APAH CHAPTER 28

Claude Monet in His Studio Boat - Manet

Adopted Monet's Impressionist subject matter, but also the younger artist's short brushstrokes and fascination with the reflection of sunlight on water Done on plein air - without any preliminary sketches Depicted on the Seine In the distance are the factories and smokestacks of Argenteuil - this is a recording of the two poles of modern life (leisure activities of the bourgeoisie and the industrialisation along the Seine)

The Rehearsal - Degas

Arbitrarily cut-off figures of dancers, figures arranged in a random composition Patterns of light splotches Blurry images Reveal artist's interest in reproducing fleeting and temporary moments Shows Impressionist fascination with photography and replicating the theme of photographs (capturing one temporary moment or perception) Inspired by Japanese prints (Suzuki Harunobu) - they used diverging lines to organize the flat shapes of figures and to direct the viewer's attention into the picture space) Used the camera to make preliminary studies of his work

The Gates of Hell - Rodin

Bronze Inspired by Dante's Inferno and Ghiberti's Gates of Paradise Presents 200 tormented sinners in a relief below the Three Shades & The Thinker Subject chosen by Rodin himself Influenced the painters and sculptors of the Expressionist movements of the early 20th century Created a taste for the INCOMPLETE - "an aesthetic many later sculptors embraced enthusiastically" Commission for the doors of a decorative arts museum

Staircase in the Van Eetvelde House - Horta

Brussels Example of the art nouveau movement: the attempt to create art and architecture based on natural forms that could be mass produced for a large audience Every detail (the architecture, painting, and sculpture) conforms to the theme of the twining plant Different elements function as a part of the living whole and are united

Carson, Pirie, Scott Building - Sullivan

Chicago "Form follows function" Steel, glass and stone Chicago department store Met the needs of employees and customers Lowest two levels are ornamented in cast iron Demonstrates the rise of the skyscraper Shows the increased amount of consumerism

Marshall Field wholesale store - Richardson

Chicago Commercial structure built using a cast-iron skeleton encased in fire-resistant masonry Construction technique allowed the insertion of large windows in the walls Occupied an entire city block Arcades opened up the walls of the monumental store

Ugolino and His Children - Carpeaux

Count Ugolino and his four sons starve to death while shut up in a tower Ugolino bites his own hands in despair as he and his sons await death by starvation Twisted forms suggest the self-devouring torment of frustration Inspired by Michelangelo's group sculptures Sense of vivid reality in the anatomy of his figures shows the artist's interest in study from life INSPIRED BY REALISM, BAROQUE, ANCIENT SCULPTURE, MICHELANGELO

Sleeping Gypsy - Rousseau

Depicted a doll-like but menacing lion sniffing at a dreaming, limp figure in a mysterious landscape Suggest the vulnerable subconscious during sleep Perhaps a fascination with the exotic/east (??) Appreciated by a liberal audience "Depicts an encounter that recalls the uneasiness of a person's vulnerable subconscious self during sleep, a subject of central importance to Rousseau's contemporary = Sigmund Freud" SYMBOLISM

Nocturne in Black and Gold - Whistler

Displayed an Impressionist's interest in conveying the atmospheric effects of fireworks at night Emphasized the abstract arrangement of shapes and colours American artist but inspired by French impressionists Whistler added his desire to create harmonies paralleling those achieved in MUSIC (tried to bring forwarded "a harmony from chaos")

Saint-Lazare Train Station - Monet

Example of a piece that is unintelligible at close range Eye is meant to fuse the brushstrokes at a distance Agitated application of paint contributes to the sense of energy in this urban scene Depicts a dominant aspect of the contemporary urban scene - expanding railway network made the opportunity to travel much more convenient and accessible Shows how the railway brought herds of people to urban centers (Paris), enabling city dwellers to reach rural areas quickly "Captured the energy and vitality of Paris's modern transportation hub" Excitement and agitation with short brushtrokes

