APHG Chapter 11 Test, APHG Unit 5 Test, Unit 6 APHG, Unit 7 APHG Political Geography

Basic/Nonbasic Industries

- A settlement's distinctive economic structure derives from its basic industries, which export primarily to consumers outside the settlement - A community's unique collection of basic industries defines its economic base. (A larger % of city population work in that industry than does the national average) - ex: industry/manufac - Nonbasic industries are enterprises whose customers live in the same community-essentially, consumer services - ex: serves comm like firefighters - Economic base of a postindustrial society, such as the U.S., are in business, consumer, or public services. - Multiplier Effect: 1 basic job = 3 non basic jobs - oil fields in SW and S, N Carolina has paper and lumber due to pine trees yr round

How has livestock ranching impacted Central and South America?

- Cattle industry rapidly increased in Argentina bc land devoted for ranching was very close to the ocean; making it possible for meat to be transported to overseas markets

McGee Southeast Asian City Model

- Centered on Port Zone - around port is Western CBD w/ Euro shops, hotels, etc and other Asian investment next to port - Blend of sector and Concentric - outside from this center are mixed homes, businesses, and industries w central slums & peripheral squatter zones housing the majority of the city's pop - market gardening & indust dvlmnt mark outer metropolitan limits

North American Models

- Concentric Ring Model: families in newer homes are more likely to live in outer rings, while older homes are in inner rings - Sector Model: families with higher incomes will not live in the same sector of city as families w lower incomes - Multiple Nuclei Model: ppl with same ethnic or racial background are more likely to live nearby Today: - Rings, sectors, and multiple nuclei can still be seen, but are simple, overall pattern is far more complex - Family status tends to be distributed concentrically - Socioeconomic status tends to be radial (North vs. South side) - Ethnic status tends to be clustered

Urban Hearths

- Mesopotamia - Indus River Valley - Eastern Med - Nile Valley in N. Africa - Mesoamerica - Huang He River

Type of plantation crops grown

- Most important crops grown are cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, and tobacco -Also produce cocoa, jute, bananas, tea, coconut, and palm oil - L. America most likely to grow coffee, sugarcane, and bananas - Asian provide rubber and palm oil

Quinary Economic Activity Level

- Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill (sciences) Ex: Conagra, Dow Ag Sciences, Monsant

Cadastral System

- These were systems in which land is regulated and divided by law -Township and range, metes and bound, and Long lot

quinary economic activity

-Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill (sciences) Ex: Conagra, Dow Ag Sciences, Monsanto

quaternary economic activity

-Service sector(Tertiary level) industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. -Examples include finance, marketing, insurance, and legal services.

Animal Hearths

-Southwest Asia; cattle, goats, pigs and sheeps -Central Asia; Horse diffusion of horse is thought to be associated w/ diffusion of Indo-European lang. -China is the world's biggest producer of meat

Irrigation systems

-Surface irrigation; water is distributed over and across land by gravity, no mechanical pump -Localized irrigation; water is distributed under low pressure, through piped network and applied to each plant -Drip irrigation; drops water at root of plant -Center Pivot irrigation; water is distributed by a system of sprinklers that move on wheeled towers in circular pattern. Common in flat areas in US

intensive subsistence agriculture

-a form of SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE in which farmers must expand a relatively large amount of effort to produce teh maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land -small amount of land (work by individual) -Predominate in developing countries, wet rice is dominate; large population concentration of East asia and south asia -Southeastern China (warm) climate suitable for rice -Crops other than wet rice; large population concentration of East asia and south asia where growing rice is difficult -Northeastern China climate (cold) suitable for other crops

commercial agriculture

-agriculture under taken primarly to generate products for sale off the farm -Mostly found in MDC -EX USA, Canada -Feed alot of people due to reliance of machinary -Large farms

seed crops

-crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants -harder to produce -Earliest seed crops were found in SW Asia, wheat and barley -Fertile Crescent -Western India -Northern China: Millet -Ethiopia: Millet and sorghum

root crops

-crops that are reproduced by cultivating either the roots or cuttings from the plants -easier to grow -Hearths: SE Asia diffused to China, Japan, India, SW Asia, Africa and Mediterreanean -W. Africa -Northern South America diffused to Central America and Eastern South America

Site factors

Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant - costs resulting from the unique characteristics of a location 1. Labor: most important factor on a global scale - minimizing labor costs, which vary around the world, is extremely important to some industries - labor-intensive industry is an industry in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a higher percentage of expenses - Leading cause for outsourcing of low skill jobs! 2. Capital: manufacturers typically borrow the funds needed to establish new factories or expand existing ones - Ability to borrow money has greatly influenced the distribution of industry in developing countries 3. Land: lots must be large enough to accommodate efficient, contemporary one-story buildings - mostly available in suburban and rural locations and tends to be relatively cheaper than land in the city

Situation factors

Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory - costs associated with the established transportation networks accessible from a specific place Proximity to Inputs: the farther something is transported, the higher the costs, so a manufacturer tries to locate its factory as close as possible to its inputs and markets - Proximity to Input: optimal plant location is near the input, if $ of transport to factory is > $ of transporting product to consumers (Bulk-reducing Industry) - Proximity to Market: optimal plant location is near the market; close as possible to customer, if $ of transport to factory is < $ of transporting product to consumers (Bulk-Gaining Industries) - Ex: fabrication of parts and machinery from steel and other metals, plants where beverages are bottled

Losch's Zone of Profitability

Manufacturing plants choose locations where they can maximize profit Theory: Zone of Profitability - businesses located in zone of profitability, where incomes go above costs

deBlij African Model

Many are located in the periphery of the world system - Cities in North are influenced by Islamic traditions w mosque at center - government buildings and wealthy homes surround commercial core - Suq - Market/ Bazaar - Circular settlements - Colonists caused a shift in CBD, multiple CBDs (old from colonists, modernized and made new CBD)

Gravity Model

Market Area Analysis - The gravity model predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related the distance people must travel to access it - the best location will be the one that minimizes travel for all potential customers - greater # of ppl in one place, greater # of potential customers & farther away ppl are, less likely to use it

