APAH Chapter 29

Woman Combing Her Hair - Archipenko

Bronze Statue of a woman Instead of a head, artist insert a void with a shape of its own that figures importantly in the whole design Void is not simply the negative counterpart of the volume Same fluid intersecting planes seen in Cubist painting Shows how BOTH IN PAINTING AND SCULPTURE, the Cubists broke through traditional limits and transformed these medias

War Monument - Barlach

Bronze Placed in a WW1 memorial which the Nazis melted down for ammunition Human form floats above a tomb suggesting a dying soul at the moment it is about to awaken to everlasting life Style: rigid economy of surfaces concentrates attention on the expressive head of the subject

Collage Arranged According to Laws of Chance - Arp

COLLAGE Dada: more a mindset than identifiable style, believed Enlightenment reason had produced global devastation - TURNED AWAY FROM LOGIC TO IRRATIONALITY, desire for something nonsensical Dropped torn paper squares onto a sheet of paper and then glued them where they fell Reliance on chance in composing images reinforced the anarchy inherent in Dada Renunciation of artistic control

The City - Léger

Champion of the "machine aesthetic"- objects look mechanical Captured the mechanical commotion of URBAN LIFE Incorporated the effects of billboard ads, flashing lights, and noisy traffics Brought together Cubist analysis of form with Purism's broad simplification and machinelike finish of the design components

Nude Self-Portrait, Grimacing - Schiele

Characteristic of GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM Discomfort and anxiety of the German Expressionists Broke sharply with the academic tradition of heroic male nudity Viennese Expressionist Self-portrait, shows the artist with an awkward, twisted, and pained body Elongated fingers seem useless, incapable of holding anything DEPICTS HIMSELF AS A MARTYR WHO HAS SUFFERED BOTH PHYSICALLY AND PSYCHOLOGICALLY

Saint Mary of Egypt among Sinners - Nolde

Characteristic of GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM and the DIE BRUCKE movement, which was much more solemn and focused on alienation in society Discomfort and anxiety of the German Expressionists Depicts Mary Magdellan - biblical prositute laughing and dancing (?) while three darker oger-like men fondle her breasts Sharp contrast with the quiet spirituality of traditional religious images Produces visceral emotions and features distorted forms Jarring color juxtapositions Raw brushstrokes

Red Room - Matisse

Depicts a middle-class home's dining room Table and wall seem to merge because they are the same colour and have identical patterning - lines are very undefined Shows Matisse's belief that painters should choose compositions and colours that express their feelings - characterising him as one of the main painters of the EXPRESSIONIST movement Colors contrasty intensely "Process of overpainting reveals the importance of colour for striking the right chord in the viewer" All about the HARMONY of the colours

Suprematist Composition: Airplane Flying - Malevich

Development of an abstract style called SUPREMATISM: supremacy of pure feeling in creative art, based around the figure of a square Meant to convey that the supreme reality in the world is pure feeling Brightly coloured rectilinear shapes float against white spaces

Woman with Dead Child - Kollwitz

Etching and lithograph Characteristic of GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM and the DER BLAUE REITER movement, which was much more solemn and focused on alienation in society Discomfort and anxiety of the German Expressionists Mother holds her dead child in her arms - theme comes from images of the Pieta in Christian art Transformed the biblical scene into a powerful universal statement of maternal loss and grief Female artist Used her son as a model for the dead child - very personal image and super EMOTIONAL

Robie House - Frank LLoyd Wright

Example of "architecture of democracy" in which free individuals move within a "free" space Nonsymmetrical design interacting spacially with its natural surroundings Intricately joined open and closed spaces grouped freely around a great central fireplace

New York, Night - O'Keeffe

Example of Precisionist: a movement centered around fascination with the machine's "precision" and its importance in modern life - Americans tended to be more interested in mechanisation than Europeans New York's soaring skyscrapers Reduces the buildings to large, simple, dark planes punctuated by small windows that add rhythm and energy to the image

My Egypt - Demuth

Example of Precisionist: a movement centered around fascination with the machine's "precision" and its importance in modern life - Americans tended to be more interested in mechanisation than Europeans Oil on composition board ONE OF THE LEADING PRECISIONIST - extolled the machine age Painting depicts grain elevators reduced to geometric forms amid Cubist transparent diagonal planes Depicting specific grain elevators, reduced to simple geometric forms

