AP World History - Nik Kandula

Polygyny

___________, in which a man has more than one wife at a time, was allowed, partly as a way to care for widows whose husbands had died in raids or warfare.

Ramadan

_____________ is the ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset.

Zimbabwe

_____________ was the most powerful of all the East African kingdoms between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries. It was between the Zambezi and Limposo rivers in modern-day Zimbabwe and Mozambique. It built its prosperity on agriculture, grazing, trade, and gold. ___________ is the Bantu word for dwelling.

Equal-field system

600 years after Wang Mang's failed land distribution reforms, the Tang Empire reintroduced an __________ _________, which attempted to ensure that all Chinese families had a parcel of land to cultivate. The empire's intent was not humanitarian; its goal was to wrest power away from the landed aristocracy. This reform proved effective for about 100 years, resulting in an increase in rural wealth. In the 8th century, however, the landed aristocracy bribed government officials to let them keep their land. Though the system didn't last, rural wealth did grow, and increased prosperity allowed some stability.

Iconoclast

A person who believes on banning the icons and religious images.

Averroes

Among the famous scholars from Spain was Ibn Rushd, known in Europe as _________. He wrote influential works on law, secular philosophy, and the natural sciences.

Abbasids

After 90 years, the Umayyads grew weak and corrupt. In 750, their capital, Damascus, fell to a group known as the ____________, who founded the city of Baghdad as their capital.

Umayyad Dynasty

After Ali's assassination in 661, a network of merchants from Mecca, aided by capable generals and strong armies, assumed power. they founded the ____________ ___________.

Bulgars

After Justinian's reign, the empire's borders contracted. ___________ (Turkic people originally from Central Asia) took over much of the Balkans.

Ali

After Muhammad's death in 632, some supported his cousin and son-in-law, ___.

Ka'aba

After the Hegira, Muhammad returned 10 years later to conquer Mecca and declare the building holding the sacred stone - the __'___ - a shrine of Islam.

Sui Dynasty

After the collapse of the Han Dynasty in the third century C.E., China fell into a state of anarchy for nearly 400 years. People suffered from reduced trade and greater political turmoil under the short-lived ___ _________ (581 - 618 C.E.). In this dynasty, Emperor Sui Yangdi unified China through violence and repression. Successful military expeditions to the south expanded the reach of China's government. He also sent troops into Korea and Central Asia. Sui Yangdi ruled through harsh, dictatorial methods, which made dissent risky.

Age Grades/Age Sets

Age was a significant social marker. An 18-year-old could do more hard labor than a 60-year-old, but younger people often relied on the advice of their elders. Thus, communities divided work according to age, creating ____ _______ or _____ _____.

Allah

Although polytheistic, the religion of the Bedouins included worship of a supreme deity: _______, who is also the only god in Islam.

Caliph

At Muhammad's death in 632, his followers split over who should become the leader of the Islamic community. Muhammad's father-in-law, Abu Bakr, became the first ________, or head of state.

Abu Bakr

At Muhammad's death in 632, his followers split over who should become the leader of the Islamic community. Muhammad's father-in-law, ____ _____, became the first caliph, or head of state.

Ancestor veneration

Bantu-speakers generally believed that one god created the world and many spirits inhabited it. People did not worship the god directly but sent messages through spirits. They practiced _________ _____________, meaning after death, they believed spirits remained on Earth to guide the living.

Matrilineal

Bantu-speaking groups generally formed close-knit communities that settled in small villages. Their societies were ____________, meaning that villagers would trace their ancestry through their mothers, not their fathers.

Zanj Rebellion

Between 869 and 883 C.E., slaves working on sugar plantations in Mesopotamia mounted a series of revolts. The __________ _____________ was one of these and was led by Ali bin Muhammad. Ten years after this event, Mesopotamian forces quashed the rebel forces and killed Ali bin Muhammad. The size and length of time before it was defeated make the ________ ____________ one of the most successful slave revolts in history.

Rus

By 900, the Vikings ruled the region and the East Slavs. Viking rulers were called ___, a word that later became the source of the name Russia.

Marco Polo

Chinese cities impressed _______ ______, a visitor from Western Europe's most sophisticated urban area-Venice. He wrote extensively about the high levels of urbanization he saw in the 13th century.

Shariah

Developed by Muslim scholars after the death of Muhammad, the Islamic code of law called _________ outlines behavioral requirements for daily life. For example, it required morality and honesty, and bans gambling, eating pork, and drinking alcohol.

