AP World History Period 3

Song Dynasty

960-1279 CE. -Invention of the Compass -Paper money developed -Development of culture including printing, poetry and calligraphy

Bubonic Plague (Black Death)

A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by fleas and rodents to humans. Humans in late stages of illness can spread the plague by coughing. High mortality rate and difficult to contain. Was disastrous to many civilizations. Most likely originated in China and spread of over expansive trade routes like the Silk Road. Reached Europe in 1347 CE.

Calicut

A city of southwest India on the Malabar Coast southwest of Bangalore. Major trading site in Indian Ocean trade routes. Important trade city in the Delhi Sultanate. It was the site of Vasco da Gama's first landfall in India (1498) and was later occupied by Portuguese, British, French, and Danish trading colonies.

Swahili cities

-Spoke Swahili language -Swahili culture was influenced by the Bantu people as well as Arab Merchants -Swahili cuisine has influences from Indian and Arabic cultures. -Widely practiced Islam -Swahili culture was intensely urban and dominated by a strict class structure -Swahili cities were politically independent from each other -Coastal cities include the following sites: Kilwa, Malindi, Gedi, Pate, Comoros and Zanzibar -The coastal cities had a major influence on Indian Ocean trade, and contributed to the spread of Islam -Exported salt, slaves, ebony, gold, ivory, and sandalwood

Yuan Dynasty

1279-1368 CE. -Mongols from Northwest attack China -emperors presided over a magnificent court, described by Marco Polo

Sui Dynasty

589-618 CE. -Improved China's governing body by simplifying and organizing it -Emphasis on intellectual merit over social class -Improvements in infrastructure and defense: 1. Transportation network developed including an extension of the Grand Canal 2. Sections of the Great Wall built -Gunpowder invented -Spread and encouraged Buddhism -China is reunited by powerful leaders

Guild

A group of people who shared the same profession. Guilds were replaced by Unions during the Industrial Revolution.

Neoconfucianism

A moral, ethical, and metaphysical Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism, and originated in the Tang Dynasty (772-841), and became prominent during the Song and Ming dynasties. Very influential in cultural and politics stressing rationality and morality. Neoconfucianism spread to Korea Japan because of the under the influence of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China.

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, warring nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 CE., they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, conquered lands spanning from western to eastern Eurasia. Mongol empire ended in 1368 CE.

Tributary System

A system in which, during the Han Dynasty, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China. Established trade system.

Terrace Farming

A terrace is a piece of sloped plane that has been cut into a series of receding flat surfaces (look like steps). Terraces were used to farm on hilly and mountainous terrain, areas with generally shallow soil. Terraces increased the efficiency of farming, and allowed for increased irrigation. Terrace farming was first developed by cultures in the South-Central Andes region before 1000 CE., and then was adopted by Mesoamerican civilizations including the Incas and Mayans.

Waru Waru

Agricultural techniques developed by South American peoples in the Andes region, dating back around 300 BCE. Combined raised beds with irrigation channels to prevent damage by soil erosion during floods. The technique ensured both the collecting of water and drainage. The drainage aspect makes it particularly useful in many areas at risk of brutal floods, in the areas it emerged.

Dehli Sultanates

An Islamic state on the outside of the Caliphate system. The kingdom was established by Mahmud's successors to spread Islam in India. Came into contact with the Mongols, Tamerlane, Mughals.

Venice

An Italian city that by 1000 CE emerged as a major center of Mediterranean trade. Rise of merchant power in Venice during the Crusades.

Caliphates

An area containing an Islamic leader known as a caliph, an individual considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, and a religious and political leader of the entire Muslim community.

Credit

An arrangement to receive cash, goods, or services now and pay for them in the future.

Hanseatic League

An economic and defensive alliance of free towns in northern Germany, founded in about 1241 CE. and most powerful in the fourteenth century.

Commercialism

An emphasis on maximizing profit, the attitude of profit at the expense of quality.

Cahokia

Ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center with Mesoamerica, peaking in 1200 CE, began to decline 13th century CE. City was filled with mounds, which were cultural burial sites.

