Apes test

58. Alligators in a Florida lake polluted by high levels of dioxins (chlorinated hydrocarbons) had low testosterone levels and failed to reproduce. Scientists came to the conclusion that the dioxins were acting as which of the following? a. Endocrine disrupters b. Growth hormones c. Carcinogens d. Immune-system suppressors e. Mutagens

A. Endocrine disrupters

21. Of the following, which is the best example of a point source of water pollution? a. Factory effluent b.Storm water C.Acid precipitation d. Agricultural runoff e.Residential pesticide runoff

A. Factory effluent

46. Which of the following is a process that indirectly removes carbon from Earth's atmosphere? a. Formation of carbonate deposits b. Outgassing by volcanoes C. Respiration by mammals d. Respiration by anaerobic bacteria e. Photodissociation by ultraviolet light

A. Formation of carbon deposits

29. Which of the following describes a potential human health effect most likely to be associated with a thermal inversion? a. Increase in respiratory irritation due to increased levels of fine airborne particulates b. Increase in skin cancer due to increased ozone levels c. Increase in allergies due to increased household mold d. Increase in infant mortality due to increased atmospheric COzlevels e. Increase in heart attacks due to increased barometric pressure

A. Increase in respiratory irritation due to increased levels of fine airborne particulates

11. Of the phenomena that correlate with the data above, the one that is the most direct consequence of the trend in air travel is a. the increase in the spread of infectious diseases b. the increase in urban sprawl C. the decrease in biodiversity d. the increase in hypoxic aquatic ecosystems e. the decrease in the total fertility rate of developed nations

A. Increase in the spread of infectious diseases

19. The data shown were collected in a laboratory experiment in which the effect of pH on the survival of water fleas (Daphnia pulex) was examined. In each trial, 40 live water fleas were added to a solution with the pH as indicated. After two hours, observations were made to determine the number of fleas remaining alive in the sample. Results are presented in the table and in graphical form above. How would including a control group be useful in this experiment? a. It would provide a reference for the effects of random environmental factors. b. It would provide a number against which percentages can be computed. C. It would provide a value for which the standard pH can be measured. d. It would provide a standard number to test for statistical uncertainty. E. It would provide an end data point for graphical analysis.

A. It would proved a reference for the effects of random environmental factors

The data shown were collected in a laboratory experiment in which the effect of oH on the survival of water fleas (Daphnia pulex) was examined. In each trial, 40 live water fleas were added to a solution with the pH as indicated. After two hours, observations were made to determine the number of fleas remaining alive in the sample. Results are presented in the table and in graphical form above. How would including a control group be useful in this experiment? a. It would provide a reference for the effects of random environmental factors. b. It would provide a number against which percentages can be computed. C. It would provide a value for which the standard pH can be measured. d. It would provide a standard number to test for statistical uncertainty. e. It would provide an end data point for graphical analysis.

A. It would provide a reference for effects of random environmental factors

51. Which of the following is true about the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 ? a. They allowed power plants to buy and sell SO2 pollution allowances. b. They decreased the CAFE (corporate average fuel economy) standards for light trucks from 29 mpg to 12 mpg. c. They regulated the concentration of eleven common pollutants inside homes. d. They increased the allowable level of tropospheric ozone from 80 pb to 100 ppb. They regulated the emission of COz by power plants

A. They allowed power plants to buy and sell SO2 pollution allowances

Occurs naturally in bedrock and leads to the formation of radon a. b. C. d. e. Uranium-238 Coal Natural gas Oil Solar

A. Uranium-238

48. Brown pelicans are fish-eating birds. As a result of an El Niño event, the population of brown pelicans in southern California declines. Which of the following best explains the relationship between the El Niño event and the population decline? a. Warmer ocean temperatures can cause fish to move to colder water farther from pelican nest sites. b. Lower sea surface heights can result in pelican nest sites being isolated too far from their food supply in the ocean. C. The female reproductive tract of birds does not function at the lower water temperatures of El Niño. d. Male pelicans get disoriented due to the lack of moisture and fail to return to the nest with food. e. Predatory seal populations increase dramatically due to decreased rainfall.

A. Warmer ocean temperatures can cause fish to move to colder water farther from pelican nest

31. Which of the following describes a component of a modern sanitary landfill? a. A series of screens and grates to prevent large objects from entering the landfill b. A bottom liner of plastic or clay to prevent groundwater contamination C. Aerated tanks in which bacteria break d. down organic matter Chemical or ultraviolet light systems that kill pathogens

B. A bottom liner of plastic or clay to prevent groundwater contamination

43. Which of the following best describes the action of an endocrine disruptor? a. An endocrine disruptor attacks hormones that invade a body system and cause disease. b. An endocrine disruptor blocks the receptor protein binding site of a hormone so that the cell cannot receive a signal. C. An endocrine disruptor acts as an organic catalyst, produced by living things to regulate the rate of chemical reactions. d. An endocrine disruptor helps to transport substances, such as pesticides, in an organism following exposure.

