AP World History Spodek Chapter 22 (India)
Gandhi emphasized two things when emerging as a political leader?
1) Peasant roots and 2) spiritual traditions
In what year did the the the British Secretary of State of India announced that the government in India would be an integral part of the British Empire?
1917
Life expectancy rose to what age from 1947 to 1985?
56
What was the establishment of a headquarters providing living and working quarters for Gandhi, his family, and Gandhi's closest allies called?
Ashram
In 1965, the Kashmir truce/boundary line came about according to the wishes of what group?
Citizens
What 4 factors affected women's work?
1) Displaced agriculture work when husbands left for cities; 2) caste-based jobs were hard to find; 3) mechanization; and 4) changed cropping patterns made their help unnecessary
The condition of poor women in rural areas deteriorated as a result of what two things?
1) Increase in prosperity caused by the new economic system and 2) increased urbanization
What are 2 reasons Britain relinquished its empire in India?
1) Loss of ideological commitment to maintain empire and 2) loss of economic (global depression) and military power (WWII) to hold India
Gandhi led what 3 nationwide satyagraha campaigns (include year(s))?
1) Non-cooperation campaign (1920-22); 2) Salt March (1930-32); and 3) Quit India (1942)
Most of India follow what two types of ancestry and marital residency systems?
1) Patrilineal and 2) Patrilocal
Even though India remained a dominant power in South Asia, two things made India a questionable world model?
1) Persistent poverty and 2) high illiteracy
What are two things that were done to avert fragmentation?
1) Princes were convinced to merge with India's new government and 2) the Congress was organized by linguistic regions
The 1955 Hindu Marriage Act did what two things to advance women's rights?
1) Raised the age of marriage for women to 15 and 2) assured Hindu women the right to divorce
What are the 5 methods of resistance advanced by Gandhi in South Africa?
1) Satyagraha; 2) Ahimsa; 3) Civil disobedience; 4) Ashram; and 5) publisher
Gandhi's concern for appropriate technology caused the Congress Party to adopt what things to reflect its opposition?
1) Spinning wheel as its emblem; 2) hand-spun, hand-woven cloth as its dress; and 3) production quotas required for membership
Birth rates in India fell by what percentage from 1947 to 1985?
11% (from 44% to 33%)
What year was the INC created?
1885
Fearing that India would be an all-Hindu nation, Muslims created the All-Indian Muslim League in what year?
1906
In what year did Sri Lanka/East Pakistan gain its independence from Britain?
1948
Gandhi's daughter Indira Gandhi was named prime minister in what year?
1966
In what year did Prime Minister Gandhi make India's President declare an "Emergency" where all of the opposition leaders were jailed, free speech was curtailed, and sterilization was forced upon its people?
1975
The "Emergency" was ended and elections restored in what year?
1977
In what year was Prime Minster assassinated by two Sikh members of her personal bodyguard?
1984
How many years did Gandhi remain in South Africa?
21
How many miles and how long was the Salt March?
240 miles and 27 days
According to the World Health Organization, what percentage of India's children are malnourished?
66%
What was non-violence in the face of attacks called?
Ahimsa
What was prohibited or restricted in India as a result of Gandhi's opposition?
Alcohol
In 1974 Prime Minister Gandhi order what for the first time?
Atomic bomb test
What Indian National Congress member led the call for Britain to immediately leave India in 1907?
Bal GangadharTilak
What language did East Pakistan primarily speak?
Bengali
Gandhi was educated in what country?
Britain
Where were the leaders of the INC educated?
Britain
In South Africa, the Indian community lived under severe restrictions where they could only legally marry if they were married by ___________________ clergy and had to have ___________ ______________ with them at all times.
Christian, ID cards
Which political party control India for the first 4 decades of independence?
Congress Party
The loss to China prompted India to spend more on its military. It increased its spending to how much by 1987?
$9.8 billion USD
Under the Government of India Act of 1919, powers in what 3 areas were transferred to local governments?
1) Agriculture; 2) public works; and 3) education
How did Gandhi mobilize India?
Cultivating personal and political alliances with major regional leaders
What was Prime Minister Gandhi's socialist motto that split the party in a bitter struggle?
Down with Poverty
True/False When Gandhi returned to India, he created the independence movement in India?
False
Who transformed the Indian National Congress into a political party?
Gandhi
Gandhi unified and reorganized what organization to make them due-paying members and standing executive committee?
Indian National Congress
Which two leaders of resistance movements adopted Gandhi's methods of resistance?
Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nelson Mandela
Even after Gandhi's attempt to establish a secular egalitarian government, which group still had concerns about Gandhi?
Muslims
In protest, the "untouchables" in India refused to call themselves children of God and instead called themselves what term that mean "oppressed people?"
Dalits
In preparing for the new constitution, Gandhi refused what demand of the dalits because he was concerned that the dalits would create a nation-within-a-nation?
Dalits could only vote for dalits
Except for two years, India has been operated as what type of government since its independence from Britain?
Democracy
What was one response to the economic changes suffered by women in India?
Development of micro-capitalism through local women's organizations
What was Sri Lanka was originally called after it gained independence?