Arabian Peninsula

Arabian Peninsula consists of the present countries Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, and parts of Jordan and Iraq. Holy lands like Mecca are located in the Arabian Peninsula. Islam was founded and is prominent in the region. Arabian Peninsula civilizations were major trading powers over the Silk Road and Indian Ocean Trade routes.

Aztec Civilization

Aztec Empire was founded in 1428 CE. Aztec power was based on and tribute. Aztecs followed a polytheistic religion, frequently practicing sacrifice. Aztecs controlled extensive trade network. The triple alliance increased size and power of the Aztec Empire. Adopted Chinampa field systems for agriculture. Hierarchy 1. emperor = absolute power; treated like gods 2. Nobles owned vast estates: religious and military leaders pochteca = specialized merchants 3. commoners 4. slaves= captives Aztec Empire began to decline with city-state rebellions against tribute and the arrival of Hernan Cortes and the Spanish.

Mayan Civilization

Began in the Yucatan peninsula. Mayans invented a system of writing, built pyramids, and made developments in astrology, and the calendar. Mayans planted on raised beds, and used terrace farming, producing large enough amounts of food for trade. Mayans practiced a polytheistic religion including gods of good and evil. Culture sometimes included sacrifices. The Mayan Empire was divided into city states linked through alliance and trade Kingdoms built dynasties, and kings regarded as holy figures.

Inca Civilization

Began near the Andes Mountains in South America. Incan Empire was founded in 1438 CE with it's capital at Cuzco. Had a highly organized bureaucratic government. Incan religion was polytheistic. The sun god was most important, various temples devoted to him. Incas practiced mummification. Incas developed terrace farming, increasing the agricultural production. Incas used a system of record keeping called Quipu. Pachacuti - Incan king who rapidly expands territory in 1438 through conquest and diplomacy Incan decline began with too much money being put into religious activity Spanish led by Francisco Pizarro conquered and destroyed much of Incan Empire.

Prophet Mohammad

Born in Mecca, current day Saudi Arabia in 570 CE. Mohammad was an Arab merchant, but was visited by Archangel Gabriel in 610 CE., as he experienced his first revelation. He went on to found the religion of Islam, he began his teachings in Mecca. Mohammad was said to be the one true prophet, translating the direct word of God, what was later recorded in the Quran. Mohammad died in 632 CE., leaving his advisor, Abu Bakr to succeed him in leading of Islam.

Peasant Revolts

China - Rebellion by northern tribes dissatisfied with Mongol rule, followed by famine and floods in the south, prompted the messianic Red Turban Society to launch a rebellion, which helped pave the way for the fall of the Yuan Dynasty in 1368 CE. Byzantine Empire - Revolt after higher taxes and more grain production was demanded by nobles.

Horse Collar

Came into use in Europe during the 1200s CE. Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders. Its adoption favored the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles.

Camels

Camels (dromedary) were first domesticated in the Arabian peninsula around 4,000 years ago. The Persian invasion of Egypt under Cambyses in 526 BCE. introduced the domestication of camel into the North Africa area. Camels were then used for transportation and were used widely in caravans over trade routes, specifically the Trans-Saharan trade routes.

Hangzhou

Capital of later Song dynasty, located near East China Sea, prominence in overseas trading. a trade city in China that was eventually connected to the Silk Roads by the Grand Canal during the Song Dynasty: imported products, such as champa rice, from South East Asian societies. Population exceeded 1 million. Was besieged and captured by the Mongol armies of Kublai Khan in 1276 CE.

Global Warming 800-1300

Cause: After the Little Ice Age in Europe the earth's temperatures rose. Effect: The population in Europe increases and outstrips resources bringing more war, disease, and famine.

Return of Greek science and philosophy to Western Europe via Muslim al-Andalus in Iberia

Cause: increased cross-cultural interactions and trade between western europe and asia and islamic empires diffused technology and ideas into western europe. Definition: After the Muslim conquest of Spain in 711 CE, technology and ideas diffused into the Iberian peninsula. These ideas reinvigorated the study of Greek Science and Philosophy into western Europe. Effect: These ideas were synchronized into western European culture and technology.

