APAH artists

Velazquez

-influenced by Caravaggio -softer tenebrism -more naturalistic use of light

Brancusi

-archaic form of the medium -pureness of medium

Braque

-cubist artist -fragmented forms -monochrome -numbers

Rachel Ruysch

exotic still lives

Ingres

-expressive distortions of form and space made him an important precursor of modern art, influencing Picasso, Matisse and other modernists -never use bright colours, they are anti-historic

Lawrence

-expressive, cubist style of art -narrative painter, due to the fact that he would paint many pictures and compile them in order to tell a story -express himself through vivid colors, and to tell the stories of his past and history through his own perspective -deep love of humanity shows itself as he is able to paint images of some of America's darkest historical moments, and he still is able to hint towards the good of humanity -expressionist background keeps the colors bright, symbolizing hope

Matisse

-fauvist artist -contrasting colors

Bernini

-featured religious and mythological figure -careful attention to light and shadow, curved lines, and spirals that create a sense of movement -drapery -portrayal of emotion on the face -drapery

Maya Lin

-female, Asian artist -United States -designed the memorial at age 21, while an undergraduate architecture student at Yale

Helen Frankenthaler

-"soak-stain" technique, in which she poured turpentine-thinned paint onto canvas, producing luminous color washes that appeared to merge with the canvas and deny any hint of three-dimensional illusionism -soak stain was also said to be the ultimate fusing of image and canvas, drawing attention to the flatness of the painting itself

Steiglitz

-American photographer -turned photography into "fine art" -focusing on the form of the photo rather than the message

Fan Kuan

-Chinese landscape painter -monochromatic, usually with black

Christo and Jeanne-Claude

-Christo b. 1935 CE (male), Jeanne-Claude b. 1935 - 2009 CE (female) -Christo studied art in his native Bulgaria & in Vienna -after a move to Paris, he began to encase objects in clumsy wrappings -1961 CE - Christo & Jeanne-Claude - husband & wife began to collaborate on large scale project -in certain works appropriates bits of the real world into the mysterious world of the unopened package by seeing dim silhouette under the wrap -recycles the materials used in artwork -doesn't want to harm environment when installing

Vermeer

-Dutch painter who used a great deal of light -he enjoyed painting people doing everyday things -intimate, quiet scenes of everyday life

Joseph Wright

-English landscape and portrait painter -use of tenebrism effect, which emphasizes the contrast of light and dark, and, for his paintings of candle-lit subjects -paintings of the birth of science out of alchemy, often based on the meetings of the Lunar Society of Birmingham, a group of scientists and industrialists living in the English Midlands, are a significant record of the struggle of science against religious values in the period known as the Age of Enlightenment

Pieter Bruegel the Elder

-Flemish Renaissance painter known for landscapes and depictions of peasant life -genre painting -art reinvigorates medieval subjects such as marginal drolleries of ordinary life in illuminated manuscripts, and the calendar scenes of agricultural labours set in landscape backgrounds, and puts these on a much larger scale than before, and in the expensive medium of oil painting

Jan Van Eyck

-Flemish painter who focused on landscapes and everyday life -founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting -painted both secular and religious subject matter, including altarpieces, single-panel religious figures and commissioned portraits -greater emphasis on naturalism and realism

Brunelleschi

-Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance -famous for designing the dome of the Florence Cathedral, a feat of engineering that had not been accomplished since antiquity, as well as the development of the mathematical technique of linear perspective in art which governed pictorial depictions of space until the late 19th century and influenced the rise of modern science

Klimt

-gold leaf -abstracted geometric motifs -frank eroticism -allusions to sexuality and the human psyche in the rich, lavishly decorated figures and patterns that populated his canvases, murals, and mosaics

Borromini

-grandeur, drama and contrast -oval -clean colors of white and gold

Giotto di Bondone

-Florentine painter who gave up the stiff Byzantine style and developed a more naturalistic style -blue background -figures are not stylized or elongated and do not follow Byzantine models, they are solidly three-dimensional, have faces and gestures that are based on close observation, and are clothed, not in swirling formalized drapery, but in garments that hang naturally and have form and weight -took bold steps in foreshortening and with having characters face inwards, with their backs towards the observer, creating the illusion of space -figures occupy compressed settings with naturalistic elements, often using forced perspective devices so that they resemble stage sets -viewer appears to have a particular place and even an involvement in many of the scenes

Nicolas Poussin

-French painter. Founder and greatest practitioner of 17th century French classicism -Poussin's work embodies the virtues of clarity, logic, and order -bright golden yellow and blue

