APES Unit 5
biodiversity hotspot
Definition: An area that supports an especially great diversity of species, particularly species that are endemic to the area. Example: Significance: Assoc. concepts: Visual:
HIPCO: habitat fragmentation
Definition: Breaking up a habitat, dividing habitats Example: roadways through forests, crops, urban developments Significance: pop size <, lower genetic diversity Assoc. concepts: genetic diversity, or the available genetic differences occurs with habitat fragmentation. Leads to habitat islands Visual:
genetic mutation
Definition: Change in an organism's DNA Example: Point mutations Significance: allows for speciation Assoc. concepts: Visual:
CITES
Definition: Convention of international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora Example: aim to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants deesn't threaten their survival Significance: Assoc. concepts: Visual:
HIPCO: overhunting/harvesting
Definition: Hunting/harvesting over sustainable rate Example: Fisheries, cannot sustain the population Significance: Resources aren't sustainable and will eventually be depleted Assoc. concepts: Visual:
Island Biogeography Theory
Definition: Islands (any isolated ecosystem) places with high immigration rates have love immigration rates and vise versa Example: National parks Significance: Allows for conservation efforts to strategically plan wildlife corridors etc to maintain populations within the parks Assoc. concepts:
r-selected species
Definition: Low parental care Example:Early reproductive stage Small offspring/adults Significance: Assoc. concepts: Visual:
wildlife corridors
Definition: Paths for wildlife to span places where they would otherwise be fragmented. Example: Corridors above freeways in vegas to support mountain goat population Significance: Fights effects of habitat fragmentation Assoc. concepts: etc
prescribed burns
Definition: Prescribed or controlled burning is a technique sometimes used in forest management, farming, or prairie restoration. Fire is a natural part of both forest and grassland ecology and controlled fire can be a tool for foresters. Example:ontrolled or prescribed burn, also known as hazard reduction burning,[1] backfire, swailing, or a burn-off,[2] is a technique sometimes used in forest management, farming, prairie restoration or greenhouse gas abatement. Fire is a natural part of both forest and grassland ecology and controlled fire can be a tool for foresters. Hazard reduction or controlled burning is conducted during the cooler months to reduce fuel buildup and decrease the likelihood of serious hotter fires.[3] Controlled burning stimulates the germination of some desirable forest trees, and reveals soil mineral layers which increases seedling vitality, thus renewing the forest. Some cones, such as those of Lodgepole Pine and Sequoia, are serotinous, as well as many chaparral shrubs, meaning they require heat from fire to open cones to disperse seeds. Significance: Assoc. concepts: Visual:
ecosystem services
Definition: Processes provided by healthy ecosystems Example: climate control, food production, nutrient cycling, pest control, UV protection. Significance: keep us alive and support our economies Assoc. concepts: Visual: APES Test Put Your answers when you're done with your first test (Don't just put the number because they are in different order) I will copy and paste the questions Don't just put the letter for the answer they are in different orders If the answer is right high light it green and red if it's wrong Five islands, A, B, C, D, and E differ only in distance from the mainland, area, and species diversity. Which island would be predicted to have the highest species diversity? Use Figure 10-2. The U.S. has a total land area of about 980,000,000 hectares. Approximately how many hectares are used for cropland? Which of the following is the most likely reason that the greatest number of extinctions of bird species occurred in the period 1901-2000? An example of a non-native alien species that easily spreads by attaching to the hull of boats is the: Approximately how many more mammal species became extinct in the period 1901-2000 than became extinct in the period 1801-1900? 90 Which of the following characteristics is most likely to lead to an inbreeding depression, in which a population becomes less fit for its environment? Which type of species would be most vulnerable to becoming extinct due to environmental changes? A large forested area is fragmented into small forest tracts separated by agricultural areas. This change will most likely lead to All of the following statements about invasive exotic species are true EXCEPT: Non-native alien species often pose a threat to native species because: non-native alien species often have no natural enemies in their new location One of the first acts of ecosystem conservation in American history can be seen through the: Small populations of animals, such as those typically found on islands, are prone to extinction because At a growth rate of 20%, in how many years would the population of river otters be expected to double? A management system that includes prescribed burns will likely lead to I. Large quantities of biomass accumulating on the forest floor II. A decrease in the likelihood of uncontrolled natural fires III. An increase in non-native species Instrumental value of ecosystems, also known as ecosystem services, includes all of the following EXCEPT: Which of the following factors increases the biodiversity of wildlife "islands" created by habitat fragmentation? I. increased proximity (closeness) between