Ap world history : Modern Learning objectives

Explain the continuities and changes in economic systems and labor systems from 1450 to 1750.

- trade used to be maintained by ethnic/religious ties; Portugues used their ships to make trade favorable for themselves; trade continued

Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technology and facilitated changes in patterns of trade and travel from 1450 to 1750.

-Muslims control much of trading ports= Eur hard time est trade on their own terms= try to find other way to Asia 1.) Technology (BEFORE, from Greek, Asian, and Islamic innovations) -Wind patterns, astronomical charts Astrolabe: told sailors how far north or south they were from the equator Compass: sailors knew which direction they were headed (NESW) Lateen Sail: triangular sail that coil catch wind on both winds 2.) Technology (AFTER/NEW) Caravel: new ship created by the Portuguese; smaller=navigable along coast, small and fast bc of lateen and square sail combo, carry a lot of cargo Fluyt: new ship created by the Dutch; exclusively for trade, large cargo compartments, small crew to manage, cheaper Carrack: a large trading merchant ship operating in European waters

Explain how and why states in Africa developed and changed over time.

-X centralized gov Kin based networks: each network was led by a chief, villages around were connected by federations; formed council to connect federations Griot: African oral storytellers; told narrative, stories, heritage of their tribe Great Zimbabwe: S Afri; emerged from trading gold Mali/Ghana: W Afri; monopolized imports of horses, metals, salt, gold from trans-Saharan → Mansa Musa: ruler; led group of Muslims to pilgrimage to mecca; very wealth (gold) Hausa Kingdom: no central authority; seven states connected by kinship ties; each state specialized in something (agriculture, military/defense, trade)

Explain how different governments responded to the economic crisis after 1900.

-although Allied were victories, they lost much of their workforce and money on war -Germany was made to pay billions of reparations bc of the Treaty of Versailles and was in debt due to war cost; Germ started to print more money= hyperinflation Great Depression: when the stock market crashed largely affecting the world econ; banks were closed, people lost their life saving, the world trade decreased by 62% Different gov response to econ crisis: 1.) Prime money John Maynard Keynes: argued the ppl shouldn't wait for the con to correct itself, rather the gov should get involved and stimulate the economy back up by spending money Deficit Spending: when countries who don't have money spend it by borrowing money in order to try and stimulate/prime the econ again 2.) America New Deal (Amer by Roosevelt): American borrowed money and put millions of ppl to work on government projects (building dams, public buildings, roadways) 3.) Russia New Economic plan (Rus by Lenin): spur econ up again by introducing private trade Five Year Plan (Rus by Stali): industrialize Russian in order to catch up to European counterparts; starved to death → Collectivization of Agriculture: gov confiscated private farming land, the food grown was sent to feed the urban ppl 4.)Mexico Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) (Mex by Mex gov): helped Mex econ greatly; nationalized mex oil 5.) Italy Fascism: an authoritarian and nationalistic system of government and social organization; glorifying violence and war → Corporatism (It by Mussolini): econ sectors was free to organize sector freely as long as it benefited the econ

Describe the role of states in the expansion of maritime exploration from 1450 to 1750.

-states sponsored exploration for GOLD, GLORY, GOD → new trading post= new wealth → Christian missionary= duty to go out and convert people → controlling large empire= glory

Explain the environmental effects of the various networks of exchange in Afro-Eurasia from c. 1200 to c. 1450.

1.) Agriculture (intro by merchants)= pop increase Champa Rice: introduced to China by Vietnamese merchants; drought resisted, harvested several times/yr → Terrace Farming: in China, was caused by intro of Champa rice; cutting steps into hillsides to plant rice Bananas: intro to Africa by Indonesian merchants; bc ppl lived near places where they could farm yams the intro of bananas led to migration to places that couldn't harvest yams Overgrazing: land damaged by over farming; caused environ degradation and soil erosion 2.) Disease (by merchants) Black Death (bubonic plague): deadly disease that spread by fleas, trade routes, rats; in Eur half pop died → econ consequence (Eur): change relationship between lords and workers bc workers were scarce= negotiation for ^wage

Explain how various environmental factors contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900.

1.) Cash Crops Cash Crop farming: farming cash crops that were to be sold/trade globally=^trade Resource export economies: Cotton production in Egypt (90% Egypt exports were cotton) Rubber extraction in the Amazon and the Congo basin (for tires, shoes, hoses) palm oil trade in West Africa (lubricin for machineries) guano industries in Peru and Chile (bat and seabird poop that was used for soil fertilizer) Meat from Argentina and Uruguay (for American demand, refrigerators) Diamonds from Africa (Africa exports were 90% diamonds) Consequences: Interconnected global economy; food export, trading globally, imports Narrowing and weakening of colonies; as colonies were dependent on their cash crops, if their cash crop dies out or weren't sufficient then the colony's economy would suffer

Explain how the expansion of empires influenced trade and communication over time.

1.) Communication Relay station system: a communication and trade system across Mongol empire; was a 1 day ride; fostering commerce as Mongols offered higher than the buying price and a free relay station use -sent skilled workers to other parts of Mongol empire 2.) Trade -Mongol was a large empire that covered many trading routes= easy trade -gave security, tax breaks, financial backing

specific developments

1.) Communication and transportation tech (reduce distance problem) Radio: box allowing ppl to hear the raw news being delivered; no filter; rather than newspaper Television: see AND hear the news Cellular Technology: ability to communicate instantly globally Social Media: platforms democratize communica; gave ppl platform to speak and gain audience; allow world to know feeling of others; Insta, Facebook, Snap, Twitter → Arab Spring: series of anti-gov protest across Arab world; documented on cell phones/ social media Air travel: airplanes used to travel in the air faster; transport good faster Massive shipping containers: loaded in bulk and transported across the sea; more goods, fast 2.) Energy tech (^prod of material goods) Nuclear Energy: power using nuclear energy; more renewable Petroleum: non-renewable resource releasing pollution 3.) Agri tech (sustain ^pop) Green Revolution: resolution where scientist dev new kinds of grain and wheat that yielded more abundant harvest and resistance to pest → Genetic Engineering: the modification of the cellular organization of crops → Fertilizers/ Pesticides/ Irrigation: used to increase crop production Commercial farming: farming for the world wide population 4.) Medical tech (longevity) Antibiotics: substance killing bacterial infections → Penicillin: 1st antibiotic; saved ppl; survive infections Vaccines: shots that help prevent ppl from getting disease; smallpox, measles, polio Birth control: hormone that prevent pregnancy; resulted in fertility rate to decrease

Explain how and why internal and external factors have influenced the process of state building from 1750 to 1900.

1.) Direct Resistance: Anticolonial movements: movements resisting European imperialism Indian Revolt of 1857: the revolt against British, due to their introduction of new cartridge w/ pigs and cows into military diet, this was seen as offensive to the muslims and hindus → Sepoys: Indian troops fighting under Eur order 2.) New States: Cherokee Nation: Cherokee native who lived in the america; they assimilated into European culture rather than resisting, → Indian Removal Act: once gold was found in Cherokee soil they were forced to leave; pushed into Oklahoma land Zulu Kingdom: native kingdom in Africa that tried to used their militia to resist the Europeans, however failed to do so, due to their poor weapons, and their tribes being split up after the Berlin Conference 3.) Rebellions: Ghost Dance in the U.S.: a ritual dance and song that native performed in order to call their ancestors to rid the Europeans off their territory Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement in Southern Africa: where the Xhosa native killed off about 40,000 of their cattles in hopes of getting rid of the Europeans they thought that European cattles brought cattle disease to their cattles, that were making the Xhosa cattles sick and die. -violent resistance -non-violent/ calls for resistance -diplomacy/ negotiation (the natives never simply welcomed European imperialism) -resort to traditions

Explain how environmental factors affected human populations over time

1.) Disease and Poverty -poverty consists of poor housing, poor sanitation, and unclean water making it easier for the pass pop of poor ppl to contract diseases Malaria: disease carried by mosquitoes; in tropical environments; Africa bc they don't have pesticides to prevent mosquitoes from coming when they're sleeping Tuberculosis: airborne didead thru coughing and sneezing; impoverished lived in tight quarters making transmission easy Cholera: bacterial disease thru contaminated water; causes vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration; 95,000 death; impoverished don't have access to water 2.) Global Epidemics Spanish Flu 1918: soldiers infected by deadly strain of the flu came home and spread it widely; ⅕ pop infection; 20-50 mill HIV/AIDS: pathogen spread through bodily fluids → HIV: is the virus causing condition of AIDS → AIDS: depresses a person's immune system so viruses could easily infect them Ebola: deadly disease; ½ ppl infected die COVID-19: disease that spread through trade and travel routes; altern social and econ reality 3.) Disease and Long Lives Alzheimer's Disease: form of dementia that affects aging pop; memory loss and undermines bodily functions Heart Disease: more build up in the heart causing a higher rate of a heart disease

economic ideas

1.) Econ ideologies BEFORE Mercantilism: ideology that there was a fixed amount of money, money was in the form of silver and gold, government encouraged esports rather than imports; a lot of government intervention → abandon mercantilism Joint Stock Market: market where investors invested in a company, and shareholders would profit if the company profited, but if the company was declining, than the shareholders would have to pay the company's debt → there was a Joint Stock Market before, but changed to the use of corporations during this period 2.) Econ ideologies (AFTER) Laissez-Faire Capitalism: A theory by Adam Smith stating that the government should have no participation in the economy, that if they let the people make decisions then it would play in economical favor of both the people and the government; no government intervention; "let it be" Free Market: no limit to wealth, people should be left alone; minimal government intervention Unilever Corporations: cooperation selling and producing soap for a profit, is still used to this day Limited-liability corporations: similar to Joint Stock Market, but the shareholder's debt to the company was limited of that of what they originally invested 3.) Banks (to keep up with econ) Transnational businesses: new practices of banking Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC):A bank established when the European entered China, where they could keep their money from their opium collection/trade

Explain the intellectual and ideological context in which revolutions swept the Atlantic world from 1750 to 1900.

1.) Enlightenment/Natural thinking Enlightenment Philosophies: was a new way of understanding and thinking; it was based on rational thinking and proof rather than tradition, religion, and a divine god John Locke: advocated that all humans had a natural right, given to them from a living being, no matter their race, culture, or religion: life, liberty, and property, which was highlighted in his natural rights doctrine Empiricist: the thought that reality is revealed through the senses; scientific reasoning and experiments rather than traditional thinking Social Contract: was the idea that the people of a state had overall political power, however, chooses to give some of it to the government, so the government can ensure that the people are able to practice their natural rights of life, liberty, and property Natural rights: rights that all people possess no matter their identity; life, liberty, property Nationalism: people with the same ethnic, culture, traditional identity are loyal to their nation Laissez-Faire: argued that in order for the economic system to thrive for the government and people, then that the government should have no participation in economic choices.

Explain the effects of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200.

1.) Exchange of goods (cheaper goods) -ships are able to carry heavier good than camels → porcelain, cotton, pepper, spices, ivory, gold, wheat, sugar rice 2.) Growth of trade cities Srivijaya Kingdom: dominated trade through the SE Asia sea straits Swahili Civilization: commercial city-states; trade goods such as gold, ivory, slaves Sultanate of Malacca: center in Malacca; controlled strait of Malacca= ^trade tax=wealth 3.) Culture groups: Diasporic communities: minority cultural groups in foreign regions; facilitates commercial, cultural, and religious exchange Arab and Persian communities in East Africa Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia Malay communities in the Indian Ocean basin

Explain how and why new patterns of migration affected society from 1750 to 1900.