Medieval Cities

Medieval Period - Europe: After collapse of Roman Empire in 5th Century, Europe's cities were diminished or abandoned. Dense and compact within defensive walls, cathedrals (tallest buildings) - Asia and Middle East: Flourishing and growing cities Baghdad, Istanbul, Kyoto largest cities - not lots of farm land - ex: Cittadella, Italy - London was the largest urban settlement during 19th century (Indust Rev), then NY during mid-20th cent, now Tokyo

Clustered Settlements in Colonial America

New England colonists built them centered on open area called a common - homes and public buildings around center common - favored because-- could live in the group they traveled with, reinforce common cultural and religious values, defense against Indians - Parcels for each villager provided dif crops - present New England towns have same layout except shops not farms

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada - encourages free trade between these North American countries - economic, soon to be replaced - supports areas in N America

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries - Warsaw created in response to NATO (military)

Onshoring

Outsourced work that brought back to the original country - first the job has to be off-shored, then the off-shored job has to come back to originally country - ex: pay to print papers, have someone in US do it for you

Offshoring

Outsourced work that is located outside of the country - Outsourcing (turning over production in part or in total) to another firm of business outside the country - job leaving the country, leave home country and go somewhere else - ex: bank account overseas/out of count.

Service Sector of Economy

Split into three - consumer sciences provides services to individual consumers who desire them/can afford - business services facilitate activities of other businesses - public services provide security/protection for citizens and businesses

in which of the following areas had desertification had the strongest negative impact on food production?

The African Sahel

Map Projections Types: Goode Homolosine

The eastern and western hemisphere are separated into two pieces, this is known as interruption - it shows better a relative size (area) - not good at showing distance and direction as the map is interrupted

intertillage

Tillage between rows of crops of plants. -changing where you farm in same area of land and crop rotating -shifting cultivation

Devolution

Transfer of power to regional governments usually to reduce centrifugal tension - More self-determination, power, autonomy to regional area - Caused by ethno-cultural forces, economic forces, & spatial forces - NOT Balkanization: when it falls apart

Density Gradient

U.S. tend to become less and less dense as one ventures farther from the city's center; this phenomenon is known as the density gradient - the # of houses per unit of land diminishes as distance from the center city increases - gap in center, where few live - # of ppl living on a piece of land has decreased in the central residential areas through pop decline and abandonment of old homes, density has increased on periphery through apartments/townhouses and diffusion of suburbs

GDP & GNI

UN measures standard of living based on GDP/GNI & PPP GDP: US has GDP of about $80 trillion w/ 7 billion ppl, similar to GNI, but doesn't account for money entering and leaving the country - dividing GDP by total pop=GDP per capita GNI: Value of the output of goods and services produced in a country annually, including money that leaves and enters the country - Per capita GNI measures average (mean) wealth, not its distribution among citizens - overall economy, average wealth not distribution among citizens - divide GNI/total pop to measure contribution made by av. indiv. towards countrys wealth in a yr

Horizontal/Vertical Integration

Vertical: An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process. -Disney ownes Star Wars, Disney World -owned by one company -agribusiness -Owns industries that support the company Horizontal: Ownership by the same firm of a number of companies that exist at the same point on a commodity chain -own everything that is the same -PepsiCo owns Gatorade

Enclave

a distinct region or community enclosed within a larger territory - an enclosed district, region, or area inhabited by a particular group of people or having a special character - an enclosed territory that is culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it - ex: Lesotho, Vatican City, San Marino, Belgium in the Netherlands

Exclave

a portion of a state that is separated from the main territory and surrounded by another country - a part of a country that is seperated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory - A bounded territory that is part of a particular state but is separated from it by the territory of a different state - ex: Kalingrad, Russia, Alaska - Exclave can be an enclave: bc its surrounded by one country, but belongs to another that it is separate from - Mongolia is not an exclave (landlocked)

Deindustrialization

a process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and work through a period of high unemployment - loss of industrial activity in a region - process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and work through a period of high unemployment - ex: abandoned street in Liverpool, England, where the population has decreased by one-third since deindustrialization - in US, Europe, Japan, 4 Tigers

Cold War

a state of political hostility between countries characterized by threats, propaganda, and other measures short of open warfare, in particular - the power struggle between the Soviet Union and the United States after World War II - the nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years - state joined regional military alliances, resulted in superpowers of US & USSR, by end of war the most important alliances were economic - Warsaw pact provided USSR w buffer of allied states between it & Germany to stop 3rd German invasion (was disbanded)

Fragmented State

a state whose territory contains isolated parts, separated and discontinuous - hard for unity, hinders communication, integration of ppl is hard - 2 types: • separated by water-- Tanzania in Ss Africa, Indonesia • separated by intervening state-- Angola is Ss Africa (Congo proruption), Kaliningrad belonging to Russia is separated by Lithuania & Belarus (Russia took from Germany bc has country's largest naval base on Baltic), Panama (now elongated) - ex: Phillipines

1st agricultural revolution

also known as the Neolithic Revolution, is the transformation of human societies from hunting and gathering to farming.

food desert

an urban area in which it is difficult to buy affordable or good-quality fresh food.

Cultural-political boundary

boundaries that mark breaks in the human landscape based on differences in ethnicity - common, religious boundaries like between Pakistan (developed for religious reasons) and India

Linguistic Boundaries

cultural boundary based on language ~ Consequent: cultural ~ More common form of ethnic, cultural ~ Attempts to create nation-states ~ Ex. Europe

desertification

degradation of land especially to semiarid areas, primarly bc of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting -Aka semiarid land degradation

monoculture

dependence on a single agricultural commodity -Ex. soybean

primary economic activity

economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment-- -such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and farmers especially agriculture

Centrifugal forces

forces that divide a state - internal religious, political, economic, linguistic, or ethnic differences

pasture

grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing

double cropping

harvesting twice a year from the same field

City-States

independent self-governing communities that included the settlement and nearby countryside - Athens was largest city state in Greece - Roman Empire encouraged urban settlement & trade, Rome was center for administration, empire rested on trading in Rome but it diminished

Suburbs-

most likely to use largest % of land space for residences

Multiplier Effect

new basic sector employment is accompanied by a larger share of nonbasic workers, decreasing the ratio of basic sector workers to nonbasic - if a new industry locates to a city that produced goods for ppl outside the city, the new workers need services from nonbasic workers, so more of the total # of new jobs created are in the nonbasic sector - basic industries create nonbasic jobs

Central Place

A market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area - located to maximize accessibility, businesses in this area compete to serve as markets for goods/services for surrounding region, creating a regular pattern of settlements (according to CPT)

swidden

A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.

