AP World History: Unit 4-Transoceanic Interconnections
People from Afro-Eurasia to the Americas
Europeans and Africans
Omanis
-Omanis practiced a different form of Islam called Ibadi -important for spice, ivory, and slave trade -ruled parts of East Africa and the Indian Ocean Basin -a key player in trade; rivals with the Europeans
Trading Post Empire
16th Century. Built initially by the Portuguese, these were used to control the trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there.
James II
A Catholic king who greatly angered Parliament nobles from being anti-protestant, and whose actions led to the Glorious Revolution.
Commercial Revolution
A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.
Smallpox
A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs; responsible for killing Native Americans that were brought to them through immune Native Americans.
Carrack
A large square and lateen ship used for trade by the Portuguese.
Glorious Revolution
A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.It strengthened the power of Parliament, which passed a law forbidding Catholics to rule England. That revolution took place without much violence, but religious tensions continued in England and throughout much of the world.
Fronde
A series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation.
Fluyt
A shallow-draft ship of large capacity, which enabled Dutch transport of enormous quantities of cereals, timber, and iron for trade.
Caravel
A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. It allowed sailors to survive storms at sea.
Encomienda System
A system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.
Triangular Trade
A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa.
Omani-European Rivalry
A trade rivalry between the Omani of the Middle East and the European traders.
Lateen Sails
A triangular sail attached to a short mast that helped sailors navigate Indian Ocean winds.
Northwest Passage
A waterway through or around North America that would lead Europeans to East Asia and the precious trade and luxury goods.
Indentured Servitude
A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination.
Chattel Slavery
Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.
Asante
African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. A major participant in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain.
East India Company
An English company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia.
Mercantilism
An economic system that increased government control of the economy through high tariffs and the establishment of colonies.
Muslim- European Rivalry in the Indian Ocean
As there are many Muslim traders, the interaction between them and other peoples facilitates the spread of Islam aand there are Muslim trade kingdoms. Like the Omanis. They are fighting with the Europeans for greater control of Indian Ocean Trade. Some places imposed higher tariffs on non Arabs or Muslims.
Astronomical Charts
Astronomical discoveries helped construct an accurate calendar and helped navigate during travels. Basically, they were maps of the stars and galaxy.
Cultural Synthesis as a Result of the Triangular Trade:
Because of the interaction between different peoples and continents, culture was being spread from one part of the world to another. Especially from the Old World to the New because the Europeans wanted to spread their culture and religion.
France vs. Britain
Britain tried to form an alliance with the Iroquois people that had some conflict with France. However, the people saw Britain as a bigger threat than France. They signed a peace treaty with France. Britain was still able to drive France out of Canada.
Joint Stock Companies
Businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses.
China- Silk
Chinese silk has long been considered a lucury good. It has been traded along the Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade.
Swahili Arabs
Cities along the Swahili Coast were important for both gold and slave trading. The Omanis ruled on the Swahili Coast after driving out the Portuguese providing a heavy Arab influence.
Colonies
Claimed lands settled by immigrants from the home country.
Monopolies
Corporations that gain complete control of the production of a single good or service.
Audiencias
Courts appointed by the king who reviewed the administration of viceroys serving Spanish colonies in America.
Cash Crops
Crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit.
Henry Hudson
Discovered what today is known as the Hudson River. Sailed for the Dutch even though he was originally from England. He was looking for a northwest passage through North America. He failed.
British in India
East Indian Company expanded and utilized the conflict between Hindus and Muslims to their advantage. They created treaties with local rulers. With the help of sepoys, the British spread inwards. Eventually, the British intervened with India militarily and politically.
Maritime Empires
Empires based on sea travel.
John Cabot
English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage.
Primogeniture Laws
English laws that only led eldest sons inherit land, leading younger sons to search for money via things like joint-stock companies.
Gloucester County Rebellion in USA
Enslaved Africans and white indentured servants conspired together to demand their freedom from the governor. Authorities found out about their plot, ambushed them, and arrested them.