1.) Home Effect: -migrants were mostly men, so when they migrate then the women at home had to take over man's role= social role change 2.) Receiving Effect: Ethnic enclaves: area in a foreign area where migrants distinct from majority group with similar traditions, cultures, and ethnicity would cluster → often these new cultures states would be affected with new food, cultures, and religions → Chinese Enclave: community of Chinese people, who clustered together in foregn areas Migrant ethnic enclaves: Chinese in Southeast Asia the Caribbean, South America, and North America Indians in East and Southern Africa the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia Irish in North America Italians in North and South America 3.) Regulation of immigrants: Chinese Exclusion Act: law in the US that excluded Chinese from entering the US White Australia Policy: due to the increase in Chinese immigrant to Australia; Australia created a policy only allowing Europenas to enter Australia

Explain the causes and effects of the growth of trans-Saharan trade.

1.) Innovations Arabian Camel: Camels that could withstand the desert's harsh weather; could go 10 days without water Camel Saddle: made it so people could ride on camels= efficient travel Caravans: packs of travelers and merchants who traveled together along trade routes for security 1.) Exchange of goods N African (manufactured) goods: cloth, glasswork, books SW Africa (agricultural) goods: grain, yam, kola nuts

Explain the causes and effects of growth of networks of exchange after 1200.

1.) Innovations Caravan: groups of travelers/merchants that travel together for security Caravanserai: safe inns that merchants can stop by and place their goods; exchanged goods, culture, religion Credit: an arrangement to receive goods now and pay later; encouraged trade Bills of exchange Banking houses Use of paper money 1.) Culture/syncretism -Buddhism was spread thru central and east Asia bc of the Buddhist merchants Mahayana Buddhism: Buddha was a deity; emphasis on merit and compassion 2.)Exchange of goods (Luxury only) Luxury goods: was traded the most through Silk Road bc of travel/trade cost → Chinese Silk: increase of demand in silk; was seen as a status symbol → Porcelain: fine ceramic; "fine china" 3.) Disease Black Death (Bubonic Plague): deadly disease by Yersinia Pestis pathogen; ½ Eur pop died, death throughout Afro-Eurasia 4.) Growth of trading cities Samarkand: wealth trading center on the silk road between China and Medaterean Kashgar: Located at the western edge of china where northern and southern routes of the silk roads crossed, leading to destinations in Central Asia, India, Pakistan, and Persia

Explain the causes of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200.

1.) Innovations Compass: allowed sailor to know their direction without the sun Astrolabe: allowed sailors to calculate latitude Chinese Junks: large flat bottom ships; carry large amount of goods Arab Dhows: large ships that facilitated trade Lateen Sails: large triangular sails that worked with the wind; ^flexibility to travel Stern Post Rudder: gave ships more precision in running

Explain the effects of intellectual innovation in Dar al-Islam.

1.) Innovations: -Advances in mathematics (Nasir al-Din al-Tusi); trig, calc, equations, #0 -Advances in literature (A'ishah al-Bu'uniyyah); one of the first Muslim women author -Advances in medicine; from China causing an ^in study of medicine Water Clock: device to measure time Compass: a device that helped with direction; showing NEST; increased travel Astrolabe: a device to measure incline to help navigators traveling; increased travel 2.) Transfers: House of Wisdom: an Abbasid Baghdad academic center for learning, translation, and research Translation Movement: worldwide movement where people came to the Middle East to translate their scholarly books into Arabic

Explain the process of state building and decline in Eurasia over time.

1.) Mongols Genghis Khan: first/main leader of the Mongols; ruthless and brutal → state-building: incorporated conquered ppl into Mongol tribe → military was very organized (10,000-1,000-100-10) and advance (bow arrows), able to quickly/efficiently controlled military= many wins → Psychological warfare: practical influence for ppl to surrender bc of fear of Mongols → religious tolerance: let ppl practice any religions as long as it didn't impact their loyalty to Mongols; Buddhists, Christians Mongol World War: periods where Khan pursued military campaigns, massive killing, and empire building 2.) Mongols and China → accommodations: let landowners keep land → Mongols used Chinese admin, taxation, postal systems (X exam system) → discriminated against Chinese; foreigners served as officials Yuan Dynasty: dynasty that was initiated by Mongols; improvement of roads, canals, scholars 3.) Mongol and Persia -slaughtered much of Persian population (200,000+) -Mongols used Persian admin system, left many Persian rulers in power; bureaucratic, court practice, archi

specific international interactions

1.) Peace organizations International Organizations: world bank, IMF, UN United Nations: created international body where nations could resolve their problems by negotiations rather than wars; maintain world peace → Security Council: est by UN; has authority to use military force to keep the peac; unable to keep peaces such as in the Rwansan Genocide (Hutus began killing Tutsis) → Peacekeepers: UN peacekeeping troops → International Court of Justice: court to settle disputes btwn nations when international laws is applicable; (ex) dispute btwn Canada/US regarding border → Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Universal human rights applicable to everyone; right to life, prohibition of slavery and torture, equality of generds and races → Economic and Social Council: body that directs humanitarian and econ projects that member nations agree to; protecting refugees → World Food Program: body helping to feed hungry people; response to emergencies, help states develop infrastructure to feed ppl Nongovernmental Organizations (NGO): voluntary groups of people trying to help others/nations; not facilitate by gov → International Peace Bureau: convince nations to reduce military spending, disarm nuclears International Committee of the Red Cross: respond to human needs in countries with armed conflicts and natural disasters

specific continuities and changes 1900-present

1.) Proliferation (increase) of free market econ Free Market Economics: Economics where the people had control of the econ rather than gov Non-Aligned Movement: Grouping of nations who aren't aligned with or against any major countries Ronald Reagan: US pres; encouraged free market econ Margaret Thatcher: Great Britain leader; encouraged free market econ Augusto Pinochet: Chilean leader; led Chile econ away from state control and intro free market → Chicago Boys: economist group in Chile; address inflation, state-run business Deng Xiaoping: relaxed Ch econ communist policies; allowed peasants to lease land and sell crops, private ownership of businesses → Tiananmen Square: protest for more Chinese rights 2.) Rise of knowledge econ Knowledge Economy: an econ which depends on the quality and quantity of information available; can be monetized (earn revenue) as a commodity (raw material) → engineers, teachers, lawyers, youtube Finland: invested in edu with tech such as cell phone and software Japan: invested in edu thu transition to knowledge econ; focus on banking, financing, dev info Bangladesh/ Vietnam: large players in clothing manufacturing 3.) Rise of transnational free trade organizations/ Multinational corporations Transnational Free Trade Organizations: an agreement between nations that eliminates barriers of exchange between them; X tariffs → North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): deal with US, Canada, and Mexico; agreement that Mexican factory would produce/ export goods tariff free to US and Canada → Association of Southeast Asian Nations: deal with SE asian nations; help integrate and grow SE Asian nations World Trade Organization (WTO): 164 member nations rep 95 of global trade, goods, intellectual property; to reduce barriers in trade (tariffs/quotas); facilitated globalization of world's econ Multinational Corporation: an entity which is incorporated in one country but manufactures and sells goods in other countries; employ knowledge workers in their own countries, manufacture goods in another country, sell goods in the global market → Nestle: headquarter in Switzerland, manufacturer in Africa, sell choco to world market → Mahindra and Mahindra: Indian company making automobiles and farming equipment; manufacturers in Africa, China, SE Asia, US

Explain the intellectual and cultural effects of the various networks of exchange in Afro-Eurasia from c. 1200 to c. 1450.

1.) Religion (syncretism and legitimacy) Zen/Chan Buddhism: syncretism of Daoism and Buddhism Neo Confucianism: syncretism of rational thought, Doaist, and Buddhist beliefs; from China, spread to Korea and Japan 2.) Language Swahili language: mix of Arabic and Bantu language 3.) Scientific and Technological Cairo, Egypt: there were medical advances lead to improve care in hospitals -people started to study for medical exams and were licensed 4.) Growth of cities (cultural) Hangzhou: increase in trade=increase in urbanization; largest metro/cosmopolitan Chinese city; poetry, literature, art flourished 5.) Rise of popular travellers Marco Polo: European; traveled to China, recorded his travels to China= Eur read them= desired to visit/buy goods from magnificent places Polo described Ibn Batutta: Muslim; travel through Dar-Al Islam; journaled lands/ppl he visited

Explain the process of state building and expansion among various empires and states in the period from 1450 to 1750.

1.) Spanish (Spain) Tlaxcalans: former subjects of the Aztecs; participated in Aztec attack w/ Cortes army Potosi: city w/ largest silver mine in Americas; in the Andes Piece of Eight: Spanish silver coin used by merchants 2.) Portugal (Portuguese) Cartaz: passing merchant vessels were taxed; pay 6-10% of cargo Sugar Colonies in Brazil: became mass industry for exports; sugar used for medicine, spices, sweetener 3.) Dutch (Netherlands) Trade warfare: selling goods only to the Dutch; killing/ enslaving natives; 15,000 ppl killed -monopolized nutmeg, mace, clove trade; sold for 17x price 4.) English (England) Settler Colonies: imperial territories; Eur settled permanently; lacked colored ppl; "pure" Eur 5.) Africa Kingdom of the Kongo: vassal state of the Portegues; used for slave trades King Alfonso I: the king of congo, converted to Chris Treaty of Tordesillas: Portuguese controlled land east of Brazil, Spanish controlled land west of Brazil .........Europeans established new trading posts in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks. Some Asian states sought to limit the disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long-distance trade by adopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies. Driven largely by political, religious, and economic rivalries, European states established new maritime empires, including the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British. The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of states in Africa, including the Asante and the Kingdom of the Kongo, whose participation in trading networks led to an increase in their influence

Explain the significance of the Mongol Empire in larger patterns of continuity and change.

1.) Technological and cultural transfers: Transfer of Greco- Islamic medical knowledge to western Europe Transfer of numbering systems to Europe Adoption of Uyghur script: Mongol alphabet; failed, only Mongolians use it now Continuity→ trade, political systems (China/Perisa), culture/religions Change→ increase trade, discrimination (China)

Explain how various economic factors contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900.

1.) Trade companies Economic Imperialism: when one country has significant economical power of another country → British East India Company: Eur colony established in India to profit from the Indian spice trade; started to force farmers to manufacture Opium and cotton → Opium Wars: was induced due to Eur continuously selling Opium in China; China wanted to end the Opium trade, however Eur won due to their advanced technology from their industrialization; with this victory it forced China to open up 5 new trading ports, and agree to a free trade agreement that would include letting Eur trade Opium Sphere of Influence: foreign states had exclusive trading and economic rights in that "sphere" of other states

Explain the economic causes and effects of maritime exploration by the various European states.

1.) Travelers Bartolomeu Dias: Portugal sailor, 1488; sailed around southern tip of Africa then went home Vasco De Gama: Portugal sailor; sailed around S tip of Africa AND landed in India claiming it to be Portugal's Ferdinand Magellan: Spain sailor; circumnavigate globe by going west then south to the Philippines; Spain set trading post in Philippines Christopher Columbus: Spain sailor; seek new westward route to Asia; found silver and gold in Americas John Cabot: English sailor; seek NW route to Asia; claimed land from Newfoundland to Chesapeake Bay; Jamestown colony in America Henry Hudson: Dutch sailor; seek NW passage to Asia; found Hudson river 1.) Religious conversion (Portugal) Franciscans: Eur Christian missionary working to convert the mass of Chinese people Jesuits: Eur Christian missionary that worked to convert the elite → Chinese reject Christianity bc it was deemed barbaric 2.) Trading post-empire Trading post: claiming small amt of land to monopolize the state's econ (spice trade/tax) Spain and Philippines/Manila: Spain econ used Phili for taxing merchants, unpaid labor, spices British East Indian Company: private English company; monopolized India, Indian trade, spices, textiles

Explain the similarities and differences among the various networks of exchange in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450

A deepening and widening of networks of human interaction within and across regions contributed to cultural, technological, and biological diffusion within and between various societies. Improved commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes—including the Silk Roads—promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities. The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including the caravanserai, forms of credit, and the development of money economies. Changes in trade networks resulted from and stimulated increasing productive capacity, with important implications for social and gender structures and environmental processes Demand for luxury goods increased in Afro-Eurasia. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; manufacture of iron and steel expanded in China.

