AP World History: Unit 4-Transoceanic Interconnections

People from Afro-Eurasia to the Americas

Europeans and Africans

Omanis

-Omanis practiced a different form of Islam called Ibadi -important for spice, ivory, and slave trade -ruled parts of East Africa and the Indian Ocean Basin -a key player in trade; rivals with the Europeans

Trading Post Empire

16th Century. Built initially by the Portuguese, these were used to control the trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there.

James II

A Catholic king who greatly angered Parliament nobles from being anti-protestant, and whose actions led to the Glorious Revolution.

Commercial Revolution

A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.

Smallpox

A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs; responsible for killing Native Americans that were brought to them through immune Native Americans.

Carrack

A large square and lateen ship used for trade by the Portuguese.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.It strengthened the power of Parliament, which passed a law forbidding Catholics to rule England. That revolution took place without much violence, but religious tensions continued in England and throughout much of the world.

Fronde

A series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation.

Fluyt

A shallow-draft ship of large capacity, which enabled Dutch transport of enormous quantities of cereals, timber, and iron for trade.

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. It allowed sailors to survive storms at sea.

Encomienda System

A system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa.

Omani-European Rivalry

A trade rivalry between the Omani of the Middle East and the European traders.

Lateen Sails

A triangular sail attached to a short mast that helped sailors navigate Indian Ocean winds.

Northwest Passage

A waterway through or around North America that would lead Europeans to East Asia and the precious trade and luxury goods.

Indentured Servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination.

Chattel Slavery

Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.

Asante

African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. A major participant in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain.

East India Company

An English company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia.

Mercantilism

An economic system that increased government control of the economy through high tariffs and the establishment of colonies.

Muslim- European Rivalry in the Indian Ocean

As there are many Muslim traders, the interaction between them and other peoples facilitates the spread of Islam aand there are Muslim trade kingdoms. Like the Omanis. They are fighting with the Europeans for greater control of Indian Ocean Trade. Some places imposed higher tariffs on non Arabs or Muslims.

Astronomical Charts

Astronomical discoveries helped construct an accurate calendar and helped navigate during travels. Basically, they were maps of the stars and galaxy.

Cultural Synthesis as a Result of the Triangular Trade:

Because of the interaction between different peoples and continents, culture was being spread from one part of the world to another. Especially from the Old World to the New because the Europeans wanted to spread their culture and religion.

France vs. Britain

Britain tried to form an alliance with the Iroquois people that had some conflict with France. However, the people saw Britain as a bigger threat than France. They signed a peace treaty with France. Britain was still able to drive France out of Canada.

Joint Stock Companies

Businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses.

China- Silk

Chinese silk has long been considered a lucury good. It has been traded along the Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade.

Swahili Arabs

Cities along the Swahili Coast were important for both gold and slave trading. The Omanis ruled on the Swahili Coast after driving out the Portuguese providing a heavy Arab influence.

Colonies

Claimed lands settled by immigrants from the home country.

Monopolies

Corporations that gain complete control of the production of a single good or service.

Audiencias

Courts appointed by the king who reviewed the administration of viceroys serving Spanish colonies in America.

Cash Crops

Crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit.

Henry Hudson

Discovered what today is known as the Hudson River. Sailed for the Dutch even though he was originally from England. He was looking for a northwest passage through North America. He failed.

British in India

East Indian Company expanded and utilized the conflict between Hindus and Muslims to their advantage. They created treaties with local rulers. With the help of sepoys, the British spread inwards. Eventually, the British intervened with India militarily and politically.

Maritime Empires

Empires based on sea travel.

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage.

Primogeniture Laws

English laws that only led eldest sons inherit land, leading younger sons to search for money via things like joint-stock companies.

Gloucester County Rebellion in USA

Enslaved Africans and white indentured servants conspired together to demand their freedom from the governor. Authorities found out about their plot, ambushed them, and arrested them.

