APES - Chapter 19 & 23 Test

How much additional CO2 is emitted by turning on the lights for eight hours in a classroom in this state compared to the national average?

(2000 lb CO2 / MBTU - 1150 lb CO2) x 1 MBTU / 1000000 BTU x 3412 BTU / kWh x 40 bulbs x 30 W / bulb x 1kW / 1000 W x 8h

Moving clockwise, label the steps of energy production in this diagram of a coal-fired power plant.

1. Coal is burned in the furnace. 2. Heat from combustion boils water. 3. Steam turns the turbine. 4. Magnets are moved past copper coils to generate current. 5. Steam is cooled and condensed. 6. Air pollutants are filtered out. 7. Toxic ash is taken to a hazardous waste disposal site.

1. Used primarily in the United States for electricity generation 2. Remains of ancient organisms, modified underground for long periods by temperature and pressure 3. The world's most abundant fossil fuel 4. A mixture of hundreds or thousands of different hydrocarbon molecules 5. Primary fuel used in the United States for space and water heating 6. Created very slowly and considered nonrenewable at current extraction rates 7. Used primarily in the United States as a source of vehicle fuels 8. Produces the least carbon dioxide per unit energy when combusted

1. coal 2. coal, oil, and natural gas 3. coal 4. oil 5. natural gas 6. coal, oil, and natural gas 7. oil 8. natural gas

1. Mineral extraction by removing up to several hundred vertical feet from hill and mountaintops 2. Excavating a giant hole in the landscape to remove widely spread mineral deposits 3. Sifting through sand and silt in riverbeds for minerals using flowing water 4. Tunneling deep underground to extract minerals 5. Removing surface layers to expose and extract horizontal mineral deposits 6. Restoration of mined areas to pre-mining conditions 7. Extracting minerals from underground by dissolving them and then sucking or pumping the dissolved minerals out of the ground

1. mountaintop removal mining 2. open pit mining 3. placer mining 4. subsurface mining 5. strip mining 6. reclamation 7. solution mining

Which of the following volumes of natural gas per hour is required to heat the home?

150 ft^3 natural gas / hour

A science teacher has decided to attend a conference in Chicago. She lives in Indianapolis, 180 miles away. She has been considering buying a new car. Her old SUV gets about 20 miles per gallon. The new hybrid she's considering gets about 30 mpg. If she buys the new car and takes it to the conference, how many gallons of gasoline will she be saving?

3

Approximately, how much of the United States electricity is projected to be produced from fossil fuels in 2035?

3.3 trillion kilowatthours

A school uses 30 MW of electricity per month. How many kilowatts of electricity is used by the school per month?

30,000 kW

Conserving hot water is one way to improve energy efficiency. In order to wash a set of dishes by hand, 10 gallons of water must be heated from 60°F to 110°F. If 1 gallon of water weighs roughly 8 pounds, how many BTU of energy are required to heat the water? One BTU is the amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1°F.

4,000 BTU

About 80% of the worlds energy comes from fossil fuels. According to the US energy information administration, the total primary energy consumption worldwide in 2012 was about 520 quadrillion free BTUs. How many BTUs came from fossil fuels?

416 quadrillion BTUs

Call very much for your pollutants and energy does sells for a higher price. Which of the following types of coal would be the most expensive?

Anthracite

Which of the following coal types is the most valuable?

Anthracite

The order of types of coal from highest energy content to lowest energy content per gram is

Anthracite, bituminous, lignite, peat

As this is the case, all the following are advantages to using these sources except

As developing countries become more developed their need for energy increases.

What is secondary extraction and why is it necessary?

As oil is extracted, pressure in the area is reduced and the remaining oil is more difficult to bring to the surface. By injecting fluid like water or brine or a gas like carbon dioxide, pressure can be added that pushes out more of the oil.

Contains large deposits of tar sands

B

Which of the following lists the most used fuel, worldwide, in order, from the 1700s to today?

Biomass, coal, petroleum

How does the burning of coal contribute to acid rain?

Burning coal releases sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.

Energy flow can be described by the term power. In the US, we measure electricity in kWh. Compare the amount of electricity used over the course of a year by a compact fluorescent lightbulb and a light emitting diode bulb if both are used eight hours a day, the CFL uses 14 watts and LED uses 10 watts.

