AP World History Period 1, AP World History Period 2, Period 3 - AP World History, AP World History Period 4: Global Interactions (c. 1450 to c. 1750), AP World History Period 5, AP World History Period 6

Alexander the Great

Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.

Gupta Empire

An empire of India (320-550 C.E.).

bhakti movement

An immensely popular development in Hinduism, advocating intense devotion toward a particular deity.

trade expanded throughout this period from __ to __ and ___, with civilizations exchanging goods, cultural ideas, and technology.

from local to regional and transregional

Technological innovations led to ____

improvements in agricultural production, trade, and transportation

Early civilizations developed ____ and ____

monumental architecture urban planning

Name the advantages of agriculture

more reliable and abundant food

Shang

1st Chinese dynasty

City-state

A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king

Cuneiform

A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets

first urban societies developed ____ years ago or around _____.

5000 years ago 3000 BC

Aristotle

A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.

Bhagavad Gita

A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.

hoplite

A heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a hoplite panoply and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.

Yellow Turban Rebellion

A major Chinese peasant revolt that began in 184 C.E. and helped cause the fall of the Han dynasty.

Mauryan Empire

A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.

Persian Empire

A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.

Ban Zhao

A major female Confucian author of Han dynasty China (45-116 C.E.) whose works give insight into the implication of Confucian thinking for women.

Pastoralism

A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies

Athenian democracy

A radical form of direct democracy in which much of the free male population of Athens had the franchise and officeholders were chosen by lot.

Qin Dynasty

A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.

Potter's wheel

A technological advance in pottery making; invented circa 6000 B.C.E.; encouraged faster and higher-quality ceramic pottery products

Big Geography

A term that draws attention to the global nature of world history.

Kush

African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries

had to work cooperatively to clear land and create water control systems needed for crop rotation.

Agricultural communities

Solon

Athenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.

Battle of Marathon

Athenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E.

Eglitarian

Believing in the equality of all peoples

name 2 examples of trade expansion

Between Egypt and Nubia Between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley

Nomads

Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies

name one mode of new transportation by the pastoralists

Chariots Horseback riding

the first legal code was ______, developed by _____

Code of Hammurabi Hammurabi

Culture

Combination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction

Han dynasty

Dynasty that ruled China from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E., creating a durable state based on Shihuangdi's state-building achievement.

Catal Huyuk

Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification

Patriarchy

Father based

Hieroglyphs

Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform

Cyrus (the Great)

Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.

Bronze Age

From 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing

Path of migration for humans during Paleolithic era

From Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas

Neolithic Revolution

Global conversion to agriculture over hunter-gatherer lifestyles

Darius I

Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.

Peloponnesian War

Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.

Herodotus

Greek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.

Olympic Games

Greek religious festival and athletic competition in honor of Zeus; founded in 776B.C.E. and celebrated every four years.

Wudi

Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.

Angra Mainyu

In Zoroastrianism, the evil god, engaged in a cosmic struggle with Ahura Mazda.

Ahura Mazda

In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.

Aryans

Indo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization

Aryans

Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.

Mesopotamia

Literally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys

Qin Shihuangdi

Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.

Harappa and Mohenjo Daro

Major urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern

Ziggurats

Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections

Hunting and Gathering

Means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization

identify 6 core foundational civilizations

Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys Egypt in the Nile River Valley Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley Olmecs in Mesoamerica Chavin in Andean South America

Pyramids

Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs

_____ developed in this period continued to have strong influences in later periods

New religious beliefs

Xiongnu

Nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state.

Agrarian revolution

Occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture

_____ and _____ developed, giving elite men concentrated power over most of the other people in their societies.

Patriarchy Forced labor systems

Sumerians

People who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states

Ideographic writing

Pictograph characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing

Plebians

Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.

name 5 improvements in agricultural production, trade, and transportation

Pottery Plows Woven Textiles Metallurgy

Phoenicians

Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean

Oracles

Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing

Huanghe (Yellow) River Basin

Site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China

Civilization

Societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups

Persepolis

The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.

Pax Romana

The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.

Brahman

The "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.

Neolithic

The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished

Paleolithic

The Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of evolving stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence

Monotheism

The exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization

Caesar Augustus

The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).

Atman

The human soul, which in classic Hindu belief seeks union with Brahman.

Mandate of Heaven

The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.

Ashoka

The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.

Hammurabi

The most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law

Hellenistic era

The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.

Paleolithic

The period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.

Brahmins

The priestly caste of India.

Homo sapiens

The species of humanity that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic

Pharaoh

The term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs

Ionia

The territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire.

____ was also a reflection of culture

literature

Punic Wars

Three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.

Greco-Persian Wars

Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.

Babylonian Empire

Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.

Patricians

Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.

During the Paleolithic era, fire was used in new ways including ___ (list 3)

aid hunting and foraging protect against predators adapt to cold environments

Elites, both political and religious, promoted ____ and ____

arts artisanship

Permanent agricultural villages emerged first in the lands of the eastern Mediterranean, possibly as a response to what?

climatic change

name the disadvantages of agriculture

disease, malnutrition, crop reliance, etc.

civilization

large societies with cities with powerful states

Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of of ____ and ___ that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations

new weapons modes of transportation

____ arose independently arose independently in all early civilization and subsequently were diffused

systems of record keeping

name 3 new religious beliefs

the Vedic religion Hebrew monotheism Zoroastrianism

Humans developed a wider range of ____ specially adapted to different environments from tropics to tundra

tools