Aphasia Types

read

Few globally aphasic patients can ______ even simple words, and the reading of sentences or longer printed material is nonfunctional.

receptive, sensory

Other names for Wernicke's aphasia are: ___________ aphasia, __________ aphasia, and posterior aphasia

expressive

Other names for broca's aphasia: ___________ aphasia, motor aphasia, or anterior aphasia

Broca's aphasia

Cause by damage in the Broca's area. Broca's area makes up the lower part of the premotor cortex. Patients with Broca's aphasia are nonfluent. They speak as if the motor plans for speech have gone wrong. Words come out singly or in groups of two or three, separated by abnormally long pauses. Multisyllable words may be produced syllable by syllable with abnormal pauses between syllables. Miss articulations are common, with distortion of consonants and vowels.

Paraphasias

Errors in spoken or written word production

Broca's aphasia

Example of someone speech with ___________ _______ un...mother...and dad...no...mother...and... and....disses...uh...runnin over....and waduh...and floor...and...they

Wernicke's aphasia

Example of speech of a person with ____________ ___________ Q: Tell me where you live A: well it's a meander place and it has two. Two of them. For dreaming and pending after supper. And up and down. Four of down and three of us.

conversationalists

Although they are attentive, task oriented, and cooperative, patients with transcortical motor aphasia are poor ___________________, content to sit quietly while the conversational partner carries the communicative burden

comprehension

Because brain damage that produces transcortical sensory aphasia isolates Wernicke's area for much of the rest of the brain, patients with this aphasia always have major impairments in ________________ of spoken and written language.

Empty speech

Hey Wernicke's aphasia patient with word retrieval impairments may produce what it's called__________ ___________ which is substituting general words such as, thing or stuff or pronouns without referents for more specific words

smoothly

In contrast with the slow laborious and halting speech of patients with Broca's aphasia, patients with Wernicke's aphasia talk ___________, effortlessly, and usually copiously. Wernicke's aphasia is a fluent aphasia. Patients with Wernicke's aphasia can produce long, syntactically well form sentences with normal intonation and stress patterns, although they may pause and muddle about when experiencing word retrieval difficulties which are common. This does not mean that the patient with Wernicke's aphasia have no difficulty communicating. Their connected speech maybe littered with verbal paraphasias (substitution or transposition of sounds within words) and neologisms (non words) the speech patterns of patients with mild to moderate wernicke's aphasia sometimes it's called paragramatism.

globally aphasic

Most __________ ____________ patients are attentive, alert, task oriented, and socially appropriate. (which helps to differentiate them from the confused or demented patient)

mild

Most patients with Wernicke's aphasia are: alert, attentive, and task oriented. Those ________ Wernicke's aphasia are aware of their errors, the content of their speech is semantically appropriate, and they generally follow conversational rules such as governing turn-taking.

Broca's aphasia

Patients with Broca's utterances consist primarily of content words: nouns, verbs, and in occasional adjective, but rarely ever. Some authors describe their speech errors as telegraphic

semantic distinctions

Patients with Wernicke's aphasia language comprehension may be compromised by blurring of ___________ _____________among words rendering them unable to appreciate differences between words with related meetings.

semantic typicality

Patients with Wernicke's aphasia lose their sense of __________ ____________.

nonwords

Patients with Wernicke's aphasia often exhibit this dissociations between sound or sight of words and their meanings. In extreme cases, they may be unable to discriminate between phonological a valid ___________ and real words

concern

Patients with Wernicke's aphasia usually show less outward __________ about their communication impairment than patients with Broca's aphasia. Part of their unconcern may relate to their lack of awareness, but many who do recognize errors and understand that they have communication impairments are remarkably complacent and unconcerned about them

Broca's

Patients with ______ aphasia are cooperative and task oriented in testing in treatment activities. They remember treatment procedures and goals from day today and may spontaneously generalized skills and strategies acquired in treatment to their daily life environment

mild or moderate

Patients with _______ ____ _________ Wernicke's aphasia usually get the overall point of conversations but miss the specifics.