CFL = 40.9 kWh LED = 29.2 kWh

Based on the information and the map, which country has proven oil reserves above 100 billion barrels due to the tar sands located with in it?

Canada

Call deposits formed from Forest during which of the following geologic periods?

Carboniferous

Which country uses the most coal in the world?

China

Which of the following statements about clean coal technology is true?

Clean coal technologies will reduce coal pollution but will not reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

The graph above shows the United States electricity generation by fuel. The fuels are not labeled, but the trend should help you answer the question. Which of the following fuel types is best associated with the majority of electricity generation in the US in 2006 to 2013?

Coal

Which of the following is produced solely from the ancient remains of photosynthetic organisms?

Coal

Which energy sources are use most to least worldwide for electricity generation?

Coal, natural gas, renewables and nuclear

Which of the following is true about CAFE standards?

Corporate average fuel economy standards are regulations in the US to improve the average fuel economy of cars and light trucks.

Petroleum that is pumped out of the ground is known as which of the following?

Crude oil

Rock crude oil is not generally useful as it consist of hundreds of different hydrocarbons. How is it processed into gasoline, kerosene, diesel, propane, and other materials?

Different hydrocarbons are separated according to boiling point in a process called distillation.

Based on the data shown, which site is most likely to be located closest to a coal mine?

E

What is the most common approach for reducing peak demand?

Electric companies can use a variable price structure and charge more during peak demand periods.

A natural gas power plant produces electricity by burning the methane, but it also captures the hot exhaust to heat nearby buildings in the winter. This is an example of

Energy cogeneration

All of the following encourage the use of mass transit except

Establishing HOV lanes on the interstate

Which of the following is formed from the remains of organisms that is the most widely used source of energy globally?

Fossil fuels

Why do scientists think that the environment and human health cannot be restored to their original conditions after mountaintop mining?

Groundwater remains polluted, even after reclamation efforts.

What method of extracting natural gas water company most likely use in the area of the Marcellus Shale?

Hydraulic fracking

According to the World Bank which country has the highest energy consumption per capita?

Iceland

According to the graph, homes built between 2000 to 2009 consume only 2% more energy despite being 30% larger on average what is the most likely explanation for this phenomenon?

Increased efficiency in home heating and insulation in 2000 to 2009 homes

Which of the following appropriately describes the ways that the US dealt with the energy crisis of 1973?

Increased exploratory drilling, increased efficiency standards for cars, reduce speed limits to conserve fuel, researched alternative energy sources, and set up the strategic petroleum reserve.

According to the map below, which countries have the largest natural gas reserves?

Irán and Russia

What units are most often used to express electric energy used by an electric utility company in the United States?

Kilowatt-hours

The creation of usable energy as electricity is done in many different ways. Which of the following electricity sources is correctly paired with the energy type that is used to create it?

Kinetic energy and solar panels.

According to the map below, which of the following is the most likely location of the FAMC lignite mine?

Latrobe Valley Basin

Which of the following is the correct order of coal varieties in order of increasing calorific content?

Lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, anthracite

Natural gas is composed primarily of which of the following?

Methane

What is known as an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes?

Mineral

Acid drainage does not normally occur in areas before mines are built but tends to happen after the mine has been in operation for many years. What causes acid drainage?

Mining exposes unweathered rock surfaces that react with water and the atmosphere to generate acids.

Which of the following statements about alternative fossil fuels is true?

Mining methods for alternative fossil fuels can be devastating to the environment.

If a tyrannical dictator decided to control future energy sources, to which countries would here she most need to market based on projected energy demands?

Nicaragua, Rwanda, and other developing nations

Which of the following explains the appropriate order for coal formation?

Peat, lignite, sub bituminous coal, bituminous, and anthracite.

The people of some countries pay double what we do in the United States for gasoline. Which of the following statements is true regarding this fact?

People in the United States have less incentive to conserve gasoline than people in countries that charge more for gasoline.

Which of the following materials is often found with natural gas?

Pertroleum, coal, manure/sewage, ALL OF THE ABOVE

Worldwide, which fossil fuel is used more than any other?

Petroleum

Which of the following might eventually become Julia?

Plankton

What is the difference between proven reserves and unproven reserves?

Proven reserves have a reasonable certainty of being recovered while unproven reserves do not

Which of the following used the most amount of natural gas in the United States before the natural gas boom of 2007?

Residential consumption

Which of the following best supports the idea that incandescent bulbs lose 90% of the energy to heat?

