Parts of speech

_________ _______: expresses either physical or mental activity Physical- speak, sleep, carry, throw Mental- think, imagine, dream, know

action verb

____________: to modify means to describe or make more definite. Adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by telling what kind (Asian country/ happy child), which one (this book/ last straw), how many (two students/ both answers *several and many), or how much (more money or one cup) An adjective that modifies the subject may appear in the predicate- called predicate adjective The hikers felt tired and hungry (Tired and hungary were the hikers)

adjective

_______________: modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb Tells where, when, how, or to what extent (how much, how often, how long). Most commonly used to modify verbs, and verb phrases Teresa spoke __eloquently__ (how) Have you heard this melody __before__? (when) He is __quite__ creative (what extent)

adverb

_________: most frequent adjectives as a, an, and the ______________: A and an, refer to any member of a general group. A is used before words beginning with a consonant sound, an is used before words beginning with a vowel sound Felipe added a tomato and an avocado to the salad ___________: The, refers to a specific person, place, thing, or idea We spent the hour discussing the revolution that began in 1792 in Haiti Adjective: Several ducks had green heads Pronoun: Several had dark green heads

articles, indefinite, definite

2) _____: existing or happening in the past Expresses an action or a state of being that occurred in the past and did not continued into the present Past- I __stayed__ at the library until closing time Past progressive- I __was researching__ the life and times of Timothy Thomas Fortune, an early civil rights advocate in the 1800s. Past emphatic- My research __did provide__ me with enough information for the my paper on Fortune . Singular- I gave, you gave, he/she/it gave Plural- we gave, you gave, they gave Progressive form- was, were giving Emphatic form- The explorers suffered many hardships, yet they did finally reach their destination She did not say what they thought she had said I lived You lived He/she/it lived We lived You lived They lived

Past

_______________________: joins words or word groups ___________________: joins words or word groups that are used in the same way for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (Fan Boys) _________________: are pairs of conjunctions that join words or word groups that are used in the same way Both....and, either... or, weather.. Or, not....only, neither.... nor _________________: begins a subordinate clauses and connects it to an independent clause After, although, as, as if, since, until, when, that, though, 2) I gasped __when__ I saw the headline 3) __When__ I saw the headline, I gasped

conjunction, coordinating, correlative, subordinating

Only present and past form: ____________ __________: shows emphasis, consists of do and does plus the base form of the verb present- do, does past- did Present emphatic- I _do_ not _intend_ to give up on our team Although the grass is green, the front lawn _does need_ watering Past emphatic- The explorers suffered many hardships, yet they _did_ finally _reach_ their destination She _did_ not _say_ what they thought she has said

emphatic form

___________ __________: existing or happening before a specific time in the future Expresses an action or a state of being that will end before some other action or state of being. The future perfect tense is formed with the helping verb ________ _______ or __________ __________ an the ________ ___________ of a verb By the time the bus arrives, we will have waited for an hour (future perfect- the waiting occur before the arrival of the bus) By then, we will have been waiting for two hours (future perfect progressive- the waiting will occur before the time indicated by then) Singular- I will (shall) have given, you will (shall) have given, he/she/it will (shall) have given Plural- we will (shall) have given, you will (shall) have given, they will (shall) have given Progressive form- will (shall) have been giving He _will have given_ (will have (shall) + past participle) I will (shall) have ridden You will (shall) have ridden He/she/it will (shall) have ridden We will (shall) have ridden You will (shall) have ridden They will (shall) have ridden

future perfect, will have, shall have, past participle

3)________: existing or happening in the future Expresses an action or state of being that will occur The future tense is formed with the helping verb ______ or ______ and _______ form of the verb I will attend the Writer's Workshop at the University of Iowa in the fall (future) I will be attending the Writer's Workshop at the University of Iowa in the fall (future progressive Future action or state of being may also be expressed by using - a present tense of be with going to and the base form of a verb Example: My aunt and uncle are going to visit the Philippines next year -a present tense of be with about to and the base form of a verb Example: Mr. Camos is about to open the time capsule in front of the whole school -A present tense of a verb with a word or word group that expresses future time Example: Finals begin next Monday Singular- I will (shall) give, you will (shall) give, he/she.it will (shall) give Plural- we will (shall) give, you will (shal) give, they will (shall) give Progressive form- will (shall) be giving I will strike You will (shall) strike He/she/it will (shall) strike We will (shall) strike You will (shall) strike They will (shall) strike