Fountain - Duchamp

Glazed sanitary china w/ black paint Focused on "Readymade" sculptures that were mass-produced and then modified by the artist Conferred the status of art on a urinal Forced viewers to see the object in a new light Dada: more a mindset than identifiable style, believed Enlightenment reason had produced global devastation - TURNED AWAY FROM LOGIC TO IRRATIONALITY, desire for something nonsensical Duchamp is the central artist of NY Dada Art not selected for its aesthetic qualities

Armored Train - Severini

Glistening armored train with a central protruding cannon and a row of armed soldiers with row point guns FUTURISM: began as a literary movement but later moved into art, actively advocated revolution - championed war as a means of washing away the stagnant past Interest in motion Reflects the Futurist faith in the cleansing ACTION OF WAR Once WWI erupted, Futurism movement died out because many of the arts felt compelled to join the army - including Severini who died in war Gets both the aesthetics and the politics of the movement

Woman Combing Her Hair - Gonzalez

Iron Using prefabricated metal pieces, this figures is reduced to an interplay of curves, lines, and planes Complete abstraction without any vestiges of traditional representational art Inspired by Picasso - he had much contact with him as friends No longer an incorporation of the basic shapes of a woman's body GREATLY INFLUENCED LATER ABSTRACT ARTISTS WORKING IN WELDED METAL Shows how BOTH IN PAINTING AND SCULPTURE, the Cubists broke through traditional limits and transformed these medias

Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash - Balla

Oil on canvas FUTURISM: began as a literary movement but later moved into art, actively advocated revolution - championed war as a means of washing away the stagnant past Interest in motion Interest in Cubist dissection of form Depiction of a passing dog and its owner Simultaneity of views = central aspect of Futurism Repeating shapes

Gertrude Stein - Picasso

Oil on canvas Portrait of Picasso's friend and patron - forceful, vivacious woman Left unfinished until he decided to incorporate the planar simplicity of ancient Iberian stone sculptures in his depiction of her face (very mask-like) Big difference between the style of her face and the rest of the figure Shows the moment at which Picasso discovered a NEW APPROACH TO THE REPRESENTATION OF THE HUMAN FORM EXAMPLE OF PRIMITIVISM Shifted from style to style

Schroder House - Rietveld

Open plan and an exterior that is a kind of 3D projection of the carefully proportioned flat colour rectangles in Mondrian's paintings DE STIJL: Time of balance between individual and universal values, when the machine would assure ease of living

Homage to Blériot - Delaunay

Orphic Cubist composition - very abstract, COLORFUL TYPE OF CUBISM Paid tribute to Blériot - the first person to fly across the English Channel Blériot's monoplane is in the upper right of the piece - above the Eiffel Tower Shows the advancement of technological innovation Believed that the rhythms of modern life could best be expressed through colour harmonies and dissonances "Some liken its fragmentation to commentary on societal collapse in years preceding WWI"

The Steerage - Stieglitz

PHOTO Stieglitz waged a lifelong campaign to win a place for photography among the fine arts Haunting mixture of found patterns of forms and human activity Stirs deep emotion Taken during his first voyage to Europe with his wife and daughter

Cadeau (Gift) - Ray

Painted flatiron with row of 13 tacks with heads glued to the bottom Characteristic Dada humor Subverted the iron's usual function of smoothing and pressing US ARTIST Surprises viewers into a new awareness of viewing

Nude Descending a Staircase - Duchamp

Showed at NYC Armory Show - received a hostile response from the press Represents a single figure in motion down a staircase in a time continuum Suggests the effect of a sequence of overlaid film stills Shares many characteristics with the work of the Cubist and the Futurust Monochromatic palette Motion down a staircase in a time continuum

Migrant Mother -Lange

Unforgettable photograph of a mother in which she captured the woman's strength and worry SHOWS THE STRUGGLE OF SURVIVING THE GREAT DEPRESSION