Explain how ideologies contributed to the development of imperialism from 1750 to 1900.

A range of cultural, religious, and racial ideologies were used to justify imperialism, including Social Darwinism, nationalism, the concept of the civilizing mission, and the desire to religiously convert indigenous populations .Social Darwinism: derived from darwinism, that the only the fittest survive, however applying it to nations and cultures; that strong nations ate the weak nations Civilizing mission: Europeans missions to civilize other cultures and people, because they thought they were superior and it was their duty to civilize the "barbaric" people. "The White Man's Burden": the "burden" of white men going around and educating the others about European culture, cause the Eur were superior Yellow Peril: Europeans saw Chinese as childish, weak, and coservatice Nationalism: the thought that the people of the same culture, tradition, and language would form a sense of community and be loyal to that nation

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

A variety of factors contributed to the growth of industrial production and eventually resulted in the Industrial Revolution, including: Proximity to waterways; access to rivers and canals Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber Urbanization Improved agricultural productivity Access to foreign resources Accumulation of capital

Explain how governments used a variety of methods to conduct war.

Allies: Britain, France, Russia, Italy, US (WON) Central: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire How gov used a variety of ways to conduct war 1.) Military Machine Guns: shooting 500 rounds/min; both sides had the capability to deliver lead in the bodies of the enemies at a high speed and great quantities Chemical Warfare -the development of teargas- when fired at the enemy made their eyes water and irritate their lungs by France -the development of chlorine gas- when inhaled destroys the lung tissues by Germany Trench Warfare: when soldiers would fight in trenches; rainwater filled the trenches and the feet of soldiers would decay and smell; led to long war→ little progress 2.) Population Total War: all countries involved leveraged all of their domestic and military resources to win the war → factories were made to make war technology → women worked in war-making machine factories while the men were off fighting → food was rationed among the ppl → media was censored to prevent propaganda from the enemy Propaganda: any form of media that seeks to influence ppl's opinions based on exaggerations and misinformation; used to keep people motivated → posters and articles depicting the enemy as monsters → exaggerated the danger that threatens the home population

Explain various reactions to existing power structures in the period after 1900

Although conflict dominated much of the 20th century, many individuals and groups— including states—opposed this trend. Some individuals and groups, however, intensified the conflicts. Responses that intensified conflict: Chile under Augusto Pinochet Spain under Francisco Franco Uganda under Idi Amin The buildup of the military-industrial complex and weapons trading 1.) Resistance (non-violence) Mohandas Gandhi: against the oppressive British rule in India → Indian National Congress: organization that est to resist British; campaign of civil disobedience → Homespun Movement: Gandhi encourage India to spin cloth for themselves as British were inflating their textiles → Salt March: protest Salt monopoly; Gandhi led followers to harvest their own salt Martin Luther King Jr: movements against black discrimination; bus boycotts, sit-ins, marches; won supreme court decision and legislative laws Nelson Mandela (S Africa): resisting apartheid; movement of apartheid after Mandela was put in prison 2.) Resistance (violence) The Shining Path (Peru): goal was overthrow Purivian gov and install communist gov; terrorist acts and bombing against Peru Al-Qaeda: carried out attacks on W countries; resistance of policies (US); 9/11

Explain the causes and consequences of China's adoption of communism.

As a result of internal tension and Japanese aggression, Chinese communists seized power. These changes in China eventually led to communist revolution. In communist China, the government controlled the national economy through the Great Leap Forward, often implementing repressive policies, with negative repercussions for the population Cause of China's adoption of communism: Chinese Revolution of 1949: marked the beginning of the Chinese Communist Party coming to power Consequences of China's adoption of communism: Mao Zedong: was the leader of the CCP → redistributed land to peasants Great Leap Forward: reform program; collectivization of peasant lands; policy failed (harvest failed) Reeducation Camps: internment camps for ppl who rebelled Mao; intense psychological reorder to believe that Mao's policies were good

Explain the causes and effects of the rise of Islamic states over time.

As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic people. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity. New political entities: Seljuk Empire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt Delhi Sultanates Muslim rule continued to expand due to military expansion, activities of merchants, missionaries, and Sufis

Explain the similarities and differences in the processes of state formation from c. 1200 to c. 1450

As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic peoples. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity Empires and states in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in the 13th century. This included the Song Dynasty of China, which utilized traditional methods of Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule. State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, including the new Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, and expanded in scope and reach In Africa, as in Eurasia and the Americas, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, and expanded in scope and reach

Explain the causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires.

As the influence of the Industrial Revolution grew, a small number of states and governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization. The expansion of U.S. and European influence in Asia led to internal reform in Japan that supported industrialization and led to the growing regional power of Japan in the Meiji Era. State-sponsored visions of industrialization: Muhammad Ali's development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt

Explain the continuities and changes in territorial holdings from 1900 to the present.

Between the two world wars, Western and Japanese imperial states predominantly maintained control over colonial holdings; in some cases, they gained additional territories through conquest or treaty settlement and in other cases faced anti-imperial resistance. Territorial gains: Transfer of former German colonies to Great Britain and France under the system of League of Nations mandates Manchukuo/Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Anti-imperial resistance: Indian National Congress West African resistance (strikes/congresses) to French rule 1.) Anti-imperial resistance: Indian National Congress- a group of ppl the registered complaints against Britain; voice for Indian national independence → Massacre of Amritsar (India indep): Indian ppl was having a peaceful protest however Britain soldiers started shooting at them bc protests were illegal; cause Indian to believe that a free and independent India was needed → Mohandas Gandhi: embodied anticolonial group; led Indian nation in a non-violence campaign to resist civil disobedience → Homespun Movement: Gandhi adv for the making of one's own clothing to protest the injustices of the British colonial textile company March 1st Movement (Korea): 2 million Koreans took to the streets to protest J colonial rule; J troops killed protesters May 4th Movement (China): Chinese took to the streets in anti-J demonstrations; large rejection of democracy -black workers in Africa began to strike after being edu by the Eur abt the social contract and natural rights → 1917 railway workers went on strike; wanted fair wages end to discriminations League of Nations mandates: the control of a territory to be changed from one country to another; after WW former German colonies were transferred to Great Brit/ France Mao Zedong: lead the Chinese Communist Party (CCP); insight the peasantry Sun Yat-Sen: lead the Chinese nationalist party; China independence and industrialize Chiang Kai-shek: took over the nationalist party after the death of Yat-Su; attack Mao forces

Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

Causes of the Columbian exchange: -connections between E and W Hems Mercantilism: advocated for exports, set amt of wealth (gold/silver), gov very involved Effects of the Columbian exchange on the Eastern and western Hemisphere: 1.) Disease (native X immunity to Eur disease) -malaria, measles, flu Smallpox: airborne disease; large scale death of natives (½ native died) 2.) Food exchange= ^ pop (both hems) Eur introduced foods to W: pigs, cows, wheat, grapes, sugar; became staples of American diet → Horses: natives rode horses to hunt buffalo/humans efficiency= excess food= ^ pop Amer introduced foods to E: cacao, maize, potato; expanded diet and ^ pop Afri into foods to W: yams, manioc, okra, rice 3.) Coerced Labor (from Afri bc natives knew the land and ran off) Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: trade in humans from Africa to the Americas; 12.5 mil shipped; 1.8 mill died Slavery: coerced labor that forced people into labor against their will; owned; X freedom 4.) Environmental (bc of Eur large agri) Deforestation: clearing mass land of trees/forests Depletion of soil: fertility and nutrients in the soil is no longer available

Explain the causes of the end of the Cold War.

Causes of the end of the Cold War: (40yrs) -both sides knew that a nuclear war would cause death to both (mutual assured destruction) 1.) Military and technological advancement in US Strategic Defense Initiative: system that rendered any attack on the US obsolete; shoot nuclear weapons down from space with lasers; plan scrapped but actions took power away from USSR 2.) Public discontent and econ weakness in Svoet union -foreign trade was limited -increase of government control in agri Prague Spring: series of mass protest in Czechoslovakia; USSR used a lot of resources that they didn't have to repress this rebellion Perestroika: allowed elements of free enterprise in Soviet economy; democratic reforms in Soviet states Glasnost: allowed for opening of political process and granting of more freedom

Explain the continuities and changes in networks of exchange from 1450 to 1750

Changes in networks of exchange (1450-1750): Triangular Trade: system of trade in the Atlantic Ocean; manufacturer goods were traded in Eur to W Afri, enslaved ppl were transferred to the Americas, raw materials (molasses, sugar, lumber) were traded back to Eur Monopolies: when one entity has total domination over a specific market; granted certain states/ merchants rights to given ports → Monopoly est by Spanish over tobacco growth in Americas Continuities in networks of exchange (1450-1750): 1.) usage of the Indian ocean → Portuguese and Muslim went to war in trying to "conquer " the Indian Ocean 2.) Traditional regional markets/ peasant and artisan labor -wool and linen from W Eur -cotton/ textiles from India -silk from China Artisan labor: farmers who worked lands through their own means; intensified 2/ ^food demand

cold war effects and causes

Cold War: a state of hostility between two countries which doesn't result in open warfare; threats, propaganda, arms race Cause of the Cold War: (USSR vs US) 1.) Competing systems of econ Capitalism: an econ system characterized by private ownership of capital goods Communism: econ system characterized by government ownership of capital goods; distributing to the people evenly -impulse to spread, ideologies seek to make the whole world in their way 2.) Different political systems Democracy: free election to elect their leaders Authoritarian: dominated by a single political party and had a strong despotic leader Effects of the Cold War ideological struggle: 1.) European split Soviet Bloc: parts of E Eur that was dominated by the Soviet Union; enforced communist ideologies and outlawed any other political party Marshall Plan: US aid W European nations economically due to the WWII in order to steer them away from communist ideologies Containment: US policy that tried to contain communism Truman Doctrine: military aid to countries threatened by the spread of communist (turkey) 2.) Races Arms Race: race to build bigger and bigger boms with great capacity; atomic bomb, hydrogen bomb, ballistic missile Mutual assured destruction: by the end everybody would be reduced to carbon ash Space Race: race to better us/USSR space technology to be more powerful than the other state; satellite, sent man to space, man on moon 3.) Colonial states Non-Aligned Movement: goal to represent the interest of developing countries;promoted alternatives to the existing economic, political, and social orders; Africa and East Asia

Explain how rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires from 1450 to 1750.

Consolidate- to make stronger Legitimize- justify Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources Bureaucratic elites or military professionals: Ottoman devshirme Salaried samurai Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule. Religious ideas: Mexica practice of human sacrifice European notions of divine right Songhai promotion of Islam Art and monumental architecture: Qing imperial portraits Incan sun temple of Cuzco Mughal mausolea and mosques European palaces, such as Versailles Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion. Tax-collection systems: funded military conquest and weapons Mughal zamindar tax collection Ottoman tax farming Mexica tribute lists Ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency

Explain the causes and effects of environmental changes in the period from 1900 to present.