Alberti

-Italian Renaissance humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher and cryptographer; he epitomized the Renaissance Man -known mostly for being an artist, he was also a mathematician of many sorts and made great advances to this field during the 15th century

Ogata Korin

-Japanese artist that is best known for his folding screens -use of gold leaf

Mies van der Rohe and Johnson

-Mies: pioneer of modern architecture, sought to establish his own particular architectural style that could represent modern times just as Classical and Gothic did for their own eras -Johnson: promotion of the International Style, open white supremacist, did not confine himself to a single style, and was comfortable mixing elements of modernism and postmodernism

Maria Martinez and Julian Martinez

-Native American artist who created internationally known pottery -she examined traditional Pueblo pottery styles and techniques to create pieces which reflect the Pueblo people's legacy of fine artwork and crafts

Venturi, Rauch, and Brown

-Venturi: less is bore, typically juxtapose architectural systems, elements and aims, to acknowledge the conflicts often inherent in a project or site, less functional and more simplistic -Rauch: Managing Principal for Venturi Rauch & Scott Brown -Brown: prolific writer on architecture and urban planning, understanding the city in terms of social, economic and cultural perspectives, viewing it as a set of complex systems upon planning

Albrecht Durer

-a leading German painter and engraver of the Renaissance -often used woodcutting along with Italian Renaissance techniques like proportion, perspective and modeling -watercolours mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his woodcuts revolutionized the potential of that medium -idealized bodies in Adam and Eve

Gericault

-abolitionist -studied dead bodies to accurately draw the dead(skin tone)

Mondrian

-abstract -lines and cubes -primary colors

Pollack

-action painting/abstract expressionism -technique of pouring or splashing liquid household paint onto a horizontal surface -used the force of his whole body to paint, often in a frenetic dancing style

Kooning

-action painting/abstract expressionism -vigorous, gestural style -radically abstract style of painting that fused Cubism, Surrealism and Expressionism -painted figures, most notably women, and abstractions concurrently, making no distinction between the art historical categories

Elizabeth Vigee Le Brun

-artistic style is generally considered part of the aftermath of Rococo with elements of an adopted Neoclassical style -subject matter and color palette can be classified as Rococo, but her style is aligned with the emergence of Neoclassicism -portrait painter to Marie Antoinette

Warhol

-bring popular styles and subjects into the exclusive salons of high art -elevation of his own persona to the level of a popular icon, representing a new kind of fame and celebrity for a fine artist -bright, colorful paintings and prints of subjects ranging from celebrities including Marilyn Monroe and Mohammed Ali, to everyday products such as cans of soup and Brillo pads

Duchamp

-challenging the very notion of what is art, his first readymades sent shock waves across the art world -ongoing preoccupation with the mechanisms of desire and human sexuality as well as his fondness for wordplay aligns his work with that of Surrealists -refusal to follow a conventional artistic path -readymade

Raphael

-characteristic human warmth, serenity, and sublimely perfect figures -Raphael's art epitomized the High Renaissance qualities of harmony and ideal beauty

Francisco Goya

-commentator and chronicler of his era -became a court painter to the Spanish Crown in 1786 and this early portion of his career is marked by portraits of the Spanish aristocracy and royalty, and Rococo-style tapestry cartoons designed for the royal palace -later easel and mural paintings, prints and drawings appear to reflect a bleak outlook on personal, social and political levels, and contrast with his social climbing

Picasso

-cubist artist -various views of an object -fractured forms

Degas

-dancers and bathing female nudes -painted racehorses and racing jockeys, as well as portraits -portraits are notable for their psychological complexity and for their portrayal of human isolation

Polykleitos

-devised mathematical formula for representing the perfect male body -idealized body

Gaugin

-experimental use of color and Synthetist style that were distinct from Impressionism -flat areas of color -painting with bold and flat forms separated by dark contours -depicted Tahitian women

Turner

-expressive colorizations, imaginative landscapes and turbulent, often violent marine paintings -regarded as having elevated landscape painting to an eminence rivalling history painting -chromatic palette and broadly applied atmospheric washes of paint -later years, he used oils ever more transparently and turned to an evocation of almost pure light by use of shimmering colour -ships, fire, ocean -hazy look to paintings

Artemisia Gentileschi

-influenced by Caravaggio -depicted women strong

Munch

-influenced by the nihilist Hans Jæger, who urged him to paint his own emotional and psychological state ('soul painting') -preoccupied with matters of human mortality such as chronic illness, sexual liberation, and religious aspiration, expressed these obsessions through works of intense color, semi-abstraction, and mysterious subject matter