Hacienda Systems

Farming area for the Penninsulares. It was an estate: mines, plantations, and business factories)

New France

French colony in North America that allowed very few people to stay. This was because, in order to be in good relations with the Natives, they were to not demand land or settle permanently like the Spanish or English.

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to part of Canada for France (1491-1557)

Dutch East India Company

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

Yemelyan Pugachev

He lead the Pugachev (Cossack) rebellion during Catherine II's rule, because the nobility were given power over the serfs in exchange for political loyalty. Peasants were left without ties to the state. The Pugachev Rebellion caused Catherine to increase her oppression of the peasants in return for the support of the nobles to help her avoid future revolts.

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India to avoid rivalry by other countries.

Vasco de Gama

He traveled further east than Diaz. Because of this, he was able to claim parts of Indian territory as part of the Portugal Empire. Portuguese ports in India helped expand Portugal's trade in the Indian Ocean and even further east.

Bartolomeau Diaz

He traveled on the southern tip of Africa and into waters he didn't know. However, at one point, he felt like if he continued pushing east there would be a rebellion, so he went back home.

Manila Galleons

Heavily armed, fast ships that brought luxury goods from China to Mexico and carried silver from Mexico to China.

Animals from Afro-Eurasia to the Americas

Horses, oxen, pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, mosquitoes, rats, and chicken.

India- Cotton

India was the largest source of cotton and textiles in the world at the time. They were abundant and relatively inexpensive. This made the British want to industrialize.

William of Orange

James's nephew and son-in-law, to invade England with an army and become the new king. This was successful, and James fled to France.

The Kingdom of the Kongo

Kingdom dominating small states along the Congo River that maintained effective, centralized government and a royal currency until the seventeenth century.

Cartography

Knowledge of current and wind patterns that also helped navigate. It was also known as mapmaking.

Maroon Societies in the Caribbean and Brazil

Maroons were descendants of runaway African slaves in Jamaica. They were all united in the Caribbean and Brazil after the slave rebellion to gain freedom in the Maroon Wars.

Cossack Uprisings

Military conflicts between the cossacks and the states claiming to rule the territories in which they lived. Mostly in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian Empire.

Silver Mining

Mines found mainly by Spanish in South America; leads to increase in Spanish wealth; Asian nations desire silver for creation of currency leading to the Westerners having a desired product.

Capital

Money for investment in foreign resources.

Trade Winds

Prevailing winds that blow from east to west from 30 degrees latitude to the equator in both hemispheres

Moroccan Conflict with the Songhai Empire

Morocco invaded the Songhai Empire because they wanted to take control and revive the Trans-Saharan trade in salt and gold. Internal political choas and civil wars in Songhai made them vulnerable to the invasion and they lost in 1591.

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

People from the Americas to Afro-Eurasia

Native Americans

Metacom's War

Native Americans battle New England colonies; large percentage of Native Americans died, making it one of the bloodiest wars in US; severely damaged the Native American presence in the new world.

Compass

Navigation equipment used to make it easier to steer a ship in the right direction that was made in China and used by Europeans.

Sugarcane

One of the primary crops of the Americas, which required a tremendous amount of labor to cultivate. This was a highly focused area of the Portuguese Empire. Brazil was the center of the Portuguese -American Empire, and that was also where they cultivated sugarcanes.

Price Revolution

Period in European history when inflation rose rapidly.

Pizarro / Atahualpa

Pizarro kidnapped Atahualpa (ruler of Inca). They requested for the people to fill a room full of gold, and then they'll release the ruler. They got their gold, but killed the ruler anyway.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. This proved their ability to circumnavigate the globe.

Plants from the Americas to Afro-Eurasia

Potatoes, maize, manioc, tobacco, cacao, and peanuts.

Viceroys

Representatives of the Spanish monarch in Spain's colonial empire.