Irredentism

A policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a country aimed at a group of its nationals living in a neighboring country - when there is a nation that has a majority of a certain nationality, and more people have that nationality in another area, they try to annex that area to unify the nation - ex: Somalia is trying to annex Somalis in Kenya & Ethiopia, Albania wants to annex Cosovo - Hitler used this to gain

Compact State

A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly - good for smaller states bc of good communications - considered politically ideal - ex: Hungary

Prorupt State

A state of basically compact form but with one or more narrow extensions of territory - piece may want to break away, easier for invasion - created to provide state access to resource like water: in S Africa, DRC along Congo R done by Belgiums to access Atlantic - or created to separate 2 states that would otherwise share a boundary: in S Africa, Namibia called Caprivi Strip when it was a colony of Germany, gave access to Zambezi R - Thailand

Landlocked State

A state that is completely surrounded by the land of other states, which gives it a disadvantage in terms of accessibility to and from international trade routes Lacks a direct outlet to a sea because it is completely surrounded by several other countries (or only one, like Lesotho) - most common in Africa where 15 of 55 states, remnant of colonial era from Britain and France - Euro built railroads to connect interior of Africa to sea - direct acces is important to states bc it facilitates international trade, landlocked states must use anothers seaport to send/recieve goods - commercial disadvantage

Perforated State

A state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state - relationship with state inside boundary - state thats surrounded faces problems of dependence on/interference from surrounding state - ex: S Africa around Lesotho, depends on them for export/imports

Nation-State

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality - boundaries of nation homeland coinside with boundaries of state - formed in Europe during 19th c and by early 20th c most of W Euro - At Versailles Peace Conf, Europe was redrawn by Woodrow Wilson & language was most important factor - carved out of Baltic, European, and C Asia states - ex: W Euro countries like • Slovenia-- 83% are Slovenes • Denmark-- 90% are Danes, speak Danish, have ethnic minorities from Turkey & Yugoslavia

Elongated State

A state whose territory is long and narrow in shape - transportation problems, capital can lose influence if on one end - potential isolation due to poor internal communications - diverse climates, resources and states - ex: Chile, Malawi, Gambia - colonial US

Asian Tigers

A term used to describe the industrial economies of Asia that have been aggressive in terms of economic growth rates and their ability to compete for consumers Old (1950s-1970s): South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore - stable econs, lack natural resources, promoted d-mnt by producing manufacture clothing goods & low labor costs, sell to MDC's cheaply New (1980's-1990's): China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam

Fair Trade

An alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker-owned and democratically run co-operatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organization, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards - commerce in which products are made and traded according to standards that protect workers and small businesses in developing countries - ex: In N US, Ten Thousand Villages is largest fair trade organization in North America • Because fair trade organizations bypass distributors, a greater percentage of the retail price makes it way back directly to the producers • Fair Trade requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards

Census Tract

An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods

High-technology corridors

An area designated by local or state government to benefit from lower taxes and high-technology infrastructure with the goal of providing high-technology jobs to the local population - ex. Silicon Valley, California (most important factor besides skilled labor was capital)/Pittsburgh, PA/Bangalore, India - present along Pacific coastline - Technopole - an area planned for high technology where agglomeration built on a synergy among technological companies occurs - ex. Route 128 corridor in Boston - these usually have tech institutes nearby like MIT - high tech industries are risky (2/3 fail), but Silicon Valley are willing to loan to engineers (1/4 of capital in US is spent on industries in Silicon Valley)

State

An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs - political entity, permanent pop, gov, boundaries demarcated on map, sovereign, recognized by other nations (even if you declared yourself as one) - occupies defined territory, aka country, has sovereignty - formal/uniform region

Bulk-reducing industries

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs - inputs weigh more than the final products, plant location is near inputs to reduce transportation costs - ex: copper industry, steel-making, biofuel/corn industry, gold refinery (near inputs like gold mines in Appalachians, California Rockies, most refineries are by smelters) - R1: $, R2: $$$, M: $

Bulk-gaining industries

An industry in which the final product weighs more or compromises a greater volume than its inputs - production of a product that gains volume or weight during its production - plants typically located near market to reduce the costs of transportation - needs to be located near where the product is sold - ex: beverage suppliers like Dasani, TV factories, Car factories

Labor-intensive industry

An industry in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a high percentage of expenses - locate where it is the cheapest, outsource (onshore) - textile industry

green revolution

rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high yield seeds and fertilizers -Do further research

racial steering

real estate agents advising customers to purchase homes in neighborhoods depending on their race - promoting mixed neighborhoods

Rimland Theory

American Nicolas Spykman argued control of Rimland would have global power. - A divided Rimland would lead to balance of power, used to justify US involvement in Korea and Vietnam - Both theories influenced US Containment Policy & Domino theory: Lumping failed to recognize differences among Communists, or local causes of conflict

OPEC

An international oil cartel originally formed in 1961, represents the majority of all oil produced in the world to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum - Attempts to limit production to raise prices - only resource supranational organization, economic

slash and burn agriculture

Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.

organic agriculture

Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs.