Contextualization Deforestation: forests being chopped down at a high rate; due to need for for agri land Desertification: process where fertile land becomes desert-land; bc of agri, drought, deforest Decline in Air Quality: increase of CO2 and industrial pollution → Great Smog: industrial coal emissions and fog created smog that covered London for 5 days; 10-12 thousand died Cause of environmental changes (1900-pres) Globalization/Industrialization: growing interaction between different parts of the world; through tech, expansion, transportation → causes increased demand for food, energy, resources and increase strain on enviro Population Growth/Urbanization: increase in pop/ cities → pop: 1.65 mill (1900) then 7.6 bill (2018) (more ppl= ^demand for food) → city pop produce more waste; does not supply food Effects of environmental changes (1900-pres) Non-Renewable Resources: natural resource that can't be replaced → ½ world's oil used for energy Fresh Water: 3% of world's water needed to maintain human species → water needed for crops bc of ^demand of food Climate Change: warming of planet due to Greenhouse gases by burning fossil fuels; melting ice caps, rising sea levels, desertification → ^airplanes, factories, cars, industrialization= release pollutants → Greenhouse gas and CO2 emissions released prevent Earth's heat from escaping Kyoto Protocol: international agreement to reduce carbon emissions Paris Agreement: bind countries to no more than 2% increase in global temp

Explain continuity and change within the various belief systems during the period from 1450 to 1750.

Continuity within belief systems (1450-1750): 1.) Akbar (Mughal) (syncretism) -granted land to Hindus and Muslims -find the burgeoning church in India Sikkishm: new relgions that was a blend of Islam and Hinduism Changes within belief systems (1450-1750): 1.) Christian schism Martin Luther: German priest who criticised Catholic Church's theology and practice Ninety-Five Theses: by Luther; stated the abuses of the Cath church Protestant Reformation: Chris schism; movement challenging church's authority and selling of indulgence Indulgence: the practice of selling the absolution of sins; pay for no sins Simony: the sale of church offices Printing Press: printed and copy machine; helped spread Luther's ideas Counter-Reformation: at the Council of Trent where the church corrected their abuses concerning sale of indulgence and church office 2.) Islamic schism (Ott=Sunni & Saff=Shi'a)

Explain the effects of Chinese cultural traditions on East Asia over time.

Cultural traditions: Filial piety in East Asia Influence of Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism in East Asia Confucian traditions of both respect for and expected deference from women Chinese literary and scholarly traditions and their spread to Heian Japan and Korea -Buddhism and its core beliefs continued to shape societies in Asia and included a variety of branches, schools, and practices.

Explain the causes and consequences of political decentralization in Europe from c. 1200 to 1450.

Decentralization: the transfer of power from an Amian ruler to local rulers Feudalism: a system of mutual obligations that exist between classes → kings granted land to the lords who used the knights to protect their land and the land was worked by serfs -trade declines, standard of living declined, intellectual life decline High Middle Ages: rise of more powerful monarchies → kings consolidate more power/land; shift from feudal lord to kings Magna Carta: guaranteed rights to the nobles; jury trial, inherit property English Parliament: body the represented the interest of the noble class Bourgeois/Middle class: shopkeeper, small landowners, merchants Manorial system: system of economic and political relations between landlords and their personal laborers

Explain the systems of government employed by Chinese dynasties and how they developed over time.

Empires and states in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in the 13th century. This included the Song Dynasty of China, which utilized traditional methods of Confucianism and imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule.

Explain how the Enlightenment affected societies over time.

Enlightenment ideas and religious ideals influenced various reform movements. These reform movements contributed to the expansion of rights, as seen in expanded suffrage, the abolition of slavery, and the end of serfdom. Demands for women's suffrage and emergent feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies. Demands: Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Olympe de Gouges's Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen Seneca Falls Conference (1848) organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott

Explain how and why various land-based empires developed and expanded from 1450 to 1750.

Gunpowder Empire: large empires that relied on firearms to control and territory 1.) Manchu/ Qing dynasty (used Gunpowder) Emperor Kangxi: Machu ruler; helped expand Ch into Taiwan, Mongolia, Central Asia, Tibet Emperor Qianlong: military campaigns into western china-annex Xinjiang - mass killings of Uighurs Muslim population 2.) Safavid (GUNPOWDER) (cannons/firearms) (Shi'a) Shah Ismail: Safavid ruler; conquered Persia and parts of Iraq; made Shia Islam the official religion Shia Islam: form of Islamic religion; united Safavid empire 3.) Ottoman (Gunpowder) (Sunnis) Suleiman: Ottoman empire; conquered Hungary and pushed into Eur Ottoman Empire: largest and greatest of Islamic empire → seized Constantinople and changed it Istanbul → guns, bow/arrows, cannons, bowmen, lancers Janissaries: Elite army of the Ottoman Empire; heavy infantry, bowmen, lancers, royal bodyguard; Christian boys from Devshirme system Devshirme: system that collected Chirstian boys to serve in the mili or be admins 4.) Mughal (GUN POW POW) Babur: founded Mughal empire; conquested N India Akbar: greatest emperor of Mug 5.) Japan Samurai: Japanese warriors Salaried Samurai: Samurais without military power (taken away by the shogun); instead they were paid to protect the land rather than military expansion Fall of Gunpowder Empires: 1.) Failed to modernize econ 2.) Failed to modernize militar

Explain how the various belief systems and practices of South and Southeast Asia affected society over time.

Hinduism: Through the circle of life the soul seeks to escape death and rebirth cycle, to escape from the material world and become one with Brahman (divine), but the pace of this progress depends on Karma Bhakti Movement: Hindu believers; emphasized emotional side of devotion and devotion to one god rather than polytheistic traditions → Caste System: hierarchical structuring of society; dividing ppl; good karma=social mobility; basically said that the caste you were born into shows how good of a person you were (Hindu) Sufism: ISLAMIC; pursued an internal life, taming the ego, spiritual union with the Allah Buddhist monasticism: where a person renounces the material world to devote themselves to

Explain the historical context of the Cold War after 1945.

Hopes for greater self-government were largely unfulfilled following World War I; however, in the years following World War II, increasing anti-imperialist sentiment contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states. Technological and economic gains experienced during World War II by the victorious nations shifted the global balance of power. Big Three: USSR, Britain, US Yalta Conference (1944): Roosevelt pressed for free election in E Europe, USSR wanted Europe to be under Svoeit influence Potsdam Conference (1945): Big Three; Truman (Amer Pres) insisted on free trade in E Eur but Stalin troops already occupied most of E Eur so the request was declined; deepened rift between USSR and US -USSR and US was the most powerful now → US cities, infastartue, state unfazed by war as war didn't take place in their location → USSR even tho many ppl died thru WWII there was still ^pop; build industrial capacity

Compare the processes by which various peoples pursued independence after 1900.

How people pursued independence after 1900: 1.) Negotiate; due to Eur countries being weak after WW and not having resources to defend colonial land India from the British Empire The Gold Coast from the British Empire French West Africa 2.) Resistance National Liberation Front (Algeria from French): used guerilla warfare and brutalization Vietnamese War for Independence (1954) (Vietnam from France): enforced by Ho Chi Minh that wanted unite the country under communist government Korean War: war btwn North(communist) and South(capitalists) Korea 3.) Religious and ehtnic movements Muslim League: advocated for an independent state for MUSLIMS in India; Pakistan in India Indian National Congress: political party lead by Gandhi through non-violent ideologies that brought India independence from Britain

Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained and challenged over time.

How social categories, roles and practices were maintained and challenged 1.) Human Rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights: by UN in 19848; states basic human rights that belonged to all humans bc they were humans; protect oppressed citizens → UNICEF: United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund; devoted resources to feeding children who were still hungry after WWII → United NAtions First World Conference on Women: rep from all over met to planned steps to help advance women → Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women: drews up the international bill of rights for women → International Bill of Rights for Women: bill creating provision on women's suffrage, the right to marry a spouse of their own choosing, edu equality, right to family planning measures (birth control) 2) Culture/Religions Negritude Movement: in W Afri; celebrated blackness Liberation Theology: in Latin America; idea that Jesus is on the side of the poor, against rich; Christianity should free the oppressed from abuses 3.) Racial equality Apartheaid: segregation of facilities and usage of items; blacks had a separate fountain than whites 4.) Calls for equality and global human rights African National Congress: goal was to create equitable S Afri; peaceful protest → Nelson Mandela: ladders of the African National Congress Caste Reservation System: series of laws in India reserving jobs and higher edu for the Dalit → Dalit: lowest caste system in Hindu India Tiananmen Square Massacre: mvment in China where pro-democracy activists demanding CCP reform rights (freedom of press); unsuccessful Re-education Camps in China: concentration camps in China that abuse Uyghurs (Muhslim minority in China) 5.) Environmental movements Greenpeace: advocates for a clean environment; opposes practices that led to deforestation and global warming Green Belt Movement: mvment in Kenya that planted trees, revive soil, collecting rainwater → Wangari Mattthai: founder of Green Belt 6.) Econ movements World Fair Trade Organization: member nations agreed to fair trading practices, respect for the environment, good conditions for laborers, non-dsicrimnation between genders and races

Explain the continuities and changes in the global economy from 1900 to present.

In a trend accelerated by the end of the Cold War, many governments encouraged free-market economic policies and promoted economic liberalization in the late 20th century. Governments' increased encouragement of free-market policies The United States under Ronald Reagan Britain under Margaret Thatcher China under Deng Xiaoping Chile under Augusto Pinochet In the late 20th century, revolutions in information and communications technology led to the growth of knowledge economies in some regions, while industrial production and manufacturing were increasingly situated in Asia and Latin America.

Explain the causes and effects of calls for changes in industrial societies from 1750 to 1900.

In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves, often in labor unions, to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages. Workers' movements and political parties emerged in different areas, promoting alternative visions of society Discontent with established power structures encouraged the development of various ideologies, including those espoused by Karl Marx, and the ideas of socialism and communism ---Causes of calls for changes in industrial societies: Utilitarianism: an idea that stated individual action should be for the happiness of the whole rather than the individual Karl Marx: Believed that Bourgeoisie (factory owners) benefits from the economy were at the expense of the proletariat (working class) happiness Socialism: the idea that the government should help decrease inequality Communism: The demolish of any social class; everyone is equal -bad work/living conditions (Tenements) Effects of calls for change: Labor Unions:the union of the working class people, who wanted to better their working conditions, and stroke against the government → effect: government added minimum wage, 5 day work week, and limited hours of labor laws → child labor laws; sttes the no child under the age of 10 could work in the coal mines Franchise: the right to vote; extended to all males, then 10 years later extended to all women

Explain the similarities and differences in how various belief systems affected societies from 1450 to 1750

In some cases, the increase and intensification of interactions between newly connected hemispheres expanded the reach and furthered development of existing religions, and contributed to religious conflicts and the development of syncretic belief systems and practices. --> -Hernan Cortes when conquering burned all native books so Spanish language could take over 1. ) Syncretism (blending of 2 beliefs into one) Vodun/Voodoo: New World syncretic faith that combines the animist faiths of West Africa with Roman Catholic Christianity Santeria: Originating in Cuba, a religion that blends African traditions and Christian beliefs -Mexico's Virgin of Guadalupe 2.) Conflict Taki Onquy: "Dancing sickness"; revival mvment preaching destruction of Eur/Chris Sunni Shi'a divide: split of Ott and Saf due to different Islamic groups Protestant Reformation: split of the Roman Catholic Church and the protestants

Explain how the expansion of empires influenced trade and communication over time.