Christ's Entry into Brussels in 1889 - Ensor

Gigantic canvas showing Christ enter Brussels on a donkey Christ is ignored by a dense crowd of soldiers and citizens who wear grotesque, grimacing masks Christ is small and insignificant Socialist commentary on the decadence and alienation of urban life at the end of the 19th century Indictment of corrupt modern values Uncoordinated combination of reds, blues, and greens, and the coarse texture of the thickly applied oil pigment - canvas has little harmony SYMBOLISM

Ladies Luncheon Room - Mackintosh

Glasgow Features functional and intricately designed Arts and Crafts decor Includes stained-glass windows and pristinely geometric furnishings Arts are a MARRIED COUPLE - two genders working together to create a piece of "art" Part of the Art & Deco movement

At the Moulin Rouge - Lautrec

Heavily influenced by Degas, Japanese prints, and photography Oblique (neither parallel nor straight) composition Glaring light on certain segments of the painting, mask-like faces, dissonant colours are very characteristic of Toussaint-Lautrec POST-IMPRESSIONISM, had the impressionistic interest of capturing the sensibility of modern life, but added a satirical edge to it and often bordered on caricature (see faces of the subjects - they look like puppets) Suggests that society is so rich and pleasurable it's at the VERGE OF DECAY

Where Do We Come From From? - Gauguin

Horizontal tropical landscape of naked women in an "exotic place" Depicts the artist move to Tahiti, where he used native women and tropical colours to present a pessimistic view of the inevitability of the life cycle Shows the artists frustration with European and western materialism Shows a fascination with primitive life POST-IMPRESSIONISM

A Sunday on La Grande Jatte - Seurat

Impressionist subject, but depicted in a resolutely intellectual way POST-IMPRESSIONISM Introduced a new color system (POINTILISM) in which colors are divided into their component parts and then applied to the canvas in tiny dots Forms become comprehensible only from a distance Rendition of the Parisians is rigid and remote as opposed to spontanenous and temporary (which was characteristic of Impressionism) Emphasis on the middle class that came along with the urbanization Color theory = making the points around shapes lighter to emphasise their shape

La Place du Theatre Francais - Pissarro

Impressionist view of a busy Parisian square Shown from several stories above street level View from which its painted has much in common with photographs (which were on the rise at this time) Flattening spatial effect of the high viewpoint Casualness in the arrangement of the figures "Arbitrary cutting off of figures at the edges of the painting and the curious flattening spatial effect produced by the high viewpoint" form which its painted

Villa at the Seaside - Morisot

Informal view of a woman and child enjoying their leisure time at a fashionable seashore resort Use of swift, sketchy strokes of light colors to convey a feeling of airiness Use of plein air lighting that is characteristic of Impressionism Sketchy brushstrokes show how the artist recorded her quick perceptions FEMALE ARTIST

Walking Man - Rodin

Leading French sculptor of the late 19th century Study for a statue of Saint John the Baptist Depicts a headless and armless figure in mid-stride Demonstrates Rodin's mastery of anatomy and ability to capture transitionary motion Bronze Lifesize, HUMAN BODY IN MOTION

Casa Mila - Gaudi

Made by Gaudi, who was the leading Spanish Art Nouveau architect Apartment house, conceived as if it were a gigantic sculpture to be moulded from clay Twisting chimneys cap the undulating roof and walls Example of the art nouveau movement: the attempt to create art and architecture based on natural forms that could be mass produced for a large audience Demonstrates how Gaudi believed that all of his buildings were living beings Naturalism

The Scream - Munch

Man standing on a bridge screaming Grounded in the real world but departs from visual reality Use of colour, line, and figural distortion to evoke a strong emotional response from the viewer Landscape has sweeping curvilinear lines that echo the shape and line of the subject Example of a "fin de siecle" piece - spirit of dissolution and anxiety that characterised European culture of the late 1800s Determination to enjoy life masked an anxiety prompted by significant political upheaval SYMBOLISM

Green Dining Room - Morris

Morris was a founder of the Arts & Crafts movement This room exemplifies the movement's dedication to creating intricately patterned yet unified and functional environments South Kensington Features windows, lights and wainscoting - paneling on the lower part of interior walls

