CAP Chp 5 & 6

The components of reflection of feelings

(1) a sentence stem, (2) the feeling word, (3) some context, (4) present tense, (5) a checkout, and (6) positive strengths. Beginning with the client's name is helpful, and present tense, here-and-now reflections are often more powerful than a review of past emotions

A(n) _____ is a type of encourager that uses short statements exactly as used by the client. restatement imitation mimic reprise

(A) A restatement is a type of extended encourager in which the counselor or interviewer repeats short statements of two or more words exactly as used by the client.

Active listening skills ________________. all of these facilitate better relationship-building skills demonstrate empathy facilitate organization of chaotic stories

(ALL) Active listening skills do all of these things. Active listening is an important part of interviewing and can help achieve positive change in our clients. See Refining: Executive Functioning, Microaggresions, Diversity Issues

All your clients like to be listened to accurately. If your client is culturally different from you, it may be more difficult for the client to trust you to hear him or her correctly. Which of the following would NOT be helpful to establish the necessary trust? Enjoying yourself at cultural celebrations in the community in which you work Focusing on the client's problem right away to avoid awkward intercultural miscommunication Learning the political/power structure of the client's community

(B) North American and European counseling theory and style generally expect the client to get to the problem right away, but this approach is not universally appreciated. See Refining: Executive Functioning, Microaggresions, Diversity Issues

Active listening is best described as a communication _____. event process impediment outcome

(B) Active listening is a communication process that requires intentional participation, decision making, and responding.

difference between paraphrasing and reflection

Both paraphrasing and reflection of feelings feed back to clients what they have been experiencing. A paraphrase focuses on the verbal content of what the client says; reflection of feelings centers on both verbal and nonverbal emotional underpinnings.

Language-based thought processes underlying all thinking activities are called _____. routines schema networks cognitions

Cognitions may be defined as language-based thought processes underlying all thinking activities, such as analyzing, imaging, remembering, judging, and problem solving.

Theories of counseling and psychotherapy like dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) _____. focus on changing cognitions to achieve human change are effective solely because of the relationship between client and counselor are based on the assumption of the primacy of unconscious processes focus on behavior and largely ignore cognitions

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT), and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) are three examples of cognitive theories of counseling and psychotherapy that focus on changing cognitions to achieve human change.

If you use an encourager correctly, you may anticipate that the client will _______________. elaborate on the topic that has been encouraged stop talking about the topic and move on to something more important indicate that he or she appreciates what you are doing accurately paraphrase what you have said back to you

Encouraging causes clients to elaborate on a topic, particularly when encouragers are used in a questioning tone of voice. See Defining Active Listening

_____ is to anxiety, phobias, and an avoidant personality style as _____ is to impulsive and destructive behaviors. Sadness; fear Fear; sadness Fear; anger Anger; sadness

Fear is related to anxiety, phobias, and an avoidant personality style. Anger all too often leads to impulsive behavior that is destructive of self and others. It appears in spousal abuse, those who bully, oppositional defiant children and teens, and sociopathic behavior.

Choose the FALSE statement regarding positive and negative emotions. Identifying positive feelings helps balance the focus on negative emotion. Do not minimize difficult emotions by too quickly focusing on the positive. Positive emotions make everything OK for client's negative issues. A wellness assessment provides positive emotions to draw on when needed.

Finding positive emotions to focus on does not "make everything okay" for clients with negative issues. See Refining: Observation and Reflection of Feelings

Reflection of feelings is to _____ as paraphrasing and summarizing is to _____. brain; behavior internal experiences; external experiences the past; the present feelings; cognitions

Reflection of feelings involves observing emotions, naming them, and repeating them back to the client. Paraphrasing and summarizing are more cognitively oriented, focusing primarily on words and concepts.