Kingdom of Mali in West Africa: trade of horses and iron; tax on salt and copper= attract merchants → social hierarchy: royalty, elite, merchants, military/religious, peasants, slaves → facilitated Trans-Saharan trade/communication as ppl were drawn to its econ and goods

specific mass atrocities

Kristallnacht: "night of the broken glass"; anti-Jew riots; killing Jews, Jewish synagogue destroyed, Jew arrested to concentration camps Ukraine Famine(Rus): peasants began burning/killing their livestock bc of the collectivization of agriculture; create famine 7-10 mill died Influenza Pandemic (1918-1919): soldiers from around the world carried deadly strain of the influenza virus when coming home for the war; 20-50 mill died Firebombing: bomb cased in wood; meant to blow up the are then cause fires; destruction of cities Genocide: the intentional slaughter of a large group of people who belong to a certain ethnicity ot nationality → Armenian genocide: 600,000 to 1.5 million Armenian Christians were killed in a systematic ethnic cleansing; concentration camps → Holocaust: sent Jews into concentration camps for war labor/death camps, who would eventually be killed; gas chamber, crematoria → Final Solution: Hitler's goal of the extinguishing of Jews from the European continent → Nuremberg Laws: set of discriminatory laws towards Jews

Revolutions

Liberalism: political philosophy promoting individual rights, liberty, and democracy Nationalism: people with the same ethnic, culture, traditional identity are loyal to their nation American Revolution (1775-1783): Causes: 1.) Taxation on American colony by Britain Townshend Act: tax on British china, glass, lead, paper, tea that was imported to the colonies Stamp Act: tax on everything printed; received British stamp "No taxation without representation": a phrase used during rebellions to show America's anger toward Brit as they didn't have a say in the British parliament but were stilled taxed 2.) American identity Political Autonomy: self-government rather than monarchy English "Identity": Identity that the Americans saw themselves as rather than seeing themselves as British; Britain challenged this American Declaration of Independence: a breakup letter to the British, that the colonies would choose their own government and practice equality. Effects: 1.) Rights Bill of Rights: freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly -Slaves/ colored people weren't treated equally - only men were permitted to vote, and the elite 2.) Gov system Checks and Balances: balancing the power of gov; no person/group had sole political power Separation of Church and State: political distance btwn relationship of state and church Federalism: gov system where power is divided; national gov and gov units "Gentlemen Class": class of wealthy white men; had political authority; Washington, Adams, Jefferson French Revolution (1789-1799): Causes: 1.) Social Conflict -Peasants were harshly taxed, debt to landowners, X paid for public work, starvation - Nobles didn't like the rise in tax. -middle class wanted more government privileges. National Assembly: rep 3rd estate (commoners) in general estate; disliked that other estates (2%) had the same vote as they did so they relayed people to revolt in order to gain a government constitutionally, food, and equality. Declaration of Rights of Man and for the Citizen: drawn up by the National Assembly that EVERYONE should have the right to practice their natural rights and equality Effects: 1.) Gov system - Napoleon became the new dictator of France -The administration was replaced with 83 departments. 2.) Church power -The Cathedral of Notre Dame was turned into The Temple of Reasoning. -The National Assembly ensured that everyone was equal, released slaves, and church land was redistributed. -state replaced Catholic church for registering births, marriages, deaths Haitian Revolution (1791-1804): Causes: 1.) Freedom/Harsh conditions -Slaves influenced by the French rev liberty; wanted freedom for themselves -Thought they were free after the French King announced the end to slavery. - tough work and living conditions Saint Domingue: French colony that housed 8,000 plantations, produced 40% of global sugar and coffee=massed slavery Toussaint Louverture who was also a former slave and led the rebellion to victory. Effect: - Freedom of slaves in Saint Dominque, slavery in other areas started rose to make up for Saint Dominque production -redistributed white land -all Haitian citizens were equal Haitian Declaration of Independence: Declares Haiti's indepen from France and freedom of slaves. Latin American Revolution (1808-1825): Causes: 1.) Social Conflict - peasants and the creoles wanted to overrule, Peninsulares and their privileges Creoles: 2nd class whites; owned large agricultural property; angry w/increase in tax Spain's mercantilist policies that did not benefit creoles The Royal Fifth: revenue in the form of 20% tax on produce Simone Bolivar: military leader; lead Latin Amer rev; X mercantilism Letter from Jamaica (1815): letter by Simon Bolivar that stated the inequality that the people are being faced with, it inspired resistance to the Spanish and highlight democracy and natural rights Effects: - church lost its power -most Peninsulares went back to France -Spain started to practice popular sovereignty (political power derived from people, not God).

Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained or have changed over time.

Many states, such as the Mughal and Ottoman empires, adopted practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects or to utilize the economic, political, and military contributions of different ethnic or religious groups. In other cases, states suppressed diversity or limited certain groups' roles in society, politics, or the economy. Differential treatment of groups in society, politics, and the economy: Expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal; the acceptance of Jews in the Ottoman Empire Restrictive policies against Han Chinese in Qing China Varying status of different classes of women within the Ottoman Empire Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites, including in China with the transition to the Qing Dynasty and in the Americas with the rise of the Casta system. The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as the elites confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders. Existing elites: Ottoman timars Russian boyars European nobility

Explain how rulers employed economic strategies to consolidate and maintain power throughout the period from 1450 to 1750.

Mercantilism: fixed amt of wealth, wealth is measured in gold and silver, more exports than imports, colonies were to serve the mother country Joint Stock Companies: comp of shareholder groups; shareholder contributes money to comp and receives profits/debts; Eur rulers used to finance exploration; rulers used to compete against others in trade →British East Indian Company: private Eng company; monopolized Indin trade, spices, textiles → Dutch East India Company: private Dutch/Netherland company; monopolized Indonesian spices, nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves Commercial Revolution: goods are traded for gold and silver rather than goods

Explain how various environmental factors contributed to the development of varied patterns of migration from 1750 to 1900.

Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demographics in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living. Because of the nature of new modes of transportation, both internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities. This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanization of the 19th century. The new methods of transportation also allowed for many migrants to return, periodically or permanently, to their home societies. Many individuals chose freely to relocate, often in search of work. The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semicoerced labor migration, including slavery, Chinese and Indian indentured servitude, and convict labor ---1.) Abolishment slavery= no cheap labor + ^raw material demand= labor migration to fill slave labor Indentured Servitude: an agreement where people would work for a specific amount of years and in return, were granted a trip to the new world Contract labor: labor system where Chinese and Indians worked for very low wages and were treated as poorly as the slave; same work conditions as slaves Penal Colony: are where states would send convict to work there; built railroads, kept gov records 2.) Home challenges; starvation, famine, bad climate in home state causing migration in hopes of better opportunity → Great Potato Famine: decrease of potatoes in ireland (potatoes were essential food for low class Ireland) cause much starvation and in return Irish people migrating (many to the US) Return of migrants: Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific Lebanese merchants in the Americas Italian industrial workers in Argentina 3.) Settler colonies: colonies where people form the imperialism states migrates to, to live there; many engineers and geologist migrated to these colonies (S Asia/ Africa) bc of the imperialist state wanting to expand industrialization → engineers designed and built, railroads, roads, and areas for raw materials Diaspora: a scattered population whose origin lies in a different geographic location

Explain the causes and consequences of World War I.

Militarism:the desire of a state to develop and maintain a powerful military in order to aggressively advance their own interests (Brit, Germ) (stock up/create weapons) Alliance: an agreement between 2 states for mutual self-defense → Triple Alliance: Germ, It, Auto-Hungaria → Triple Entente: Rus, France, Brit) Imperialism- an arraignment in which one country brings another country under its political/econ dominion Nationalism- a strong identification with one's own nation and people, often to the exclusion of other people Archduke Frank Ferdinand was going through a parade, however, a group of Serbian Nationalists called the Black Hand had plans to assassinate the archduke; when the bomb was thrown the bomb bounced off the car then blew in the crowd. Gavrilo Princip one of the assassins went to the cafe, archdukes car stopped in front of cafe; Princip walked over and shot archduke WWI Consequences: Flappers: middle-class women who smoked, went to nightclubs, had short hair in order to show their sexuality -with the increase in war casualties lower class citizens were granted the opportunity to increase to high-class positions -women were forced to leave the factories as they were "men jobs" Treaty of Versailles: Otto and Austro-Hung territory were split into smaller states; Germans pay reparations to war (Billions), War Guilt Clause: placed the entire blame for the war on Germany (caused WWI, Nazi, Hit)

Explain how and why states in the Americas developed and changed over time.

Mississippian Culture: first large scale American civilization; built monumental mounds (religious, traditions, elites purposes) → Cahokia: group from Mississippian culture; had a rigid caste system Great Sun: ruler of each town Aztecs/Mexicas: empire dominated by Mexicas in Mesoamerica → Tenochtitlan: Aztec capital city; cosmopolitan trading/shops; built around waterways → Tribute System: system administered by local officials; people had to pay tributes to the rulers via money, labor goods, military service; political dominance over large land → Chinampas: "floating gardens"; supported agriculture → Huitzilopochtli: Aztec Sun god that people sacrifice people for to replenish the God Inca: empire near the Andres mountains → Mita system: tribute system in Inca civilization that made people work on public projects, such as buildings, pyramids, and houses → Quipus: Inca writing system that consisted of knots to record village data; death, birth, marriages Chaco/Mesa Verde: lived in arid and treeless region; built home on the side of cliffs using bricks

Explain the role of environmental factors in the development of networks of exchange in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450.

Monsoon Winds: predictable wind patterns; Summer= NE winds/ Winter=SW → increase trade as sailors were more confident in their safety

Explain the causes and effects of movements to redistribute economic resources.

Movements to redistribute land and resources developed within states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, sometimes advocating communism or socialism. Land and resource redistribution: Communist Revolution for Vietnamese independence Causes of movements to redistribute economic resources: Communism: ideology arguing that in the future all social classes will be abolished and everyone will be equal Socialism: idea that the gov would help decrease inequality through healthcare, food stamps, housing -imperial gov was too weak to stop local advancements/ rebellions Effects of movement to redistribute economic resources: White Revolution (Iran): bloodless; gov bought land for wealth land owners and resold it to peasants at a small price Kerala (India): tenants gained the right to purchase land/ full ownership Ethiopia (India): land redistribution

Explain how and why globalization changed international interactions among states.

New international organizations, including the United Nations, formed with the stated goal of maintaining world peace and facilitating international cooperation.

Explain how the development of new technologies changed the world from 1900 to present.

New modes of communication—including radio communication, cellular communication, and the internet—as well as transportation, including air travel and shipping containers, reduced the problem of geographic distance. Energy technologies, including the use of petroleum and nuclear power, raised productivity and increased the production of material goods More effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility, transformed reproductive practices, and contributed to declining rates of fertility in much of the world The Green Revolution and commercial agriculture increased productivity and sustained the earth's growing population as it spread chemically and genetically modified forms of agriculture.

Explain how industrialization caused change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living.

New social classes, including the middle class and the industrial working class, developed. While women and often children in working class families typically held wage-earning jobs to supplement their families' income, middle-class women who did not have the same economic demands to satisfy were increasingly limited to roles in the household or roles focused on child development. The rapid urbanization that accompanied global capitalism at times led to a variety of challenges, including pollution, poverty, increased crime, public health crises, housing shortages, and insufficient infrastructure to accommodate urban growth. -- aristocrats were declining due to businesses

Compare processes by which state power shifted in various parts of the world from 1750 to 1900.