Ana Nzinga's Resistance

She tried to become allies with Portugal in order to stop the raiding of slaves. However, the alliance broke, and she was forced to flee west to conquer Matamba. She incited a rebellion in Ndongo, allied with the Dutch, to help runaway slaves to freedom. Matamba eventually became an economically strong state.

Queen Nanny

She was an escaped slave, united all the maroons of the island. Jamaicans later recognized her as a national hero.

Diseases from Afro-Eurasia to the Americas

Smallpox, measles, typhus, bubonic plague, and influenza.

Spain vs. Portugal- Treaty of Tordesillas

South America was being divided between Spain and Portugal. After much argument, Portugal got Brazil, while Spain got the rest of South America.

Conquistadors

Spanish conquerors/soldiers.

Hernan Cortez

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

New Spain / Mexico City

Spanish forces were able to conquer the Aztecs in Mexico, and they established a new colony called New Spain. They destroyed Tenochtitlán and made it the capital of Mexico (Mexico City).

Plants from Afro-Eurasia to the Americas

Sugar, wheat, barley, okra, rice, oranges, grapes, lettuce, and coffee.

Diseases from the Americas to Afro-Eurasia

Syphilis

East Indian Company

The British company was sent to India to act as a trading agent; it pushed out European rivals; took control of Indian territory by force and later became a British colony.

New Amsterdam

The Dutch used Henry Hudson's discoveries and established a community called New Amsterdam. This place became a valuable trading and manufacturing location for the Dutch, especially because it was a port town.

Quebec

The French hoped to find gold, but they found fur and other useful natural resources. Quebec was an established town and trading post for French traders and priests. Priests were able to do missionary work with the Native Americans.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

The brutal system of trading African Slaves from Africa to the Americas. It changed the economy, politics, and environment. It affected Africa, Europe, and America. It implies that slaves were used for cash crops and created a whole new economy.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Jamestown

The first permanent and successful English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia.

Gujaratis

The inhabitants of a western region of India. The region was very wealthy and famous for its manufacturing and being a makor trading cemter in the Indian Ocean

Global Flow of Silver

The most abundant resources of silver at the time were in the Spanish colonies in Latin America. The Spanish mined silver and spent most of it on luxury goods. Most of the silver went to China and stayed there because the government would not pay in silver but required it for taxes.

Limited Liability

The principle that an investor was not responsible for a company's debts.

African Diaspora

The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.

Domesticated Animals in North America

There was overgrazing by cattle, soil erosion due to overgrazing, and spread of disease among the animals.

Rice and Okra

These were food items brought by Africans. Africans were able to teach their knowledge of how to prepare these foods that made a long lasting impact in America.

Ming China

They limited outside influence on China by restricting trade. This was due to the motivation to undo the influence of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. The Great Wall of China was reconstructed, reemphasized Confucianism, and opened back up the traditional exam system.

Maratha Conflict with Mughals

They were a Hindu dominated group of people that fought with the Islamic and Persian Mughals. This ended the rule of the Mughal Empire.

Mary II

This daughter of James II came to the throne and ruled jointly with her husband and 1st cousin, William of Orange, when James II was deposed in the Glorious Revolution. The kingdom was under Protestant hands.

Incan Mit'a

This was mandatory public service in the Incan empire

Prince Henry the Navigator

This was the Portuguese Prince that gave steadfast financial and moral support to the navigators to go east in search of gold. Under him, they imported enslaved Africans by sea to replace the overland slave trade.

Animals from the Americas to Afro-Eurasia

Turkeys, llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs.

Tokugawa Japan

When conflict erupted due to the newly intolerant christian converts towards Buddhism, the government took action to isolate Japan from outside influence. They allowed very few amount of Dutch traders, but much of their trading was with China.

Western Europe- Wool and Linen

Wool and linen were produced in Europe and were less developed industries than for example Indias Cotton. It was more regional with some exports.

Javanese

the largest ethnic group in Indonesia