Pieter Aertsen

-invention of the monumental genre scene, which combines still life and genre painting and often also includes a biblical scene in the background -painting religious works, in the 1550s he developed the painting of domestic scenes in which he reproduced articles of furniture, cooking utensils, and food with great flair and realism -genre material dominates the front of the image, with the history scene, normally religious, easy to overlook in the background -also painted more conventional treatments of religious subjects, now mostly lost as during the iconoclasm of the Beeldenstorm several paintings that had been commissioned for Catholic churches were destroyed

Peter Paul Rubens

-is the most famous Baroque artist who studied Michelangelo in Italy and took that Renaissance style to the next level of drama, motion, color, religion and animation, which is portrayed in his paintings -Rubenesque women, who are curvy

Thomas Cole

-known for his landscape and history paintings -romantic portrayal of the American wilderness

Oldenburg

-known for his public art installations typically featuring large replicas of everyday objects -"soft-sculptures" are now hailed as the first sculptural expressions in Pop art -everyday items are presented on a magnified scale that reverses the traditional relationship between viewer and object -shows us just how small we are, and serves as a vehicle for his smart, witty, critical, and often wickedly funny insights on American culture over the past half-century

Louis Sullivan

-known for his steel framed skyscrapers -coining the phrase 'form follows function' -geometric and organic nature of the works -created original forms that consequently developed a more detailed and influential high-rise vocabulary with classical overtones

Lam

-large scale paintings which reference modernist aesthetics and Afro-Cuban imagery to explore themes of social injustice, spirituality and rebirth -exploration of Afro-Cuban visual culture, alongside his knowledge of European modernism -challenge assumptions about non-European art and examine the effects of colonialism -used art to explore Cuban culture and identity -often depicted Cuba's vegetation and used an earthy color palette as well as vibrant greens, reds and oranges of the Caribbean isles

Courbet

-led the Realism movement in 19th-century French painting -committed to painting only what he could see, he rejected academic convention and the Romanticism of the previous generation of visual artists -challenged convention by depicting unidealized peasants and workers, often on a grand scale traditionally reserved for paintings of religious or historical subjects

Manet

-mayonnaise like skin color -radical painting style and modern subject matter highly influenced the work of the Impressionists, which has led to him being perceived as the father of Impressionism

Fra Lippi

-naturalistic depiction of Madonna and Child -lighter halos

Titian

-nude women -softly blended -velvety skin

Cotsiogo

-numerous animal hide paintings on deer, elk, and buffalo using natural pigments such as chalk and red ochre -essential in the transformation from traditional and even ancient tribal methods and art into a modern society and art form that fits into the contemporary Western society

Cezanne

-often repetitive, exploratory brushstrokes are highly characteristic and clearly recognizable -planes of colour and small brushstrokes that build up to form complex fields -early work is often concerned with the figure in the landscape and includes many paintings of groups of large, heavy figures in the landscape, imaginatively painted -later in his career, he became more interested in working from direct observation and gradually developed a light, airy painting style -mature work there is the development of a solidified, almost architectural style of painting -wanted to "treat nature in terms of the cylinder, the sphere and the cone" -warm colors go forward, cool colors recede

Vincent van Gogh

-old colours and dramatic, impulsive and expressive brushwork that contributed to the foundations of modern art -suffered from psychotic episodes and delusions and though he worried about his mental stability, he often neglected his physical health, did not eat properly and drank heavily -colors help show emotions

Robert Campin

-one of the earliest masters of oil painting -more realistic observation than any earlier artists, which he achieved through innovations in the use of oil paints -drapery of clothes with highlights -stylistic face with long nose, small mouth, eyes that are close together -strange colored wings

Botticelli

-one of the leading painters of the Florentine renaissance -developed a highly personal style -elongated arms

Wright

-organic architecture -architecture should be a part of the landscape

Lucas Cranach the Elder

-painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving -continued throughout his career to paint nude subjects drawn from mythology and religion -religious subjects reflect the development of the Protestant Reformation, and its attitudes to religious images

Rivera

-paintings and murals -Mexican culture and history constituted the major themes and influence on his art

Kollwitz

-part of New Objectivity, return to unsentimental reality and a focus on the objective world, as opposed to the more abstract, romantic, or idealistic tendencies of Expressionism, associated with portraiture -black and white

Kirchner

-part of The Bridge Movement, expressing of extreme emotion through high-keyed colors that were very often non-naturalistic, emotionally agitated paintings of city streets and sexually charged events transpiring in country settings -lines look sharp -color shows emotion

Kandinsky

-part of the Blue Rider Movement, color and form carried concrete spiritual values, the move into abstraction resulted partly from radically separating form and color into discrete elements within a painting or applying non-naturalistic color to recognizable objects -artwork is called an improvisation similar to musical compositions -synthesia