Non-state to state colonial control: Shift from the private ownership of the Congo by King Leopold II to the Belgium government Shift from the Dutch East India Company to Dutch government control in Indonesia and Southeast Asia Settler colonies established in empires: New Zealand (settler colony) --> 1.) Non-state to state colonial control Congo Free state: ruled by King Leopold; cash crop production state → King Leopold II: Belgium ruler of Congo; known for coerced labor and killing to gain wild rubber for tires and bicycles 2.) European imperialism in Africa (warfare) Scramble for Africa: European states partitioned Africa among themselves → Britain in West Africa → Belgium in the Congo → French in West Africa Berlin Conference: a conference by Otto Von Bismark; called to Eur nations would avoid war with each other in claiming Africa 3.) European Diplomacy tactic Sphere of Influence: when Europeans came and carved out an area of the state's territory and used it for their economical advantage Settler Colonies: people from the imperial word coming to live in the conquered states Non-colonized nations: Ethiopia and Thailand avoided colonization; Ethiopia expanded its empire after defeating Italy

Explain the extent to which the effects of the Cold War were similar in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

Peoples and states around the world challenged the existing political and social order in varying ways, leading to unprecedented worldwide conflicts. Hopes for greater self-government were largely unfulfilled following the World War I; however, in the years following the World War II, increasing anti imperialist sentiment contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states. The Cold War conflict extended beyond its basic ideological origins to have profound effects on economic, political, social, and cultural aspects of global events The role of the state in the domestic economy varied, and new institutions of global association emerged and continued to develop throughout the century. States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the 20th century.

Explain how and why globalization changed culture over time.

Political and social changes of the 20th century led to changes in the arts and in the second half of the century, popular and consumer culture became more global. Global culture: Music: Reggae Movies: Bollywood Social media: Facebook, Twitter Television: BBC Sports: World Cup soccer, the Olympics Arts, entertainment, and popular culture increasingly reflected the influence of a globalized society. Consumer culture became globalized and transcended national borders. Global consumerism: Online commerce: Alibaba, eBay Global brands: Toyota, Coca-Cola

Explain the extent to which science and technology brought change in the period from 1900 to the present.

Rapid advances in science and technology altered the understanding of the universe and the natural world and led to advances in communication, transportation, industry, agriculture, and medicine. New modes of communication— including radio communication, cellular communication, and the internet—as well as transportation, including air travel and shipping containers, reduced the problem of geographic distance. Energy technologies, including the use of petroleum and nuclear power, raised productivity and increased the production of material goods. More effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility, transformed reproductive practices, and contributed to declining rates of fertility in much of the world. The Green Revolution and commercial agriculture increased productivity and sustained the earth's growing population as it spread chemically and genetically modified forms of agriculture. Medical innovations, including vaccines and antibiotics, increased the ability of humans to survive and live longer lives States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the 20th century. Rights-based discourses challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion. In much of the world, access to education as well as participation in new political and professional roles became more inclusive in terms of race, class, gender, and religion. Political and social changes of the 20th century led to changes in the arts and in the second half of the century, popular and consumer culture became more global. Arts, entertainment, and popular culture increasingly reflected the influence of a globalized society. Consumer culture became globalized and transcended national borders.

Explain the relative significance of the causes of global conflict in the period 1900 to the present.

Rapid advances in science and technology altered the understanding of the universe and the natural world and led to advances in communication, transportation, industry, agriculture, and medicine. Peoples and states around the world challenged the existing political and social order in varying ways, leading to unprecedented worldwide conflicts. The West dominated the global political order at the beginning of the 20th century, but both land-based and maritime empires gave way to new states by the century's end. The older, land-based Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors. These changes in Russia eventually led to the communist revolution. States around the world challenged the existing political and social order, including the Mexican Revolution that arose as a result of a political crisis.

Explain the various responses to increasing globalization from 1900 to present.

Responses to rising cultural and economic globalization took a variety of forms. Responses to economic globalization: Anti-IMF and anti-World Bank activism Advent of locally developed social media (Weibo in China) 1.) Protests Battle For Seattle: protest mvment at the meeting of the World Trade Organization (meetings goal for global commerce/ free trade); thought WTO lowered labor standards, envor degradation, decrease human rights; 40,000 protest World Social Forum: embodied the ideals of Anti-globalisationists; tried to create equitable world International Monetary Fund (IMF)/ World Bank: work together to foster global monetary cooperation, reduce poverty -protests against IMF/World bank bc their policies only benefit the rich at the expenses of poorer countries 2.) Filter Weibo: Chinese social media that filtered off Western social media ideas

Explain how the beliefs and practices of the predominant religions in Europe affected European society.

Roman Catholic Church: est the first universities; provide cultural and ideological unity Crusades: pope urged Christians to reclaim Jerusalem from the Muslims; monarch to church Marco Polo: European that recorded his travels; show Eur Eastern wealth/culture= ^creation of innovations (mapmaking, cartography) Renaissance: "rebirth" of ancient Greek/Roman culture, literature, art

Explain the effects of agriculture on social organization in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450.

Serfdom: coerced labor system, where laborers were tied to their owner's land and they were in great debt; however in return for their labor they earned protection from their manor

Explain changes and continuities in systems of slavery in the period from 1450 to 1750.

Slavery in Africa continued in its traditional forms, including incorporation of slaves into households and the export of slaves to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean regions. The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the Americas, leading to significant demographic, social, and cultural changes. ---Indentured Servants: laborers worked in exchange for the journey Coerced labor: laborers doing worked against their will Hacienda System: landholdings granted to Spanish nobles to lease or own Encomienda system: granted a certain number of natives; offer native protection, educations, Christianity; natives give labor in turn Peons: Hacienda workers; worked in estates, taxed, debted Mita system: from Inca; compelling native villages to send a portion of their men to mine silver Chattel slavery: ppl owned laborers

Explain the effects of the development of state power from 1450 to 1750

State expansion and centralization led to resistance from an array of social, political, and economic groups on a local level. 1.) Resistance Maratha conflicts with Mughals: fueled by religion; Maratha (Hindu group) resist Islam invasion of their beliefs; successful, Mughal empire end Pueblo Revolt: Pueblo and Apache Indians fought the Spanish due to Christians trying to convert them; burn churches to the ground Metacom's War: attempt of native in N Amer to rid British; loss Pugachev rebellion: A rebellion led by cossack Emilian Pugachev who claimed to be a tsar; eventually crushed; started peasant rebellions. 2.) Enslaved Resistance Stono Rebellion: 20 enslaved ppl gathered at the Stone River in S Carolina, raided a warehouse killing white workers/ villagers; chanting "liberty"; Brit won Maroon Societies: a community where runaway slaves could go to; free community of former slave; in the Caribbean and Brazil → Palmares: settlement in Brazil housing 10,000 free slaves

Explain how political, economic, and cultural factors affected society from 1450 to 1750.

The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of labor—including slaves—and the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples, with all parties contributing to this cultural synthesis. 1.) Africa African Slave Trade: Afri states were weakened by the slave trade → Kingdom of the Kongo: African that declined bc of slave trade with Eur bc many captured sales were men, created the rise of polygyny Polygyny: a practice where men take more than one wife -decline in pop, but maize and manioc grew too

Compare the ways in which the United States and the Soviet Union sought to maintain influence over the course of the Cold War.

The Cold War produced new military alliances, including NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and led to nuclear proliferation and proxy wars between and within postcolonial states in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Proxy wars: Korean War Angolan Civil War Sandinista-Contras conflict in Nicaragua How Soviet Union and US maintain influence throughout the Cold War: 1.) Military alliances North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): mili alliance between US and W Eur in order to prevent the communist invasion of the Soviet Union Warsaw Pact: made in response to NATO; was between USSR and E Eur 2.) Proxy Wars Proxy Wars: indirect fighting; small localized wars where us and USSR took sides Korean War: conflict btwn the N (USSR) and S (US) Korea; US and USSR aided each side with military supplies, showing a fight btwn the two states without direct conflict Angolan Civil War (1974): conflict btwn Angolan rival groups on who would rule free Angolia; US took one groups side and USSR the other group Sandinista-Contras conflict in Nicaragua: US tried to overthrow the socialist Sandinista that was backed up the Soviet Union 3.) Nuclear Proliferation (buildup) Cuban Missile Crisis: USSR deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba however ended with a compromise between USSR and US Nuclear non-proliferation treaty: call on non-nuclear states to develop nuclear weapons

Explain how internal and external factors contributed to change in various states after 1900.

The West dominated the global political order at the beginning of the 20th century, but both land-based and maritime empires gave way to new states by the century's end. The older, land-based Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors. These changes in Russia eventually led to communist revolution. States around the world challenged the existing political and social order, including the Mexican Revolution that arose as a result of political crisis. Russian Revolution: Cause: → the defeat of WWI; working class and soldiers >:$ abt elite privileges → gov didn't work on building a strong infrastructure (railroads, roads)= weak econ → no suffrage or edu rights → Bloody Sunday Massacre in 1905: gov shot, protesters protesting rights → lost Crimean War to the Ott; lost Russo-Japanese War to Japan (bc of J indus)= Rus weaken Effects: → Bolsheviks: groups of Rus communists who overthrew the Tsar gov; rep the oppressed working class in Rus → Vladimir Lenin: leaders of the Bolsheviks group → Bolsheviks and Lenin est communist gov (abolish free trade, nationalized factories/industries, redistribute crops to feed urban workers)

Explain the causes and consequences of World War II.

The causes of World War II included the unsustainable peace settlement after World War I, the global economic crisis engendered by the Great Depression, continued imperialist aspirations, and especially the rise to power of fascist and totalitarian regimes that resulted in the aggressive militarism of Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler.

Explain the relative significance of the effects of imperialism from 1750 to 1900

The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods. As states industrialized, they also expanded existing overseas empires and established new colonies and transoceanic relationships. The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world. As a result of the emergence of transoceanic empires and a global capitalist economy, migration patterns changed dramatically, and the numbers of migrants increased significantly

Explain the extent to which industrialization brought change from 1750 to 1900.

The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods. Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made exploration, development, and communication possible in interior regions globally, which led to increased trade and migration. The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world. Enlightenment philosophies applied new ways of understanding and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships; they also reexamined the role that religion played in public life and emphasized the importance of reason. Philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract. The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded revolutions and rebellions against existing governments. Nationalism also became a major force shaping the historical development of states and empires

Explain how technology shaped economic production over time.

The development of machines, including steam engines and the internal combustion engine, made it possible to take advantage of both existing and vast newly discovered resources of energy stored in fossil fuels, specifically coal and oil. The fossil fuels revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies. The "second industrial revolution" led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery during the second half of the 19th century. Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made exploration, development, and communication possible in interior regions globally, which led to increased trade and migration.

Explain the effects of innovation on the Chinese economy over time.

The economy of Song China became increasingly commercialized while continuing to depend on free peasant and artisanal labor. The econ flourished as a result of increased production capacity, expanding trade networks, and innovations in agriculture/ -Champa Rice: rice the matured early, resist drought, harvest 3x/yr; food=^pop=^econ=wealth Grand Canal: waterway linking the Yellow and Yangtze river; made it easy to trade=^trade=^econ Porcelain: ceramic material; "fine China"; luxury item/shows wealth=^demand=^trade=^econ -increased iron production→ 32,000 suits of armor & 16 mill iron arrowheads/ yr Paper money: money in China that replaced metal coins, due to there not being enough metal Flying Money: Chinese credit system to merchants; an early form of currency Gunpowder: explosive; fireworks for the imperial court; by Daoist to find immortal liquid

Explain the causes and effects of the ideological struggle of the Cold War

The global balance of economic and political power shifted during and after World War II and rapidly evolved into the Cold War. The democracy of the United States and the authoritarian communist Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, which led to ideological conflict and a power struggle between capitalism and communism across the globe. Groups and individuals, including the Non-Aligned Movement, opposed and promoted alternatives to the existing economic, political, and social orders. Non-Aligned Movement: Sukarno in Indonesia; birth of the non-aligned movement Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana; African unity

Explain the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions and how they contributed to change in the period from 1750 to 1900.