Both shifting agriculturalists and commercial farmers practice crop rotation, but commercial farmers

Are less likely to allow fields to remain fallow

Incorporation of Cities

Areas choosing to come together as a municipality for sake of government and business - build schools, utilities, can be sued if services are not provided Ex: taxing powers, elected officers, establish boundaries, must provide services to residents - cons: ppl cant afford homes, gov has role to make sure there is lower costing housing near CBD

Today many US cities have stopped their spatial growth primarily because-

residents in outlying areas organize their own services rather than pay city taxes for them

Comparative Advantage

the ability of an individual or group to carry out a particular economic activity (such as making a specific product) more efficiently than another activity - lower wages, not requiring healthcare/cheaper (in India), land/taxes are cheaper, less environmental regulations, longer hours

Market Area/Hinterland

the area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted - example of nodal region - ppl get services nearby, those near center do so from local establishments - closer to periphery of circle, the greater % of consumers who will choose to obtain services from other nodes, ppl on outside of circle are = likely to use service or go elsewhere - represented by hexagons around settlements, determined by threshold and range - ex: Denver is a central place with a large hinterland

nomadic herding

the continual movement of livestock in search of food for animals

Aquaculture

the cultivation of sea food under controlled conditions

hortoculture

the growing fruits, veggies, and flowers

paddy

the malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah

Free Trade

the movement of goods and services among nations: international trade, without political or economic barriers (tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions) Region of a less-developed country that offer tax breaks and loosened labor restrictions to attract export-driven production processes, such as factories producing goods for foreign markets

Crop Rotation

the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil

GMO

the result of a laboratory process where genes from the DNA of one species are extracted and artificially forced into the genes of an unrelated plant or animal

electoral geography

the study of how the spatial configuration of electoral districts and voting patterns reflect and influence social and political affairs - 435 districts in US House of Representatives are redrawn every 10 years, following Census Bureaus release of official population figures

Demarcate

to clearly set or mark the boundaries of a group or geographic area

Urban Sprawl

unrestricted growth in many American urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning - Sun Belt Sprawl

British Imperialism

- colony: territory legally tied to sovereign state - colonialism: effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory & to impose political, econ, and cultural principles on tht territory - European states established colonies to: promote Christianity, extract resources/serve as captive market for goods, establish power (God, gold & glory) - much of East and South Africa, South Asia, Middle East, Australia and Canada - colonization of America in late 18th c - Africa was colonized after WWII after Berlin Conference

Sustainable Development

- people living today should not impair the ability of future generations to meet their needs - Millennium Development Goals

DTM

---Stage 1: Low Growth- high BR and high DR= little pop growth - Pre- agriculture societies -little access to birth control and medical care -(Ex - Lybiria and Sierra Leone) ---Stage 2: High Growth- DR drops, BR remains high= rapid pop growth -agricultural economy -childern labor source -DR declines bc of permanent settlement, newer technology w/ farming -Most African countries ---Stage 3: Moderate Growth- BR drops, DR drops lower than BR= slower pop growth -manufacturing jobs -kids going to school -improve education, sanitation, health care, nutrition -Ex - Countries that make our "stuff" such as Mexico, China and Malaysia) this stage has the biggest variation between countries. - clothing=beginning, technology=end -Industrial economy ---Stage 4: Low Growth -low birth/death -service based economy -high degree of medical care and birth control -women have fewer children - ZPG -women focusing on career ---Stage 5: BR drops even lower, DR still low - BR now is lower than DR -Negative pop growth

ranching

-A form of COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE in which livestock graze over an extensive area. -Predominate in developed countries -Found in drylands of western North america, southeastern latin america, Central Asia, sub-sahara Africa and South Pacific

pastoral nomadism

-A form of SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE based on herding domesticated animals, places where planting crops is impossible -extensive -Predominate is developing countries -Primarly found in drylands (arid to semiarid) of Southwest Asia and North Africa -Central Asia, and East Asia -Camel important in N. Africa and Southwest Asia, then sheep and goats -Horse is important in Central Asia

shifting cultivation

-A form of SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period of time -extensive -Predominate in developing countries -Found in tropical regions of Latin America, sub-Sahara Africa, and SE Asia

plantation

-A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country. -Predominate in developing countries -Found in tropical and sub tropical regions of latin America, sub-sahara Africa, South Asia, and SE asia

township and range system

-A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior. -latitude and longtitude

subsistence agriculture

-Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family -Mostly found in LDC and developing countries -Depend on people and animals -Best fit for farmers in South and Central America, sub-sahara Africa, South and Southeast Asia

2nd agricultural revolution

-Also known as the Industrial Revolution, this revolution improved technology and manufacturing. In turn the technology led to better healthcare and sustainable resources - Caused by colonization -New innovations; combine, seed drill, fertilizer, railroad, barbed wire

What purpose do most cereal grains provide in the US?

-Biggest grain consumed in North America is wheat -Used to feed animals, and consumed by people in the form of bread, pasta, cake, etc

Agribusiness

-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE characterized by the integration of different steps in the food processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations -Monsanto

truck farming

-Commerical gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities. -Predominate in develped countries -Found in Southeastern USA and Southeastern Australia

Von Thunen

-Created a model based off the fact that perishable foods must be recieved by the pop. quickly -The area surrounding the city was the most valuable so the crops must match that value -Model was the first effor to analyze the spatial characteristics of economic activity

Domestication of animal

-Fertile Crescent: cow, sheep, goat, pig -Animals had the best breeds -helped w/ work load, food source and fertilizer

Metes and Bounds

-Found along East Coast -natural boundaries divide land

Long Lot

-French system -Found along Mississippi River in LA -Systems along rivers

Location and diffusion of root crops

-Hearth: SE Asia diffused to China, Japan, India, SW Asia, Mediterreanean and Africa -West Africa -Then Northern South America diffused it to Central American and Eastern South America - Sugar beets mainly found along border of North Dakota in US and in Argentina -Argentina can't grow sugar cane bc of Amazon -Potatoes

Mackinder's Heartland Theory

-Mackinder: 1919, English school, era of sea power ending, control over land would be key to power - Who rules E. Europe commands heart land -who rules heartland commands Eurasia -who rules eurasia commands world

How has organic farming impacted core, periphery, and semi-periphery?