Broca's

Patients with _______ aphasia comprehend spoken and written language better than they speak or write, although they are slow readers, and careful testing almost always reveals subtle impairment of both reading and listening comprehension. There self-monitoring usually is well preserved

anomia of the angular gyrus

Patients with ________ ____ _____ ________ _________ region speak fluently but with many word retrieval failures. The phenomenon that sets this syndrome apart from the other anomia syndromes is it the intermittent occasions on which the patient fails to retrieve a word and fails to recognize it when it is supplied by the examiner.

alienation of word meaning

Patients with anomia of angular gyrus often exhibit _____________ _____ _______ ___________ - repeating a word over and over without recognition. (it is possible that this anatomy is a mild form of transcortical sensory aphasia)

inferior temporal gyrus

Patients with anomia of the ___________ _________ __________ have severe word retrieval problems but speak fluently and grammatically and have normal reading, writing, and presumably near-normal auditory comprehension.

reading aloud

Patients with conduction aphasia have difficulty __________ ___________ because oral reading, like repetition, depends on communication between Wernecke's area and Brokas area

poor communication

Patients with conduction aphasia have difficulty repeating what they hear because of ___________ _________ between Wernecke's area and Broca's area.

paraphasias

Patients with conduction aphasia speak fluently, with speech rate, intonation and stress patterns that are normal. But their speech contains many literal ______________ and some verbal paraphasias.

language functions

Patients with global aphasia exhibit severe impairments in all __________ _____________. Most cannot perform even the simplest test of listening comprehension, and most cannot reliably answer simple yes or no questions, although some may respond two conversations in a way that suggests that they get at least a rudimentary sense of what is said.

comprehend

Patients with severe Wernicke's aphasia fail to ___________even simple spoken or written verbal materials

syntactically well formed

Patients with severe Wernicke's aphasia often produce strings in which major content words are replaced by neologisms but in which the connectives (articles, conjunctions, and prepositions) are real words. The strings seem ____________ ________ ___________

repeat

Patients with transcortical sensory aphasia like those with transcortical motor aphasia, do well when asked to __________ phrases or sentences. Unlike patients with transcortical motor aphasia, those with transcortical sensory aphasia speak without having to be carried by the their conversation partner. And some seem compelled to repeat what they hear even when instructed not to do so (a phenomenon called echolalia)

repetition

Preserved ___________ is a defining characteristic of transcortical aphasia does. Because Wernicke's area, Brokas area, and the arcuate fasciculus are spared, repetition of spoken words, phrases, and sentences is present, although other language functions may be substantially compromise.

Frontal anomia

Represent mild versions of transcortical motor aphasia. The major characteristic of patients with _________ ________ is the remarkable degree to which their word retrieval improves is the examiner provides the first sound of the target word.

short-term retention

Semantic impairments of patients with Wernicke's aphasia are exacerbated by impaired _______ _______ _________ and recall of verbal materials.

fiber tracts

Several aphasia syndromes are caused by damage in association _______ ________ between Wernicke's area and Brocas area or by damage to tracks that connect Wernicke's area and Brokas area to the rest of the brain.

Transcortical aphasia

Sometimes called isolation syndrome is caused by dominant hemisphere brain damage that spares the central region (wernicke's area, Brocas area and the arcuate fasciculus) but disconnects or isolates all or parts of the central region from the rest of the brain. Because association fibers or compromise in the transcortical aphasias Can also be called commisural dysphasia or white matter dysphasia

Literal paraphasia

Sometimes called phonemic paraphasia: denotes the substitution or transposition of sounds in words

Verbal paraphasia

Sometimes called semantic paraphasia, denotes substitution of one word for another

repeat

Striking characteristic of patients at transcortical sensory aphasia is their ability to _________ or read aloud material that they do not comprehend. They may be at a loss when asked to perform even simple manipulations in response to spoken instructions but they can flawlessly repeat line in complex instructions

Circumlocution

Talking around missing words

nonfluent

The Prototypical patient with mixed transcortical aphasia is ____________: in fact does not speak at all unless spoken to. And does not comprehend spoken language, cannot name, cannot read or write, but can repeat what is said by the examiner These patients often have a striking tendency to repeat, and parrot like fashion, what is said to them, and if examiner says the first few words of familiar songs are rhymes, these patients often complete the phrase and may go on to provide one or more following lines

Transcortical motor aphasia

The classic neurologic cause of this aphasia is damage to the anterior superior frontal lobe in the language dominant hemisphere. The defining characteristics of this aphasia are markedly reduced speech output, good repetition, and good auditory comprehension.

comprehend

The comprehension is preserved does not mean that conduction aphasic patients comprehension is intact. They typically exhibit mild to moderate comprehension impairments. The point is that their ability to repeat phrases and sentences is strikingly worse than their ability to __________ the same phrases and sentences.

comprehension

The defining behavioral characteristics of conduction aphasia are grossly impaired repetition and relatively preserved language ______________. Language comprehension is preserved in the conduction aphasia because the primary auditory cortex in Wernecke's area are spared

logorrhea

The ease with which Wernecke's aphasic patients produce speech, their circumlocution, and deficient self-monitoring may contribute to their well-known inclination to run on when they talk a phenomenon called press speech or ______________

speech

The handwriting of patients with Wernicke's aphasia usually resembles their ___________.