Gunpowder

During the 9th century, Chinese researchers, trying to find elements that might lead to longer or eternal life, discovered that blending certain ingredients created a powder that, when touched with a flame, exploded. This was ____________. They soon learned to use it to produce both entertaining fireworks displays and weapons. The first guns were made in the Song Dynasty.

Fourth Crusade

During the _________ _____________ (1202 - 1204), soldiers from Western Europe gathered in the Italian city of Venice to prepare to sail to the Levant. However, the Venetians persuaded, or possibly coerced, crusading European knights to sack their trading rivals in Constantinople first.

Mecca

Each Bedouin tribe had a sacred stone, but the most revered of all was a large black stone at the city of ______.

Trans-Saharan Trade Route

Few societies inhabited the Sahara Desert because the arid climate made it nearly impossible to farm. Though nomadic communities did some trade across the _____________ __________ _________, the volume of trade increased exponentially with the arrival of Islamic merchants in the 7th and 8th centuries.

Imam

Followers of Ali resisted the Umayyad leaders, causing Shia beliefs to develop political as well as religious components. Their leader became known as _____ rather than caliph.

Eastern Orthodox Church

In 1054, the schism divided the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe and the ___________ _______________ ________________ in Southeastern Europe and Russia.

Battle of Manzikert

In 1071, a group that originated in the steppes of central Asia known as the Seljuk Turks defeated Byzantine forces in the _________ __ ____________. After this defeat, the Turks gradually took more and more territory in Asia Minor.

Crusades

In 1095, The Byzantine Emperor Alexius I asked the pope to call upon Roman Catholics in Western Europe to help fight against the Turks in the region of Middle East called the Levant, an area many Christians called the "Holy Land." The result was a series of military expeditions, called the _____________, in which knights and commoners from Western Europe traveled to the Levant with hopes of seizing control for Christianity.

Prince Vladimir I (Vladimir the Great)

In 989, the Kievan Rus ruler _____________ _________ _ married the Byzantine emperor's sister. He had his subjects convert to Orthodox Christianity.

Sufis

In India and Persia, Islamic groups called _______ began to appear. Notable for their shaved heads, they followed rituals and ecstatic chants in attempts to unite with God. They abstained from earthly pleasures, and some used whirling dancing to express religious ecstasy.

Cyrillic alphabet

In about 863, Cyril created his own alphabet, loosely based on Greek, to help spread the work of God and literacy in general. The __________ _______________ was adopted by Russians and many who spoke the Slavic languages.

Kin-based networks

In contrast to most Asian or European societies, states in Sub-Saharan Africa did not centralize power under one dominant figure or a strong central government. Instead, communities formed __________ ______________, where families governed themselves. A male head of the network, a chief, mediated conflicts and dealt with neighboring groups.

Proto-industrialization

In most societies prior to the Song, agricultural goods dominated the economy and trade. Song China produced more nonagricultural goods for commercial use than any earlier civilization. Two of these goods stand out: porcelain and silk. Under the Song, China went through __________________, a phase that precedes and enables full industrialization later.

Mansa Musa

In the 14th century, Sundiata's grand nephew, ______ ________, brought more fame to the region. However, he was better known for his religious leadership than for his political or economic acumen. A devout Muslim, he began a pilgrimage in 1324 to Mecca. Mali's prosperity allowed him to take an extravagant caravan with 100 camels, thousands of slaves and soldiers, and gold to distribute to all of the people who hosted him along his journey. Upon his return, he established religious schools in Timbuktu, built mosques in Muslim trading cities, and sponsored those who wanted to continue their religious traditional beliefs. His reign strengthened Islam. After his death, Mali started to decline, however.

Kievan Rus

In the early 900s, under the Viking ruler Oleg, a settlement on the Dnieper River became the Principality of Kiev, also called ________ ___. It was a collection of city-states. They could govern themselves as long as they paid tribute to the grand prince of Kiev.

Oleg

In the early 900s, under the Viking ruler ____, a settlement on the Dnieper River became the Principality of Kiev.

Bedouins

In the sixth century, the ___________ were well established in the Arabian Peninsula. Their culture was mostly nomadic, tribal, and polytheistic.

People of the Book

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all are monotheistic faiths that honored Abraham and other prophets. Because of these similarities, Muslims showed great respect to these other _______ __ ____ ______.

