APHG
Making a Map: Simplification
Process of simplification is for clarification
Projections: Mercator Projection Map
Advantages: Direction & Shape are accurate, good for marine charting Disadvantages: Size is distorted increasingly to the North or South of the Equator
Projections: Robinson Map
Advantages: Minor distortion, east & west edges of the map are accurate, outlines of continents are very similar to that on a globe Disadvantages: Polar areas are flattened
International Date Line
An arc that for the most part follows 180 (degrees) longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the International Date Line heading east (towards America), the clock moves back 24 hrs, or one entire day. When you go west (towards Asia), the calendar moves ahead 24hr, or one entire day.
Formal Region (or uniform or homogeneous region)
An area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics (EX: common language, production of a particular crop, and/or climate)
Functional Region (or nodal region)
An area organised around a node or focal point (EX: transportations or communication systems)
Vernacular Region (or perceptual region)
An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity (EX: Mental map)
Equator
An imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres and constituting the parallel of latitude 0 (degrees)
Robinson Projection
Area and distance is accurate oceans are distorted
Carl Sauer
Argued that cultural landscapes should be the fundamental focus of geographic inquiry
Robinson Projection
Based on table of coordinates rather than mathematical equations Between eqquidistance and conformal
Cultural ecology, posibilism, and environmental determinism
Cultural ecology: A geographic approach that emphasises human-environment relationships - culture influences landscape/farming techniques Possibilism: Idea that humans cans still have the ability to make change in the world - Global warming - recycling Environmental determinism: Environmental context that determines and instance - Environmentally determined that people on the equator cannot live in igloos
Equivalent - Equal Area (size)
- Moderately distorts distance, shape, direction and area but focus is to regularise the countries sizes (in opposition to mercator) - politically correct - Gall-Peters map (stretched north and south)
Orthoapsidal Projection
- Uses equidistant parallels and meridians - Area and shape are distorted but distance is true - resembles a rubber ring
Dot Map
Definition: A spatial analysis/representation where each dot or mark represents one instant of a particular phenomenon Characteristics: Dots, symbols of a particular size, key & map Advantages: Can see different concentrations, and know the frequency of instance Disadvantages: Cluster of dots
Isoline Map
Definition: A spatial representation wherein lines distinguish between concentrations of particular characteristics Characteristics: Lines, shading, maps Advantages: Regions defined, good sense of compartive concentration of values. Disadvantages: Subjective; lack of precision
Chloropleth Map
Definition: Spatial analysis where formal regions are shaded or coloured so as to represent the thematic focus Characteristics: Shades of colour, gradation or identification key, map, formal regions Advantages: Easy to identify, clarity of communication because the information is simplified/categorised to a certain extent Disadvantages: Generalisation
Proportional Symbol Map
Definition: Spatial representation where a symbol is chosen and size depends on the collected data Characteristics: Key, Map & Symbols Advantages: Clear amount of comparative data Disadvantages: Over simplification based on the categorisation, cluster issue
Functional Region
A ______ defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it. Ex - pizza delivery. Also known as a nodal region.
Perceptual Region
A ______ that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea and not as a physically outlined area. Also known as a vernacular region.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
A collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
A computer system that stores, organises, analyses, and displays geographic data
Cultural Ecology
A geographic approach that emphasises human-environment relationships
Five Themes
Developed by the Geographic Educational National Implemention Project (GENIP), the _______ _____ of geography are location, human-environment, region, place, and movement.
Distribution, Locations, Regions
Distribution: The arrangement of something across Earth's surface - Distribution of Koalas in eastern & southern AUS Location: The position of anything on Earth's surface - Lima's in Madagascar Regions: An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features - sandstone glades soil in the Ozarks
Environmental Determinism
A nineteenth-and early twentieth century approach to the study of geography which argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical science. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities - Environmental context that determines an instance Ex: - It is environmentally determined that people on the equator cannot have igloos built
Time Zones
A range of longitudes where a common standard time is used
Formal Region
A region that is defined by some trait of homogeneity including political boundaries, a common language, or climate. As called uniform region.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations and receivers.
Projection
A system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map
Isoline Map
A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value.
Scale
Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole
Geography vs Human Geography
Human geography is the study of human activity. For example, tourism and the benefits and negative effects that this can have on an area, development / urbanisation and how this can be managed, pollution and global warming etc. Basically, human activities that directly relate to geographical subjects and issues. Physical geography is the study of the natural world. For example, mountains, weather / climate, volcanoes, natural disasters, animals, seas and oceans etc. Basically anything that is about nature and how the world works.
Friction or Distance
More distance, the more friction - Friction will eventually stop an object in motion Ex: - The farther people are from a particular service, the less likely they are to use it. People who live 1km from a store are more likely to patronise it than people who live 10km away.
Making a Map: Symbolisation
Representation
Quantitative research
Research that provides data that can be expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features.
Map (cartographic) Scale
Small = World, Big = City
Distribution
The arrangement of something across Earth's surface Ex: Distribution of Koalas in eastern and southern Australia
Cartography
The art and science of making maps, including data compilation, layout, and design. Also concerned with the interpretation of mapped patterns.
Spatial Association
The concept that the distribution of one phenomena is scientifically related to the location of other phenomena -The location of observable phenomena is related to the location of others. Most phenomena are situated where they are because of phenomena that already exist Ex: - there are very few (if any) professional cricket stadiums in the United States because there is not a large enough fan base to warrant building them - hundreds of Roman Catholic churches in rome because of the large number of religious followers
Time-Distance Decay
The declining spread of an idea or innovation due to increasing time and distance from its point of origin or source.