Lobster Trap and the Fish Tail - Calder

Used his thorough knowledge of engineering to combine nonobjective organic forms and motion Created a NEW KIND OF SCULPTURE - THE MOBILE - that expressed nature's innate dynamism

Twittering Machine - Klee

Watercolor and pen and ink Based on forms of the tangible world - probably birds Fanciful vision of a mysterious world presented in a simplified, almost childlike manner SURREALISM: DEPICTING ART IN THE WORLD OF DREAMS AND THE UNCONSCIOUS, incorporated many of the improvisational techniques

Still Life w Chair-Caning - Picasso

EXAMPLE OF A MIXED-MEDIA PIECE SYNTHETIC CUBISM: Instead of dissecting forms, artists constructed paintings from objects and shapes cut from paper and other materials Piece of oilcloth imprinted with the photolithographed pattern of a cane chair seat Framed with a piece of rope 'Challenges the viewer's understanding of reality' Spells out the word "journaux" MEDIUM OF COLLAGE

The Portuguese - Braque

EXAMPLE OF ANALYTICAL CUBISM Cubists chose subdued hues in order to focus attention on form Large intersecting planes suggest the form of a man and a guitar; subject is a Portuguese musician in a bar Rejection of pictorial illusionism that had dominated Western art for centuries Concentration on dissecting form and placing it in dynamic interaction with space Stenciled letters and numbers enable the artist to play with the viewers perception of 2D and 3D Dissected form and placed in dynamic interaction with the space around it Raises ambiguity and doubt

Les Desmoiselles d'Avignon - Picasso

EXAMPLE OF PRIMITIVISM Influenced by African/ancient Iberian sculpture and Cezanne's late painting "With this work Picasso opened the door to a radically new method of representing forms in space" Began the work as a symbolic picture portrayig two male clients intermingling with women at the reception of a brothel By the time he had finished, elimination of male figures and simplified room details NOT DEPICTED AS CONTINUOUS VOLUMES - instead the shapes are interwoven with the jagged planes representing the drapery and empty space TENSION BETWEEN REPRESENTATION AND ABSTRACTION

Bottle, Newspaper, Pipe, and Glass - Braque

Glued paper Visual game to be deciphered SYNTHETIC CUBISM: Instead of dissecting forms, artists constructed paintings from objects and shapes cut from paper and other materials Some of the materials feel concrete, while others feel light Layering of flat planes Papier collé technique - sticking paper together and layering it on top of other pieces of paper MEDIUM OF COLLAGE

Maquette for Guitar - Picasso

MODEL for a sculpture of sheet metal Made out of cardboard, string, and wire Cutaway view of the guitar Allows the viewer to examine both surface and interior space, and mass and void Some scholar suggest Picasso derived the cylindrical form that serves as the sound hole on the guitar from the eyes on masks from the Ivory Coast of Africa - African masks were a continuing source of inspiration for him Sound hole of the guitar is the only solid form

Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors - Duchamp

Oil, lead, wire, foil, dust and varnish on glass Simultaneously playful and serious examination of humans as machines The bride is depicted as a motor fuelled by "love gasoline" - she is the top half Male figures in the lower half also move mechanically Chocolate grinder in the center of the lower glass pane represents masturbation (bachelor grinds his own chocolate) Dada: more a mindset than identifiable style, believed Enlightenment reason had produced global devastation - TURNED AWAY FROM LOGIC TO IRRATIONALITY, desire for something nonsensical

Epic of American Civilisation: Hispano-America - Orozco

Part of a series that depicts Mexican history from ancient times Scene focuses on a heroic peasant soldier of the Mexican Revolution whose surrounded by symbolic figures of his oppressors Surrounded by bankers, government soldiers, officials, gangsters, and the rich

Woman w/ the Hat - Matisse

Portrayal of his wife: Amélie Features patches and splotches of seemingly arbitrary colours Depicted in a rather conventional manner compositionally - she sits towards the viewer as one would in a traditional portrait painting Shows how Matisse and his group of fellow "fauvists" used colour not to imitate nature but to produce a reaction in the viewer Colour = primary mechanism by which he could convey meaning EXPRESSIONISM

