APEH Unit 2: Reformation and Religious Wars

Battle of Lepanto

(1571) was a battle in which Spain and the Italian states defeated the Turks, off the coast of Greece and is considered one of the most decisive naval battles in history.

Elizabeth I

(The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess) She was the fifth and last of the Tudor dynasty daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth was declared illegitimate

Philip II

Charles V's son, King of Spain was considered the most militant supporter of the Catholic Counter-Reformation. Replaced his father's moderate policies with an all-out effort or eradicate Protestantism in the Netherlands.

95 Theses

Document written by Martin Luther. Attacked the theoretical underpinnings of the papal granting of indulgences. Helped spread reform doctrine with the help of the printing press

Indulgences

Documents sold by the Church to reduce the time one's soul spent in Purgatory. Promoted by Tetzel. Attacked by Erasmus and Luther, they were one of the main things sparking calls for reform.

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended the Thirty Years War in 1648. It recognized Dutch independence and the ability of monarchs to choose Calvinism, Catholicism, or Lutheranism for their nations.

Puritans

English Reformed Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to purify the Church of England from all Roman Catholic practices, maintaining that the Church of England was only partially reformed.

Thomas More

English humanist who guided royal opposition to incipient English Protestantism; he rejected the Act of Succession and the Act of Supremacy, so Henry VIII had them executed, showing that Henry was going to have his way

Wycliffe

English philosopher who defended royalty's rights, supported the reduction of church power and property, translated Bibles into the vernacular, was considered a heretic; tried to get rid of church power in interpreting the Bible for people. He also taught that church authority should come from merit, not on rank, becoming the basis of the Reformation

Henry IV (Bourbon of Navarre)

France: Leader of the Protestant forces, emerged victorious from the War of Three Henries. He then converted to Catholicism to appease his people and ensured religious toleration with the 1598 Edict of Nantes.

Henry of Guise

France: Leader of the military Catholic forces in France. He manipulated his king into massacring Huguenots on St. Bartholomew's Day, 1572. He eventually conspired, with Philip II of Spain, to remove his king and take the throne. For this, he was executed.

Henry III

France: The third son of Catherine De Medici to rule France. He was more occupied with his social affairs that running the nation. He was blindsided by the religious ambitions and war that engulfed his country.

Huguenots

France:French Protestants. By 1563, there were 2,000 Protestant congregations in France. A large percentage of the nobility had converted. This was initiated by a great number of Calvinist preachers who had crossed the border from Switzerland.

Henry II

French king (1547-1559) who est. new measures against the Protestants

John Calvin

French religious reformer. Believed in predestination. Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion. Began the Calvinist church. Became popular in Switzerland, the Netherlands, and France. Granted freedom in the Peace of Westphalia

Mary Queen of Scots

French, Catholic queen who ruled Scotland, but was executed by English Protestants, causing war between Spain and England (Catholicism attacking Protestantism)

German Peasant's Revolt

German revolt by peasants against their lords in the 16th century which was condemned by Martin Luther. Showed the fact that he was, although a reformer, very socially conservative

War of the Three Henry's

Henry III, Henry Duke of Guise and Henry of Navarre. First was King(Valois), Second was of the powerful Guise family - very R.C. and wanting to gain throne of France, and Henry of Navarre who was from SW France(Pyrenees)-a Bourbon- who was a Hug. convert. Conflict betwn. the three - War of the Three Henrys - ended up with H of N siding with HIII who had H of G assassinated. A Guise plot assass. H III who, on his deathbed, willed throne to H of N who eventually agreed to convert(again) and assume throne as H IV(Paris is worth a mass)

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor during the 16th century. Opposed Lutheranism's spread, but was caught up fighting the Ottomans, so he could not intervene. Eventually signed the Peace of Augsburg, granting Lutherans religious toleration

Act of Supremacy 1534

Issued by Henry VIII, it proclaimed the king "supreme head of the Church of England." Reforms brought the clergy under control of the state, and created the Protestant group Anglicanism. Taken away by Mary, brought back by Elizabeth

Catherine Medici

Italian noblewoman who was the Queen of France until 1559 as the wife of King Henry II. Ruled France through her sons after her husband's death, Catholic, but looking for compromise.