-Most organic foods are consumed by core countries -USA, Japan, Canada, Europe; fruits and veggies dominate then dairy -Organic products grown in periphery and semi-periphery are grown as cash crops

luxury crops

-Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco -they are wants, not needs -grown on plantations

Importance of Carl Sauer and his connection to agriculture

-Sauer identified 11 diff agricultural hearths - Sauer theory connects to how agricultural practices first diffused

tertiary economic activity

-Service industries -Ex: transportation, retail, semi-truck, grocery stores

Issues and consequences of shifting cultivation

-land to support rain forests has been reduced to than half of its original size -Can only support a small pop. w/o causing environment damage -Destruction of rain forests contributes to global warming; causes greenhouse gas effect -Stopping shifting cultivation could upset local community; farming like this interwines w/ other social, religious and political practices; could disrupt daily activities

secondary economic activity

-the manufacturing sector, processing facility of Heinz -transition of natural resources into a new product

fair trade

-trade between companies in developed countries and producers in developing countries in which fair prices are paid to the producers. -goal is to improve economic condition of region -coffee, sugar, tea, cacao

Von Thunen Model

-what farmers produce varies by distance from town w/ livestock raising furthest from town - Rings 1 and 2 are intensive and rings 3 and 4 are extensive -cost of transportation governs the use of land -1st ring: hortoculture and dairying, they're expensive to transport and perish quickly - 2nd ring: forest - 3rd ring: extensive agriculture, grain crops - 4th ring: extensive agriculture, animal grazing -farmers closer to market tend to grow crops w/ higher transportation costs per hectare of output, than farmers further away from market

Characteristics of Industrial Revolutions

1. The 1st Industrial Revolution, ca. 1700 -Steam power and the factory system -Coal and iron were key resources 2. 2nd Industrial Revolution, ca. 1850 -dominated by steel, oil, and electricity -Significant increase in the standard of living -This second Industrial Revolution also had a distinctly American character US ready for rev: Natural Resources Fuel Economic Development, Available labor, Free Enterprise Encourages the Rise of Entrepreneurship, Laissez-Faire Policies Encourage Growth

Rostow's Development Model

1. traditional society (agricultural econ, 60-80%) - Sub Saharan Africa, subsistence farmers 2. the preconditions for takeoff (begin to innovate, starts to move away from agriculture) 3. the takeoff (industrialization beginning) - S. Korea: electronics like Samsung - Jamaica: tourism, mainly sugarcane/molasses 4. the drive to maturity (economy increases, new industries like vehicles, etc) - pop growth reduced bc kids require more yrs of schooling in society/more expensive to raise 5. the age of mass consumption (consumers, most jobs in tertiary) - moves up stage each time a small group innovates/invests/invents to develop - Rostow believes one cannot move backwards

Edge City

1920s led to rise of suburbs Suburban downtowns, often located near key freeway intersections, often with: - office complexes - shopping centers - hotels - restaurants - entertainment facilities - sports complexes - ex: hinterland

Borchert's Model of Urban Evolution

1960s Samuel Borchert studied US cities and linked historical changes to urban evolution 4 categories: - Stage 1: 1790-1830 mostly near ports and waterways - Stage 2: 1830-1870 Railroads and steamboats - Stage 3: 1870-1920 Industrial Revolution in US, industrial cities boom, esp. Great Lakes - Stage 4: 1920-on linked to car and air travel, spread of suburbs, growth of new cities in the South

Urbanization

2 dimensions, increase in the # of people living in urban settlements and an increase in the % of people living in urban settlements Componets: - Size (Ancient cities 2,000-20,000, Today governments set size definition Varies by state [country]), ex: Ethiopia=2,000; Norway=200 - Economic Diversity - Cultural Diversity - Before urbanization, people often clustered in agricultural villages: relatively small, egalitarian village, where most of the population was involved in agriculture - About 10,000 years ago, people began living in agricultural villages

Relic Boundary

A boundary no longer observed but that still affects the present-day area (e.g. border between West and East Germany in Berlin) - boundaries that existed in past, still physical remnants like the Great Wall of China - ex: Romans left walls scattered through Europe, remnants still there today

Unitary Government

A centralized government in which all government powers belong to a single, central agency - an internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central gov officials - works best in nation states w few internal cultural differences & strong sense of national unity - require effective communications w all region of country, more common for smaller states - common in Europe, multinational states adopt it to impose value of one nationality on others - have been curtailed - ex: UK, China (to promote comm), N Korea, In Kenya & Rwanda it has enabled one ethnic group to dominate another - ex: France

Bid-rent curve

A chart explaining land costs getting cheaper as you move away from the CBD - a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases, it states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city centre - the concept that the concentric circles in Burgess's concentric zone model are based on the amount people are willing to pay for land in each zone

Clustered Settlements

A clustered rural settlement is an agricultural-based community in which a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields (must be accessible by farmers) surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings - typically include homes, barns, tool sheds, and consumer services, such as religious structures, schools, and shops - hamlet/villages - farmers own land or owned collectively by settlement or lord, usually owned in scattered parcels

UNCLOS

A code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles (22km) from shore and 200-nautical-mile-wide (370-km-wide) exclusive economic zones.

Core-Periphery Model (Dependency or Worlds System Theory)

A country's location in model affects access to resources and development - developing countries in the periphery have less access to the world center of consumption, communications, wealth, and power, which are clustered in the core - based on colonialism, marxist perspective - Core: depended upon, run world - Semi-Periphery: S. Korea sells Samsung to US/Japan, if stopped buying then S. K. econ would collapse - Periphery: Jamaica, GDP is high but $ goes to British/US countries (80%), keeps them from developing - Wallerstein believes there's little movement btween categories

Outsourcing

A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers - transnational corporations allocate produc. to low wage countries -someone coming in to do job -in US or outside US -Not every Outsourced job leaves home moving individual steps in the production process (of a good or a service) to a supplier, who focuses their production and offers a cost savings - contrasts w/ vertical integration - ex: carmakers, iPhones

Dispersed Settlements

A dispersed rural settlement, typical of the North American rural landscape, is characterized by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors - more common in American colonies outside New England - in New England, dispersed began to replace clustered in 18th cent, enclosure movement - clustered around rural settlement had disadvantages: lost time thru movement of fields, more roads, restrictions in what was planted - ex: E Coast/NE was clustered due to trade and exporting, people moved West/Midwest where it became dispersed bc agriculture is the primary economic activity