When the interviewer reflects feeling, he or she can anticipate the clients will _______________________. talk in more depth about their feelings correct the interviewer's reflection with a more accurate descriptor all of these experience their emotional state more f

Reflection of feelings involves observing emotions, naming them, and repeating them back to the client. Reflecting feelings can cause clients to experience their emotional state more fully, talk more in depth about their feelings, and correct the interviewer when necessary. See Defining Reflection of Feelings

In dealing with clients from different cultures, the counselor should remember that _____ will vary from culture to culture. physical experience of emotions the specific primary emotions standards for appropriate emotional regulation the relevant brain centers

Regardless of multicultural background and experience, all clients have limbic systems and emotions. They breathe and experience varying heart rates. Their standards of what is appropriate emotional regulation, however, will vary.

Paraphrasing

Shorten or clarify the essence of what has just been said, but be sure to use the client's main words when you paraphrase. Paraphrases are often fed back to the client in a questioning tone of voice. "Have I heard you correctly?" Paraphrasing covers more of what the client has just said, usually several sentences. Paraphrasing continues to feed back key words and phrases, but catches and distills the essence of what the client has said. Paraphrasing clarifies a confusing client story. The goal of paraphrasing is to facilitate client exploration and clarify issues. - A sentence stem sometimes using the client's name. Names help personalize the session. Examples: "Damaris, I hear you saying ...," "Luciano, sounds like ...," "Looks like the situation is...." - The key words used by the client to describe the situation or person. Include main ideas and exact words that come from clients. This aspect of the paraphrase is sometimes confused with the encouraging restatement. A restatement, however, covers a very limited amount of client talk and is almost entirely in the client's own words. - The essence of what the client has said in briefer and clearer form. Identify, clarify, and feed back the client's sometimes confused or lengthy talk into succinct and meaningful statements. The counselor has the difficult task of staying true to the client's ideas but not repeating them exactly. - A checkout for accuracy. Here you ask the client for feedback on whether the paraphrase (or other skill) was correct and useful. Facilitate exploration and clarification of client issues - choose a sentence stem - use other's key words and main ideas - briefly state essence of other's talk - check for accuracy

Lydia is a counselor who seeks to maintain a positive outlook and to focus on strengths. In meetings with clients, she consciously tries to maintain a focus on positive emotions and strengths. For example, when a client tells her of a particularly difficult or traumatic childhood, Lydia may say "but look at how strong that made you." This may have the unintended effect of _____. improving the rapport between the client and counselor helping the client learn to deal effectively with negative emotions minimizing the client's traumatic experiences "rewiring" the client's brain to focus solely on positives

Some interviewers and counselors are so afraid of negative emotions that they never allow their clients to express what they really feel. Do not minimize difficult emotions by too quickly focusing on the positive.

In _____ feelings, the counselor states the feeling briefly and then moves on with the conversation. reflecting acknowledging discerning labeling

Sometimes a simple, brief recognition of feelings can be as helpful as a full reflection. In acknowledging feelings, you state the feeling briefly ("You seem to be sad about that," "It makes you happy") and move on with the rest of the conversation.

Acknowledging feelings ______________________________________________. is another term for reflection of feeling is not a good idea because it doesn't go deep enough is used mainly with adults rather than children is a brief recognition of feeling before moving on with the client's story

When acknowledging feelings, you state the feeling briefly and then move on with the rest of the conversation. See Defining Reflection of Feelings

When an interviewer uses a(n) _____, it is anticipated that clients will elaborate on the topic, particularly if the interviewer used a questioning tone of voice. checkout paraphrase summary encourager

When an encourager is used, clients elaborate on the topic, particularly when encouragers are used in a questioning tone of voice.

Active listening _____. is difficult to learn - you either have the skills naturally or you don't helps erase "bad" memories from the hypothalamus facilitates the development of new neural networks helps clients understand how easy it is to solve their problems

When we attend to clients and use the active listening skills, we facilitate executive functioning and the development of new neural networks that become part of long-term memory in the hippocampus.

acknowledgement of feelings

is a brief acknowledgment of feeling that is just as helpful as a full reflection of feeling. In acknowledging feelings, you state the feeling briefly ("You seem to be sad about that," "It makes you happy") and move on with the rest of the conversation.

restatement

is type of extended encourager in which the counselor or interviewer repeats short statements of two or more words exactly as used by the client.