Second law of thermodynamics

One of the steps in processing some metals is smelting. What does smelting do for a metal?

Smelting allows us to alter the properties of a metal to suit particular needs.

Which of the following species is at greatest risk?

Sockeye salmon

What is overburden?

Soil and rock that are on top of the coal.

Which of the following government policies would encourage mass transit?

Specific bus lanes that allow bus services to be faster.

Which of the following would be the most effective strategy for neutralizing the acidity of contaminated surface water?

The addition of limestone to the surface water.

Which is not an accurate statement from the cap and trade system for reducing carbon dioxide emissions?

The cap on carbon emissions for companies was established during the Kyoto protocol and forms the basis of trading carbon units.

Which of the following statements represents the most common use of fossil fuels for the generation of electricity in the United States?

The combustion of natural gas to heat H2O to produce steam to turn the turbine to generate electricity.

What a coil metal wire is spun rapidly in a magnetic field, electrons become excited and electricity is produced. This component in electricity production is called

The generator

Which of the following best describes peak oil?

The rate of oil production is at an all-time high

In a coal fired electrical generating plant, call Lisburn to heat water, which creates steam. The next step in this process is which of the following?

The steam is used to turn a turbine.

Why have some open pit mines been declared Superfund sites?

The waters in the pit become highly acidic and contain high levels of toxic metals.

Which of the following environmental problems can result in the generation of electricity from fossil fuels?

Thermal pollution

Which of the following forms of energy is not directly or indirectly caused by solar radiation?

Tidal

Environmental disadvantages associated with natural gas include all the following except

Trace metals released during combustion

Which country is the worlds largest producer of natural gas?

United States

According to this map, which countries have the largest coal reserves?

United States, Russia, China, India, and Australia

Which of the following countries has the largest coalreserves?

Unites States

Which country has the largest petroleum reserves?

Venezuela

Which of these is NOT a reason that we have difficulty making accurate estimates of how long our available reserves of minerals will last?

We are unsure of the rate at which minerals are replaced in Earth's crust.

Based on the information presented in the graph, which energy source experienced the greatest percent change from 1990 to 2014?

Wind

During the industrial period, which of the following fuels were used to create steam?

Wood then coal

What is Hubbert's peak?

a prediction, based on rates of extraction and new discovery, of when a country's or global oil production will be at a maximum and then start to fall

Which of the following has undergone the most processing (has been through the most changes from when it was found in the ground)?

alloy

The location and size of fossil fuel deposits __________.

are estimated by a number of geological techniques including seismology and drilling narrow rock cores

According to the data shown, a 75% acid mine drainage mixture is most effective at removing ________ from fracking wastewater and least effective at removing ________.

barium; sulfates

Why are we so eager to find clean coal technologies?

because coal is the most abundant of the fossil fuels in the United States

All the following will help auto makers continue to improve miles per gallon to meet CAFE standards except

building fuel cell vehicles

Which fossil fuel is the most abundant?

coal

Which of these is NOT an effect of the increased use of mountaintop removal mining in the Appalachian Mountains?

increasing employment opportunities as more workers are needed

Instead of only generating more electricity, rising energy demands may also be met by ________.

increasing the efficiency of energy consumption

Strip mining, subsurface mining, and solution mining all take place in which "sphere" of the planet?

lithosphere

Longer projected lifetimes for scarce minerals can be achieved with all of the following, EXCEPT ________.

lowering prices for products using these minerals

As currently practiced, carbon capture and carbon sequestration are used to __________.

trap carbon from coal-burning power plants and prevent it from entering the atmosphere

What will probably happen to the Canadian boom town of Fort McMurray, in Alberta, when the oil sands run out or are no longer economical to mine?

workers will lose their jobs and the town will experience a "bust"

A student watches a television that uses 500 W per hour. If the student watches a television for two hours each day for three years, and energy cost $.10 per kilowatt hour, how much will it cost the student to watch the television over the three-year period?

$109.50

A laptop uses 60 W of electricity when it is plugged in for an hour. If it is plugged in for two hours, how many kWh of electricity did it use?

0.12 kWh

What does the EROI (energy returned on energy invested) tell us about a potential energy source?

A high EROI ratio means an energy source is worth extracting based on the amount of energy needed to extract it.

What is the strategic petroleum reserve?

