Apbio final

Assuming a negligible pressure potential, which of the following best predicts the net movement of the small diffusible solutes and water in the second experiment (table 2)?

Small diffusible solutes will diffuse into the grape cells, followed by water

Which of the following best explains how some cells of an individual produce and secrete a specific enzyme, but other cells of the same individual do not?

The cells transcribe and translate different combinations of genes, leading to the production of different sets of proteins

A researcher is investigating the effects of a chemical that makes thylakoids membranes permeable to hydrogen ions (H+). Which of the following is the most likely direct effect of adding the chemical to plant cells?

The chloroplasts will generate less ATP

A researcher observes that when two heterozygous plants with red flowers are crossed, the resulting offspring include plants with red, white, or pink flowers. Assuming two degrees of freedom, which of the following is the correct interpretation of the chi-square analysis, using a p-value of 0.05?

The null hypothesis should be rejected because the critical value is less than the calculated value

Blood vessels are surrounded by cells called smooth muscle cells. Which of the following is represented by the gradual increase in thickness of the arrows from the top to the bottom of figure 1?

The number of signaling molecules that are produced or activated increases with each step in the pathway

A mutation in the gene coding for a single-polypeptide enzyme results in the substitution of the amino acid serine, which has a polar R group, by the amino acid phenylalanine, which has a non polar R group. Which of the following most likely explains how the amino acid substitution has resulted in decreased catalytic activity by the mutated enzyme?

The substitution altered the secondary and tertiary structure of the enzyme so that the mutated enzyme folds into a different shape than the normal enzyme does.

Based on the pedigree in figure 1, which of the following best explains the observed pattern of inheritance?

The trait is autosomal recessive, because the cross between individuals I-1 and I-2 produced an affected offspring

Goats and sheep belong to the same family but different genera. Which of the following best explains the mechanism that maintains reproductive isolation between goats and sheep?

The two species have a different number of chromosomes, resulting in a postzygotic barrier.

In the spring and summer, the fur of an arctic fox contains a pigment called melanin that gives the fox's fur a dark color. Which of the following most likely explains how the changing seasons result in changing fur color in an arctic fox?

Environmental factors cause changes in gene expression, resulting in seasonal variations in pigment production

Based on the data in table 1, which of the following best explains the observed differences in cold tolerance between brown anoles (A. Sagrei) and green anoles (A. Carolinenses) in the Unites States?

Green anoles with greater tolerance for cold had greater reproductive success in areas with colder temperatures

Researchers analyzed the amino sequence of the protein cytochrome c in various groups of organisms and determined the number of amino substitutions that have occurred in the different groups of organisms. Based on the data, which of the following organisms are most distantly related?

Insects and vertebrates

Which of the following best describes the effect of insulin binding to the receptor on the osteoblast cells?

Insulin binding ultimately increases pancreatic secretion of addition insulin

Researchers studying new viruses analyzed the genetic material found in four different virus samples to determine the percent nitrogen base composition of each virus. Which of the following samples most likely contains a double-stranded RNA virus?

Sample 1

Which of the following was the dependent variable in the researcher's experiment?

pH

Based on the data, which of the following best describes the relationship between light and the degradation fo mRNA G and mRNA H?

A longer exposure to light increases the rate of mRNA G degradation but not of mRNA H degradation

Based on the data, which of the following is the best approximation of the rate of growth per week in section II from day 14 to day 21?

4.5 g/week

Based on table 1, which of the following percentage is closest to the solute concentration of the grape?

5.5%

A particular genetic disorder is associated with a single gene with two alleles. Assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following is closest to the frequency of carriers in the general population?

0.02430

Based on the data in table 1, which of the following is the earliest time point at which there is a statistical difference in average pH between the control and treatment groups?

35 minutes

A researcher hypothesized that, in mice, two autosomal dominant traits, trait Q and trait R, are determined by separate genes found on the same chromosome. Which of the following is the expected number of offspring that will display both train Q and trait R?

36

Which of the following is the out group in the Cladogram shown in figure 1?

A. Carolinensis

Pyruvate kinase, a key enzyme in the glycolysis pathway, is inhibited by the amino acid alanine. Which of the following best explains the mechanism by which alanine inhibits pyruvate kinase activity?

Alanine binds to an allosteric site of the enzyme, changing the shape of the enzyme's active site

Based on figure 1, which of the following would provide the strongest evidence to support a claim that A. Valencienne and A. Lineatopus are the two anole species most closely related to A. Sagrei?

Analyzing homologous DNA sequences among the species

A common test for liver function involves sprinkling sulfur powder onto a sample of urine (mostly water with dissolved bodily waste). Which of the following best explains why bile salts cause the sulfur powder to sink?

Bile salts decrease the surface tension of the urine sample

In anoles, small toe pads are better for gripping irregular surfaces such as the forest flor, and large tow pads are better for gripping smooth surfaces such as leaves. Based on the data in table 1, if brown anoles are introduced into a forest where green anoles currently live, which of the following predictions about the two species is most likely?

Brown anoles will occupy a different area of the forest floor from green anoles which will minimize competition

Ethylene gas is an organic molecule that serves many cell signaling roles in flowering plants. Which of the following best explains how a positive feedback mechanism involving ethylene works?

