealth in sugar, production pioneered by Arabs in Mediterranean - Portugal and Spain conquered for resources, New Spain consisted of Mexico and Aztecs while New Castille consisted of Peru and the Incas - Spanish exploited mita system, made wealthy by mining areas such as Zacatecas in Mexico (silver/gold) and Potosi in Bolivia (largest silver mine globally) - plantation societies - Caribbean economy: plantation system for cash crops such as sugar, cotton, indigo, tobacco, coffee, pineapple - brutal conditions in forced labor - sugar trade shifted global economy - slavery of africans used as key feature - Aztec and Inca economic foundation lay in commercial agriculture and mining with natives providing most of labor - spanish used econmiendas, legal systems where - spanish were assigned a group of natives to work for them, very exploitative - replaced by repartimiento with more centralized control by Spanish - hacienda system was set and restricted natives on land
env: Islam
env: Muslim India brought a lot of crops such as rice, sugarcane, and cotton - Islamic Green Revolution led to population growth, urbanization, and industrial development
Feminism
Elizabeth Cady Stanton spoke for feminism at first organized expression of it education increased, americans aimed for suffrage Mary Wollstonecraft influenced by French Revolution to write the vindication the rights of women Huda Sharawi founded the 1st feminist organization in Egypt most first feminists were upper-class and light skinned because they had more access
Culture: Latin American Colonies [E.M.]
Expansion of Christianity Effect on Latin America - imposed Christianity on Aztecs and Incas, Europeans unique in their conquering because they destroyed everything of religion and culture - Taki Onqoy was the revivalist movement in Peru; aimed to restore harmony, end spanish control and reject christianity c: - saints similar to pre-colonial gods - combined Mesoamerican and Spanish notions of Divine motherhood - Mexicanized Christianity consisting of Virgin of Guadalupe
Colonialism Impact
env: environmental consequences like deforestation, machine pollution, irrigation, deposited silt killing fish (food) c: devastated native colonies and culture/way of life s: old rulers could keep privilege and western-educated class working in European business, christian missions, clerks, ranslators - high education resulted in lawyers, doctors, engineers, journalists - unpaid and harsh forced labor which led to resistance - - East Africa pushed Germany's forced cotton cultivation out through sabotage, just like Mozambique under Portugal - - Battle of Adowa: Ethiopia defeated Italy and expanded their territory, avoided colonization - - Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858 women + the colonial economy: - African women were farmers, had economic autonomy - took jobs that were least profitable while men worked cash crops - men left for cities/mines/farms, women ran the domestic economy and had opportunity in small trade and marketing
fascism
fascism (1919-1945) was intense nationalism with aim of purifying the nation, mobilizing people for plan, praising violence against enemies, accenting full faith in leader, and opposition of liberal and communist ideals
Enviornmentalism
in Global North Silent Spring written by Rachel Carson publicized the chemical contamination of the environment and brought new environmentalism western activists focused on wilderness issues, opposing logging and road building in unspoiled areas in Global South more locally based, with poor members rather than middle class and a closer tie to social justice focused on protecting food, security, health, and survival fewer large organizations Kyoto Protocol: the treaty of 192 countries committing to reducing greenhouse gas submissions - U.S. refused
fundamentalism
Fundamentalism: literal interpretation of religion against global modernity - militant approach to the modern and globalizing world - science+social upheaval threatened religion and was met with rejection of certain aspects of modernization while accepting technology and prosperity - had roots in US as offense from scientific approaches to the bible, opposed liberal ideals and values post WWII and fought politically as conservatives - Hindutva of India believed leaders were trying to westernize India
hot war
Hot war arms race of nuclear war weapon North Korea invaded South Korea with US and Chinese involvement
Greek City-States [F]
location: indo-european, around meditteranean sea hundreds of city states separated geographically by mountains, prevented unity culture: political conflict but shared cultural identity in language, gods, olympic games state building: free managed state affaired, equality of citizens before the law, citizens had role in voting and legislation, varied - Sparta had a council of elders