Influence of Greek and Indian mathematics on Muslim scholars

Cause: the need for a more widely accepted mathematical principles - The Islamic scholars influenced the greek and indian scholars by trade routes Effect: sync of accepted mathematical ideas and new mathematical developments

Major Exports/ Luxury goods

China- Silk, Jade, Silver, Timber, Porcelain India- Spices, Exotic fruits Africa- Gold, Iron, Diamonds, Textiles, Ivory, Pottery, Exotic animals, Slaves

Spread of Christianity

Christianity began to spread rapidly in the Roman Empire, under Emperor Constantine's rule (272 CE) with the end Christian persecution. In 396 CE, Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire. This effectively secured Christianity the major religion of Europe for centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire. In the 3rd period, Christianity spread under Emperor Charlemagne's rule and foundation of the Holy Roman Empire. Christianity also grew as the power and influence of the Pope and Church grew immensely. Followers of Christianity were illiterate, and Priests were uneducated, could not read or understand Latin which the Bible was written in. In 1054 CE, The Great Schism split the Roman Catholic (Western Europe) and Eastern Greek Orthodox (Byzantine Empire) Church. However, the Christians were reunited in 1095 under the 1st Crusade, and the Christians took control of the Holy Lands, which they lost soon after to the Muslims in 1144 CE.

Baghdad

City founded by the Caliph Al-Mansur in 762 CE., Became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad in 1055 CE. Baghdad was destroyed by the Mongols in 1258 CE

Byzantine Empire

Eastern Roman Empire, continuation of the Roman Empire after it's fall. -Capital was Constantinople -First and most powerful Byzantine Emperor was Justinian, who reconquered much of the old Roman empire. That land was lost in 576 CE. when Justinian died. -Government was an Imperial Bureaucracy: A group of appointed officials, lead by an administrator (similar to the Roman Empire). -1054 Great Schism occurred between the Byzantine Empire and the Latin West, the Byzantines then practiced Eastern Orthodox (Christianity). -May 29, 1453, Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks, the Byzantine Empire ends.

Tang Dynasty

Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907 CE. -Height of Silk Road Trade -Golden age in art and learning -The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an. -Disorder in China after the Tang Dynasty

Banking

European banks developed during the Middle Ages to aid trade. Along with innovations such as bills of exchange, or bank drafts, and credit, the rise of banking houses supported the development of interregional trade of luxury goods. They provided security for the wealth a merchant as well as a simplification for payment to others in the form of credit

Footbinding

Foot binding was the custom of applying tight binding to the feet of young girls to modify the shape of the foot. The practice possibly originated among upper class court dancers during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in 10th century China, then became popular among the elite during the Song dynasty and eventually spread to all social classes by the Qing dynasty. Foot binding became popular as a means of displaying status and was correspondingly adopted as a symbol of beauty in Chinese culture. Foot binding limited the mobility of women, and was painful. The prevalence and practice of foot binding varied in different parts of the country. Feet altered by binding were called lotus feet. The Manchu Kangxi Emperor tried to ban foot binding in 1664 CE but failed.

Genghis Khan

Founder of the Mongol Empire. Used title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols. It means "oceanic" or universal leader. Created the Great Yasa, code of the Mongols. Great military leader.

Spread of Hinduism

Hinduism began in India around 1500 BCE when the Aryans migrated into India bringing their belief systems. Hinduism grew to be the most prominent religion in India. Unlike Muslims, Hindus did not spread their religion through imperialism and military conquests. Without military conquests, Hinduism wasn't able to spread far from India, because of the undesirable caste system that dominated Hinduism.

Ibn Battuta

Ibn Battuta was a Muslim Moroccan scholar who widely traveled the medieval world, lived 1304 - 1368 CE. Over a period of thirty years, Ibn Battuta visited most of the Islamic world and many non-Muslim lands . Near the end of his life, he dictated an account of his journeys. This account of his journeys provides a picture of medieval civilization that is still widely consulted today.