future, will, shall, base

________________: expresses emotion, has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence Ah, oh, well, whew, yahoo, ow, wow Often set off from the rest of the sentence by exclamation point or one or more commas

interjection

Lie and Lay _______: "to rest" "to recline" or "to be in certain place. Does not take a direct object. base: lie Present Participle: (is) lying Past: lay Past Participle: (have) lain ________: "to put (somehting) in a place." genreally takes a direct object base: lay Present Participle: (is) laying Past: laid Past Participle: (have) laid

lie, lay

_________ : is a person, a place, a thing, or an idea Examples: person: carpenter, tourists, (names) Places: cities, theaters Things: merry-go-round, bricks, birds Ideas: justice, creativity, self-control, opinions, Buddhism

nouns

__________ ___________: existing or happening before a specific time in the past Expresses action or state of being that ended before some other past action or state of being. Past perfect tense is formed with the helping verb ______ and the ___________ ________ of a verb I finally remembered where I had seen a copy of Rufino Tamayo's mural Nature and the Artist (past perfect- The seeing occurred before the remembering) I had been looking through dozens of old magazines before I finally remembered to check the latest issue of Smithsonian (past perfect progressive the looking occurred before the remembering) You _had given_ (had/have + past partciple) I had written You have written He/she/it has written We had written You had written They had written

past perfect, had, past participle

Types of Pronouns: _______________: First person: refers to one(s) speaking -I, Me, my, mine (singular) -We, us, our, ours (plural) Second person: the one(spoken to -You, your, yours (singular/ plural) Third person: the one(s) being spoken about -He, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its (singular) -They, them, their, theirs (plural) ___________________: my, your, his, her, its, our, their (come before nouns, tell which one or whose) _________________________: points out a noun or another pronoun This, that, these, those (that may be the only reasonable solution) _____________: introduced an adjective clause That, which, who, whose, whom The college __that__ I choose is in Texas The woman __who__ chairs the The birds, ___which__ usually have flown south by this time of year were __________: refers to the subject of a verb and functions as a complement or as the object of a preposition Herself, himself, themselves, yourself (2nd) Mary excused herself from the table (herself is direct object of excused) They took extra biscuits for themselves (themselves is the object of the preposition for) ___________: emphasizes its antecedent- a noun or another pronoun The final speech was given by Maya Angelou herself (herself emphasizes the object, Maya Angelou, but has no grammatical function in the sentence) Joseph Vasquez himself wrote the script (himself emphasizes the subject but has no grammatical function in sentence) _________________: introduces a question (?) Who, whom, whose, which , what What is the Whose is the To Whom should I _____________: refers to a person, place, thing, or an idea that may or may not be specifically named. The pronoun may not have a specific antecedent _All_ the members have voted (all refers to members) Does _everyone_ favor a weekly meeting The fallen tree provided homes for several of the creatures of the woods (several refers to creatures)

personal, possessive, demonstrative, relative, reflexive, intensive, interrogative, indefinite

______________: shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun, called the object of the preposition, to another word I swam (to) the raft I swam (from) the raft I swam (around) the raft I swam (past) the raft I swam (under) the raft

preposition

____________ ______________: existing or happening sometime before now; may be continuing now Expresses an action or state of being that occurred at some indefinite time in the past. The present perfect tense formed with the helping verb ______ or ______ and the ________ __________ of a verb I have written to the governor, but I have not received a reply (persent perfect) Who has been playing my cassettes? (Present perfect progressive) Is also used to express an action or state of being that begins with past and that continues into the present: Over one thousand United States communities __have joined__ the International Sister City program (present perfect) The program had been pairing cities in the USA with cities in other nations since 1956 (present perfect progressive) Singular- I have given, you have given, he/she/it has given Plural- we have given, you have given, he/she/it have given Progressive form- has, been, have been giving You _have given_ (has/have + past participle) I have spoken You have spoken He/she/it has spoken We have spoken You have spoken They have spoken

present perfect, have, has, past participle

________: a existing or happening now Expressed an action or state of being that is occurring now at the present time >Show a ________ or habitual action or state of being After school I __wash__ the breakfast dishes and start supper >State a _________ _________: something that is always true In the Northern Hemisphere the summer solstice __occurs__ when the sun is at it northernmost position each year >So summarize a plot or subject matter of literary work (_______ __________) Countee Cullen __uses__ traditional verse forms epigram and the sonnet to explore African aMerican themes. >To make historical event seem current (___________ ___________) In 1520 Ferdinand Magellan __rounds__ the southern tip of South America and __names__ the ocean that lies before him the Pacific Ocean >To express _________ ________ The movie that __opens__ tomorrow __runs__ through next week Singular- I give, you give, he/she/it gives, Plural- we give, you give, they give Progressive form- am, is, are, giving Emphatic form- I _do_ not _intend_ to give up on your team Although the grass is green, the front yard does need watering. Deborah, Ashley, and Brendan __wait__ patiently for the bus (present) Deborah, Ashley, and Brendan __are waiting__ patiently for the bus (present progressive) Deborah, Ashley, and Brendan __do wait__ patiently for the bus (present emphatic) I talk You talk He/she/it talk We talk You talk They talk

present, customary, general truth, literary present, historical present., future time