Maquiladoras

A factory built by a U.S. company in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico - Plants in Mexico near the U.S. border Mexico and NAFTA: The North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) eliminated most barriers to moving goods among Mexico, the U.S., and Canada since 1994 (result of post-fordism) - Mexico attracts labor-intensive industries because of its relatively low-cost labor and its proximity to the U.S - Factories in free trade zones, that import materials tariff free, manufacture and then export back to original country

sawah

A flooded field for growing rice

Federal Government

A form of government in which powers are divided between a central government and several local governments - an internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local gov - local gov has authority to adopt their own laws - multinational states adopt it to empower dif nationalities, especially if they live in separate regions - local gov boundaries can be drawn to correspond w regions w dif ethnicties - suitable to large states bc national capital may be too remote to provide effective control over isolated regions - tiny Begium is federal to accomodate 2 cultural groups - strong global trend towards it bc of demands for self determination, restructure to transfer authority from national to local gov - ex: USA, Russia, Canada, Brazil, India

Stateless Nation

A group/nation of people with a common political identity who do not have a territorially defined, sovereign country of their own - nation of ppl that aren't recognized as a state - ex: Kurds

Nation

A large group of people united by common descent, history, culture, or LANGUAGE, inhabiting a particular country or territory - have had self rule and a homeland - refers to people, not country - ex: Cherokee Nation

Shatterbelt

A region caught between powerful forces whose boundaries are continually redefined - an area of instability between regions with opposing political and cultural values - a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals (e.g., Israel or Kashmir today; Eastern Europe during the Cold War,...) - zones of great cultural complexity containing many small cultural groups who find refuge in the isolation created by rough terrian, cultural tension that may spread to other areas - Balkans in mountain ranges (Caucasus)

Sunbelt

A region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the South and Southwest that has seen substantial population growth in recent decades - North Carolina to TX/AZ (growing) - Louisiana is not growing - In recent years manufacturing has relocated to the South due to low wages and legislation that has made it difficult for unions to organize factory workers

Buffer State

A relatively small country sandwiched between two larger powers - The existence of buffer states may help to prevent dangerous conflicts between powerful countries - Nepal and Bhutan acts as a buffer state between the India and China - lies between two other countries but remains neutral in the conflicts between them - With India in the South and China on the North ,Nepal and Bhutan become the potential buffer states

City-State

A sovereign state comprising of a city and its immediate hinterland/surrounding countryside - Greece - First to evolve in Mesopotamia - Walls clearly delineated territory, outside walls city controlled agricultural land

Governing States

A state has 2 types of gov: national & local - national: can be more/less democratic • democracy- citizens elect leaders&run for office, institutions where ppl can express preferences, contraints on power of executive, guarentees citizens civil liberties • autocracy- run according to interests of ruler rather than ppl, leaders according to succession, citizens are repressed, power with no checks and balances • anocracy- not fully democratic/autocratic, displays a mix - local: national gov determines how much power to allocate to local

Supranational Organizations

A venture involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives - 3 Types: economic, military, & politcal, divided between regional & resource - ex: Arab League in Middle East, political

Frontier

A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control - Regions where boundaries are unclear or weak, tangible geographic areas - uninhabited regions, not many exist bc most regions have been developed or have ppl living there - deserts, mountanous regions where its hard to exist for humans - historically, frontiers rather than boundaries separted states - almost gone, only found in Antarctica and Arabian Peninsula - Fritz Creek

Peripheral Model

AKA Galactic Model, created by Chauncey Harris, which describes how an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road - peripheral areas lack physical, social and economic problems of inner city neighborhoods - model points to problems of sprawl and segregation that charac. suburbs - around beltway are edge cities - density gradient - describes a central city in relation to surrounding edge cities

Sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states - when a state/nation has full control over their actions - ex: USA

Post-Fordist

Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks - component of product - only make one thing - workers treated the same - current mode of production with a more flexible set of production practices in which goods are not mass produced - production is accelerated and dispersed around the globe by multinational companies that shift production, outsourcing it around the world

What is the number one economic activity in the world?

Agriculture

3rd agricultural revolution

Also know as the Green Revolution, it helped improve farming practices to help world hunger. Farmers can now use the amount of land and get more crops from it

UN Goals

Began in 2015, plans for 2030 - replaced millennium development goals, 17 goals 1. poverty, 2. zero hunger, 3. good health/well being, 4. quality education, 5. gender =, 6. clean water/sanitation, 7. affordable/clean energy, 8. decent work/econ growth, 9. industry/innov/infra, 10. reduced in=, 11. sustainable cities/communities, 12. responsible consumption/production, 13. climate action, 14. life below water, 15. life on land, 16. peace, justice, strong institutions, 17. partnerships for goals

Spread Effects

Benefits to the peripheral region that accrue because of economic development in the nearby core region - positive impacts on a region (or regions) of the economic growth of some other region - opposite of backwash

State Morphology

Boundaries shift over time - major issue for Palestine/Israel: British came to region (left in 60s), promised Israel statehood if became allies, didnt happen but got statehood later with UN - Israel was equipt w/ weapons bc British, took control of territory - Palestine is divided into 2 areas: not on coast so trade is hard outside of Israel, Israel has enemies inside country bc Palestinians are near major cities - ex: South Sudan Territorial Morphology: describes shape, sizes, and relative locations of states, characteristics help determine opportunities available and challenges faced by country and citizens

Urban Realms Model

By James E. Vance, Jr, A spatial generalization of the large, late-twentieth-century city in the United States - It is shown to be a widely dispersed, multicentered metropolis consisting of increasingly independent zones or realms, each focused on its own suburban downtown; the only exception is the shrunken central realm, which is focused on the Central Business District (CBD) - includes a CBD, central city, new downtown, and suburban downtown - it features a number of dispersed, peripheral centers of dynamic commercial and industrial activity linked by sophisticated urban transportation networks