Corpus Iuris Civilis

Justinian's collection of laws was called the _________ __________ __________ (Body of Civil Law), although it is referred to as the Justinian code. The code remained a foundation of legal knowledge in Europe until the nineteenth century.

iconoclasm

Leo III's greatest impact was on religion. He instituted a controversial policy of _____________, the practice of opposing the veneration of religious images and icons.

Griots

Literature, as it existed in Sub-Saharan Africa, was oral. __________, or storytellers, were the conduits of history for a community. _________ possessed encyclopedic knowledge of family lineages and the lives and deeds of great leaders. They were also adept with music, singing their stories and accompanying themselves on instruments. They were both venerated and feared as they held power of language and story. It was said they could sing your success or downfall. They preserved a people's history and passed that history on from generation to generation. It is said that when a ______ dies, a library is burned.

Sundiata

Mali's founding ruler, _____________, became the subject of legend. His father had ruled over a small society in West Africa in what today is Guinea. When his father died, rival groups invaded, killing most of the royal family and capturing the throne. They did not bother to kill _________ because the young prince was crippled and didn't pose a threat. In spite of his injury, he learned to fight and became so feared as a warrior that his enemies forced him into exile. His time in exile only strengthened him and his allies. In 1235, ___________, "the Lion Prince," returned to the kingdom of his birth, defeated his enemies, and reclaimed the throne for himself. He was also an astute and capable ruler, cultivating a thriving gold trade in Mali. Most scholars believe he is a Muslim.

Camels

Merchants from Southwest Asia traveled across the Sahara on _______. Native to Arabia, they began to appear in North Africa in the third century B.C.E. They are accustomed to the harsh climate of the Arabian desert. They can consume a large quantity of water at one time (over 50 gallons in three minutes) and don't need more water for a long period of time.

Theme system

Most of the agricultural labor was done by peasants, most of them not free. The government's ________ ____________ offered peasants their freedom if they agreed to join the imperial military service.

Female infanticide

Muhammad forbade _______ ________________, the killing of newborn girls.

Dowries

Muhammad raised the status of women in several ways. He treated his wives with love and devotion. He insisted that _________, the price a prospective husband paid to secure a bride, be paid to the future wife rather than to her father.

Medina

Muhammad's teachings led to conflict with Mecca's leaders. Due to persecution Muhammad and his followers fled the city in 622 and escaped to ________.

Quran

Muhammad, over the course of many years, experienced revelations were later collected by those who had heard his message is the _______ ("recitation").

Hijab

Muslim women often covered their heads and faces. This practice solidified under Islam, with most women observing ______, a term that can refer either to the practice of dressing modestly or to a specific type of covering.

Bananas

One of the most important crops for the Bantu-speakers came long after the migration had begun. Between 300 and 500 B.C.E., Indonesian seafarers traveling across the Indian Ocean introduced _________. This nutrition-rich food led to a spike in population and allowed them to migrate to places where yams did not easily grow.

Scholar gentry

One problem of the Song was that Song Taizu and other emperors asked some bureaucrats to be responsible for military affairs. Government officials, who were together known as the _________ ___________, had studied in-depth the teachings of Confucius and the Chinese classics, but they were not experts in military tactics and strategy. Their lack of expertise left Chinese armies more vulnerable to nomadic incursions.

Tributary system

One reason the Chinese saw their country as the Middle Kingdom was because China was the center of a ____________ _______, an arrangement in which other states had to pay money or provide goods to honor the Chinese emperor. For example, the Silla Kingdom in Korea was not part of China, but it had to pay a large tribute to the emperor. The _____________ _____________ cemented China's economic and political power over several foreign countries and stimulated trade for all parties involved.

Mamluks

Originating from Egypt, the __________ were a Turkic group that had formerly been military slaves. They took control of Egypt and established an empire across North Africa.

Byzantine Empire

Previously the Eastern Roman Empire, it became wealthier and more important than the western half.

Basil II

Ruling from 976 to 1025, ________ ___ resumed the successful expansion of the Byzantine Empire started by Justinian four centuries earlier. He also conquered some territory in eastern Asia Minor.

Alhambra

The Umayyads in Spain had Islamic architecture. Impressive building such as the palaces and fortresses of the _____________ (13th century), built outside of present-day Grenada.