The global nature of trade and production contributed to the proliferation of large-scale transnational businesses that relied on new practices in banking and finance. Transnational businesses: Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) Unilever based in England and the Netherlands and operating in British West Africa and the Belgian Congo Financial instruments: Stock markets Limited-liability corporations

Compare the methods by which various empires increased their influence from 1450-1750

The interconnection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres made possible by transoceanic voyaging, transformed trade, and had a significant social impact on the world. In some cases, the increase and intensification of interactions between newly connected hemispheres expanded the reach and furthered the development of existing religions, and contributed to religious conflicts and the development of syncretic belief systems and practices. Empires achieved increased scope and influence around the world, shaping and being shaped by the diverse populations they incorporated. Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres. Land empires included the Manchu in Central and East Asia; Mughal in South and Central Asia; Ottoman in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa; and the Safavids in the Middle East. Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states

Explain how economic developments from 1450 to 1750 affected social structures over time.

The interconnection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, made possible by transoceanic voyaging, transformed trade and had a significant social impact on the world. Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological developments and innovation. The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and currents patterns—all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible. Although the world's productive systems continued to be heavily centered on agriculture, major changes occurred in agricultural labor, the systems and locations of manufacturing, gender and social structures, and environmental processes. The demand for labor intensified as a result of the growing global demand for raw materials and finished products. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed in nature, plantations expanded, and the Atlantic slave trade developed and intensified Empires achieved increased scope and influence around the world, shaping and being shaped by the diverse populations they incorporated. Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.

Explain the economic changes and continuities resulting from the process of decolonization.

The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles (the former colonizing country), usually in the major cities, maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony and the metropole even after the dissolution of empires. 1.) Government and economics change Sri Lanka Sirimavo Banaranaike: 1st female Sri Lankan prime minister; socilist policies (land redistribution, restrict free trade, industries) to try and help declining econ; wasn't successful India Indira Gandhi: Indian prime minister → 20 point plan: plan to regrow India's econ (poverty, inflation); jailing oppositions, reform of corrupt law, increase production, alleviation of inflation Tanzania (Afri country) Julius Nyerere: 1st pres of Tanzania; socialist policies to help econ (cooperative agri program, les reliant on foreigners); unsuccessful 2.) Migration in New states Metropoles: home territory of a colonial power; help maintaining home and former colonies econ/cultural ties Indians and Bangladeshians moved to England Vietnames and Algerians moved to France

Explain how different modes and locations of production have developed and changed over time.

The rapid development of steam-powered industrial production in European countries and the U.S. contributed to the increase in these regions' share of global manufacturing during the first Industrial Revolution. While Middle Eastern and Asian countries continued to produce manufactured goods, these regions' share in global manufacturing declined. The decline of Middle Eastern and Asian share in global manufacturing as Britain was mass producing as a fast rate: Shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia Ironworks in India Textile production in India and Egypt

Explain how political changes in the period from c. 1900 to the present led to territorial, demographic, and nationalist developments.

The redrawing of political boundaries after the withdrawal of former colonial authorities led to the creation of new states. The redrawing of political boundaries in some cases led to conflict as well as population displacement and/or resettlements, including those related to the Partition of India and the creation of the state of Israel. --> 1.) Israel, Cambodia, Pakistan handling their independence Israel United Nations partition of 1948: UN partition Israel into Jewish and Arab sections; Jewish excepted, but Arabs denied this; caused war btwn two peoples → Palestine: new state of Arabs → Israel: new state of Jews Cambodia Khmer Rouge: communist organization overthrew Cambo gow, est communism → Pol Pot: leader of Khmer Rouge; ruthless dictator; 2 mill died India/Pakistan Partition of India: Pakistan from Muslims and India for Hindus → India= democratic gov; Pakistan= authoritarian gov Kashmer: state where Hindus and Muslims had their conflicts; conflict due to territorial region

Explain the various causes and consequences of mass atrocities in the period from 1900 to the present.

The rise of extremist groups in power led to the attempted destruction of specific populations, notably the Nazi killing of the Jews in the Holocaust during World War II, and to other atrocities, acts of genocide, or ethnic violence. Genocide, ethnic violence, or attempted destruction of specific populations: Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during and after World War I (Chris murder) Cambodia during the late 1970s Tutsi in Rwanda in the 1990s Ukraine in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s

causes and consequences of ww2 continued

Treaty of Versailles: forced Germany to pay heavy reparations; ruin Germ econ War Guilt Clause: clauses where Germans were made to accept responsibility for the war and destruction Lebensraum: "living space"; space needed for purified German ppl Militarism: build up German military, sending troops into Rhineland for Lebensraum Adolf Hitler: president of Germ; enacted militarism and nationalists german policies Nazi Party: elected by the ppl; adv for the nullification of the Treaty of Versailles, purification of Germ pop, strong central authority Wiemer Republic: Germ gov before that ppl didn't like bc they weren't strong and did not help the econ Rome-Berlin Axis: German and Italy alliance Anti-Comintern Pact: German and Japan alliance Axis Power: alliance between German, Japan, and Italy

Explain causes and effects of the various revolutions in the period from 1750 to 1900.