Polynesian

Included peoples of South-East Asia and Indonesia. Traded over the Indian Ocean routes with Indian, African and Chinese civilizations. Introduced bananas and other goods to India and Africa.

Arabic language

Includes the literary language and varieties of Arabic spoken in the wide span of territory from the Middle East to North Africa. The most important religious text of Islam, the Quran was written in Arabic. The spread of Arabic languages most prominently occurred during the 7th century, with the beginning and rise of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula. Arab culture was spread through conquest, intermarriage, and trade, especially with North Africa. The current official form of Arabic is called the Modern Standard Arabic, or Literary Arabic.

Compass

Invented during the Song dynasty in China, a navigation tool showing cardinal and secondary directions. First used by Chinese military during the Song dynasty.

Gunpowder

Invented during the Sui Dynasty in China. During the Tang Dynasty in 700 CE., gunpowder was first used in firework shows and displays. Later, in 900 CE., Chinese inventors realized gunpowder can be used as a powerful weapon. Gunpowder was first used in warfare as an incendiary/fire producing compound. Gunpowder wrapped in paper or bamboo was attached to arrows and lit with a fuse Song Dynasty military engineers found use of gunpowder in siege warfare, developing early types of rockets, cannons, bombs, and mines. Weapons involving gunpowder were extensively used by Chinese and Mongol forces during the 13th Century.

Japan

Kamakura Shogunate - A military dictatorship in Japan headed by the shoguns from 1185 CE to 1333 CE. During this time, Japan was a feudal society, including Samurai, Genin and Serf classes.

Umayyad

Large Islamic Empire in the Arabian Peninsula and reached into Africa and Spain. Arab Muslims were in a higher class than non-Arab Muslims, Jizya - tax on non- Muslims.

Marco Polo

Lived 1254-1324 CE. He is probably the most famous Westerner traveled on the Silk Road. He excelled other travelers due to his determination, his writing, and his influence. His journey through Asia lasted 24 years reaching further than any of his predecessors, beyond Mongolia to China. He became a confidant of Kublai Khan (1214-1294). Marco Polo traveled through the whole of China and returned to tell the tale.

Scandinavian Longships

Longships were a type of ship invented and used by the Norsemen (Vikings) for trade, commerce, exploration, and warfare during the Viking Age (800-1066 CE). They were made out of wood, with cloth sails and had numerous details and carvings on the hull. Ships were long and narrow, designed for speed and for the ability to navigate easily in shallow waters.

Paper Money

Paper Money is very convenient and cheap for governments to produce. With the development of printing techniques during the Song Dynasty in China, Paper Money began to be produced and used in China.

Incan Mit'a

Mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire. People had to work a certain number of days out of each year. The Spanish colonial government later adopted and modified the system, creating the encomienda system.

Communication networks

Mediterranean - Merchants and sailors used large ships with flat sails to travel the calm waters of the Mediterranean, allowing for a large volume of trade and communication. Mediterranean Sea trade declined with the fall of the Roman Empire, but cities like Constantinople and later Venice began to increase trade and therefore communication in the Mediterranean Sea. Andes Mountains - Inca Road system - "runners" traveled the roads as messengers. Working in a relay fashion, passing on messages to a fresh runner over certain distance intervals.

Chinampa field systems

Mesoamerican agriculture techniques between 1150 - 1350 CE. which used small, rectangular areas of fertile arable land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds in the Valley of Mexico. The Aztecs adopted this form of agriculture during their conquest of southern basin city-states in Mesoamerica who where already using Chinampa agriculture.

Tax Farming

Method of taxation used in the Middle East to extract maximum wealth from one's domain. Tax farmers made their profit by collecting the max amount and sending an agreed-upon smaller sum to the government. Effect- rural administration suffered; peasant debt rose resulting in social tension, causing rebellions.