Monument to the Third International - Tatlin

"Tatlin's Tower" Ambitious avant-garde design for a Soviet government building 3D geometrically shaped chambers rotating at different speeds within a dynamically tilted spiral cage

The Worker and the Collective Farm Worker - Mukhina

Stainless steel In contrast to contemporaneous abstract sculpture, this realistic representation of a male factory worker and a female farm worker GLORIFIED THE COMMUNAL LABOR OF THE SOVIET PEOPLE Example of an artist not pursuing the abstract movement

Two Children Are Threatened By a Nightingale - Ernst

1924 EARLY SURREALIST PAINTING Used traditional perspective to represent the setting Three sketchily rendered figures belong to a dream world Background is real but figures are dream-like and from artists imagination Shows private dream playing on the Renaissance idea that a painting should be a window on reality Dissonance between title of piece and picture ("blow to the mind")

Bird in Space - Brancusi

1928 Bronze Not a literal depiction of a bird Softly curving light-relfelcting abstract sculpture in polished bronze Suggests a bird about to soar in free flight through the heavens DE STIJL: Time of balance between individual and universal values, when the machine would assure ease of living

The Treachery of Images - Magritte

1928 Ceci n'est pas une pipe Discrepancy between briar pipe and his caption challenges the viewer's reliance on the conscious and rational in the reading of visual art SURREALISM: DEPICTING ART IN THE WORLD OF DREAMS AND THE UNCONSCIOUS, incorporated many of the improvisational techniques

Composition with Red Blue and Yellow - Mondrian

1930 Primary colours locked into a grid of intersecting vertical and horizontal lines By altering the grid patterns, he created a dynamic tension DE STIJL: Time of balance between individual and universal values, when the machine would assure ease of living

Persistence of Memory - Dali

1931 "Images of concrete irrationality" Realistically rendered landscape Features three 'decaying' watches Haunting allegory of empty space where time has ended Tried to make the worlds of his paintings convincingly real SURREALISM: DEPICTING ART IN THE WORLD OF DREAMS AND THE UNCONSCIOUS, incorporated many of the improvisational techniques

Painting - Miro

1933 Promoted automatism: creation of art without conscious control Began this painting with a scattered collage and then added forms suggesting floating amoebic organisms SURREALISM: DEPICTING ART IN THE WORLD OF DREAMS AND THE UNCONSCIOUS, incorporated many of the improvisational techniques Switching back and forth between conscious and unconscious

Le Dejeuner en fourrure - Oppenheim

1936 Fur-covered cup Shows the surrealist fascination with the alchemical = magical or mystical SURREALISM: DEPICTING ART IN THE WORLD OF DREAMS AND THE UNCONSCIOUS, incorporated many of the improvisational techniques Fur almost animates the object (incorporates sensuality and eroticism of Surrealism art)

Reclining Figure - Moore

1939 Elm wood Inspired by Mexican chacmool Simplified and abstracted the body form in a way that recalls Biomorphic Surrealism DE STIJL: Time of balance between individual and universal values, when the machine would assure ease of living

Oval Sculpture - Hepworth

1943 INTRODUCTION OF THE HOLE, or negative space, as an abstract element that is as integral and important to the sculpture as its mass DE STIJL: Time of balance between individual and universal values, when the machine would assure ease of living

Art Deco spire of the Chrysler Building - Van Alen

ART DECO: Streamlined, elongated symmetrical aspect, simple flat shapes alternate with shallow volumes in hard patterns; derived from nature, very technologically efficient as well as aesthetically pleasing Stainless steel spire Streamlined form that became popular in the 1920s

Night - Beckmann

BRUTALITY OF THE EARLY 20TH-CENTURY SOCIETY Object seems dislocated and contorted Space appears buckled and illogical 3 male intruders rape and kill women Used his family as models = personal touch Stilted angularity of the figures and the roughness of the paint surface contribute tot he image's savageness Example of the NEUE SACHLICHKEIT movement: connections with the German army - aimed to presented an honest of the war and its effects