B. An endocrine disrupters blocks the receptor proteins binding site of a hormone so that the cell cannot receive a signal

61. Has a stronger affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen has a. Carbon dioxide b. Carbon monoxide c. Methane d. Radon e. Sulfur dioxide

B. Carbon dioxide

49. Catalytic converters reduce which of the following pairs of pollutants in car exhaust? a. Carbon dioxide and ozone BO b. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons c. Carbon dioxide and particulates d. Lead and mercury e. Methane and particulates

B. Carbon monoxide and particles

10. Mandates the restoration and maintenance of the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters а. Safe Drinking Water Act b. Clean Water Act c. Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) d. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act e. Toxic Substances Control Act

B. Clean water act

30. Particulates can be removed from smokestack emissions by which of the following methods? a. Irradiation by UV light b. Electrostatic precipitators C. Catalytic converters d. Liquid chromatography e. Exhaust-stream aeration

B. Electrostatic precipitators

42. Which of the following best describes the first law of thermodynamics? a. Energy always changes from a more useful, more concentrated form to a less useful. less concentrated form. b. In a closed system of constant mass, the energy involved in any physical or chemical change is neither created nor destroyed, but merely changed from one form to another. C. Heat always flows from a hot body to a cold body. d. Entropy of a system increases as the state e. of disorganization in the system increases. In a reversible process, the entropy of the system is constant, whereas in an irreversible process, the entropy of the system increases.

B. In a closed system of constant mass , the energy involved in any physical or chemical change is neither created nor destroyed, but merely changed from one form to another

56. Which of the following characteristically produces non-point-source pollution? a. Seepage from a landfill b. Industrial effluent C. Testing of nuclear weapons d. Erosion from agricultural land e. Overflow from a sewage treatment plant

B. Industrial effluent

16. Implicated in human neurological damage a. Sulfur dioxide b. Lead C. Ozone d. Hydrocarbons C. Particulates

B. Lead

2. Which of the following is a common component of photochemical smog and is a reddish-brown gas with a pungent odor? a. Carbon monoxide, CO b. Nitrogen dioxide, NOz c. Ammonia, NH3 d. Ozone, Os e. Methane, CH4

B. Nitrogen dioxide no2

12. A massive bluegill fish kill was observed in a lake near a power plant during the winter months. It was determined that the plant was releasing large amounts of hot water into the lake. Which of the following explains what likely caused the death of so many bluegills in the lake? a. The increased water temperature caused dissolved oxygen levels to increase, leading to greater metabolic activity of catfish, which outcompeted the bluegill fish for resources. b. The influx of warmer water caused an unexpected increase in the metabolic rate of the bluegills, which led to increased physiological stress from limited resource availability. C. Rates of organic matter decomposition increased, which lead to an increase in dissolved oxygen and increased bacteria levels. d. Photosynthetic output of aquatic plants decreased because of the higher temperature, which lowered the amount of carbon dioxide available for bluegills to carry out cellular respiration.

B. The influx of warmer water caused an unexpected increase in the metabolic rate of bluegills which led to increased physiological strew from limited resource availability

which of the following best supports the hypothesis that the Arctic (latitudes greater than ) experienced accelerated warming compared to the rest of the planet from 2011 to 2017 ? a. The smallest average surface-temperature change occurred at about latitude in the Antarctic. b. The largest areas with surface-temperature changes greater than a increase are found in the Arctic. c. Northern Australia warmed more than the ocean off the west coast of Australia did. d. The average surface-temperature change at the equator was about a increase.

B. The largest areas with surface temperature changes greater than a increase are found in the arctic

18. The major source of radon in houses in the United States is a. furniture and carpets b. the underlying bedrock c. the troposphere d. nuclear power plants e. fossil-fuel combustion

B. The underlying bedrock

15. Noise Exposure and Public Health Exposure to noise constitutes a health risk. There is sufficient scientific evidence that noise exposure can induce hearing impairment, hypertension and heart disease, annoyance, sleep disturbance, and decreased school performance. For other effects such as changes in the immune system and birth defects, the evidence is limited. Most public health impacts of noise were already identified in the 1960s, and noise abatement is less of a scientific but primarily a policy problem. A subject for further research is the [clarification] of the mechanisms underlying noise-induced cardiovascular disorders and the relationship of noise with annoyance and nonacoustical factors modifying health outcomes. A high-priority study subject is the effect of noise on children, including cognitive effects and their reversibility. Noise exposure is on the increase, especially in the general living environment, both in industrialized nations and in developing world regions. This implies that in the twenty-first century noise exposure will still be a major public health problem. Which of the following best describes why the authors do not claim that noise exposure induces birth defects in humans? a. There is sufficient evidence that exposure to noise induces some health risks in humans. b. There is insufficient evidence to support that noise exposure induces birth defects in humans. c. Noise exposure can induce hearing impairment and decreased school performance. d. A high-priority study subject is the effect of noise on children.