islands II. increased size of island III. creation of wildlife corridors The primary reason for the overharvesting of species stems from: A pronounced example of humans overharvesting a species to extinction may be seen in the tragedy surrounding the: international legislation that establishes a "Red List" for species susceptible to trade and thus endangerment is called the: A population of river otters has a growth rate of 20% per year. If the population starts out with 50 individuals and there is no migration, how many would you expect after one year; after two years? A natural transition in habitat that increases local biodiversity by bringing two communities into contact with each other is called: Public lands in the US are categorized for use based on the managing agency. In general US Forestry Service (USFS) lands are used for timber harvesting, grazing, and recreation The variety of genes within a species is called its Which of the following characterize the biodiversity along the edge of fragmented habitat: I. The flora is dominated by plant species preferring shade. II. Biodiversity is generally higher than in the interior of the habitat. III. Invasive species become more easily established. Which of the following actions would be most likely to increase the protection of ecological systems in national forests? Public lands in the US are categorized for use based on the managing agency. In general National Park Service (NPS) lands are used for Selective cutting has many benefits, which do NOT include The bison population at the time of European settlement was estimated to be about 70 million animals. Today the population is approximately 500 thousand animals. The percent decrease in this population is closest to: % change = (new value - old value) / old value x 100% Use Figure 10-2. What percent of U.S. land is used to produce physical resources including crops, wood, or food for grazing animals?74% Members of an r-selected species characteristically One of the first acts of ecosystem conservation in American history can be seen through the: response: establishment of wilderness preservation areas Response: establishment of Yellowstone A large forested area is fragmented into small forest tracts separated by agricultural areas. This change will most likely lead to Response: an increase in the amount of edge habitat. Non-native alien species often pose a threat to native species because: Response: non-native alien species often have no natural enemies in their new location Which of the following characterize the biodiversity along the edge of fragmented habitat: I. The flora is dominated by plant species preferring shade. II. Biodiversity is generally higher than in the interior of the habitat. III. Invasive species become more easily established. Response: I, II, and III Response: I and II Use Figure 10-2. What percent of U.S. land is used to produce physical resources including crops, wood, or food for grazing animals? Response: 68% Response:74% Small populations of animals, such as those typically found on islands, are prone to extinction because Response: they are usually generalist species Five islands, A, B, C, D, and E differ only in distance from the mainland, area, and species diversity. Which island would be predicted to have the highest species diversity? Island Distance from Mainland (kilometers) Area (hectares) A 50 100 B 50 1,000,000 C 500 100 D 1,000 100 E 1,000 1,000,000 Response: Island A Response: Island B An example of a non-native alien species that easily spreads by attaching to the hull of boats is the: Response: zebra mussel Instrumental value of ecosystems, also known as ecosystem services, includes all of the following EXCEPT: Response: medicinal products Members of an r-selected species characteristically Response: recover quickly from population declines A pronounced example of humans overharvesting a species to extinction may be seen in the tragedy surrounding the: Response: bison Response: African Elephant Which of the following is the most likely reason that the greatest number of extinctions of bird species occurred in the period 1901-2000? Response: Increased environmental disturbances from human activities altered bird habitats. Selective cutting has many benefits, which do NOT include Response: Easier more cost-effective timber harvesting A population of river otters has a growth rate of 20% per year. If the population starts out with 50 individuals and there is no migration, how many would you expect after one year; after two years? Response: 60; 72 Which type of species would be most vulnerable to becoming extinct due to environmental changes? Response: Generalists Response:Specialists Approximately how many more mammal species became extinct in the period 1901-2000 than became extinct in the period 1801-1900? Response: 30 Response: 90 At a growth rate of 20%, in how many years would the population of river otters be expected to double? Response: 4.5i Response: 5 Response: 3.5 A management system that includes prescribed burns will likely lead to I. Large quantities of biomass accumulating on the forest floor II. A decrease in the likelihood of uncontrolled natural fires III. An increase in non-native species Response: I and II Public lands in the US are categorized for use based on the managing agency. In general National Park Service (NPS) lands are used for Response: Recreation and conservation Which of the following characteristics is most likely to lead to an inbreeding depression, in which a population becomes less fit for its environment? Response: low genetic diversity Public lands in the US are