Paper-making

Paper was invented in around 100 BCE. in China The first paper-making industry was founded under the Han Dynasty in China during 105 CE. Being cheap to produce and easy to write on, the use of paper quickly spread throughout China. By the 400s, paper was produced in India By the 600s, paper reached Japan and Korea In the 700s, the Abbasid Caliphate began to use paper Paper absorbed ink, making it difficult to erase making forgery harder which was beneficial to Silk Road Merchants By 800, Islamic manufacturers were making their own paper In 1250, paper-making technology reached Italy, and then was traded across Europe The Black Death wrecked flourishing paper trade in Egypt In 1338 French Monks began making their own paper

Horses on Steppes in Asia

Mongolian horses were selectively and strategically bred in the Steppes of Asia. Horses were a major part of Mongolian culture, conquest and history. Mongol horses were bred primarily for speed and strength. Mongol horses were small but with stocky builds. Mongol horses had great stamina, and hard, strong hooves requiring minimal care. Steppe horses were the tallest and fastest variety of Mongol horses. These Steppe horses were bred in the Khentii and Sükhbaatar Provinces which were widely considered to produce the fastest horses in the country.

Abbasid

Moved capital to Baghdad, golden age in math and technology, all Muslims equal.

Abbasid

Muslim dynasty that came after the Umayyads. Devoted their energy to trade, scholarship, and the arts. Ushered in an era of flourishing of the dar al-Islam.

Diasporic communities

Muslims - spread Islam through diasporic communities created in India through the Indian Ocean. Muslims in India adopted Hindu caste system, creating a sub-caste for Muslim Merchants in India. Muslim merchants married local women spreading their culture and establishing communities. Chinese - created communities and spread their culture and ideology (Daoism, Confucianism, Buddhism) into Japan. Chinese civilizations were some of the only areas to influence Japan because of Japan's relative isolation. Sogdian - merchants spread Buddhism throughout Central Asia. Sogdian alphabet spread and was adopted by the Turk Empire. Sogdian communities in China integrated with Chinese culture and society. Created communities along the Silk Road. Traded goods like silk, silver, and slaves. Jews - set up places of worship along the Silk Road. Judaism then influenced other monotheistic religions and cultures along the trade routes.

Spread of Islam

Muslims were "obliged" to extend their faith to nonbelievers. This was done both peacefully (trade) and violently (holy war). Islam spread through Muslim Merchants and Missionaries over Indian Ocean and Trans-Saharan trade routes. Islam also had a significant presence in the Mediterranean Sea and Silk Road trade routes. Muslims established an imperial system to secure, defend and spread their religion. Islamic expansion was repelled in South-Eastern Asia by the Tang Dynasty, and in Western Europe by Charles Martel during the Battle of Tours. Muslims lost control of the Holy Land to the Christians in the 1st Crusade, but regained the Holy Lands in 1144 CE, and maintained control for the rest of the 3rd period.

Indigenous

Natives to a particular place. Indigenous peoples often inherit and practice unique cultures relating to people and the environment.

Localism in the Byzantine Empire

Nearing the end of the Byzantines, the Empire was already declining under weak administration and increased localism across their lands. However, the Fourth Crusade dealt the final blow to the Byzantine Empire as Constantinople was sacked in 1204 CE, and later conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453 CE.

Inca Road System

Part of the Inca Empire in South America. Consisted of a network of roads connecting settlements and administrative centers. The Inca Road facilitated the movement of armies, people, and goods. Inca roads covered over 14,000 miles of terrain. Among the merchants and militaries traveling the Inca Road, "runners" traveled the roads as messengers. They worked in a relay fashion, passing on messages to a fresh runner over certain distance intervals, allowing information to spread very quickly across a large area.

Dar al-Islam

Religious conceptualization of the world as belonging either to Muslim or non-Muslim territory, exists within Islam. Allowed for expeditions from other countries to be facilitated, encouraging the spread of goods like cotton, sugar and citrus.

Melacca

Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 CE as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca.