B. There is insufficient evidence to support that noise exposure induced birth defects in humans

7. Which of the following is the most likely route for mercury to enter the food web? a. Municipal waste -› landfill -, c. groundwater- plants and vegetation Coal-burning emissions - deposition -* ocean -> plankton - fishes Organic fertilizers - soil - groundwater _, lake -› trout d. Medical waste incinerators - stratosphere -> grass - cows c. Mining waste - acid deposition - surface runoff - plants and vegetation

B: Coal-burning emissions -> deposition -> ocean -> plankton -> fishes.

14. What is the population doubling time in years for a country with an annual growth rate of 3.5 percent? а. 0.5 b. 3.5 C. 20 d. 24.5 e. 70

C. 20

which of the following best describes how a malfunctioning air compressor would affect the process of sewage treatment? a. The oxygen concentration in the aeration tank would increase. b. The settling of large debris, such as wood, from the water would be prevented. C. Fewer bacteria would be available to absorb dissolved organics in the tank. d. The sludge pump would return activated sludge to the aeration tank at a slower pace.

C. Fewer bacteria would be available to absorb dissolved organics in the tank

54. What important phenomenon that often plays a role in air pollution episodes is illustrated in the diagram above? a. Albedo b. Greenhouse effect c. Inversion d. Stratification e. Heat-island effect

C. Inversion

3. Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question (s) refer to the locations marked by letters on the world map below. Each set of lettered choices below refers to the numbered questions or statements immediately following it. Select the one lettered choice that best answers each question or best fits each statement and then fill in the corresponding oval on the answe sheet. A choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all in each set. The location where new crust is being created at a divergent plate boundary a. A b. B C. C d. D e. E

C. Pacific Ocean

8. Which of the following is a greenhouse gas that comes only from human sources? a. Nitrous oxide b. Carbon dioxide Methane d. Chlorofluorocarbons e. Carbon monoxide

D. Chlorofluorocarbons

9. Which type of electricity-generating power plant releases radioactive materials as well as toxic metals such as lead and arsenic under normal operating conditions? a. Nuclear b. Hydroelectric c. Solar d. Coal-burning e. Geothermal

D. Coal burning

23. Which of the following would most likely reduce the concentration of ground-level ozone in the air of a city? a. Release of CFCs into the air of the city b. Occurrence of several consecutive days of sunny weather C. Formation of a temperature inversion d. Decrease in the emissions of nitrogen oxides e. Release of VOCs into the air of the city

D. Decrease in the emissions of nitrogen oxides

6. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an effect of global warming? a. Loss of fertile delta regions for agriculture b. Change in global patterns of precipitation c. Extinction of some species that have narrow temperature requirements d. Decreased rate of photosynthesis in vegetation c. Increased frequency of hurricanes

D. Decreased rate of photosynthesis in vegetation

Toxicologists say, "the dose makes the poison," meaning that most substances are harmful in high enough concentrations. The data for anastrozole a. supports this concept because as concentration increases, so does response b. supports this concept because as concentration increases, response decreases C. does not support this concept because as concentration increases, response increases d. does not support this concept because as concentration increases, response decreases e. does not support this concept because the experiment was not done in animals

D. Does not support this concept because as concentration increases l, response decreases

28. Characteristics that tend to increase the risk of a species becoming endangered include which of the following? I. Having a very limited distribution II. Being a specialist at the end of a long food chain III. Having a small population size a. I only o Il only C. Ill only d. il and Ill only e. , ll, and Ill

D. II AND III ONLY

55. Which of the following best describes an environmental advantage of urbanization? a. Individuals living in cities have more varied employment opportunities than individuals living in rural areas. b. Individuals living in cities have greater access to health care than individuals living in rural areas. c. Individuals living in cities usually have greater access to fresh, local agricultural products than individuals living in rural areas. d. Individuals living in cities usually have a lower transportation carbon footprint than individuals living in rural areas.