A stock pile of oil in caves in Louisiana designed to prevent a catastrophe like the energy crisis of 1973.

A. The red line represents annual human consumption of paleoproduction by fossil fuel combustion. The dashed line indicates current annual net primary production (NPP) for the entire planet. Estimate in what year the annual consumption of paleoproduction surpassed Earth's current annual NPP. B. Estimate in what year our consumption of paleoproduction reached 100 times Earth's current annual net primary production. C. If on average it takes 7,000 units of paleoproduction to produce 1 unit of fossil fuel, estimate the total carbon content of the fossil fuel consumed in the year 2000 (assume 50,000 trillion kg C consumption in 2000). D. Now calculate the total carbon content of the fossil fuel consumed in the year 1750 (assume 0.03 trillion kg C). How many times greater was the total carbon content of the fossil fuel consumed in 2000 than in 1750? E. If the paleoproduction consumption line reached a peak in 2000 and began to decline at the same rate it increased, in what year would we be at global net primary productivity again?

A. 1890 B. 1960 C. 3.5 x 10^8 trillion kg C D. 1.7 x 10^6 E. 2110

One way the oil industry is decreasing the environmental impacts of drilling is __________.

by directional drilling

Which of the following technologies has helped us to reduce the amount of emissions released by vehicles?

catalytic converters

The most commonly mined mineral resources are __________.

sand and gravel

Salt deposits in Michigan occur in concentrated veins deep underground. What would be the best method for mining these salt deposits?

subsurface mining

All of the following are true of mining activities except

subsurface mining has more direct environmental impacts than open-pit mining

All of the following legislative acts are involved in reducing and remediating the environmental impacts of mining except

the Lacey Act.

Based on the data shown, which site will be best able to recover from additional exposure to mine drainage?

A

A. What does the y-axis show? B. The bars on the graph are not of equal width. What does the width of each bar represent? C. How much energy would be saved by adding insulation to ceilings? D. What is the cost of conserved energy for compact fluorescent lighting? E. Which of these energy investments is the least expensive to install? F. Which of the following energy investments would be cost-effective to install? G. How much energy would the family save by investing in all of the features that are cost-effective at the current price of energy? H. If the cost of energy rose to $.18 per kilowatt-hour, which of the following would be true?

A. the cost of conserved energy, in dollars per kilowatt-hour B. the amount of energy saved by an investment, in kilowatt-hours per year C. about 2,000 kilowatt-hours/year D. about $.08 per kilowatt-hour E. adding insulation to ceilings F. triple paned windows G. about 9,000 kilowatt-hours per year H. Investing in a solar hot water heating and a ground source heat pump would become cost-effective.

Which of the following was responsible for the 1973 energy crisis in the US?

An oil embargo by oh PEC coupled with both rising petroleum used by the US and more petroleum imports by the US

The combustion of which the following fossil fuels will have the lowest impact on global climate change?

Nuclear power

Which acronym represents the agency with the most influence in the world oil market?

OPEC

According to the IEA, based on 2012 data which of the following represents primary global energy fuel use in the correct order from most used to least?

Oil, coal, natural gas, biofuels, nuclear, hydroelectricity, and other renewables

Which if the following lists includes types of surface mining?

Open-pit mining, mountaintop removal, and strip mining.

What is the difference between primary and secondary energy sources?

Primary energy is the energy contained in raw fuels while secondary energy sources are derived from primary energy.

Tantalum is needed for mobile phones, and the Congo was a major supplier of this metal. Which of these is true of how mining for tantalum has occurred in the Congo?

Profits from tantalum mining have helped fuel a war that has killed more than 5 million people.

Which of the following best explains why the supply of coal should be conserved since it is a source of non-renewable energy?

The conditions of the environment now are different from the environment when coal first formed.

Which of the following methods for conservation allows businesses and homes to make use of wasted heat from traditional heating and cooling systems?

cogeneration

Julie has decided to become more environmentally friendly and turns off all her lights when they are not in use and unplugs all her electronic devices at night. This is an example of __________.

energy conservation

The extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth is known as

mining

Which of the following is the most cleanly burning fossil fuel available, producing the least carbon dioxide per unit of energy released?

natural gas

Which type of mining causes large amounts of sediment and debris to choke rivers and streams as its main environmental impact?

placer mining

The process of restoring land that has been mined to a natural or economically usable purpose is known as

reclamation