Gauranty Building - Sullivan

New York Drew on the latest technologies Light-filled, well-ventilated Buffalo office building Added ornate surface embellishments "to impart a sense of refinement and taste" Steel, sheathed with terracotta

The Kiss - Klimt

Opulent Viennese fin-de-siecle painting Two lovers curled up together, but only shows small segments of each lover's body Rest of the body and painting dissolve into shimmering, extravagant, flat painting Figures are united into an erotic union, but there are also GENDER CONTRASTS (different shapes for men and women) Example of a "fin de siecle" piece - spirit of dissolution and anxiety that characterised European culture of the late 1800s SYMBOLISM

The Apparition - Morreau

Painting of Salome, a biblical 'femme fatale', the destructive temptress of men Combines hallucinatory imagery, eroticism, precise drawing, rich colour, and an opulent setting Watercolor on paper FORESHADOWS THE WORK OF SURREALISTS IN THE NEXT CENTURY SYMBOLISM

Mont Sainte-Victoire - Cézanne

Painting of a mountain near the artists home in Aix en Provence Landscape that replaced the transitory visual effects of changing atmospheric conditions, which had been the focus of most Impressionistic painters Shows a careful analysis of the lines, planes, and colors of nature Main space stretches out behind and beyond the canvas plane and includes many small details and elements (roads, fields, homes, etc) POST-IMPRESSIONISM *MULTIPLE VIEWPOINTS*: tries to paint how the eyes look across a landscape

Le Moulin de la Galette - Renoir

Painting of a popular Parisian dance hall Dappled by sunlight and shade Blurred the figures to produce the effect of floating, the subjects swim across the dancefloor Shows how the subject of Parisian nightlife became more and more common (one of the most common Impressionist genres) Painted en plein air

Starry Night - Van Gogh

Painting of the vast night sky filled with whirling and exploding stars Earth huddled beneath the sky Abstract pattern of expressive line, shape, and color Not a real representation of the sky's appearance, instead it's a communication of Van Gogh's feelings about th electrifying vastness of the universe and the humanity of the earth compared with the whirling and exploding stars above Church in the center of the village could be a commentary on the artist's conflicted views about religion Turbulent brushstrokes and soft colors suggest a "quiet but pervasive depression of the artist"

A Bar at the Folies-Bergere - Manet

Painting set in a Parisian café, setting is one of the most fashionable gathering places for Parisian revelers that many Impressionists frequented Barmaid (centrally placed) looks out from the canvas but seems lost in thought Blurred and roughly applied brushstrokes (particucarly those in the background), calls attention to the surface of the painting by forcing the viewer to scrutinise the work and look closely to make sense of the scene before them Visual discrepancies/contradictions: area behind the maid looks like a mirror

Rouen Cathedral - Monet

Part of a series of views of Rouen Cathedral Each piece is painted at different times of the day and under various climatic conditions Subject is not the building but the SUNSHINE Recorded the passing of time Focused on light/color precisely to reach a greater understanding of the appearance of form INVENTION OF SYNTHETIC PIGMENTS increases the range of colors that can be produced Juxtaposed fused colors FORMS MAKE MORE SENSE WHEN THEY ARE SEEN FROM A DISTANCE

Blessed Art Thou among Women - Kasbier

Platinum print on Japanese tissue Injected a sense of the spiritual and the divine into scenes of everyday life Deliberately soft focus of the photograph invests the scene with an aura of peace and tranquility Shows new symbolism in the medium of photography

The Cyclops - Redon

Projected a figment of the imagination as if it were visible, colouring it whimsically with a rich profusion of hues adapted from the Impressionist palette Shows a mythological tale: Polyphemus, with a single eye, rises balloonlike above the sleeping Galatea Contrasts with Raphaels's treatment of the same subject "Depicts an encounter that recalls the uneasiness of a person's vulnerable subconscious self during sleep, a subject of central importance to Redon's contemporary = Sigmund Freud" SYMBOLISM