Persian Empire [F]
location: west asia state building: huge conquesets and cult of kingship, administrative government taxes, immense wealth and power significance: biggest empire of its time, royal absolutism
India: decolonization
Indian National Congress (INC) was congress of English-educated Indians who promised cultural change, however this led to war and influenza epidemic Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) became involved in organizing protests, developing a concept of inclusive India, and believed in nonviolence In 1906 All-India Muslim League demanded separate electorates for Muslims was responded with enforced teaching of Hindi to antagonize them AIML leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah argued that Muslim parts of India should be separate, argued that Muslim population of India deserved representation in congress, his ideals led to partition of Pakistan India became two countries in 1947 - Pakistan with two wings and Hindi India governed by secular state
Byzantine Empire [330-1453]
origin: continuation of Roman Empire sb: - more urbanized and cosmopolitan than western states of former Roman Empire - Constantinople established by Constatnine and marked the beginning of the empire, centralized political authority using Casaropropapism - emperor claimed to be worldy representation of God -roman influence in state, wanted to preserve legacy of greco-roman civilization - centralized state only touched lightly on lives of people + focus: collecting taxes, maintaining order, and suppressing revolts - eastern orthodox church - major part of long-distance trade, had luxury items like jewelry, gems, bullion, linen, and wool
Rise of Pastoral Nomadic Empires [P.C]
origin: {astoralism consisted of nomadic societies built of domestication of animals for resources and had less social restrictions for women - fictive kinships: tribal alliances, first sign of growing unity which was centralized by the Xiongnu Empire in Central Asia, provided template for Mongols and Turks sb: 3rd wave civilizations of nomads were most impactful of the post-classical era as the Mongols, Arabs, Turks, and Berbers were the largest empires - Bedouin Arabs conquered Persia? - Berbers conquered south christian spain? - Islam from arabs, carried by turks
Yuan Dynasty [P.C]
Kublai Khan was the mongol ruler and grandson of Chinggis who acted as a moral chinese emperor through improving roads and adopting confucian rituals, built Daoist temples and accented a Buddhist form
World War I Causes
M.A.I.N : Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism Militarism: viewpoint that society should function like a military in terms of discipline, rules, etc. Alliances: provoked power struggle between Triple Alliance (Germany, Italy, Austro- Hungarian Empire) and Triple Entente (Russia, France, Britain) Nationalism: Austro-Hungarian heir assassinated by Serbian nationalist in 1914 -> caused a domino effect of obligation created by European alliances Imperialism: constant competition in colony expansion, especially in Europe led to tensions - industrialized militarism: militaries had great pride (nationalism-influenced) and advanced+deadly new tech led to precise strategies already mapped out - Military industrial complex: the power of a country's military as well as all the other industries relating to army
Inca Empire [P.C.]
origins: - Quechua-speaking people - built the western hemisphere's biggest imperial state on the Andes mountains sb: - Inca strictly assimilated those into their culture, bureaucracy with flexibility through incorporating conquered people into their administry - strongly centralized state - grew with conquest like the Aztecs econ: - mita: a labor service where every household had to work for the government - different specialties put to work in different sects, repaid by government with feasts c: - Gender parallelism!! practiced by both empires where men and women were separated but equal, parallel sun/moon worshipping, priests for each gender and their same-gender deities, parallel hierarchies in each government - domestic duties of women not degraded - still patriarchy with men at higher positions
Roman Empire [F]
origins: city to state to monarchy to republic to empire on mediterranean basin society: republic where men of wealthy class (patricians) dominated over plebeians expansion: expansion valued, like China wanted to rule everything under the sun; pax romana: era of rome's greatest extent and power - Julius Caesar, Rome's greatest military commander conquered Gaul and became dictator - Octavian made Rome an empire by conquering Egypt fall: had become too big and expensive to be sustained
Latin America