Eduardo's client is struggling to make sense of his story and today's session seems particularly fragmented. He has jumped from topic to topic and even he seems puzzled. If Eduardo uses a well-constructed _____, he can anticipate that it will help the client make sense of his life and help focus the discussion. paraphrase summary encourager checkout

(B) The summary helps clients make sense of their lives and will facilitate a more centered and focused discussion. Secondarily, the summary also provides a more coherent transition from one topic to the next or a way to begin and end a full session.

All of these statements about the connection between active listening in counseling sessions and the client's brain are true EXCEPT: Active listening helps develop new neural networks. Active listening improves emotional regulation. Active listening helps develop and change instincts rather than cognitions. Active listening improves executive functioning.

(C) Active listening helps develop and change cognitions, which are language-based thought processes underlying all thinking activities, such as analyzing, remembering, judging, and problem solving. See Refining: Executive Functioning, Microaggresions, and Diversity Issues

At the most basic level, reflection of feelings involves the following set of verbal responses:

1. Sentence stem. Choose a sentence stem such as "I hear you are feeling ...," "Sounds like you feel ...," "I sense you are feeling. ..." Unfortunately, these sentence stems have been used so often they can sound like comical stereotypes. As you practice, you will want to vary sentence stems and sometimes omit them completely. Using the client's name and the pronoun you help soften and personalize the sentence stem. 2. Feeling label. Add an emotional word or feeling label to the stem ("Angelica, you seem to feel sad about ...," "Looks like you're happy," "Sounds like you're discouraged today; you look like you feel really down"). For mixed feelings, more than one emotional word may be used ("Miguel, you appear both glad and sad ..."). Note that if you use the term "you feel ..." too often that you may sound repetitious. 3. Context or brief paraphrase. You may add a brief paraphrase to broaden the reflection of feelings. The words about, when, and because are only three of many that add context to a reflection of feelings ("Angelica, you seem to feel angry about all the things that have happened in the past two weeks"; "Miguel, you seem to be excited and glad when you think about moving out and going to college, but also sad as you won't be with your friends and parents"). 4. Tense and immediacy. Reflections in the present tense ("Right now, you look very angry") tend to be more useful than those in the past ("You felt angry when ..."). Some clients have difficulty with the present tense and talking in the "here and now." "There and then" review of past feelings can be helpful and may feel safer for the client. 5. Checkout. Check to see whether your reflection of feelings is accurate. This is especially helpful if the feeling is unspoken ("You really feel angry and frustrated today—am I hearing you correctly?"). 6. Bring out positive strengths and emotional stories to counter the negatives and difficulties. If you only focus on fearful, angry, sad emotions, you may find yourself reinforcing negative cognitions as well as negative emotions. If you employ positive psychology and bring out strengths close to the time you discuss serious concerns and issues, you will find that you have helped clients strengthen their abili

Dominique is a cisgender woman and finds herself working with Clarke, who is nonbinary (neither exclusively masculine nor feminine). How should she address this difference? She should address the difference early in the interview. She shouldn't as the difference is irrelevant. She should address it when closing the interview. She shouldn't unless the client brings it up.

A general recommendation for working cross-culturally is to discuss differences early in the interview. For example, "I'm a cisgender woman and you've told me you are nonbinary. We may need to discuss whether this is an issue for you. And if I miss something, please let me know."