Distance Decay
The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
Gravity Model
The greater the number of people living in a particular place, the greater the number of potential customers for service Ex: - Understanding the geographic extent and characteristics of store patronage * Who will be your customers - Spatially assessing retail performance * May not be in profitable area but they need their name in community - Evaluating market penetration & market gap analysis - Identifying/quantifying effects of cannibalisation
Environmental Determinism
The idea that the natural environment will determine how and what a culture develops
Longitude
The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime-meridian (0 degrees).
Latitude
The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator (0 degrees)
Site
The physical character of a place
Absolute Location
The position of place of a certian item on the surface of the Earth as expresed in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude, 0° to 90° north or south of the equator, and longitude, 0° to 180° east or west of the Prime Meridian passing through Greenwich, England.
Diffusion
The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time
Contagious Diffusion
The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature/characteristic/idea throughout a population Ex: - Disease: Ebola - Tweets --> Retweets *The hearth is the centre point, then info gets passed on from there
Space-time Compression
The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems.
Hearth
The region from which innovative ideas originate
Relative Location
The regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places. Also referred to as situation.
Cartography
The science of making maps
Expansion Diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in an additive process - 3 types * Hierarchal * Contagious * Stimulus Ex: - Object/Thing stays in one place and opens in another area: expands * McDonalds opens a new store
Hierarchal Diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places - Some person of authority distributes or diffuses and idea to someone else with less power who distributes it some else with even lesser power - Intentional Control Ex: - President --> cabinet -> media -> people
Relocation Diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another Ex: - An Italian who makes pizzas in Italy moves to America and makes pizza in New York
Stimulus Diffusion
The spread of an underlying principle even though the characteristic itself apparently fails to spread - A particular thing effect and outcome which triggers another instance Ex: - Apple is diffused by the idea of a bigger screen and therefore creates the iPhone 6 product *Samsung provides the stimulus
Possibilism
The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and chose a course of action from many alternatives. - Humans cans still have the ability to make change in the world
Mercator Projection
a map that has parallel lines of latitude and longitude. Distorts the poles.
latitude
an imaginary line around the Earth parallel to the equator, measures distance north or south of the equator.
Eratosthenes
calculated the circumference of the earth
Gall-Peters Projection
equal area projection that distorts the shape of land masses (looks stretched out)
Choropleth Map
map based on colors to show patterns
Graduated Symbol Map
map in which point or line data are displayed by varying symbol size or thickness
site
physical character of a place, includes absolute location, climate, type of soil
Prime Meridian
the earth's zero of longitude, which by convention passes through Greenwich, England.
Globalization
the expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes & impacts to the global scale and impact.
friction of distance
the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance
International Date Line
the line of longitude that marks where each new day begins, centered on the 180th meridian
longitude
the lines on a map that run north to south, but measure distance east or west of the prime meridian.
Fieldwork
the study of geographic phenomena by visiting and observing how people interact with and thereby change those places. Observing geography in action.
time space compression
through processes such as globalization time is accelerated and the significance of space is reduced. Information travels more quickly.
Contour Map
A map using contour lines to show elevation
Remote Sensing
A method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments (such as satellites or drones) that are distant from the area or object of study.
Perception of Place
Belief or "understanding" about a place developed through books, movies, stories or pictures.
Tobler's First Law
Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related to one another than distant things Ex: The US as an environment for economic development can do better if we scientifically analyse the relationships between people and their consumer markets - Who is buying and where are people buying - Computer analysis
Spatial Analysis
Examining geographic patterns to identify relationships; Thinking necessary to answer questions like: Why is what where? What are the patterns?
Possibilism
Geographic viewpoint- a response to determinism- that holds that human descision making, not the environment, is the critical factor in cultural development.
Azimuthal Map
Geometric plane cutting through sphere, not connected to centre point - preserves direction with azimuths are portrayed correctly in all directions - used for air travel and a small area - not a cylindrical projection
Great Circle
Geometric plane through centre point - airline routes
Making a Map: Categorisation
Group information, allows for patterns to emerge, repeating information & form an index or key.
Mercator Projection
Map maintains distance accurately. Direction and Distance maintain constant. There is a consistency of direction and distance. All parallels of latitude have the same length as the equator (EX: Marine charts)
Reference Maps
Maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features. Examples include: physical, political and road maps
Thematic Maps
Maps that tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute of the movement of a geographic phenomenon. Examples include: choropleth, dot, graduated symbol, isoline
Dot Map
Maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population.
Qualitative research
Market research concerned with collecting data on attitudes, opinions, beliefs, intentions etc.
geographic scale
National scale, global scale, local scale etc. An area instead of a distance
Human Geography
One of the two major divisions of Geography; the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes.
Physical Geography
One of the two major divisions of systematic geography; the spatial analysis of the structure, processes, and location of Earth's natural phenomena such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography.
Sense of Place
State of mind developed through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character. The way a place you have visited makes you feel.
Making a Map: Induction
Taking samples and then generalising them to form a conclusion
Remote Sensing
The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or from other long-distance methods
Situation
The location of a place relative to another place
Prime Meridian
The meridian, designated as 0 (degrees) longitude, that passes through the Royal Observatory as Greenwich, England
Cultural Ecology
The multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and the natural environment. Similar to human-environment interaction.
Toponym
The name given to a portion of Earth's surface
toponym
The name of a place, often can provide details about the area or who settled there.
Flow Map
Used to show the sequence of events or organizational structure.