Military interventions swept over countries, though they had grown accustomed to this as well as class antagonisms L. America was more modernized than Africa, lived in shadow of U.S. Getúlio Vargas - former president of Brazil from 1930 to 1945; favored nationalism, industrialization, social welfare; anti-communist and supporter of workers' rights Lazaro Cardenas - former president of Mexico from 1934 to 1940; considered one of most honest and hardworking, eliminated corruption neo-colonialism in Latin America politically independent country economically dependent on core country post-colonialism left them unable to buy tech needed for development Monroe Doctrine (1823) told Europeans to stay out of western hemisphere made lucrative deals to develop and profit from latin american resources consequences: labor gap between rich and poor, elites profiting off of local population left Latin America with limited resources, volatile prices, and dependent on foreigners absolute governments exploited, invested by US waves of military coupes the brazilian miracle
The Mongol Empire [P.C]
origins: sb: - Karakorum, the capital, marked beginning of centralized bureaucracy - largest land-based empire ever and brought Eurasia into direct contact; joined inner Eurasian steppes with agriculture based settlements - rose under Chinggis Khan (Temujin); powerful army and clever warfare led them empire building in China, Korea, Central Asia, Russia, islamic middle east and some eastern Europe - weaponized horses - calvary tactics led to success and growth - applied new ideas and removing ineffective ones, which fostered innovation within conquered lands c: - implemented little of their own culture into conquered civilizations - pax-mongolica led to cultural cross-fertilization in Eurasia; peace fostered trade across silk road
American Revolution
pre-revolution: local elected assemblies in North America became somewhat self-governed within colonies, English developed societies with real and visible class distinctions (wealthy white men = prominent in political life) causes: British government = internal conflict and wars; national debt; looked to America to make-up for losses; imposing taxes and tariffs on colonies revolution did not grow out of social tension but from unexpected effort by British to tighten its control over colonies + extent revenue outcomes: Declaration of Independence (1776) : proclaimed right to revolution U.S. Constitution with Bill of Rights : checks and balances, separation of Church and State, and federalism
Nationalism
prior to atlantic revolutions, identity was limited to region or religion, but revolutions accented community in new nations as way of uniting sparked unification in many European countries, bolded rivalries "civic nationalism" where countries with diversity could gradually fit into nation
reason for colonialism
reason for colonialism: europeans needed resources after the industrial revolution and they needed to sell their products (overproduction) - missionaries went to spread christianity - european investors found investing abroad more profitable - moved homeless into colonies, white migrants found wage labor - nationalism growth paralleled imperialism growth, - social darwinism: mindset that other races were "unfit" and needed to be removed, fueled by imperialism which gave the idea of progress - class: intricate social classes with white men at top, led to segregation, they made racial classification an enlightenment ideal - prior to forced labor, Asian and Africans sometimes willingly contributed to world -market & colonial rule sometimes benefited local farmers
Turkey [1900s]
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk - founder and president of Republic of Turkey, progressive, tried to move Islam away from politics and towards private lif brought modern, secular and national state, moving Islam from public to private life largely ended direct political role of Islam, abolished Sufi organizations, replaced Sharia, abandoned traditional fez, opted for Western alphabet women chose to abandon veil, granted right to vote and hold office 1994 After Antürk's death in 1938, call to prayer returned along with some reforms Since 2002, moderate Islamic party govern with diminished political role of military
cold war
NATO & WARSAW PACT: alliances formed under Soviet desire for Eastern Europe control while American and British wanted to maintain democracy and capitalism bipolar world in which the majority of global economic, military and cultural influence is held between two states; the US and USSR proxy wars were global powers didn't participate in wars they instigated Cuban Missile Crisis - Fidel Castro of Cuba led a marxist revolution which was supported by the SU, who deployed missiles there to prevent US interference mutually-assured destruction