A(n) _________ includes four elements: a sentence stem, key words, the essence of what the client has said, and a checkout. summary restatement encourager paraphrase

A paraphrase involves all four of these elements. Paraphrasing helps the client understand that they have been heard. See Discerning the Basic Techniques and Strategies of Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing

A client says, "I got so angry." In response, the counselor says, "You got angry." This counselor is using a ________ to get the client to continue talking about this subject. summary reflection restatement paraphrase

A restatement is a type of extended encourager in which the counselor repeats short statements of two or more words exactly as used by the client. See Discerning the Basic Techniques and Strategies of Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing

Summarizing encompasses a longer period of conversation and is often used to ________________. define your agenda for the counseling session encourage the client to change the subject begin or end an interview give the client professional advice

A summary essentially puts together and organizes client conversation. Summaries are often used to begin an interview (by summarizing what the client said in the previous session) or end an interview (by summarizing what the client said in the current session). See Discerning the Basic Techniques and Strategies of Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing

Which statement about active listening is true? All of these are correct. Active listening is crucial to understand our clients' stories. Active listening is very easy to do. Most people practice active listening most of the time.

Active listening is central in facilitating our brain's executive functioning and is fundamental in our lives in general. It is also a very important part of interviewing because it leads to client understanding and synthesis, which provides clients with a clearer picture of their own stories. See Defining Active Listening.

Counselors that have a _____ orientation often consider eliciting and reflecting feelings the central skill and strategy of interviewing. cognitive behavioral humanistic psychoanalytic phenomenological

Because human change and development are rooted in emotional experience, reflection of feelings is used in all theories of counseling and therapy. Humanistic counselors often consider eliciting and reflecting feelings the central skill and strategy of interviewing.

The first step in eliciting and reflecting feelings is to recognize key emotional words expressed by the client. Which of the following is NOT an emotional word? Considerate Angry Joyful Excited

Being considerate is a personality trait, not an emotion. Angry, excited, and joyful are emotions. Counselors can help clients identify their emotions, an important first step in emotional regulation. See Discerning: The Basic Techniques and Strategies of Observing and Reflecting

Olivia, a social worker, is interviewing a seven-year-old child who was physically and sexually assaulted. At present, the identity of the attacker is unknown, but the child's parents believe it was a neighbor, a reclusive elderly man who is generally regarded as strange. Which question that Olivia might ask is MOST likely to result in the formation of a false memory, should the attacker be someone other than the neighbor? Do you know the person who hurt you? How did the old neighbor man hurt you? How much do you remember about what happened? Can you tell me what happened?

By assuming that the elderly neighbor was the attacker, the question "How did the old neighbor man hurt you" is a leading question. In questioning children on touchy issues, be especially careful of leading questions, which can easily lead to inaccurate understanding of situations. Furthermore, leading questions have been known to encourage development of false memories in both children and adults.

Crystal has just finished a lengthy and almost breathless account of a recent argument she had at work. She has a history of dramatic arguments both at work and elsewhere, but this one seems particularly upsetting to her and somewhat confusing, at least as retold, to the interviewer. If Crista's counselor wants to give her a chance to pause and reflect on what she has said what will the counselor use? Encourager Checkout Summary Paraphrase

Checkouts give the client an opportunity to pause and reflect on what they have to said and to correct the interviewer if the interviewer has missed or distorted something.

Children respond best if the counselor seeks to _____. understand the world as they do recognize that they understand very little remain aloof and unemotional establish firm rules and boundaries

Children generally respond best if you seek to understand the world as they do. Smiling, warmth, and the active listening skills are essential. Frequently paraphrase or restate what they have said, using their important words.

Which one of the following is a key interviewer behavior when working with children? Asking leading questions when necessary to get the story out Teaching the children vocabulary for emotional intelligence rather than repeating their own words back to them Allowing children to play with clay or draw during the interview Preventing topic jumps as the child tells his or her story

Children often need to do something with their hands to expend excess energy, so counselors can allow them to play with sand or clay, draw, or play a board game during the interview. See Observing Listening Skills and Children

Which of these emotions is NOT a social emotion? Disgust Pride Embarrassment Guilt

Embarrassment, guilt, and pride are social emotions. Disgust is one of the six primary emotions. Helping clients identify their emotions is an important first step in helping them enact positive changes in their lives. See Discerning: The Basic Techniques and Strategies of Observing and Reflecting Feelings

The first and clearest sign of emotion is often expressed _____. cognitively inauthentically nonverbally verbally

Emotion is expressed both verbally and nonverbally but nonverbals are often the first and clearest sign of emotion.