D. Individuals living in cities usually have a lower transportation carbon footprint than individuals living in rural areas

53. The three main anthropogenic sources of gaseous air pollutants in the United States are a. b. soil erosion, volcanoes, and forest fires soil erosion, volcanoes, and energy production industry, construction, and agriculture d. industry, transportation, and energy production e. industry, transportation, and agriculture

D. Industry transportation and agriculture

4. The most abundant element in Earth's atmosphere b. Oxygen Aluminum tron d. Nitrogen c. Argon

D. Nitrogen

47. The crude growth rate, r, of a population is calculated by a. multiplying the existing population size by life expectancy b. dividing the crude birth rate by 2 C. dividing the doubling time by 70 d. adding the crude birth rate to the crude death rate subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate

D. Subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate

50. Which of the following is used to reduce SO2 emissions from coal-burning power plants? a. Catalytic converters b. Ultrafine mechanical filters c. Electrostatic precipitators Wet-scrubber units e. Afterburners

D. Wet-scrubber units

17. Many synthetic chemicals, such as PCBs, act as estrogen mimics. In an ecosystem, these persistent chemicals would have the greatest effect on which of the following? a.Decomposers b.Primary producers C.Parasites d.Secondary consumers e.Autotrophs

D.secondary consumers

41. Decreased by the breakdown of organic waste a. b. C. d. e. Acidity Turbiditv Hardness Dissolved oxygen Salinity

Dissolved oxygen

57. Which of the following federal laws specifically deals with the cleanup of abandoned hazardous waste sites? a. Clean Air Act b. Clean Water Act c. Safe Drinking Water Act d. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act e. Comprehensive Environmental Responsibility Compensation and Liability Act

E. Comprehensive environmental responsibility compensation and liability act

5. Which of the following is a common characteristic of lakes undergoing cultural eutrophication? a. Decreased rates of sediment accumulation b. Decreased amounts of green and blue-green algae c. Increased levels of oxygen throughout the water column d. Increased water clarity in the epilimnion e. Increased levels of plant nutrients

E. Increased levels of plant nutrients

22. Waste from which of the following is an example of nonpoint source pollution? a. Overflow from a sewage treatment plant b. Outgassing from a municipal landfill C.Dumping at a food-processing plan d.Drainage from an abandoned mine E. Runoff from agricultural fields

E. Runoff from agricultural fields

24. Three common methods employed in the cleanup of oil spills are а. aeration of water, skimmer boats, and genetically engineered bacteria b. aeration of water, phytoremediation, and genetically engineered bacteria C. skimmer boats, high temperature incineration, and phytoremediation d. large floating booms, high temperature incineration, and phytoremediation c. large floating booms, skimmer boats, and genetically engineered bacteria

Large floating booms, skimmer boats, and genetically engineered bacteria

During which stage of the demographic transition shown above does a population begin to experience an explosive increase in growth? a. Stage 1 b. Stage 2 c. Stage 3 d. Stage 4 e. After stage 4

Stage 2

63. Which of the following is a nonanthropogenic source of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere? a. Cellular respiration b. Photosynthesis A power plant d. A car

a. Cellular respiration

62. Which of the following would be the most likely effect of acid deposition on a northern forest? a. Decreased ability of trees to withstand cold weather b. Decreased concentration of H+ ions in the soil C. Decreased levels of light on the forest floor d. Increased buffering capacity of the soil e. Increased rates of photosynthesis in evergreen needles

a. Decreased ability of trees to withstand cold weather

The rate for which of the following diseases should be used to determine whether the human population using the river as a source of drinking water was exposed to sewage?

a. Dysentery

The primary cause of acid precipitation in the northeastern United States is a. the large number of automobile air conditioners leaking Freon b. burning of sulfur-containing fossil fuels to produce electricity c. deforestation, which reduces the number of trees removing atmospheric CO2 d. strip-mining, which releases large quantities of particulates into the atmosphere e. global warming, which speeds the chemical reactions that produce acids

b. Burning of sulfur-containing fossil fuels to produce electricity

61. Has a stronger affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen has a. Carbon dioxide b. Carbon monoxide c. Methane d. Radon e. Sulfur dioxide

b. Carbon monoxide

65. The majority of atmospheric mercury is produced by a. medical waste incinerators b. volatilization of lead-based paint c. coal-burning power plants d. runoff from thermometer factories e. municipal waste incinerators

c. Coal-burning power plants

66. Of the following, which is true of noise pollution? a. Noise pollution is an insignificant occupational hazard. b. Noise at 100 decibels has twice the energy of noise at 50 decibels C. Hearing damage occurs most quickly when the intensity level of the sound is low. d. in urban areas, few individuals are exposed to noise pollution. e. Sudden or persistent noise may lead to permanent hearing loss.

e. Sudden or persistent noise may lead to permanent hearing loss.

68. All of the following statements about invasive exotic species are true EXCEPT: a. They may compete with native species for food. b. C. They may prey on native species. They are generally introduced by human activity. d. e. They may be plant or animal species. They tend to have low reproductive rates.

e. They tend to have low reproductive rates.