Hacienda Systems
Farming area for the Penninsulares. It was an estate: mines, plantations, and business factories)
New France
French colony in North America that allowed very few people to stay. This was because, in order to be in good relations with the Natives, they were to not demand land or settle permanently like the Spanish or English.
Samuel de Champlain
French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)
Jacques Cartier
French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to part of Canada for France (1491-1557)
Dutch East India Company
Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.
Yemelyan Pugachev
He lead the Pugachev (Cossack) rebellion during Catherine II's rule, because the nobility were given power over the serfs in exchange for political loyalty. Peasants were left without ties to the state. The Pugachev Rebellion caused Catherine to increase her oppression of the peasants in return for the support of the nobles to help her avoid future revolts.
Christopher Columbus
He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India to avoid rivalry by other countries.
Vasco de Gama
He traveled further east than Diaz. Because of this, he was able to claim parts of Indian territory as part of the Portugal Empire. Portuguese ports in India helped expand Portugal's trade in the Indian Ocean and even further east.
Bartolomeau Diaz
He traveled on the southern tip of Africa and into waters he didn't know. However, at one point, he felt like if he continued pushing east there would be a rebellion, so he went back home.
Manila Galleons
Heavily armed, fast ships that brought luxury goods from China to Mexico and carried silver from Mexico to China.
Animals from Afro-Eurasia to the Americas
Horses, oxen, pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, mosquitoes, rats, and chicken.
India- Cotton
India was the largest source of cotton and textiles in the world at the time. They were abundant and relatively inexpensive. This made the British want to industrialize.
William of Orange
James's nephew and son-in-law, to invade England with an army and become the new king. This was successful, and James fled to France.
The Kingdom of the Kongo
Kingdom dominating small states along the Congo River that maintained effective, centralized government and a royal currency until the seventeenth century.
Cartography
Knowledge of current and wind patterns that also helped navigate. It was also known as mapmaking.
Maroon Societies in the Caribbean and Brazil
Maroons were descendants of runaway African slaves in Jamaica. They were all united in the Caribbean and Brazil after the slave rebellion to gain freedom in the Maroon Wars.
Cossack Uprisings
Military conflicts between the cossacks and the states claiming to rule the territories in which they lived. Mostly in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian Empire.
Silver Mining
Mines found mainly by Spanish in South America; leads to increase in Spanish wealth; Asian nations desire silver for creation of currency leading to the Westerners having a desired product.
Capital
Money for investment in foreign resources.
Trade Winds
Prevailing winds that blow from east to west from 30 degrees latitude to the equator in both hemispheres
Moroccan Conflict with the Songhai Empire
Morocco invaded the Songhai Empire because they wanted to take control and revive the Trans-Saharan trade in salt and gold. Internal political choas and civil wars in Songhai made them vulnerable to the invasion and they lost in 1591.
Pueblo Revolt
Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt
People from the Americas to Afro-Eurasia
Native Americans
Metacom's War
Native Americans battle New England colonies; large percentage of Native Americans died, making it one of the bloodiest wars in US; severely damaged the Native American presence in the new world.
Compass
Navigation equipment used to make it easier to steer a ship in the right direction that was made in China and used by Europeans.
Sugarcane
One of the primary crops of the Americas, which required a tremendous amount of labor to cultivate. This was a highly focused area of the Portuguese Empire. Brazil was the center of the Portuguese -American Empire, and that was also where they cultivated sugarcanes.
Price Revolution
Period in European history when inflation rose rapidly.
Pizarro / Atahualpa
Pizarro kidnapped Atahualpa (ruler of Inca). They requested for the people to fill a room full of gold, and then they'll release the ruler. They got their gold, but killed the ruler anyway.
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. This proved their ability to circumnavigate the globe.
Plants from the Americas to Afro-Eurasia
Potatoes, maize, manioc, tobacco, cacao, and peanuts.
Viceroys
Representatives of the Spanish monarch in Spain's colonial empire.
