APES 2.4 - 2.7

How would including a control group be useful in this experiment? A It would provide a reference for the effects of random environmental factors. B It would provide a number against which percentages can be computed. C It would provide a value for which the standard pH can be measured. D It would provide a standard number to test for statistical uncertainty. E It would provide an end data point for graphical analysis.

A It would provide a reference for the effects of random environmental factors.

Which of the following is the best example of a keystone species? A Sea otter B Sea urchin C Spotted owl D Snail darter E Condor

A Sea otter

Based on the data shown in the graph, which of the following events occurred after the glacial retreat? A Primary succession B Flooding C Sea level rise D Global climate change

A primary succession

At which time after clear-cutting does the ecosystem exhibit the greatest species richness? A 50 years B 100 years C 150 years D 200 years E 250 years

B 100 Years

The graphs above show the population size and distribution of beak sizes in a finch population on the island of Daphne Major in the Galapagos in 1976 and 1978. Smaller-beaked finches are better suited for eating grasses and small seeds. Larger-beaked finches are better suited for cracking larger seeds and nuts. In 1977 a drought took place and the vegetation of the island was affected by the lack of rain. Which of the following was the number of finches in the population with a beak size of 10.2 mm in 1978? A 8 B 12 C 40 D 65

B 12

Which of the following was the average beak size of finches on the island of Daphne Major in 1976? A 8.8 mm B 9.5 mm C 10.2 mm D 13.8 mm

B 9.5 mm

Which of the following best identifies the author's claim? A Aardvarks are shifting the location of their territories as a response to global climate change. B Aardvarks are a keystone species and their decline could have a trophic cascade effect on the ecosystem. C The loss of aardvarks described in the study was an isolated incident because most aardvark populations are increasing globally. D Providing aardvarks with more burrows will help them maintain their body temperature and increase survival rates.

B Aardvarks are a keystone species and their decline could have a trophic cascade effect on the ecosystem.

News release adapted from the United States Geological Survey Which of the following best identifies the author's claim? A The increased size of the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico is forecasted to benefit the fishing industry in the United States. B The increased rainfall events in the United States are decreasing the tolerance of fish and other marine species in the Gulf of Mexico because of a decreased concentration of oxygen. C Many marine species are migrating away from the Gulf of Mexico as a result of increased nutrient pollution from increased rainfall events. D The large hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico is directly linked to climate change in the Mississippi River watershed.

B The increased rainfall events in the United States are decreasing the tolerance of fish and other marine species in the Gulf of Mexico because of a decreased concentration of oxygen.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the trends seen in the data? A The highest sea level occurred in the Triassic period. B The lowest sea level occurred during the Paleogene period. C The first rise in sea level occurred during the Cretaceous period. D Sea level decreased from the beginning of the Triassic period to the end of the Cretaceous period.

B The lowest sea level occurred during the Paleogene period.

The pH at which 50 percent of the Daphnia survive after 2 hours of exposure can be predicted from the data. This pH is closest to A 2.5 B 3.5 C 4.5 D 7.5 E 8.5

C 4.5

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph? A The temperature of Earth rises and biodiversity increases immediately after a volcanic eruption. B The carrying capacity of plants in the area is approximately 250 species. C After the volcanic eruption, pioneer species colonized the area and the ecosystem began to undergo succession. D Plant species that are well adapted will survive and reproduce, leading to a change in the ecosystem biodiversity through the process of natural selection.

C After the volcanic eruption, pioneer species colonized the area and the ecosystem began to undergo succession.