The tense has an additional form called a _____________ ___________: which expresses continuing action or state of being. In each tense the progressive form consists of appropriate tense of be plus the present participle of a verb consists of tense of be plus the present participle of a verb -ing present progressive- am, is, are -ing (has, have) past progressive- was, were, -ing future progressive- will (shall) be -ing present perfect progressive- has been, have been-ing past perfect progressive- had been -ing future perfect progressive- will (shall) have been -ing

progressive form

___________: takes the place of one or more nouns or pronouns A word/ group of words that a pronoun stands for is called the ______________ of the pronoun -they, it, them, he (noun hiking and camping are antecedent of pronoun they- Jay enjoy hiking and camping; in fact, they are his two favorite pastimes.)

pronouns, antecedent

Types of Nouns: __________: names a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Is capitalized. Queen Isabella, Egypt, French Revolution, Fourth of July, Hebrew ____________: names any one of a group of persons, places, things, or ideas. Is not capitalized (except when it begins a sentence of part of a title). Women, nation, event, holiday, language ______________: names a person, place, or thing that can be perceived by one or more of the sense (sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell) Sneeze, star, gravel, cinnamon, jack=o'-lantern, Beijing, Leaning Tower of Pizza, Sammy Sosa ___________: names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic Peace, civilization, honor, courage, citizenship, Victorianism, Manifest Density ______________: consists of two or more words that together name a person, place, a thing, or an idea. The parts of a compound noun may be written as one word, as separate words, or as hyphenated word Stairway, bookcase, toenail, Newfoundland Lieutenant governor, ceiling fan, blue jay, Golden Gate Bridge Sister-in-law, stick-in-the-mud ___________: a singular form of a collective noun names a group Example: Jury, and, family, class, flock, committee

proper, common, concrete, abstract, compound, collective

rise and raise _______: "to go up" or "to get up." Does not take a direct object base: rise Present Participle: (is) rising Past: rose Past Participle: (have) rose ________: "to life up" or "to cause (something) to rise." Generally takes a direct object base: raise Present Participle: (is) raising Past: raised Past Participle: (have) raised http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/rise-raise.html

rise, raise

Sit and Set ______: "to be seated, upright position." or "to be in a place." Seldom takes a direct object base: sit Present Participle: (is) sitting Past: sat Past Participle: (have) sat _____: "to put (something) in a place." Generally takes a direct object. base: set Present Participle: (is) setting Past: set Past Participle: (have) set

sit, set

_______ of a verb indicates the time of the action or of the state of being expressed by the verb Listing all the forms of a verb according to tense is called conjugating a verb

tense

regular verbs- ed or d at end of base form irregular- sang----> have sung bind-----> bound base form: lend Past: lent Past Participle: (have) lent

tenses

__________: expresses action or state of being Main verbs and one of more helping verb: (auxiliary verb) make up verb phrase 1) Daniel __has played__ (has- helping, played- main verb 2) Lynn __should have been working__ (should, have, been- helping, working- main) _______________: am, are, be, is, been, being, was, were, had, has, have, do, does, did, can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would (can be separate for main) Modal: is helping verb joined to main verb express attitude such as necessity or possibility (must, may) __________ ___________: connects the subject to a word or word group that identifies the subject, such a word or word group is called subject complement 1) Wovoka _was_ an influential Paiute prophet (subject complement prophet identified with subject Wovoka) 2) Marcy _looks_ serious 3) Computer _were_ once so large that they could fill a room "____" Verb: am, is, are, was, were, being Not always used as linking verbs, tell where or when are generally to complete meaning of verb form ___________ __________: has an object- a word or word group that tells who or what receives the action of the verb The rain __lashes__ the window We __closed__ and _bolted_ the shutters ____________ _____________: does not have an object The rain __fell__ My cousin __arrived__ yesterday

verb, helping, linking verb, be, transitive verb, intransitive verb