Hexagonal Hinterlands

Called Urban Hierarchy - part of CPT; hexagons chosen by Christaller because circles would overlap or leave out certain areas - A ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions, rank size rule - hamlet: cluster of farmers homes w few basic services - village: several dozen services, more specialized - town: hinterland where smaller places economically depend on it, banks, post, hospital, school, library - city: larger pop, larger hinterlands, more specialization, CBDs, suburbs - megalopolis: multiple cities that have grown together

Factors Affecting Statehood

Centripetal Forces: Forces/matters that create unity within a region or state - Ex. Pledge of Allegiance, Flags, a strong economy, 9/11 attack or WWII Centrifugal Forces: Forces/matters that cause division within a region or state - Ex. Cultural differences like multiple languages, ethnicities or religions, Separatists Movements, bad economy

Pre-Industrial Cities

Cities formed prior to the Industrial Revolution Diffusion of cities from hearths to new areas Ancient History - Greeks: Network of more than 500 cities and towns on the mainland and on islands - Romans: a system of cities and small towns, linked together with hundreds of miles of roads and sea routes

Megacity

City with more than 10 million people - house new arrivals in overpop apartments, slums, etc - are located in many parts of the world

Yugoslavia

Civil war broke out in Yugoslavia. As the Communist regime fell, Yugoslavia was divided up into Serbia, Bosnia-Hergezovenia, Macedonia, Croatia and Slovenia. Fighting soon broke out inside these areas, as Serbs attempted to gain control of the entire territory. The Serbs instituted a policy of "ethnic" cleansing, whose goal was to force non-Serbs out of all areas that the Serbs conquered - balkanization, Serbains are dominant force

Mulitnational/Transnational corporations

Conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters and principle shareholders are located - globalization of the econ has been led primarily by this - certain locations are suitable for these corporations - these corp. remain competitive by identifying optimal locations for each activity, like low labor costs in d-ing When a foreign company invests in a country, perhaps by building a factory or a shop, this is called inward investment. Companies that operate in several countries are called multinational Ex: Coca Cola, Sony, Shell Multiple countries result of international division of labor (result of post-fordism) - can profitably transfer some work to d-ing countries despite transport $, bc of lower wages compared to d-ed: new international division of labor (outsourcing)

Variable Costs

Costs that change directly with the amount of production - energy, labor, and transportation is less expensive in some areas than others, encouraging industries to develop - factor of the location of secondary industries

Fixed Costs

Costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced An activity cost (as of investment in land, plant, and equipment) that must be met without regard to level of output; an input cost that is spatially constant

Industrial Revolution

Created manufacturing cities: factories attracted laborers from rural areas and other countries to tenements constructed to provide housing for factory workers

sustainable agriculture

Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides.

Kurds

Ethnic group that lives in parts of Iraq and Turkey - often suffer persecution in both countries, and are currently under the protection of the United Nations in Iraq - stateless nation

New Urbanism

Development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs. - some are concerned over privatization of public spaces - some are concerned that they do nothing to break down the social conditions that create social ills of the cities - some believe they work against urban sprawl - tackles urban sprawl - ex: Celebration Florida, Village of WC

Post-Industrial Cities

During the second half of the 20th century: Nature of manufacturing changed and locations changed, too. Many factories have been abandoned, creating "rust belts" out of once-thriving industrial districts. - Deindustrialization

World's Industrial Regions

East Asia (Japan, China, Tigers), Europe (W&C, Russia/Ukraine), US (Eastern) (assembly plants clustered in these 3 regions bc most world's car buyers are here) - Each regions accounts for roughly ¼ of the world's total industrial output - Brazil and India account for most of industrial output outside of the core regions -Economy in Moscow is bad -Rhine Ruhr valley is VERY important -Shenyang makes steel -Samsung South Korea

Neocolonialism

Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, this new form of economic imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics. Refers to the economic control that MDCs are sometimes believed to have over LDCs. Through organizations such as the IMF, the MDCs are able to dictate precisely what LDCs economic policies are, or are able to use their economic subsidies to put LDCs industries out of business

Heartland Theory

Era of sea power ending, control over land would be key to power - Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland, who rules the Heartland commands the World Island (Eurasia), who rules the World Island commands the world - Sir Halford Mackinder, 1919, english school

Concentric Zone Model

Ernest Burgess based his city model on 1920's Chicago 1. Central business district (CBD): innermost ring, nonresidential activities, high property $ 2. Zone of transition: light industry and poor housing, immigrants live in small units like apartments, rooming houses for single ppl 3. Blue-collar residences (Zone of working-class home): modest older homes occupied by stable working class, housing is cheaper 4. Medium-income housing (Zone of better residences): newer and more spacious houses for middle class 5. High-income commuter zone: beyond built up area of city, small villages for commuters - ex: Indianapolis

US & Europe Industrial Regions

Europe: NOT N. Italy - UK, Rhine-Ruhr, Mid-Rhine, Po Basin, NE Spain, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Urals, Volga, Kuznetsk, Donetsk, Silesia US: - New England: 19th c cotton textile center - Middle Atlantic: largest US market, large ports - Mohawk Valley: industry belt in NY, inexpensive electricity by Niagara Falls - Pittsburgh-Lake Erie: 19th c leading steel-producing area bc of Appalachain coal/iron ore - W. Great Lakes: Chicago, hub of nations transportation network, now center of steel production - S. Cali: largest clothing/textile production, 2nd largest furniture producer, food-proc. center - SE Ontario: Canada's most important indust. area, central to Canadian/US markets by Great Lakes & Niagara Falls *China drives econ d-lmnt in SE Asia, responsible for most of steel produc. increase bc of motor industries*

EU

European Union - was economic and now is more political - open borders & free trade, travel across borders of Europe without passports - Brexit: In 2016 Britain decided to exit EU, created turmoil w/ British trade with EU members; those who head out due to open borders like Norway & Switzerland bc they didnt agree but they still have open trade - main task is to promote development within the member states through economic & political cooperation

Globalization

Every country's industrial development is related to conditions in the global economy - ex: women in workplace, modernization, more jobs, uneven dvlpmnt, changing to MidWestern dialect (assimilation), placelessness (McD, malls), food types, holidays (Xmas in India bc work sched)