Unique Forms of Continuity in Space - Boccioni

Bronze FUTURISM: began as a literary movement but later moved into art, actively advocated revolution - championed war as a means of washing away the stagnant past Interest in motion Advocation for the abolishment of the enclosed, static statue Running figure's body that is so expanded it almost disappears behind the blur of its movement Combination of jagged edges and wavy, smooth edges Later got taken over by the development of motion picture

Fate of the Animals - Marc

Characteristic of GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM and the DER BLAUE REITER movement, which was much more solemn and focused on alienation in society Discomfort and anxiety of the German Expressionists Franz Marc = cofounder of the Der Blaue Reiter movement Believed that animals were more pure than humanity so only painted animals ICONOGRAPHY OF COLOUR Depicts the development of a system of correspondences between specific colours and feelings or ideas Apocalyptic scene of animals trapped in a forest, the colours of severity and brutality dominate Clearly very pessimistic - shows influence of war

Improvisation 28 - Kandinsky

Characteristic of GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM and the DER BLAUE REITER movement, which was much more solemn and focused on alienation in society Discomfort and anxiety of the German Expressionists Shows the influences of the theories of Einstein and Rutherford that stated that material objects had no real substance (comprehension of scientific theories was not so common, especially in the artistic community!) One of the first painters to explore complete ABSTRACTION in his canvases

Street, Dresden - Kirchner

Characteristic of GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM and the DIE BRUCKE movement, which was much more solemn and focused on alienation in society Discomfort and anxiety of the German Expressionists Depicts a busy urban street scene, where no one is interacting or communicating - very isolated/alienated/lonely Perspective distortions Disquieting figures without eyes and without expressions Reflect the influence of the Fauves artists and of Edvard Munch (inspired - think the scream!) Wrenching distortion of form, ragged outline, agitated brush stroke

Picasso - Guernica

Condemnation of the Nazi bombing of the Basque capital, wounded many of Guernica's citizens and destroyed much of the city BUT no reference to the bombings (no bombs and no German planes) "Universal visceral outcry of human grief" Far left - a shrieking woman holds her anguished child Dissections and contortions that are happening in the painting echloes and parallel swhat happened to the innocent civilians in reality in Guernica upon the Nazi bombing Palette reduced to black, white, and shades of grey - as he had in his Analystic Cubist works Cubist techniques - specifically fragmentation of objects and dislocation of anatomical features Expressive effect

Garden facade of the Steiner House - Loos

Decoration was a "criminal" waste of labor and materials - published ORNAMENT AND CRIME Cubical mass with a white stucco shell Devoid of ornamentation and without even moldings to separate floors

Fort Peck Dam - Bourke-White

Dramatic photograph Shows the Fort Peck Dam Celebrated the achievements of modern industry at the height of the Great Depression Published on the cover of LIFE magazine

Pioneer Days and Early Settlers - Benton

Fresco Mural for Missouri's State Capitol MIDWESTERN REGIONALISM MOVEMENT: reaction to the modernist abstraction in Europe, focused on American subjects ONE OF THE MAJOR REGIONALIST ARTWORKS Party documentary and part invention Include both positives and negative aspects of state history DID NOT NECESSARILY GLORIFY MIDWESTERN LIFE

Pepper No. 30 - Weston

Gelatin silver print "Previsualised" his still life Chose the exact angle, lighting, and framing he desired Vegetables often RESEMBLE HUMAN BODIES Looks like a seated nude from behind

Eclipse of the Sun - Grosz

Indictment of militarism and capitalism that he believed was the main cause of WWI Industrialist whispers instructions in the ear of the uniformed president of Germany, who meets with four headless ministers Main figure = Paul von Hindenburg GULLIBILITY OF THE PUBLIC Example of the NEUE SACHLICHKEIT movement: connections with the German army - aimed to presented an honest of the war and its effects

American Gothic - Grant Wood

MIDWESTERN REGIONALISM MOVEMENT: reaction to the modernist abstraction in Europe, focused on American subjects Iowa farmer and his daughter Lancet window in the background - symbol of religious piety Man and woman wear traditional attire Rejection of avant-garde styles in favour of a clearly readable, Realist style

The Song of Love - Chirico

Metaphysical Painting movement: hidden reality seen through strange juxtapositions Dreamlike scene set in the deserted piazza of an Italian town Classical head of Apollo floats mysteriously next to a gigantic red glove in a deserted Italy city square PRECURSOR OF SURREALISM