Catherine of Aragon

King Henry VIII's first wife who couldn't bear him any sons, so she was divorced; led to the Church of England

Henry VIII

King of England, and religious conservative who condemned Luther with support from the pope. However, the pope would not let him divorce his wife, so he passed the Act of Supremacy, proclaiming him the "head of the Church of England." Created the Protestant group Anglicanism

Edict of Worms

Luther was called before the Holy Roman Empire and tried for heresy

Council of Trent

Met in an attempt to reform some church doctrine, although most present practices were simply reaffirmed, including authority of the pope, the seven sacraments, and the presence of Christ in eucharist. Indulgences were admitted to have been subject to abuse however, and pluralism was abolished

William the Silent (of Orange)

Netherlands: After the Duke of Alva executed the Count of Egmont and the Count of Hoorn, ____became leader of the Dutch Protestant resistance. He successfully defending his nation from the Spanish.

Duke of Alva

Netherlands: He was sent by Philip II, killed thousands of people because he believed they were better off dead than as heretics. He also led the Spanish efforts to subdue the Dutch during the Dutch revolt.

Union of Utrecht

Netherlands: ___ of 1781 counter-acted the Union of Arras by uniting the Northern provinces. They eventually became the nation of the Netherlands.

Defenestration of Prague

Occurred when representatives of Frederick of Styria were throne out the window of Prague castle. They carried news that Protestantism had been banned. Began the Thirty-Years War.

Ignatius Loyola

One of the primary contributors of the Counter Reformation. Led the Jesuits, who educated kids into joining Catholicism and led an army to fight Protestants. Wrote Spiritual Exercises

Spanish Netherlands

Part of the Netherlands that was ruled by Philip II of Spain

Anabaptists

Radical group of Zwinglians. Formed communities in Switzerland and southern Germany. Crushed by catholic and Protestant forces. Condemned at the Diet of Speyer

Ulrich Zwingli

Reformer during the 16th century. Preached salvation through faith alone. Engaged in the Sacramentarian Controversy with Martin Luther

Catholic (Counter) Reformation

Response to the Protestant Reformation. Main contributors were the Council of Trent, Ignatius Loyola and the Jesuits, the Ursaline Nuns, and the Baroque art style. Re-established the supremacy of the pope and the traditional beliefs of the Church

John Knox

Scottish reformer who was repressed by Mary of England, Mary of Guise, and the Regent of Scotland, and laid the foundation for Calvinist resistance in Europe

Spanish Armada

Spain, Netherlands, France: In one of the most famed naval battles in history, the English defeated the Spanish in 1588. This greatly weakened the Spanish's ability to quell the Dutch revolt. It also caused Henry of Guise's plan to take over the French throne to end in disaster and execution.

Edward VI

The son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour. England's first monarch raised a protestant

Peace of Augsburg

Treaty between Schmalkaldic league and Charles V Followed the doctrine of "Cuis regio, eius religo" prescribed that the ruler of each country should determine that religion of that nation. It was established in 1555.

Thirty-Years War

Was fought throughout Western Europe. It was concluded with the Peace of Westphalia which effectively ended the Age of Religious Wars in Europe.

Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

a member of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order of priests founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Xavier, and others in 1534, to do missionary work. The order was zealous in opposing the Reformation. Despite periodic persecution it has retained an important influence in Catholic thought and education

Martin Luther

an educated, influential reformer in the Reformation who attacked the church and criticized many of its practices through the 95 Theses

Church of England (Anglican Church)

created by Henry VIII so he could divorce his wife and have a son (and heir) with a new wife

Mary Tudor

daughter of Catherine of Aragon who became queen after Edward VI; she restored the Catholic doctrine and practice.

Edict of Nantes

formal religious settlement by Henry IV that recognized minor religious rights for Huguenots in France

Pope Clement VII

friends with Charles V, wouldn't annul Henry VIII marriage to Catherine

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

massacre allowed by Catherine de Medici, killing lots of Protestants

Anne Boleyn

one of Catherine of Aragon's ladies in waiting who Henry VIII wanted to marry, leading the split from the Catholic Church

Pope Leo X

pope in 1517, who revived a Jubilee Indulgence, which was said to forgive all unrepented sins upon completion of certain acts, also showing church corruption

English Reformation

reform of the church that occurred in England because of Henry VIII and his certain motives; changed the religion and authority of the church in England

politique

rulers who urged tolerance and compromise in religious matters, including Elizabeth I of England (moderation in religion, etc.)

transubstantiation

sacramental bread and wine in Catholic church

French Wars of Religion

war between Huguenots and Catholics, had a lot to do with power in addition to religion

simony

when someone pays for a position of Holy office