Shiites

Supporters of Ali became the Shia group, or the _________. They consider Ali the first caliph.

Kowtow

Tang emperors expected representatives from tributary states to perform a ritual _______, a requirement in which anyone greeting the Chinese emperor must bow his or her head until it reached the floor. This was to acknowledge China's superior status.

Normans

The ______________ from Northern France clashed with Byzantine forces in the Mediterranean. They took control of Sicily and southern Italy from the Byzantines in 1071.

Córdoba

The Umayyads had more success in the west. In 711, after Muslim forces defeated Byzantine armies across North Africa, they successfully invaded Spain from the south, and made ______________ their capital.

Malaria

The Bantu-speakers brought their infectious and parasitic diseases with them as they moved. ________ was common in West Africa, where the Bantu-speakers had some immunity, but the people they met in the forests did not.

Vikings

The East Slavs made contact with people of Northern Europe known as ____________ around 800. They expanded from their homeland in Scandinavia west into England south into Western Europe, and east into Slavic territory. They moved south and east along rivers, including Europe's fourth longest river, the Dnieper, flowing from Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine, to the Black Sea.

Swahili

The Indian Ocean trade created thriving city-states, sometimes known as the ____________ city-states. __________, which literally means "coasters," referred to the inhabitants of bustling commercial centers, such as Kilwa, Mombasa, and Zanzibar. ___________ is also a Bantu language melded with Arabic vocabulary. Today, it is spoken by various groups in the African Great Lakes region as well as other parts of Southeast Africa.

Battle of Tours

The Islamic military was turned back in 732 when it lost the ____________ ___ _______ against Frankish forces. This defeat, rare for Islamic armies during the 700s, marked the limit of rapid Islamic expansion into Western Europe.

The Rubaiyat

The Persian Omar Khayyam, author of ______ ___________, created works well known throughout the world today.

Omar Khayyam

The Persian __________ ____________, author of The Rubaiyat, created works well known throughout the world today.

Yuan Dynasty

The Southern Song Dynasty survived until 1279, when the nomadic Mongol Empire vanquished the government and established the _____ ___________. In the years leading up to the Mongol conquest of China, the Song Empire had paying tribute to the Mongol nomads as a way to starve off conquest. However, it was not enough to save China from Mongol domination.

Middle Kingdom

The Tang Dynasty dominated its neighbors. The Chinese viewed their country as the __________ ___________, a society around which the whole world revolved.

Dhows

The Umayyad leaders in Spain promoted trade. Many of the goods traveled aboard ships called _______. These ships, first developed in India or China, had long, thin hulls that made them excellent for carrying goods, though less useful for warfare.

Song Dynasty

The _____ ______ began in 960 and lasted until 1279. Because nomadic pastoralists from Manchuria invaded its lands, captured the northern part, and set up their own empire (the Jin, with a capital in Beijing), the _____ came to rule a smaller region than the Tang had. Nevertheless, China under the ________ ____________ was quite prosperous, and the arts flourished.

Seljuk Turks

The ________ ___________were Muslims. They originated from Central Asia. They seized parts of the Middle East, including Baghdad itself. Their leader took the title sultan.

Slavs

The ___________ originally populated the steppes to the northeast of the Black Sea. At first, they lived a hunter-forager lifestyle.

Hegira

The ____________ is Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina.

Hippodrome

The ____________, a large stadium like the Coliseum in Rome, was a popular gathering spot. There were many chariot races here.

Great Zimbabwe

The capital city of Zimbabwe, _______ ________, was surrounded by a 15 feet thick stone wall that was 30 feet tall.

Schism

The controversy over Leo III's iconoclastic policy, disagreement over the authority of the Church, and disagreement over what city was the central city of Christendom. In 1054, a _______, or separation, split the Christian Church.

Five Pillars

The core set of obligations of Islam is: 1. Believing in one god - Allah 2. Praying five times daily 3. Giving alms to the poor. 4. Fasting during the month of Ramadan 5. Making a pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime.

Muhammad

The fastest growing major religion in the world today, Islam, is rooted in one god Allah, as taught by several prophets. The last of these prophets was __________ (570 - 632 C.E.), who lived in the desert lands of the Arabian Peninsula.

Boyars

The grand prince of Kiev was elected by a council of ________, or nobles. They also served as a war council, and had to be Viking military leaders.