Emotional regulation involves _____. using cognitive centers to control emotional centers merging emotional and cognitive functioning relentless suppression of emotion actively ignoring emotional responses

Emotional regulation, a key goal or role of our executive functions, involves using the cognitive portions of the brain to control the more immediate and reactive emotional centers. This is one of the long-term goals of counseling.

Encouraging

Encourage with short responses that help the client keep talking. These responses may be verbal (repeating key words and short statements) or nonverbal (head nods and smiling). Encouragers are verbal and nonverbal expressions the counselor or therapist can use to prompt clients to continue talking. Encouragers are minimal verbal utterances ("ummm" and "uh-huh"), head nods, open-handed gestures, and positive facial expressions that encourage the client to keep talking. Silence, accompanied by appropriate nonverbal communication, can be another type of encourager. Facial expression and vocal tone are the nonverbal components of encouraging. - head nods and positive facial expressions - open gestures - minimal verbals ---"umm" or "uh huh" - repeat key words from last statement - silence with appropriate nonverbal behavior

Active listening key components

Encourage: gestures, phrases, repetition Paraphrase: shorten, clarify, and feedback other's comments Summarize: Clarify and feedback lengthy and complex discussions

Reflection of feelings

Identify the client's key emotions and feed them back to clarify affective experience. With some clients, a brief acknowledgment of feelings may be more appropriate. Reflection of feelings is often combined with paraphrasing and summarizing. Include a search for positive feelings and strengths. ANTICIPATED CLIENT RESPONSE Clients will experience and understand their emotional state more fully and talk in more depth about feelings. They may correct the interviewer's reflection with a more accurate descriptor. In addition, client understanding of underlying feelings and emotions leads to emotional regulation with clearer cognitive understanding and behavioral action. Critical to lasting change is a more positive emotional outlook. The cognitive and emotional will often be integrated in counselor leads and statements; the critical distinction is how much one emphasizes cognitive content (paraphrase) or emotion (reflection of feelings).

To effectively reflect a client's emotional experiences, the counselor must _____ his or her own emotions. learn to ignore become submerged in actively suppress maintain access to

If the counselor is to observe clients' emotional experience and reflect their feelings, it is vital that the counselor maintain access to his or her own emotions.

The six primary emotions stem from _____. introversion and extraversion selfishness and selflessness approach and avoidance normal and abnormal reactions

Important recent sociobiological research reveals that the six primary emotions come from two basic dimensions of evolutionary and human survival - approach and avoidance.

Which skill involves attending to both verbal and nonverbal communication over a period of time and restates the client's communication as accurately as possible? The check-out The paraphrase The encourager The summary

In summarizing, the interviewer attends to verbal and nonverbal comments from the client over a period of time and selectively attends to key concepts and dimensions, restating them for the client as accurately as possible.

Luke, a new social worker, is particularly uncomfortable with issues related to child abuse. As a result, his clients _____. talk about child abuse with particular intensity help him deal with his feelings avoid talking about child abuse feel freed from their personal histories of abuse

Luke's comfort level with his own emotional expression will affect how clients face their feelings. If Luke isn't comfortable with a particular emotion or topic, his clients will likely avoid it, resulting in their handling the issue less effectively.