Anomic aphasia

The label __________ _________ usually is applied to patients is obvious symptom is imperative retrieval in speech and writing. These patients spontaneous speech is fluent and grammatically correct but marked by word retrieval failures. The word retrieval failures lead to unusual pauses, circumlocution, and substitution of nonspecific words for missing specific words. Careful testing usually reveals that patience with this aphasia have subtle comprehension impairments sometimes accompanied by other mild language impairments.

Transcortical motor

The lesion location: anterior, superior frontal lobe Fluency: fluent sparse (unusual delays in initiation) Speech: variable Word retrieval: variable with delays in initiation Repetition: good but delays in initiation Comprehension: good

Global

The lesion location: large, perisylvian Fluency: nonfluent Speech: literal, verbal paraphasia, verbal stereotypies Word retrieval: poor Repetition: poor, literal, verbal paraphasia, grossly restricted retention span Comprehension: poor

Conduction

The lesion location: parietal lobe Fluency: fluent, sensical Speech: literal phonemic paraphasia Word retrieval: fair with literal paraphasias Repetition: fluent, literal paraphasia; some restriction retention span Comprehension: fair to good

Broca's aphasia

The lesion location: posterior inferior frontal lobe Fluency: nonfluent, telegraphic Speech: phonetic dissolution (distortion of consonants and sometimes vowels) Word retrieval: fair but misarticulated Repetition: labored, misarticulated, telegraphic Comprehension: fair to good

Wernicke's aphasia

The lesion location: posterior superior Temporal lobe Fluency: fluent, empty Speech: verbal semantic paraphasia Word retrieval: poor, with verbal paraphasias Repetition: fluent, verbal paraphasia; grossly restricted retention span Comprehension: poor

Transcortical sensory

The lesion location: posterior, superior parietal lobe Fluency: fluent, empty Speech: variable Word retrieval: Poor Repetition: good Comprehension: Poor

Autonomic

The lesion location: temporal parietal lobe Fluency: fluent sensical Speech: verbal semantic paraphasia Word retrieval: fair with verbal paraphasias Repetition: good Comprehension: fair to good

initiating and maintaining

The reduced speech output of transcortical motor aphasic patients seem to be a consequence of anterior frontal lobe dysfunction. The anterior frontal lobes are important for initiation and maintenance of purposeful activity. It follows then that patients with damage in the interior frontal lobe of the language dominant hemisphere are likely to have problems with ___________ ___________ __________ speech

limited

The speech globally aphasic patients is severely __________, consisting of few single words, stereotypical utterances, over learned phrases, or expletives.

motor, sensory, mixed

There are three kinds of transcortical aphasia in literature. They are transcortical ________ aphasia, transcortical ____________ aphasia and _________ transcortical aphasia.

Mixed transcortical aphasia

This rare syndrome sometimes called isolation of the speech area. Patients with mixed transcortical aphasia restrain their ability to repeat what he said to them in the presence of profound impairment of all communicative abilities.

Temporal lobe

Wernicke's aphasia typically is caused by damage in the ________ ________of the language dominant hemisphere. One of the most striking language characteristics of patients with this type of aphasia is there impaired comprehension of spoken or printed verbal materials.

Conduction aphasia

___________ ____________ is typically caused by lesions in the upper Temporal lobe, lower parietal lobe or insula that damage the arcuate fasciculus but spare Wernicke's area and Broca's area.

Global aphasia

___________ ____________ most often follows occlusion of the trunk of the middle cerebral artery, causing massive damage throughout the sarasylvian region.

verbal paraphasias

_____________ ________________ -substitution or transposition of sounds within words

Transcortical sensory aphasia

______________ ____________ ___________sometimes called posterior isolation syndrome, is caused by brain damage that spares Wernicke's area, arcuate fasciculus, and Broca's area. The brain damage responsible for this aphasia typically affects the upper parietal lobe and the language dominant hemisphere.

Wernicke's

_________________ area is not affected in transcortical motor aphasia, so patients with this aphasia comprehend language relatively well. The arcuate fasciculus is spared in this aphasia, so patients with this aphasia are good at repeating what they hear and are good at reading out loud

residual aphasia

anomia as an expression of __________ ____________ probably represent the most common anomic syndrome. These are patients who have passed through a more severe form of another aphasia syndrome and have recovered nearly normal language function but continued to exhibit mild to moderate word retrieval impairments. (authors recommend that this be called residual aphasia)

neologisms

nonwords