Cells of ripening fruit produce ethylene, which activates the ripening response in other fruit cells

Based on the cladogram in figure 1, which of the following conclusions about the evolution of the anole species is most reasonable?

Each species evolved as a result of different selective pressures

Which of the following best explains the connection between energy, growth, and the maintenance of an ordered system in the experiment?

Energy input from light is required for the grass to grow and maintain an ordered structure.

Which of the following claims is most consistent with the data shown in Figure 2?

Esp expression is necessary to prevent the overproduction of insulin

Based on table 1, which of the following best explains the difference in water potential between certain solutions and the grapes?

Grape soda and NaCl have a lower water potential because these two solutions caused the grape to lose water

Based on the data in figure 1, which of the following most likely represents the chance in energy that occurs when ATP hydrolysis is coupled with the phosphorylation of a substrate?

Line 1 represents ATP hydrolysis, and line 4 represents phosphorylation of a substrate.

Which of the following graphs best represents the data in table 1?

Line graph

Which of the following best explains the observed difference in mass between the grass in section I after 14 days and the grass in section III after 21 days?

Mass lost by cell respiration in section III was not replaced by photosynthesis

The human sleep-wake cycle is regulated by melatonin. Long-term exposure to extended periods of bright light after sunset is most likely to affect a person in which of the following ways?

Melatonin synthesis will be inhibited, and the person will have difficulty sleeping

The amino acid in figure 1 is found in a region of a polypeptide that folds away from water. Which part of the amino acid most likely contributes to the hydrophobic behavior of this region of the polypeptide?

Methyl (CH3) group

A typical bag of fertilizer contains high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium but trace amounts of magnesium and calcium. Which of the following best matches the fertilizer component with the molecule in which it will be incorporated by organisms in the area?

Nitrogen will be incorporated into nucleic acids

Which of the following was a positive control in the experiment?

Normal strain

Which of the following best describes a characteristic of DNA that makes it useful as hereditary material?

Nucleotide bases in one strand can only be paired with specific bases in the other

Which of the following best explains how continuity of genetic information in cells is ensured across generations?

Replication uses a parental strand of DNA as a template to create a new strand of DNA

Which of the following best describes the hydrolysis of carbohydrates?

The addition of a water molecule breaks a covalent bond between sugar monomers

Which of the following best describes the process by which the bacteria are breaking down the glucose to produce lactic acid?

The bacteria are breaking down sugars in the absence of oxygen

Different species of bumblebee compete for flower nectar in their ecosystem. Which of the following best explains the relationship between the different bumblebee species living in the same area?

The bumblebees have undergone niche partitioning due to competition

A karyotype is a representation of all the metaphase chromosomes in a sample of cells from a particular individual (figure 1). Which of the following most likely explains how the chromosomes circled in figure 1 could cause a genetic disorder in the person from whom the cells were obtained?

The extra chromosome will affect the levels of RNA transcribed from certain genes and the amount of protein produced from those genes in each cell.

Mercurial self hydrate is an inhibitor of aquaporins. Which of the following is the most likely effect of adding mercurial sulfhydryl to the distilled water solution?

The grape cells with gain water more slowly because of a lack of facilitated diffusion

A student hypothesizes that the solute concentration of grape juice is higher than the solute concentration of the actual grape because the grape juice has added sugar. Based on the data in Table 1, which of the following best evaluates the student's hypothesis?

The hypothesis is not supported because the mass of the grape increased in the grape juice

Beta thalassemia is a disorder caused by mutations in the HBB gene. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for how a mutation in the DNA could result in the loss of the carboxyl terminus of the HBB protein?

The mutation changes a codon in the coding region of the HBB transcript to a stop codon such that the translation terminates earlier than it should

Based on the information provided, which of the following best justifies the claim that osteocalcin is a hormone?

The osteoblasts in the bone secrete osteocalcin, which causes cells in the pancreas to change their activity

According to the data, which of the following best explains the results of the experiment

The pH of the treatment culture was lower than the pH of the control because the chemical increased the bacterial metabolic rate

A researcher observes that mice from the mutant strain experience low blood sugar. Which of the following best describes the feedback mechanism in the pathway (figure 1) causing the low blood sugar in the mutant strain?

The positive feedback of insulin protein

Which of the following is an appropriate null hypothesis for the student's experiment?

The presence of light has no effect on the mass of the grass

Figure 1 shows the amount of product produced in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction over five minutes. Which of the following best explains how the rate of the reaction changes over time?

The rate decreases the ration of product to substrate increases

Which of the following best explains why larger grapes have a different rate of water absorption per gram of mass than smaller grapes do?

The rate is slower because smaller grapes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio than the larger grapes do

Pitcher plants are carnivorous plants that grow in areas where the soil contains low levels of key nutrients such as nitrogen. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the pitcher plant and the woolly bat?

The relationship is an example of mutualism because both the plant and the bat benefit

Based on the data, which of the following is the most likely effect of a period of increased volcanic activity that significantly decreases the amount of sunlight reaching a particular ecosystem for several years

There will be a decrease in the population sizes of most species and a decrease in the number of trophic levels

Which of the following observations would provide the strongest evidence that two plants belong to different biological species?

They produce viable but sterile offspring