Which of the following is NOT an encourager? Well-phrased open questions Head nods Smiles Single-word repetitions

Open questions are important in interviewing but are not considered as encouragers. Encouragers are verbal and nonverbal expressions that can prompt clients to continue talking without asking a new question. See Discerning the Basic Techniques and Strategies of Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing

There is a distinctive difference between paraphrasing and reflection of feeling. Paraphrase focuses on_________________ and reflection of feeling is concerned with ____________________. observations; emotion content; observations emotion; content content; emotion

Paraphrasing is more cognitively oriented, focusing primarily on words and concepts; reflection of feeling focuses primarily on emotions. See Defining Reflection of Feelings

Research suggests that positive emotions produce patterns of thought that are ___________________________. all of these creative open to new information flexible

Positive emotions produce patterns of thought that are flexible, creative, and open to new information. See Refining: Observation and Reflection of Feelings

Summarizing

Summarize client comments and integrate thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Summarizing is similar to paraphrasing but used over a longer time span. uses client comments and integrates thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Summarizing is similar to paraphrasing but used over a longer time span. It typically, but not always, includes a summary of emotions as well. In summarizing, the interviewer attends to verbal and nonverbal comments from the client over a period of time and selectively attends to key concepts and dimensions, restating them for the client as accurately as possible. A checkout at the end for accuracy is a key part of summarizing - over a period of time - attend to verbal and nonverbal client comments - selectively attend to key concepts - check for accuracy at the end

According to your text, active listening skills can be seen as refinements of _____. formal assessment protocols interrogation methods attending behavior normal questioning

The active listening skills can be seen as specific refinements of attending behavior.

Which dimension of the paraphrase is intended to clarify the client's sometimes confused or lengthy talk into succinct and meaningful statements? The checkout The essence of what the client has said The sentence stem The key words

The essence of what the client has said identifies, clarifies, and feeds back the client's sometimes confused or lengthy talk into succinct and meaningful statements. The counselor has the difficult task of staying true to the client's ideas but not repeating them exactly.

The first task in reflecting feelings is _____. awareness and observation of emotions a checkout for accuracy constructing a sentence stem clearly labeling the emotions

The first task in reflecting feelings, of course, is constant awareness and observation of emotions and feelings as clients show them explicitly through words in their conversation and nonverbally through their patterns of eye contact, facial expression, and body language.

The primary location of positive emotions is the _____. left prefrontal cortex limbic system ventricular system corpus callosum

The left prefrontal cortex is the primary location of positive emotional experience (e.g., glad/happy) and is also where our executive decision-making functions lie.

The emotions of sad, mad, and fear are primarily located in the _____. corpus callosum left prefrontal cortex ventricular system limbic system

The so-called negative emotions of sad, mad, and fear are primarily located in the limbic system.

Which skill supports the brain's executive functioning by organizing client conversations? The checkout The paraphrase The encourager The summary

The summary essentially puts together and organizes client conversation, thus supporting the brain's executive functioning.

Which of the following represents a potential limitation of reflection of feeling? Timing is particularly important with reflection of feeling. All of these are true. Not all clients will appreciate your comments on their feelings. Empathic reflection can have a confrontational quality.

There are some limitations of reflections of feelings: some clients will not like comments about their feelings, empathetic reflection can have a confrontational quality, and the timing of a reflection of feeling can be tricky. See Refining: Observation and Reflection of Feelings

When the client says, "Since my mother was diagnosed with cancer, I've been really worried and concerned. She just doesn't look as well as she did before; she needs a lot more rest." Which of the following interviewer responses is a reflection of feeling? Your mother has cancer, and she needs more rest. Your mother looks well, but she needs more rest. You seem really worried and concerned about your mother. Uh huh, tell me more.

This statement focuses on the client's emotions, so it is a reflection of feeling. See Observing Reflection of Feelings in Action

primary emotions

are those that have been validated throughout the world in all cultures: sad, mad, glad, scared, disgust, and surprise.

Research shows that positive emotions...

broaden the scope of people's visual attention, expand their repertoires for action, and increase their capacities to cope in a crisis. Research also suggests that positive emotions produce patterns of thought that are flexible, creative, integrative, and open to information (Gergen & Gergen, 2005). Sad, mad, glad, scared is one way to organize the language of emotion. But perhaps we need more attention to glad words, such as pleased, happy, love, contented, together, excited, delighted, pleasured, and the like.