Toltec/Mexica

Powerful empire in central Mexico from 900-1168 CE, influencing much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization.

Champa rice

Rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state. Increased yields of rice, population surpluses, etc.

Caravanserai

Roadside inns, especially on the Silk Road, where travelers can rest and recoup from a long day's journey. Provided accommodation for caravans facilitating trade and commerce.

Novgorod

Rurik the Rus found the city of Novgorod, an early Russian city, in 862 CE. At its peak during the 14th century, the city was the capital of the Novgorod Republic and one of Europe's largest cities.

Bantu migration

Series of migrations in Sub-Saharan Africa by Bantu-speaking peoples in approximately 1000 BCE- 500 CE. -Introduced agricultural techniques to South Africa- high yield crops -Introduced Iron Age technology to South Africa- iron casting and tools, to Southern Africa. -Had a great linguistic effect, the Bantu language was spread across Africa with many Indigenous populations adopting Bantu culture and technology.

Grand Canal

The 1,100-mile waterway linking the Yellow River to the Yangzi River. Construction began in the Han dynasty and completed during the Sui dynasty.

Peasant Revolts

The Morea revolt of 1453-1454 CE. was a failed peasant rebellion carried out against the rule of the brothers Thomas and Demetrios Palaiologos, rulers of the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea in the Peloponnese peninsula.

Rights of women and divorce in Islam

The Quran states that men and women are equal to God and instructs Muslims to educate daughters as well as sons -Women had the right to refuse a prospective husband -Women had rights if they are divorced by their husband -Women had the right to divorce in certain cases -Women had the right to own and inherit property

Tenochtitlan

The capital of the Aztec empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

Land Owning Elites

The feudal systems in Europe during the Middle Ages were based off of social classes and Land Owning Elites. The kings distributed lands to their lords. The land-owning lords would then make agreements to vassals, giving the vassals areas of land in exchange for their loyalty and military support. Serfs, peasants and slaves would then work for the lords and vassals (land-owners) on the land.

Diversification

The process of making or becoming more diverse or varied. The Mongol Empire promoted diversification, uniting people across a huge area of land, but allowing them to practice their own religions, traditions and customs.

Muslim Iberia

The time period of Muslim influence in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) started with Umayyad conquest in the 8th century. Muslim conquest further into Europe were stopped by Charles Martel and the Franks.

Paper Money

The use of paper money began in 1120 CE during the Song Dynasty in China, and this innovation led to easier exchange of goods rather than barter due to a standard of units, as well as far easier means of transportation and banking of the monetary possessions.

Minting of Coins

Used by states and governments to endorse a common currency, in the form of coins, by stamping them.

Turkic language

Turkic expansion during the early Middle Ages led to the spread and assimilation of Turkic languages. Turkic languages spread through Central Asia, and influence the vast region from Siberia to Europe, and along the Mediterranean.

Timbuktu

Was created during the 12th century. Is located in Africa, north of the Niger River. Became a major city of the Mali Empire during the 14th century. Timbuktu flourished from the trade in salt, gold, ivory and slaves over Trans-Saharan Trade Routes.

Astrolabe

Was invented in 200 BCE. Used by astronomers and navigators to measure the inclined position in the sky of a celestial body, day or night. It can thus be used to identify stars or planets to triangulate a position. Was useful on land and calm seas, less useful on rough seas.

Bananas

Were first domesticated in Southeast Asia in 5000 BCE, however they were not introduced to African civilizations until 400 BCE where cultivation prospered providing new nutritional sources and trade exports over the Indian Ocean trade routes.

Xuan Zang

Xuan Zang was born in 602 CE in Northern China, living under the Tang Dynasty. At age 20, he was fully ordained as a Buddhist Monk. Xuan Zang was well respected for his intelligence. He traveled a pilgrimage to India and West to read the original holy scriptures to gain a better grasp and understanding of Buddhism. Died 664 CE.

Bank Drafts

a check drawn by a bank on its own funds in another bank. Increased in use with the more bank houses in Europe and along trade routes.