decolonization
Non-alignment - states who chose not to align themselves in either side End of European empires seemed inevitable because colonization lost credibility rhetoric of Christianity and Enlightenment did not mirror realities of racism, exploitation, and poverty
globalization [1900s]
rocess of businesses and organizations developing international influence or operating on a global scale, previously seen in Indian ocean, trans-saharan and silk road trade routes and spread of religion Timeline 20th century brought dense web of political relations, economic transactions, and cultural influences which tightly bound the world's countries world trade skyrocketed, money achieved global mobility de-globalization as post-WWI and great depression weaken global economy, which reversed in post WWII New waves of industrialization and imperialism tightened the global network technology contributed to new wave by lowering transport cost and facilitating communication John Maynard Keynes was a British economist who focused on government role for improving economy, established the international monetary funds (IMF) and the world bank world bank & IMF laid framework for globalization by investing in developing countries and wanted neo-colonial countries to become independent consolidated high employment rates and sustained peace neo-liberalism which was modernized liberalism that favored free-market capitalism (single market and TNC) was popularized as world's single market and capitalism grew
Silla Kingdom [668-935]
s: - allied with Tang to bring political unity, tribute system brought Chinese culture which negatively impacted women - restrictions eventually exceeded chinese, ended free choice in marriage and reinforced notion of wife belonging to husband's family econ: & c: - Tribute missions revealed chinese culture to Silla and brought trade in mainly luxury goods; exchange of Confucian and Buddhist artwork
Latin American Colonies - culture and society [E.M]
s: c: - Spanish over Americas were the first examples of white peoples assertion of their race and skin tone over others, reflected in casta paintings - more fluid and culturally blended than north american colonies - resulted in mestizo nations, derogatory castas, looked down by Peninsulas (full spaniards) - creoles/american born spaniards, mestizos were majority (mixed spanish/natives) - indigenous culture devastated and were subject to abuse and exploitation - blended African/Christian traditions which resulted in Haitian voodoo and African gods - Brazil's population became majority african slaves
Ottoman Empire [E.M]
sb: - Ottoman Empire was creation of Turkic warriors - ottoman empire began rising in 1299, became an empire in 1453 - Sultan combined roles of Turkic warrior prince, Muslim caliph, and conquering emperor; chief defender of the faith - devisharme: Balkan Christians required to hand over young boys to be taken from families, were taught Turkish, converted to Islam, trained for civil administration - represented opportunity for social mobility at a cost - Anatolia was taken under violent and religiously intolerant rule by Turks c: - Turks as nomads brought a freer life for women - independence of women diminished - many Christians converted to Islam to avoid tax, less oppression
Arab Empires
sb: - Islam membership of belief/birth, promise of material gain, equality, and prophet's alliances facilitated growth of Arab Empire - vast umma brought controversy- sunni muslims thought the next caliph should be rightful leaders / shia muslims believed caliphs should be related to prophet - Umayyad was first dynasty, Arabian, followed by the Persian Abbasid empire which flourished and brought prosperity established the House of Baghdad, An academic center for research and translation of foreign texts that was established in Baghdad by the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun. - camel saddle invention resulted in their control over trade routes and expansion of Islam c: - tolerant to people of the book (Dhimmis+jizya tax), mass conversion and some "arabization" - women treated spiritually equal, socially inferior; Quran limited women, Hadiths game platform for negative views of women and became important source of Islamic law
Russian Empire [E.M]
sb: - Russian empire was extensive process - centered in defending frontiers and bringing Christianity - land loss, access to safe trade routes, and exempt from yasuk (tax) made Siberian+Steppes people dependent on Russian market - converted to Christianity and were eventually "Russiafied" or incorporated into state - prompted urbanization - nobles required to dress European style, measured their success in comparison to Europe - became an Asian power against Persia, China, Indians, and Ottoman
Qing Dynasty [E.M.]