categorized for use based on the managing agency. In general US Forestry Service (USFS) lands are used for Response: Wildlife conservation, hunting, and recreation timber harvesting, grazing, and recreation The primary reason for the overharvesting of species stems from: Response: market demand for goods associated with a species A natural transition in habitat that increases local biodiversity by bringing two communities into contact with each other is called: Response: edge effect Use Figure 10-2. The U.S. has a total land area of about 980,000,000 hectares. Approximately how many hectares are used for cropland? Response: 98,000,000 hectares Response: 19,600,000 hectares All of the following statements about invasive exotic species are true EXCEPT: Response: They tend to have low reproductive rates. Which of the following factors increases the biodiversity of wildlife "islands" created by habitat fragmentation? I. increased proximity (closeness) between islands II. increased size of island III. creation of wildlife corridors Response: I and II Response: I, II, and III Which of the following actions would be most likely to increase the protection of ecological systems in national forests? Response: Allow national forest managers to use revenues from timber sales as they see fit Response: Mandate that the government sale of logging rights in national forests be at fair market value The international legislation that establishes a "Red List" for species susceptible to trade and thus endangerment is called the: Response: National Environmental Protection act CITES The bison population at the time of European settlement was estimated to be about 70 million animals. Today the population is approximately 500 thousand animals. The percent decrease in this population is closest to: % change = (new value - old value) / old value x 100% Response: 99 The variety of genes within a species is called its Response: Genetic diversity
clear cutting
Definition: Site planted with one or only a few tree species in an even-aged stand. When the stand matures it is usually harvested by clear-cutting and then replanted. These farms normally are used to grow rapidly growing tree species for fuelwood, timber, or pulpwood. Example: Significance: Assoc. concepts: Visual:
Endangered Species Act
Definition: The Endangered Species Act (ESA), which was enacted in 1973, identifies and protects animals that are threatened with extinction throughout the world. The level of protection that a species is afforded depends primarily on whether it is listed as "threatened" or "endangered" by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). Gorillas, bonobos, orangutans, gibbons, and wild populations of chimpanzees are listed as "endangered," meaning they have the highest level of federal protection under the ESA. Captive populations of chimpanzees are listed as "threatened" because FWS did not want to interfere with the ability of research facilities, zoos, and entertainment operations to obtain and use captive chimpanzees in their commercial enterprises. Example: Significance: Assoc. concepts: Visual:
edge effect
Definition: When there is higher biodiversity in ecotones Example: Wetlands Significance: These are biodiversity hotspots that must be protected as they support a huge amount of life. Assoc. concepts: Habitat fragmentation reduces biodiversity that occurs in ecotones.
Speciation by geographic isolation
Definition: Where speciation occurs when two populations are separated by geographic barriers Example: Rivers, mts etc Significance: Occurs due to habitat fragmentation Assoc. concepts: Visual:
Mass extinction
Definition: extinction of many species in a relatively short period of geologic time Example: changes in global temps, change in sea level, catastrophes Significance: Loss of biodiversity leads to losing who ecosystems Assoc. concepts: biodiversity hotspots are places where there is high about of biodiversity,
tree plantations/farms
Definition: managed tract of uniformly aged trees - usually monocultures of 1 or 2 genetic varieties (results in very little biodiversity) Example: Significance: Assoc. concepts: Visual:
selective cutting
Definition: mature trees in an uneven-aged area are cut down separately Example:Harvesting only mature trees of certain species and size; usually more expensive then clear-cutting but it is less disruptive for wildlife and often better for forest regeneration Significance: Assoc. concepts: Visual:
HIPCO: invasive species
Definition: nonnative species Example: Kudzu vine, zebra mussel Significance: Can completely overtake native ecosystems Assoc. concepts: extinction, as some native species become extinct with the intro of invasive species
keystone species
Definition: species, such as the sea otter, that has a large effect on its community or ecosystem so that its removal or addition to the community leads to major changes in the abundances of many or all other species Example: Significance: Assoc. concepts: Visual:
Genetic diversity
Definition: the variety of genes found in a population or species which enable life to survive and adapt to changes. Example: When species are endangered there is low genetic diversity Significance: Lower genetic diversity makes it even harder for species to survive as they cannot adapt. Assoc. concepts: Higher genetic diversity allows for more genetic mutation.
k selected species
ewer/Larger offspring/adults High parental care Later reproductive stage Offspring survive to reproductive age Adapt to stable climate Lower population growth Population size stable, close to K capacity Late successional species Specialists