Eiffel Tower - Eiffel

Radically new architectural design that was created by the means of new materials and new technologies and a modern aesthetic Meant to be seen as a symbol of modern Paris Created for a Parisian exhibition Iron tower of 900 ft At the time - the world's largest structure Rests on four giant supports connected by a gracefully arching open-frame skirts that provide a mask for the heavy horizontal girders that support the legs Blurred lines between the interior and the exterior Raised the architectural profession

The Tub - Degas

Reveals the influence of Japanese prints, especially the sharp angles to represent certain figures used by artists like Kiyonaga (who painted a detail of Two Women at the Bath) Shows a Japanese model whose translated into the Impressionist mode Shows the importance of Degas' use of PASTELS "Limited foreshortening of the pitchers and their shared edge, in conjunction with the rest of the image, create a visual perplexity for the viewer"

Vision after the Sermon - Gauguin

Shows a group of Breton women, wearing Sunday caps and black dresses, visualise the sermon they have just heard in church on Jacob's encounter with the Holy Spirit Shows how the artist was influenced by Japanese prints, stained glass, and cloisonné enamels Firm outlines enclose large areas of unmodulated colour REJECTION OF REALISM AND IMPRESSIONISM Abstracted the scene into a pattern - with angular and harsh shapes POST-IMPRESSIONISM

Paris: A Rainy Day - Caillebotte

Shows a junction of Parisian boulevards resulting from the redesigning of Paris that begun in 1852 into spacious boulevards Emphasises the importance of the great avenues (boulevards) that transformed medieval Paris in the present-day city with superb vistas and wide uninterrupted arteries ideal Did not use Impressionistic broken brushstrokes Figures in the painting seem to be randomly placed Informal and asymmetrical composition "Arbitrary cropping of vistas suggest the transitory nature of modern life" - very impressionistic Theme of rapid urbanization DOES RECORD THE ARTIST'S IMPRESSION OF THE SCENE

The Bath - Cassatt

Shows the tender relationship between a mother and child Visual solidity of the mother contrasts with the Composition owes much to Degas and Japanese prints, but subjects differ from most of the Impressionist painters Her subject is different than most Impressionist painters, partially because as a FEMALE SHE WAS NOT ALLOWED TO FREQUENT THE CAFES that were depicted in most paintings

Impression: Sunrise - Monet

Sketchy quality and indisuiged brushstrokes - this is why it was coined as "Impressionistic" Monet and his circle the embraced this label for their movement of art - those who didn't confine to Romanticism Painted at the intersection of what the painter's saw and what they felt (depicting a sensation) Painted outdoor scenes Don't try to freeze the moment, instead they capture the impermanence of a moment STRADDLE BOTH OBJECTIVE (WHAT YOU SEE) AND SUBJECTIVE (WHAT YOU FEEL)

Sacred Grove

Statuesque figures in timeless poses inhabit a tranquil landscape, their gestures suggesting a symbolic ritual significance Figures' contours are simple and sharp, and their modeling is as shallow as bas-relief (ancient relief sculpture technique) Shows a separation from the capitalist world of materialism and the 'machine' Applauded by the conservative French Academy and the governmnent because he tended to be CLASSICAL in style Rejection of realism and impressionism SYMBOLISM

Basket of Apples - Cezanne

Still life of fruit basket Cezanne had to abandon using real fruits and flowers as his models because they tended to rot before he could complete his painting and analysis of them Reveals the artists analytical approach to painting Captured the solidity of bottles and fruit by juxtaposing colour patches Resulting abstract shapes are not optically realistic - majority almost looks 2D Creates a mixture of 2D and 3D objects POST-IMPRESSIONISM

Night Cafe - Van Gogh

Van Gogh explored ways colours and distorted forms to express emotions Thickness, shape, and direction of the brushstrokes create a tactile counterpart to the intense colours Shows how Van Gogh was influenced by JAPANESE PRINTS Shows Van Gogh's technique of moving the brush vehemently back and forth or at right angles to give the painting a textile-like effect Bold/slapdash attack enhanced the intensity of Van Gogh's already bright and juxtaposing colors Boring subject but charges it with energy