Timbuktu

The great cities of ____________ and Gao accumulated the most wealth and developed into centers of Islamic life in the region. _________ in particular became a world-renowned center of Islamic learning. By the 1500s, books created and sold in __________ brought prices higher than most other goods.

Grand Canal

The greatest accomplishment of the Sui Dynasty was the ______ _______. This ambitious public works project involved thousands of conscripted peasants working for many years. The idea behind this project was to provide a means of transporting rice and other crops from the food-rich Yangtze River valley in the south to populous northern China and the center of government to Luoyang. At the southern end of the _________ ________ was the city of Hangzhou, which expanded greatly during the Sui Dynasty because of the trade.

Jihad

The most controversial principle of Islam today is the concept of _______, or struggle to strive in the way of Allah and to improve both oneself and society. Many Muslims see this as an inner struggle, but some saw it as a requirement to go to war to preserve and extend Islam.

Tang Dynasty

The short Sui Dynasty prepared the way for a longer, more influential ______ ___________ (618-907 C.E.). During this period, China enjoyed relative prosperity and stability. Rulers extended the territory of the Chinese Empire. At its height, the __________ ___________ extended west to Central Asia, north to Manchuria, and south into modern-day Vietnam.

Ethiopia

The spread of Islam weakened Christianity's influence in Axum, which is in modern-day ________. From the twelfth through the sixteenth centuries, ________ was a virtual island of Christianity. Because of its isolation from the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Church, Ethiopian Christianity developed independently.

Sunnis

The supporters of Abu Bakr became the ________. They consider the first four successors the "Rightly Guided Caliphs." Today, about 85-90 percent of Muslims are _______.

Dar al-Islam

The term ____ ___-______ refers to all of Islamic culture, including the Shia and Sunni.

Justinian I (Justinian the Great)

This emperor oversaw a revitalization of Constantinople. He expanded the Hagia Sophia, made the Corpus Iuris Civilis, and expanded the territory. His general defeated the Sassanids, establishing the eastern border, and conquered parts of North Africa, southern Spain, Sicily, and Italy. However, the expansion bankrupted the empire.

Flying cash

To manage the increasing trade, China developed new financial systems. Because copper coins became too unwieldy to transport for everyday transactions, the government developed a system of credit known as ______ ____. This allowed a merchant to deposit paper money under his name in one location and withdraw the same amount at another location. The system of _________ ________ became the model for the banks of the modern era.

Hagia Sophia

Under Justinian, a Christian church called the __________ ____________ ("Holy Wisdom") was expanded, and its large dome became a focal point of the city's architecture. It later became a mosque, and today is a museum.

Champa rice

Under the Tang Dynasty, fast-ripening rice (AKA ________ ____) added to Chinese agricultural surpluses. This grain is native to northern Vietnam, which came under the control of China during the Tang Dynasty. Fast-ripening rice allowed peasants in the warmer agricultural region of southern China to grow two crops a year.

Battle of Kleidion

Under the rule of Basil II, Byzantine forces defeated the Bulgars at the __________ __ _________ in 1014 in the Balkans.

Heraclius

Unlike previous Byzantine emperors, ________________ spoke Greek and not Latin. During his reign, the attention of the empire was largely focused on toward the east and resisting numerous invasions from Islamic forces in the Near East and Sassanid forces in Asia Minor. While he never attained complete victory over the invaders, he did manage to greatly reduce the power and influence of the Sassanids in Southwest Asia.

Russkaya Pravda

Vladimir's son, Yaroslav the Wise, promoted education and codified the legal system _______ ___________. ("Russian Justice")

Yaroslav I (Yaroslav the Wise)

Vladimir's son, ____________ _ promoted education and codified the legal system Russkaya Pravda.

Bantu

When the _____-speakers started to migrate from West Africa (modern-day Nigeria and Cameroon) around 3000 B.C.E., they brought an agricultural economy with them. Because of the success with their crops, they produced a surplus and the population increased, leading to more migration.

Mali

____ emerged in West Africa after the fall of Ghana. Its government profited from the gold trade, but it also taxed nearly all other trade entering West Africa; and, therefore, became even more prosperous than Ghana had been.

Viziers

_________ (prime ministers) would communicate the will of the ruler to the people - the ruler himself was often seated behind a screen.

Ali bin Muhammad

___ ___ __________, along with the 15,000 slaves he organized, captured the city of city of Basra, in modern-day Iraq, and established a splinter government.