Unit‌ ‌5:‌ ‌Revolutions‌ ‌ C.‌ ‌1750‌ ‌-‌ ‌1900‌ ‌ Topic‌ ‌5.1‌ ‌The‌ ‌Enlightenment‌ ‌ Thematic‌ ‌Focus‌ ‌-‌ ‌Cultural‌ ‌Developments‌ ‌and‌ ‌Interactions‌ ‌(CDI)‌ ‌ ‌ The‌ ‌development‌ ‌of‌ ‌ideas,‌ ‌beliefs,‌ ‌and‌ ‌religions‌ ‌illustrates‌ ‌how‌ ‌groups‌ ‌in‌ ‌society‌ ‌view‌ ‌themselves,‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌interactions‌ ‌of‌ ‌societies‌ ‌and‌ ‌their‌ ‌ beliefs‌ ‌often‌ ‌have‌ ‌political,‌ ‌social,‌ ‌and‌ ‌cultural‌ ‌implications.‌ ‌ Explain‌ ‌the‌ ‌intellectual‌ ‌and‌ ‌ideological‌ ‌ context‌ ‌in‌ ‌which‌ ‌revolutions‌ ‌swept‌ ‌the‌ ‌ Atlantic‌ ‌world‌ ‌from‌ ‌1750‌ ‌to‌ ‌1900.‌ ‌ ‌ Enlightenment‌ ‌philosophies‌‌ ‌applied‌ ‌new‌ ‌ ways‌ ‌of‌ ‌understanding‌ ‌and‌ ‌‌empiricist‌ ‌ approaches‌‌ ‌to‌ ‌both‌ ‌the‌ ‌natural‌ ‌world‌ ‌and‌ ‌ human‌ ‌relationships;‌ ‌they‌ ‌also‌ ‌reexamined‌ ‌ the‌ ‌role‌ ‌that‌ ‌religion‌ ‌played‌ ‌in‌ ‌public‌ ‌life‌ ‌and‌ ‌ emphasized‌ ‌the‌ ‌importance‌ ‌of‌ ‌reason.‌ ‌ Philosophers‌ ‌developed‌ ‌new‌ ‌political‌ ‌ideas‌ ‌ about‌ ‌the‌ ‌individual,‌ ‌‌natural‌ ‌rights‌,‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌ social‌ ‌contract.‌ ‌ ‌ The‌ ‌rise‌ ‌and‌ ‌diffusion‌ ‌of‌ ‌Enlightenment‌ ‌ thought‌ ‌that‌ ‌questioned‌ ‌established‌ ‌ traditions‌ ‌in‌ ‌all‌ ‌areas‌ ‌of‌ ‌life‌ ‌often‌ ‌preceded‌ ‌ revolutions‌ ‌and‌ ‌rebellions‌ ‌against‌ ‌existing‌ ‌ governments.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Intellectual‌ ‌and‌ ‌Ideological‌ ‌context‌ ‌of‌ ‌revolutions:‌ ‌ ‌ 1.)‌ ‌Enlightenment/Natural‌ ‌thinking‌ ‌ Enlightenment‌ ‌Philosophies:‌ ‌‌was‌ ‌a‌ ‌new‌ ‌way‌ ‌of‌ ‌understanding‌ ‌and‌ ‌thinking;‌ ‌it‌ ‌was‌ ‌based‌ ‌ on‌ ‌rational‌ ‌thinking‌ ‌and‌ ‌proof‌ ‌rather‌ ‌than‌ ‌tradition,‌ ‌religion,‌ ‌and‌ ‌a‌ ‌divine‌ ‌god‌ ‌ ‌ John‌ ‌Locke:‌ ‌‌advocated‌ ‌that‌ ‌all‌ ‌humans‌ ‌had‌ ‌a‌ ‌natural‌ ‌right,‌ ‌given‌ ‌to‌ ‌them‌ ‌from‌ ‌a‌ ‌living‌ ‌ being,‌ ‌no‌ ‌matter‌ ‌their‌ ‌race,‌ ‌culture,‌ ‌or‌ ‌religion:‌ ‌life,‌ ‌liberty,‌ ‌and‌ ‌property,‌ ‌which‌ ‌was‌ ‌ highlighted‌ ‌in‌ ‌his‌ ‌natural‌ ‌rights‌ ‌doctrine‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Empiricist:‌ ‌‌the‌ ‌thought‌ ‌that‌ ‌reality‌ ‌is‌ ‌revealed‌ ‌through‌ ‌the‌ ‌senses;‌ ‌scientific‌ ‌reasoning‌ ‌and‌ ‌ experiments‌ ‌rather‌ ‌than‌ ‌traditional‌ ‌thinking‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Social‌ ‌Contract:‌ ‌‌was‌ ‌the‌ ‌idea‌ ‌that‌ ‌the‌ ‌people‌ ‌of‌ ‌a‌ ‌state‌ ‌had‌ ‌overall‌ ‌political‌ ‌power,‌ ‌however,‌ ‌ chooses‌ ‌to‌ ‌give‌ ‌some‌ ‌of‌ ‌it‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌government,‌ ‌so‌ ‌the‌ ‌government‌ ‌can‌ ‌ensure‌ ‌that‌ ‌the‌ ‌people‌ ‌ are‌ ‌able‌ ‌to‌ ‌practice‌ ‌their‌ ‌natural‌ ‌rights‌ ‌of‌ ‌life,‌ ‌liberty,‌ ‌and‌ ‌property‌ ‌ ‌ Natural‌ ‌rights:‌ ‌‌rights‌ ‌that‌ ‌all‌ ‌people‌ ‌possess‌ ‌no‌ ‌matter‌ ‌their‌ ‌identity;‌ ‌life,‌ ‌liberty,‌ ‌property‌ ‌ ‌ Nationalism:‌ ‌‌people‌ ‌with‌ ‌the‌ ‌same‌ ‌ethnic,‌ ‌culture,‌ ‌traditional‌ ‌identity‌ ‌are‌ ‌loyal‌ ‌to‌ ‌their‌ ‌nation‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Laissez-Faire:‌ ‌‌argued‌ ‌that‌ ‌in‌ ‌order‌ ‌for‌ ‌the‌ ‌economic‌ ‌system‌ ‌to‌ ‌thrive‌ ‌for‌ ‌the‌ ‌government‌ ‌and‌ ‌ people,‌ ‌then‌ ‌that‌ ‌the‌ ‌government‌ ‌should‌ ‌have‌ ‌no‌ ‌participation‌ ‌in‌ ‌economic‌ ‌choices.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Thematic‌ ‌Focus‌ ‌-‌ ‌Social‌ ‌Interactions‌ ‌and‌ ‌Organization‌ ‌(SIO)‌ ‌ The‌ ‌process‌ ‌by‌ ‌which‌ ‌societies‌ ‌group‌ ‌their‌ ‌members‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌norms‌ ‌that‌ ‌govern‌ ‌the‌ ‌interactions‌ ‌between‌ ‌these‌ ‌groups‌ ‌and‌ ‌between‌ ‌ individuals‌ ‌influence‌ ‌political,‌ ‌economic,‌ ‌and‌ ‌cultural‌ ‌institutions‌ ‌and‌ ‌organization.‌ ‌ Explain‌ ‌how‌ ‌the‌ ‌Enlightenment‌ ‌affected‌ ‌ societies‌ ‌over‌ ‌time.‌ ‌ ‌ Enlightenment‌ ‌ideas‌ ‌and‌ ‌religious‌ ‌ideals‌ ‌ influenced‌ ‌various‌ ‌reform‌ ‌movements.‌ ‌ These‌ ‌reform‌ ‌movements‌ ‌contributed‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌ expansion‌ ‌of‌ ‌rights,‌ ‌as‌ ‌seen‌ ‌in‌ ‌expanded‌ ‌ suffrage‌,‌ ‌the‌ ‌‌abolition‌ ‌of‌ ‌slavery‌,‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌ end‌ ‌of‌ ‌‌serfdom‌.‌ ‌ ‌ Demands‌ ‌for‌ ‌‌women's‌ ‌suffrage‌‌ ‌and‌ ‌ emergent‌ ‌‌feminism‌‌ ‌challenged‌ ‌political‌ ‌and‌ ‌ gender‌ ‌hierarchies.‌ ‌ ‌ Demands:‌ ‌ ‌ ●Mary‌ ‌Wollstonecraft'‌s‌ ‌‌A‌ ‌ Vindication‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌Rights‌ ‌of‌ ‌Woman‌ ‌ ●Olympe‌ ‌de‌ ‌Gouges's‌ ‌‌Declaration‌ ‌of‌ ‌ the‌ ‌Rights‌ ‌of‌ ‌Woman‌ ‌and‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌ Female‌ ‌Citizen‌ ‌ ●Seneca‌ ‌Falls‌ ‌Conference‌ ‌(1848)‌ ‌ organized‌ ‌by‌ ‌Elizabeth‌ ‌Cady‌ ‌ Stanton‌ ‌and‌ ‌Lucretia‌ ‌Mott‌ ‌ ‌ How‌ ‌Enlightenment‌ ‌affected‌ ‌societies:‌ ‌ ‌ 1.)‌ ‌Coerced‌ ‌Labor‌ ‌ ‌ Abolition‌ ‌of‌ ‌Slavery:‌ ‌‌was‌ ‌when‌ ‌slavery‌ ‌was‌ ‌banned,‌ ‌this‌ ‌was‌ ‌due‌ ‌to‌ ‌enlightenment‌ ‌thinking,‌ ‌ stating‌ ‌that‌ ‌everyone‌ ‌had‌ ‌equal‌ ‌natural‌ ‌rights,‌ ‌also‌ ‌that‌ ‌religious‌ ‌scripture‌ ‌such‌ ‌as‌ ‌the‌ ‌bible‌ ‌ and‌ ‌the‌ ‌Quran‌ ‌does‌ ‌not‌ ‌accept‌ ‌this‌ ‌method‌ ‌either‌ ‌ ‌ End‌ ‌of‌ ‌Serfdom:‌ ‌‌the‌ ‌end‌ ‌of‌ ‌Serfdom‌ ‌in‌ ‌Russian,‌ ‌more‌ ‌than‌ ‌25‌ ‌million‌ ‌serfs‌ ‌were‌ ‌freed‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 2.)‌ ‌Female‌ ‌Rights‌ ‌ ‌ Women's‌ ‌Suffrage:‌ ‌‌demanding‌ ‌that‌ ‌women‌ ‌should‌ ‌be‌ ‌permitted‌ ‌to‌ ‌vote‌ ‌due‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌natural‌ ‌ laws‌ ‌of‌ ‌life,‌ ‌liberty,‌ ‌and‌ ‌property‌ ‌as‌ ‌well‌ ‌as‌ ‌the‌ ‌rise‌ ‌of‌ ‌equality‌ ‌thinking‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Feminism:‌ ‌‌the‌ ‌advocacy‌ ‌for‌ ‌women's‌ ‌rights‌ ‌on‌ ‌the‌ ‌basis‌ ‌of‌ ‌equality‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌sexes‌ ‌ ‌ Mary‌ ‌Wollstonecraft:‌ ‌‌a‌ ‌woman‌ ‌who‌ ‌advocated‌ ‌for‌ ‌women's‌ ‌suffrage,‌ ‌rights,‌ ‌and‌ ‌education‌ ‌ ‌ Vindication‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌Rights‌ ‌of‌ ‌Woman:‌ ‌‌A‌ ‌book‌ ‌by‌ ‌Wollstonecraft‌ ‌challenging‌ ‌sexes‌ ‌inequality,‌ ‌ that‌ ‌women‌ ‌should‌ ‌be‌ ‌equal‌ ‌to‌ ‌men,‌ ‌politically,‌ ‌educationally,‌ ‌and‌ ‌socially‌ ‌ ‌ Declaration‌ ‌of‌ ‌Sentiment:‌‌ ‌‌A‌ ‌declaration‌ ‌that‌ ‌borrowed‌ ‌heavily‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌American‌ ‌ Declaration‌ ‌of‌ ‌Independence;‌ ‌stating‌ ‌that‌ ‌"all‌ ‌men‌ ‌and‌ ‌women‌ ‌are‌ ‌equal"‌ ‌ ‌ Declaration‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌Rights‌ ‌of‌ ‌Woman‌ ‌and‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌Female‌ ‌Citizen:‌‌ ‌‌stated‌ ‌that‌ ‌like‌ ‌men‌ ‌women‌ ‌ also‌ ‌have‌ ‌natural‌ ‌and‌ ‌sacred‌ ‌rights.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Seneca‌ ‌Falls‌ ‌Convention:‌‌ ‌a‌ ‌convention‌ ‌advocating‌ ‌for‌ ‌women's‌ ‌rights‌ ‌and‌ ‌suffrage,‌ ‌by‌ ‌ Elizabeth‌ ‌Cady‌ ‌ ‌ Suffrage:‌ ‌‌the‌ ‌right‌ ‌to‌ ‌vote;‌ ‌however‌ ‌during‌ ‌this‌ ‌period‌ ‌only‌ ‌wealthy‌ ‌men‌ ‌could‌ ‌vote‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Topic‌ ‌5.2‌ ‌Nationalism‌ ‌and‌ ‌Revolutions‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌Period‌ ‌from‌ ‌1750‌ ‌to‌ ‌1900‌ ‌ Thematic‌ ‌Focus‌ ‌-‌ ‌Governance‌ ‌(GOV)‌ ‌ A‌ ‌variety‌ ‌of‌ ‌internal‌ ‌and‌ ‌external‌ ‌factors‌ ‌contribute‌ ‌to‌ ‌state‌ ‌formation,‌ ‌expansion,‌ ‌and‌ ‌decline.‌ ‌Governments‌ ‌maintain‌ ‌order‌ ‌through‌ ‌a‌ ‌variety‌ ‌ of‌ ‌administrative‌ ‌institutions,‌ ‌policies,‌ ‌and‌ ‌procedures,‌ ‌and‌ ‌gov‌ ‌obtain,‌ ‌retain,‌ ‌and‌ ‌exercise‌ ‌power‌ ‌in‌ ‌different‌ ‌ways‌ ‌and‌ ‌for‌ ‌different‌ ‌ purposes.‌ ‌ Explain‌ ‌causes‌ ‌and‌ ‌effects‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌ various‌ ‌revolutions‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌period‌ ‌ from‌ ‌1750‌ ‌to‌ ‌1900.‌ ‌ ‌ People‌ ‌around‌ ‌the‌ ‌world‌ ‌developed‌ ‌ a‌ ‌new‌ ‌sense‌ ‌of‌ ‌commonality‌ ‌based‌ ‌ on‌ ‌language,‌ ‌religion,‌ ‌social‌ ‌ customs,‌ ‌and‌ ‌territory.‌ ‌This‌ ‌was‌ ‌ sometimes‌ ‌harnessed‌ ‌by‌ ‌ governments‌ ‌to‌ ‌foster‌ ‌a‌ ‌sense‌ ‌of‌ ‌ unity.‌ ‌ ‌ The‌ ‌18th‌ ‌century‌ ‌marked‌ ‌the‌ ‌ beginning‌ ‌of‌ ‌an‌ ‌intense‌ ‌period‌ ‌of‌ ‌ revolution‌ ‌and‌ ‌rebellion‌ ‌against‌ ‌ existing‌ ‌governments,‌ ‌leading‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌ establishment‌ ‌of‌ ‌new‌ ‌nation-states‌ ‌ around‌ ‌the‌ ‌world.‌ ‌ ‌ Discontent‌ ‌with‌ ‌monarchist‌ ‌and‌ ‌ imperial‌ ‌rule‌ ‌encouraged‌ ‌the‌ ‌ development‌ ‌of‌ ‌systems‌ ‌of‌ ‌ government‌ ‌and‌ ‌various‌ ‌ideologies,‌ ‌ including‌ ‌democracy‌ ‌and‌ ‌ 19th-century‌ ‌‌liberalism‌.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Call‌ ‌for‌ ‌national‌ ‌unification‌ ‌or‌ ‌ liberation:‌ ‌ ‌ ●Propaganda‌ ‌Movement‌ ‌in‌ ‌ the‌ ‌Philippines‌ ‌ ●Maori‌ ‌nationalism‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌ New‌ ‌Zealand‌ ‌wars‌ ‌in‌ ‌New‌ ‌ Zealand‌ ‌ ●Puerto‌ ‌Rico—writings‌ ‌of‌ ‌ Lola‌ ‌Rodríguez‌ ‌de‌ ‌Tió‌ ‌ ●German‌ ‌and‌ ‌Italian‌ ‌ unification‌ ‌ ●Balkan‌ ‌nationalisms‌ ‌ ●Ottomanism‌ ‌ ●Italian‌ ‌and‌ ‌German‌ ‌ Unification‌ ‌(due‌ ‌to‌ ‌alliance‌ ‌ and‌ ‌nationalism

Explain how and why various states of South and Southeast Asia developed and maintained power over time.

Vijayanagara Empire (1336): S Hindu India which was created to resist the Delhi Sultanate Majapahit Empire (1293): Island of Java; control sea routes; Buddhist Khmer Empire (802-1431): had a complex irrigation and drainage system connected to the Mekong River= ^agri; Hindus than Buddhists Srivijaya Empire (607-1075): Buddhists; flourished from Indian Ocean trade (gold, cloves, nutmeg, mace); stated that rulers had magic and drew Buddha to resemble past kings

Explain similarities and differences in how governments used a variety of methods to conduct WWII.

World War II was a total war. Governments used a variety of strategies, including political propaganda, art, media, and intensified forms of nationalism, to mobilize populations (both in the home countries and the colonies or former colonies) for the purpose of waging war. Governments used ideologies, including fascism and communism to mobilize all of their state's resources for war and, in the case of totalitarian states, to repress basic freedoms and dominate many aspects of daily life during the course of the conflicts and beyond. 1.) Bombs Blitzkrieg (Germ): "lightning war"; massive blows to the enemy (bombs, tanks, airpower) Atomic Bomb: bomb the released energy of destabilized atoms releasing dynamite Pearl Harbor: Japan launched an attack on us military base in Hawaii Hiroshima/Nagasaki: Japanese city that the US bombed; killed many Japanese Western democracies mobilizing for war: Great Britain under Winston Churchill United States under Franklin Roosevelt Totalitarian states mobilizing for war: Germany under Adolf Hitler USSR under Joseph Stalin Total war: countries who were fighting leveraged all of their resources both domestic and military → produce ships, tanks, aircraft, guns, ammunition, aircraft carriers → women work in factory Lend-Lease Act: US sent war materials to Britain