sb: s: - incorporated non-Chinese people into Qing or Manchu dynasty - military efforts to bring regions together, ensure security, central eurasian conquest - Qing rulers sought to maintain ethnic distinctiveness by forbidding marriage between outsiders and Chinese - Confucian teachings and bureaucracy led to reinforced gender roles - Qing Dynasty campaigns against Mongol - restricted entry of merchants and immigrants - people of noble rank + Buddhist monks exempt from tax
Black Death [P.C]
spread across trade routes under Mongol rule, death rates reached 50-90% in some places, closed central asian trade route and mongols lost control of China, Persia, and Russia (continuity of devastation brought to each country) to get
French Revolution
true revolution, top became bottom when nobility was eliminated causes: unequal society, enlightenment ideals, monetary problems from war debt, high grain taxes outcomes: radical republic; constitution granted equality, women's rights, slavery end, reign of terror for aristocrats, - ended with Napoleon Bonaparte becoming monarch and reversing everything
Iranian Revolution
under government of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, Islamic state had great wealth in oil, well educated elite, solid alliance with U.S. White Revolution promoted modernization, redistributed land, granted women right to vote merchants felt threatened, ulama felt offended by secular education because they were under an oppressive government where opposition Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi - last Shah of Iran, elected with interference from U.S., pushed a more modern, secular Iran Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini - Iranian Shiite and spiritual leader of the revolution that overthrew the last Shah, founder of modern Shiite State (new Islamic republic with traditional values and Islam-based education)
fascist Japan
Race Riots, tenant unions increase, proletariat parties to emancipate class government was a bit more democratic but still fascist demand for silk decreased, led to great depression resocialization & return to traditional values through militarism new imperialistic goals fueled by nationalism erosion of democracy, rise of military in Japanese political life
Russian and Chinese Revolutions
Russia's Revolution provisional government largely disliked because they didn't want to remove Russia from war, dislike led to radical groups socialist Bolsheviks led by Lenin rose to power and claimed communism China's Revolution took 30 years after Russian Revolution and followed imperialism collapse communist party grew under Mao Zedong and appealed to rural people with promise of land reform and women with promise of suffrage rival nationalist party Guomindang was destroyed by Japan's attack on China China mirrored S.U. way and experienced massive educational and economic growth, rapid urbanization, and exploitation of countryside cultural revolution of China bringing social inequalities back, progress undone
East Europe [P.C]
Russia: Prince Vladimir of Russia used Eastern Orthodox Church to unify Russia and link them to larger trade networks Holy Roman Empire: attempt one at reviving Roman rule Roman Catholic Church: rose after Rome's fall with religious hierarchy of Rome and latin; converted Europe with top-down method - Women had increased opportunity as urbanization continued, women could choose secluded monastic life in a convent - restrictions increased in 1300 as education for women was limited
South Africa: decolonization
South Africa was free of British rule since 1910, but governed by white settler minority from Dutch descent called Afrikaners/Boers black S. Africans had no rights and were exploited in workforce, subject to extreme social segregation and poverty Apartheid - series of laws initiated by the Afrikaner National Party designed to divide South African society by skin color and ethnicity; also reserved South Africa's resources for whites Black Consciousness Movement - grassroots anti-apartheid movement created after the banning of the African National Congress 1912, African National Congress (ANC) appealed to liberal, humane, Christian values of West and protested peacefully 1950s, Nelson Mandela launched nonviolent civil demonstrations S. African government responded with shooting at Sharpeville in 1906, outlawing major political parties S. Africa excluded from Olympics whites finally agreed to leave, released Mandela from jail, legalized ANC next elections brought ANC to power, yet they still faced opposition
The Brazilian Miracle
The Brazilian Miracle import substitution industrialization in order to avoid dependence on world markets through processing their own raw materials and manufacturing their own goods behind high tariffs if needed Resulted in the Brazilian Miracle of large economic growth and 90% of goods produced within Brazil, but large debts to foreign leader, inflation, and lots of social inequality left civilians far worse than the economy
World War II Effects