East Pakistan
What was the time period from 1975-77 India was ruled as a dictatorship under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was called?
Emergency Rule
What did the Government of India Act of 1919 do?
Expanded Indian role in government by empowering provincial and central legislatures and created a dual government, as well as, created a dual government.
True/False Gandhi accepted the use of English in public life and in schools because he understood that learning English kept India more closely in touch with world developments.
False
True/False Gandhi was assassinated by a Muslim because he was anti-muslim in 1948?
False
True/False Increased industrial productivity created more jobs just as Gandhi has expected.
False
True/False Mao and Gandhi were both educated in the West.
False
Gandhi sought to abolish the law of untouchability and in doing so called the "untouchables" in India what term that means "children of God?"
Harijan
India's focus recently shifted to what industry?
High tech
In 1909, Gandhi published what book banned in India that championed India's own civilization, exhorted Indians to conquer their feelings of fear and inferiority, and attacked British hegemony?
Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule
What group fled Pakistan and relocated to India?
Hindus
What organization in India led the resistance to Britain?
Indian National Congress
How did the 1956 Hindu Succession Act advanced women's rights?
It gave daughters equal inheritance rights with sons
Why did India serve as a role model for the newly independent countries?
It was first major colony to gain independence
India and Pakistan exploded into warfare in 1947 and again in 1965 over what area?
Kashmir
In what profession was Gandhi educated?
Law
What caused India's international role to decline?
Loss to China in 1962
What took place in Punjab in 1919 that undermined British claims as legitimate rulers?
Massacre at Amritsar
In the 1950s, small groups of revolutionary guerrillas tried to replace democracy with what type of government?
Militant communism
What group organized against local employers and not the British was helped by Gandhi in 1919?
Millworkers in Ahmedabad
Pakistan emerged as a result of what group relocating from India?
Muslims
Prior to becoming prime minister, Mrs. Gandhi succeed what other famous Indian politician as Minister of Information and Broadcasting?
Nehru
Which Gandhi disciple split with Gandhi on the issue of technology and industrialization?
Nehru
What forced India to move towards a free-market/laissez-faire capitalist economy in 1991?
New International Monetary Fund regulations
What group of women did not obtain any rights with either the 1955 Hindu Marriage Act or the 1956 Hindu Succession Act?
Non-Hindu women
Which satyagraha boycotted British colonial schools, law courts, administrative positions, manufacturers, and imports?
Non-cooperation campaign
What skill did Gandhi possess that helped the independence movement get new leadership and direction?
Organizational
What were the resistance methods established by Gandhi labeled?
Passive resistance
What is the tracing of ancestry, kinship, and inheritance through the male line?
Patrilineal
What is a system where couples reside in or near the home of the male's family or group?
Patrilocal
Gandhi came to direct what type of local organizations such as Champaran in Bihar (1917), in Kheda (1917), in Bardoli (1922), and in Gujarat (1928)?
Peasant movements
Instead of being formed as a non-official, social service institution as envisioned by Gandhi, Congress members transformed it into what type of organization?
Political party
After experiencing personal and repeated persecution in South Africa, Gandhi began leading ________________?
Protests
Which satyagraha refused Indian political support to Britain's efforts in WWII unless India was granted independence?
Quit India
What did Gandhi experience for the first time when he represented an emigrant Indian business firm in South Africa?
Racism
Realpolitik and morality were factors in India's independence. What is realpolitik?
Reality and importance of everyday politics
What is the self-immolation by a widow at her husband's funeral?
Sati
What was the "truth force" that called for self-sacrificing non-violent mass demonstrations called?
Satyagraha
In order to promote Hindu-Muslim unity, Gandhi sought to create what type of government?
Secular egalitarian government with religious freedom
Because land control and redistribution was left to the states the process was considered what?
Slow
Which two groups in India opposed Gandhi and why?
Socialist thought he was too pro-business and Muslims thought he would not be inclusive
Pakistan and India fought in 1971 over what country's independence from Pakistan?
Sri Lanka
What were the voluntary boycott of imported goods and instead using indigenous products called?
Swadeshi
Opposition to Prime Minister Gandhi, after her reelection in 1980, was centered in what important Sikh shrine?
The Golden Temple in Amritsar
Why was she assassinated?
The Golden Temple was destroyed
Ecological questions and the increased disparities between the haves and nave-nots were problems that came about as a result of which revolution?
The Green Revolution
What spurred farm production after independence which allowed India to produce enough to feed its burgeoning population?
The Green Revolution
What spurred increase in dairy production and distribution, along with, the creation of dairy cooperatives?
The White Revolution
Instead of being forced to buy salt from the British monopolies, Ghandi protested this monopoly through disobedience by collecting salt from where?
The sea
How did Mao and Gandhi's experience with agrarian issue impact their policies?
They both were driven by improving the conditions of those that worked in agriculture
True/False Gandhi was not opposed to the caste system?
True
True/False Mao and Gandhi both facilitated increased women's rights in their new governments.
True
True/False Mao and Gandhi both mobilized the rural areas.
True
What was instituted as a result of women being integral to the struggle for independence?
Universal adult suffrage
What language did West Pakistan primarily speak?
Urdu