Ana Nzinga's Resistance
She tried to become allies with Portugal in order to stop the raiding of slaves. However, the alliance broke, and she was forced to flee west to conquer Matamba. She incited a rebellion in Ndongo, allied with the Dutch, to help runaway slaves to freedom. Matamba eventually became an economically strong state.
Queen Nanny
She was an escaped slave, united all the maroons of the island. Jamaicans later recognized her as a national hero.
Diseases from Afro-Eurasia to the Americas
Smallpox, measles, typhus, bubonic plague, and influenza.
Spain vs. Portugal- Treaty of Tordesillas
South America was being divided between Spain and Portugal. After much argument, Portugal got Brazil, while Spain got the rest of South America.
Conquistadors
Spanish conquerors/soldiers.
Hernan Cortez
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).
New Spain / Mexico City
Spanish forces were able to conquer the Aztecs in Mexico, and they established a new colony called New Spain. They destroyed Tenochtitlán and made it the capital of Mexico (Mexico City).
Plants from Afro-Eurasia to the Americas
Sugar, wheat, barley, okra, rice, oranges, grapes, lettuce, and coffee.
Diseases from the Americas to Afro-Eurasia
Syphilis
East Indian Company
The British company was sent to India to act as a trading agent; it pushed out European rivals; took control of Indian territory by force and later became a British colony.
New Amsterdam
The Dutch used Henry Hudson's discoveries and established a community called New Amsterdam. This place became a valuable trading and manufacturing location for the Dutch, especially because it was a port town.
Quebec
The French hoped to find gold, but they found fur and other useful natural resources. Quebec was an established town and trading post for French traders and priests. Priests were able to do missionary work with the Native Americans.
Transatlantic Slave Trade
The brutal system of trading African Slaves from Africa to the Americas. It changed the economy, politics, and environment. It affected Africa, Europe, and America. It implies that slaves were used for cash crops and created a whole new economy.
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
Jamestown
The first permanent and successful English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia.
Gujaratis
The inhabitants of a western region of India. The region was very wealthy and famous for its manufacturing and being a makor trading cemter in the Indian Ocean
Global Flow of Silver
The most abundant resources of silver at the time were in the Spanish colonies in Latin America. The Spanish mined silver and spent most of it on luxury goods. Most of the silver went to China and stayed there because the government would not pay in silver but required it for taxes.
Limited Liability
The principle that an investor was not responsible for a company's debts.
African Diaspora
The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.
Domesticated Animals in North America
There was overgrazing by cattle, soil erosion due to overgrazing, and spread of disease among the animals.
Rice and Okra
These were food items brought by Africans. Africans were able to teach their knowledge of how to prepare these foods that made a long lasting impact in America.
Ming China
They limited outside influence on China by restricting trade. This was due to the motivation to undo the influence of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. The Great Wall of China was reconstructed, reemphasized Confucianism, and opened back up the traditional exam system.
Maratha Conflict with Mughals
They were a Hindu dominated group of people that fought with the Islamic and Persian Mughals. This ended the rule of the Mughal Empire.
Mary II
This daughter of James II came to the throne and ruled jointly with her husband and 1st cousin, William of Orange, when James II was deposed in the Glorious Revolution. The kingdom was under Protestant hands.
Incan Mit'a
This was mandatory public service in the Incan empire
Prince Henry the Navigator
This was the Portuguese Prince that gave steadfast financial and moral support to the navigators to go east in search of gold. Under him, they imported enslaved Africans by sea to replace the overland slave trade.
Animals from the Americas to Afro-Eurasia
Turkeys, llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs.
Tokugawa Japan
When conflict erupted due to the newly intolerant christian converts towards Buddhism, the government took action to isolate Japan from outside influence. They allowed very few amount of Dutch traders, but much of their trading was with China.
Western Europe- Wool and Linen
Wool and linen were produced in Europe and were less developed industries than for example Indias Cotton. It was more regional with some exports.
Javanese
the largest ethnic group in Indonesia