United Nations, 1945-set to maintain peace. more efficient at resolving conflicts Greater Japan Women's Society - 19 million women who did volunteer work and swore to put aside their wealth since the war heightened masculinity (WWII) Rape of Nanjing (1937-1938) in China, where hundreds of thousands were violently killed and countless women were sexually assaulted weakened Europe which gave way to independence of Asian and African colonies United Nations established to maintain peace + world bank + international monetary fund showed growing internationalism (+ economic globalization) United States grew into main global power with Europe as a debtor maintained this global leadership by helping Europe recover with efforts like the Marshall Plan (13 billion given to Europe) Western Europe focused on recovering economies and set nationalism aside (united by European currency, the Euro) NATO (north atlantic treaty organization) caused Europe's political and economic revival under the US and welcomed imperial relationships US seen as informal empire through economic penetration, political pressure, and military interference used to influence economies into reflecting interests of dominant power
fascist Germany
Weimar Republic (German state) signed the Treaty of Versailles that ended WWI + collapsed German gov't Hitler rose through his national socialist party of traditional values, racial elitism against Jews and goal to "save" Germany invested in projects, his policies lowered unemployment, appeal to "traditional German values" Kristallnacht (1938): looting of Jewish stores, an act of anti-semitism that fueled racial divisions propaganda portrayed Jews as "symbol of urban, capitalist, foreign influences undermining German culture" Nazi "Final Solution" was their plan to eliminate the jewish population of Europe Nazis wanted to limit women to home, remove them from workforce opposed abortion and sex education + encouraged "Aryan reproduction" Both Italy and German fascism consisted of extreme nationalism, advocated violence, a single-party dictatorship, anti-democracy, and communism
origins: Islam
- Arabian Peninsula (nomadic Arabs/Bedouins) Allah was a known concept before prophet but other gods were more accessible - Muhammed Ibn Abdullah born in Mecca, orphan, had a religious awakening that he was Allah's prophet - was troubled with religious corruption and Mecca's social inequalities - kept a book of his revelations- the Quran, core of message in Pillars of Islam, regulated political and religious aspects in Sharia Law - membership of belief/birth, promise of material gain, equality, and prophet's alliances facilitated growth - spread through Ulamas (most prominent factor); used madrassas or quran-based colleges
British Colonies in North America [E.M]
- British settlers came from a rapidly changing society: conflict of Catholic vs. Protestant, merchant capitalist class, emergence of Parliament, etc. - wanted to lose many aspects of european society - men in Puritan New England became heads of family; women prosecuted more, few girls attended school - Protestants were not as interested in spreading Christianity vs. Catholic missionaries; however, emphasis on reading Bible boosted greater literacy rate - Power struggle between King vs. Parliament: British paid little attention to colonies - British diseases + aggressive military policy decremented colonies of Native Americans (the Great Dying), forced labor on natives was replaced with African slavery; African women and Native American women were married off to Spaniards, became custom and brought some power to them but mostly abuse - British colonies didn't have wealth and prosperity of Southern European rule due to arriving a century later
W. European Diffusion of Knowledge [P.C]
- Europeans were less advanced and absorbed tech, knowledge, and cultural innovations - greek influence used in scientific and medicinal innovations christianity in a world of greek realist thinking, used rational thought to search for answers, theology where science was used as a base for religion rather than to contrast it - translations of ancient texts from Greek and Arabic into Latin, Arab science changed intellectual life - Thomas Aquinas applied Aristotle's ideas into a rational doctrine for Christianity, which was foundation for scientific revolution - in Byzantium, Greek ideas were focused on humanities and theology - in Islamic world, Greek thought was accepted and resulted in the flowering of Arab scholarship and the conflict between reason and faith - renaissance with revival of Greece-Roman tradition with Islamic influence by wealthy elite males embracing "new era", focused on world and individuality rather than religion - Islamic world's impact: sparked European desire for asian goods, sugar making techniques of plantations and slave labor, greek learning and muslim scholarship diffused
State: Tang & Song Dynasties
- GOLDEN AGE - Censorate checked government, staffed by exam system - Tang established vassal state of Silla Dynasty (Korea) - equal field system: redistributed private land to peasants to prevent peasant rebellion - underlying economic revolution made Song Dynasty wealthy and powerful; biggest tell was population growth - most urbanized country; Hangzhou city of specialized markets, inns, and clubs - technological innovations in waterway networks supplied cheap transport, iron for military, PRINTING (woodblock and movable type) - Tang Dynasty focused on military while Song focused on a strong state
Protestantantism in West Europe [E.M.]
- Martin Luther challenged basis of church, insisted that bible should be interpreted by the people led to acknowledgement of political, economic, and social tensions -protestantism didn't give women a greater role, female saints ignored and women's domestic roles emphasized - printing press helped spread religion - Treaty of Westphalia: ended 30 years war between Catholics and Protestants - Council of Trent of catholic reformation, reaffirming catholic values and fixed abuses of priests (Society of Jesus)