Living organisms must acquire energy from their environment. Examples of adaptations that help organisms acquire this energy include which of the following? The dark, heat-absorbing coloration of a reptile. The fangs and claws of a lion The light coloration of a peppered moth A I only B II only C I and II only D II and III only E I, II, and III

C I and II only

Based on the data shown in the graph, which of the following best describes how ecologists could determine when this ecosystem is approaching a climax community? A Determine if the keystone species in the ecosystem is present two years after the volcanic eruption B Measure the biomass of the pioneer species present before and after the volcanic eruption C Record the number and type of producers present every year after the eruption D Calculate the net primary productivity of a specific indicator species every year after the eruption

C Record the number and type of producers present every year after the eruption

which of the following diagrams represents the most likely actual (realized) ranges of the species' distribution of individuals with respect to soil moisture content after five generations? A B C D E

D

On the basis of the data, the best prediction of the pH of the water in which Daphnia normally are found in the wild is A 1 B 3 C 5 D 7 E 9

D 7

Which of the following best shows the process of evolution? A A lizard's color becomes brown as it sits on a log. B A bear goes into hibernation. C A plant loses its leaves in a drought. D A population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide. E A population of foxes increases as more prey becomes available.

D A population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide.

Lincoln, A. E., J. A. Shaffer, and T. P. Quinn. 2018. Opportunistic use of estuarine habitat by juvenile Bull Trout, Salvelinus confluentus, from the Elwha River before, during, and after dam removal. Environmental Biology of Fishes 101:1559-1569 Which of the following best identifies the author's claim? A Bull trout experienced high mortality rates as a result of the formation of the estuary and sediments released during dam deconstruction. B Bull trout are adaptable to a variety of habitats and were able to survive in the river habitat during the dam deconstruction. C Bull trout remained in the estuary system after the dam deconstruction because the disruption had irreversibly altered the river habitat. D Bull trout are unable to live in high sediment loaded waters and migrated to avoid the conditions introduced during dam deconstruction.

D Bull trout are unable to live in high sediment loaded waters and migrated to avoid the conditions introduced during dam deconstruction.

Which tree species grows best with full sunlight? A White oak B Hickory C Dogwood D Sweet gum E Beech

D Sweet Gum

Which of the following would be the best to use as a control in this study? A The health of the salmon population in the river before humans lived in the area B The health of the salmon population at the apex of the dam's construction C The health of the salmon population just after the dam's construction was completed D The health of the salmon population prior to any dam construction

D The health of the salmon population prior to any dam construction

Which of the following statements best explains the changes in the size and composition of the population of finches after the drought? A The total number of finches in the population increased, and the smaller-beaked finches were more successful in the drier environment. B The total number of finches in the population increased, and the larger-beaked finches were more successful in the drier environment. C The total number of finches in the population decreased, and the smaller-beaked finches were more successful in the drier environment. D The total number of finches in the population decreased, and the larger-beaked finches were more successful in the drier environment.

D The total number of finches in the population decreased, and the larger-beaked finches were more successful in the drier environment.

In North America, native pollinators often increase the quantity and quality of crops of native plants that are insect pollinated more effectively than European honeybees do. The most likely reason for the phenomenon is that native pollinators A are unaffected by commercial pesticides B are uniformly smaller than European honeybees C have no known native predators D have coevolved with native plant species E mature quickly without undergoing metamorphosis

D have coevolved with native plant species

Given that beak size is genetically determined, which of the following hypotheses is the most likely explanation for the differences in data between the islands? A Egg mortality differs on the islands. B Beak size exerts selective pressure on prey size. C Birds on Daphne Island live longer than birds on Santa Cruz Island. D Large-beaked birds move to Santa Cruz Island and small-beaked birds move to Daphne Island. E The types of food found on the two islands exert selective pressure on beak size.

E The types of food found on the two islands exert selective pressure on beak size.

Which of the following, if true, best supports the claim of the citizens' group? A Harvesting oak and hickory will disrupt the soil in the first year after clear-cutting; oaks and hickories cannot germinate that first year. B Oak and hickory are late-successional species; pioneer species will dominate for many decades before the oaks and hickories are reestablished. C Coniferous forests can regrow after having been clear-cut; the biome will change to a boreal forest after clear-cutting. D Populations of large carnivores in the forest will decline after clear-cutting occurs; deer hunting will suffer as a result. E Erosion rates on the slopes of the Appalachian Mountains will decrease after clear-cutting; many new species will move into the forest.

Oak and hickory are late-successional species; pioneer species will dominate for many decades before the oaks and hickories are reestablished.