Monet

-pastel colors -fast brush strokes -paint on very pale gray, very light yellow, or white canvases and then paint with very opaque colors

Kusama

-plagued by mental illness as a child, and thoroughly abused by a callous mother, the young artist persevered by using her hallucinations and personal obsessions as fodder for prolific artistic output in various disciplines -art became her way to express her mental disease -part of the New York avant-garde scene throughout the 1960s, especially in the pop-art movement.[3] Embracing the rise of the hippie counterculture of the late 1960s

Rodin

-possessed a unique ability to model a complex, turbulent, and deeply pocketed surface in clay -notable sculptures were criticized as they clashed with predominant figurative sculpture traditions in which works were decorative, formulaic, or highly thematic -most original work departed from traditional themes of mythology and allegory -modeled the human body with naturalism, and his sculptures celebrate individual character and physicality

Smithson

-produced Earthwork/Land Art -constructed sculptures from scattered materials, he found ways to confuse the viewer's understanding of sculpture -sometimes referred to sites and objects outside of the gallery, leading the viewer to question where the art object really resided

Stepanova

-published art in the USSR magazine -propaganda, poetry, stage scenery and textile designs -red

Donatello

-sculptor -probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo -his statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature -studied classical sculpture and used this to develop a complete Renaissance style in sculpture, whose periods in Rome, Padua and Siena introduced to other parts of Italy a long and productive career

Le Corbusier

-sculptural quality of his free-form living spaces -wrote Five Points of Architecture

Kahlo

-self portraits -suffered from health issues -visual symbolism of physical pain in a long-standing attempt to better understand emotional suffering -exposing interior organs, and depicting her own body in a bleeding and broken state, Kahlo opened up our insides to help explain human behaviors on the outside

William Hogarth

-social critic -mocks upper class

Jacopo da Pontormo

-strained poses -baby blue and light pink -ambiguous space

Muybridge

-studies in motion -took pictures of almost nude people to show how then move

Dali

-surrealist -erotic desires for women and his undying interest in the concept of the unconsciousness devised by Sigmund Freud -precise style enhanced the nightmare effect of his paintings

Carravaggio

-tenebrism -harsh lighting, looks like there is a spotlight -unrealistic lighting

Eugene Delacroix

-took for his inspiration the art of Rubens and painters of the Venetian Renaissance, with an attendant emphasis on colour and movement rather than clarity of outline and carefully modelled form -dramatic and romantic content characterized the central themes of his maturity, and led him not to the classical models of Greek and Roman art, but to travel in North Africa, in search of the exotic -expressive brushstrokes and his study of the optical effects of colour profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists, while his passion for the exotic inspired the artists of the Symbolist movement

Ghiberti

-trained as a goldsmith and sculptor, he established an important workshop for sculpture in metal -idealized male nude

Oppenheim

-transitional figure between Surrealism and Dada -everyday objects arranged to allude to female sexuality and feminine exploitation by the opposite sex

Hokusai

-ukiyo-e painter and printmaker of the Edo period -influenced Manet and impressionists towards flatter style of depth in imagery

Leonardo da Vinci

-used sfumato -one point linear perspective

Rembrandt van Rijn

Dutch painter, who painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants and used sharp contrasts of light and shadow to draw attention to his focus

Mary Cassatt

created images of the social and private lives of women, with particular emphasis on the intimate bonds between mothers and children

Miguel Cabrera

created religious and secular art for the Catholic Church and wealthy patrons

Perugino

developed some of the qualities that found classic expression in the High Renaissance

Master of Calamarca

draws a series with angels

Juan Rodriguez Juarez

drew casta paintings

Daumier

earned a living throughout most of his life producing caricatures and cartoons of political figures and satirizing the behavior of his countrymen in newspapers and periodicals, for which he became well known in his lifetime and is still known today

Bronzino

elegant and serene Master of portraiture whose painting embodied the genteel beliefs and ideals of the Medici dukes of sixteenth century Italy

Miguel Gonzalez

enconchado technique

Jean-Honore Fragonard

genre paintings conveying an atmosphere of intimacy and veiled eroticism

Gaulli

illusionistic vault frescos

Daguerre

invented the daguerreotype process for creating photographs

Jose Maria Velasco

made Mexican geography a symbol of national identity through his paintings

Michelangelo

muscular people

Matthias Grunewald

painter of religious works who ignored Renaissance classicism to continue the style of late medieval Central European art into the 16th century

Seurat

pointillism

David

principal proponent of the Neoclassical style