Nature Symbolized No. 2 - Dove

Pastel on paper One of the first painters to produce completely nonobjective canvases Used only abstract shapes and color, sought to capture the essence of nature and of pulsating organic growth Tried to capture nature's "spirit" through shape and color US ARTIST

Kaufmann House - Frank Lloyd Wright

Perched on a rocky hillside over a waterfall Long sweeping lines, unconfined by abrupt wall limits Reaching out and capturing the expansiveness of the natural environment

Column - Gabo

Perspex, wood, metal, glass Constructivist sculpture Relies on the relationship of mass and space to suggest the nature of space-time Space seems to flow through as well as around the transparent materials he used

The Migration of the Negro - Lawrence

Series documenting African American life in the North Depiction of a segregated dining room underscored that the migrants had not left discrimination behind

Shop Block - Gropius

Sheathed a reinforced concrete skeleton in GLASS Design followed the idea that architecture SHOULDN'T BE EMBELLISHED AND WHIMSY

Villa Savoye - Le Corbusier

Steel and ferroconcrete made it possible to invert the traditional practice of placing light architectural elements above heavy ones and to eliminate weight-bearing walls on the ground story HEAVY PLACED ON TOP OF LIGHT

Model for Glass Skyscraper - Van der Rohe

Technically and aesthetically adventurous design Motto: "less is more" Transparent building that revealed its cantilevered floor planes and thin supports

The Two Fridahs - Kahlo

Tough sensual and psychological memories in her audience Twin self-portraits linked by clasped hands and a common artery Suggests two sides of her personality - could suggest the two national identities that Mexico could choose from Committed to her Mexican heritage Joined the Communist Party

The Dance - Derain

Tropical setting showing three dancing women in a jungle-like environment Bold colours (a bit like Matisse's work) that were used to delineate space, and indicated light and shadow not by differences in value but by contrasts of hues Reflects how Derain was inspired by Gauguin's paintings Flattened perspective - characteristic of EXPRESSIONIST movement Shows Matisse's influence - Derain worked closely with Matisse

Sixth Avenue and Thirtieth Street - Sloan

The Eight: Ash Can School, group of American Realist artists Bleak and seedy aspects of the rapidly changing urban landscape of NYC Bustling intersection Three women in the foreground Forthright depiction categorized as "realist" X-SHAPED

Noah's Ark - Douglas

Depicts the cultural history of African Americans Incorporated motifs from African sculpture Transparent angular planes charactersitic of Synthetic Cubism US ARTIST Used Cubism's formal language to express powerful religious vision

Portrait of a German Officer - Hartley

Elegy to the artist's lover killed in battle Arranged military-related images against a somber black background Flattened, planar presentation reveals the influence of Synthetic Cubism Initials of the artist's lover in the corner Black background casts a somber pall over the painting US ARTIST

Nighthawks - Hopper

Indifference of Hopper's characters to one another Echoing of spaces surrounding the characters Overwhelming loneliness and isolation of GREAT DEPRESSION era Realist vision

Lucky Strike - Davis

Inspired by tobacco products Artist was a heavy smoker Depicted a cigarette package in fragmented form, recalling Cubism Imbued his painting with an American jazz rhythm US ARTIST

Der Krieg - Otto Dix

Oil and tempera on wood Triptych that recalls earlier altarpieces (such as Issenheim Altarpiece) Captured the panoramic devastation war inflicts on the terrain and on humans Depicted himself as a soldier dragging a comrade to safety

Merz 19 - Schwitters

Paper collage Inspired by Cubist collage Found visual poetry in the cast-off junk of modern society Pasted and nailed together these poems into striking Dada compositions Elevated trash to the status of high art Dada: more a mindset than identifiable style, believed Enlightenment reason had produced global devastation - TURNED AWAY FROM LOGIC TO IRRATIONALITY, desire for something nonsensical

Ancient Mexico - Rivera

STAUNCH MARXIST Mural cycle dramatizing Mexican history Fresco Depicts the conflicts between the indigenous Meixcans and Spanish colonisers