Break-of-bulk point

Firms seek the lowest-cost mode of transport, A location where is it possible from mode of transportation to another -The cost per kilometer (mi.) decreases at different rates for each of the four modes, because loading and unloading expenses differ by mode of transportation -Many companies that use multiple transport modes locate at a break-of-bulk point, which is a location where transfer among transportation modes is possible - ex: seaports and airports, steel mill near port of Baltimore receives iron ore by ship from S. America & coal by train from Appal. - long distance transport is cheaper per km bc nothing is being loaded on and off

Centripetal forces

Forces that tend to unite or bind a country together - An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state - the forces that unite people and countries

Fordism

Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly. - assembly line - everything is made there - dominant mode of mass production during the twentieth century, production of consumer goods at a single site - most workers dont need skills - traditional, bad job of projecting how much of a product is needed & just make it

Agglomeration

Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources. - industries together to support other industries

Worldwide urban growth patterns

Growth of earliest cites in the world was made possible by the ability of farmers to raise a surplus

Influence of transportation

Growth of suburbs was constrained by poor transportation - public transportation systems did not encourage suburban growth in the US after WWI - railroads enabled people to live in suburbs & work in central city - cars and trucks allowed large development of suburbs - during 19th century, growth of cities in the US became increasingly dependent on access to railroad transportation

Harris-Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model

Harris and Ullman's 1940's (1945) model (also based on Chicago) - Developed during early days of shopping center suburbanization - Downtown CBD is not the only nucleus of non-residential land uses (business centers, unis, airports, parks - Specialized districts like retail, ports, manufacturing, universities etc - Basis for Urban Realms concept with functionally tied suburban regions and "suburban downtowns" - The 1946 Urban Realms model was developed by James Vance - many nodes of activities within each section

Hoyt Sector Model

Homer Hoyt's 1930's (1939) model (also based on Chicago), develops in sectors NOT rings, certain areas are more attractive - Land uses in pie-shaped wedges radiating from city center - High-income areas along fashionable boulevards or rail lines, water, high ground and far from industry - Industry radiates along river or rail lines - Low-income radiates near industry/outwards of CBD - Middle-income radiates between low and high income sectors

Louis Wirth

How to compare urban vs. rural: Sociologist Louis Wirth—Chicago: Urbanism as a Way of Life ~1940 Focus factors - Population density: only way a large # of ppl can be supported in a small area is through specialization, high density encourages competition - Social heterogeneity: the larger an area, the greater variety of ppl, more freedom in urban than rural where ppl are more easily judged - Size: the large size of an urban area produces different social relationships than those in rural areas

Barrios

Illegal housing settlements, usually made up of temporary shelters that surround large cities - slums would be a step up - Latin American Model - El Paso, TX

Enclosure Movement

In Great Britain, an example of dispersed settlements being more efficient than clustered ones The British Gov transformed the rural landscape by consolidating individually owned strips of land surrounding a village into a single large farm owned by an individual, forced ppl to give up former holdings - brought greater agr. efficiency, but destroyed village life - village pops declined as displaced farmers moved to urban areas - coincided w Industrial Rev, villagers moved & became factory workers - some villages became centers of larger farms, some were abandoned and replaced with new farms (unknown in medieval England, common feature of countrys landscape)

Primary Economic Activity Level

Includes activities that directly extract materials from earth through agriculture and sometimes mining, fishing, and forestry - largest in low-income, pre-industrial

Secondary Economic Activity Level

Includes manufacturers that process, transform, and assemble raw materials into useful products, as well as industries that fabricate manufactured goods into finished consumer goods - what industry is composed of - began w industrial rev.

Quaternary Economic Activity Level

Includes service jobs concerned with research and development, management and administration, and processing and disseminating info - Service sector(Tertiary level) industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. - Examples include finance, marketing, insurance, and legal services

Gentrification

Individuals buy up and rehabilitate houses, raising the housing value in the neighborhood and changing the neighborhood - middle class ppl move into deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods and renovate the housing - middle class moves in bc houses are larger and cheaper, houses contain attractive details, inner-city living eliminates strain of commuting, neighborhoods are near recreational facilities, & single ppl do not care ab schools

Internal Migration in US

Industry has shifted away from NE towards S&W - Net-in: NE lost 6 million jobs in 1950-2010 (NY, Penn for clothing, textile, steel, fab. metal manu.) - Net-out: 2 million gained jobs in S&W in 1950-2010 (Cali & TX) - textiles shifted from NE to S/W during mid-20th c. - Ex. West coast to the South - rural to urban areas in search of jobs, pushed from declining agriculture jobs and pulled to work in factories/service based - people started moving move westward - 1790 hugging the coast, import/export reasons - crossing appalachian mts, transportation improved, with canals - gold rush - great plains, advances in agriculture technology - moving south migrating for jobs and warmer climate -Permanent movement within one region of a country -Zionsville to Broadripple -started due to industrial revolution -pulled from urban areas to rural areas for the lifestyle, seen in US -seen in the rocky mt states

Footloose Industry

Inputs & outputs weight about the same - locate where transport links are good, do not cause pollution - close to similar industries to swap ideas & be suppliers - need highly skilled workers, use small light components (final products small/easy to transport) - powered by electricity found anywhere - in clean environment: many electronic indust need clean air, attract skilled migrants to counterurbanize - ex: jewelry (in center of Weber's model, product not made smaller, equal distance to resources & market), book editors (work from anywhere) - R1: $$, R2: $$, M: $$ - costs: labor & agglomeration

Tertiary Economic Activity Level

Involves the provision of goods and services to people in exchange for payment - retailing, banking, law, education, and government - Service industries - Ex: transportation, retail, semi-truck, grocery stores

What religions have been at the center of conflict for the following areas? Kashmir Israel Bosnia

Kashmir: Hindus and Muslims Israel: Jews and Muslims Bosnia: split into 3 countries after war

Map scales

Large Scale -Maps that cover smaller areas with greater detail -Ex. Map of a city, the larger the map the smaller the ration 1:24,000 Small Scale -refers to world maps or maps of large regions such as continents or large nations - shows a large area with fewer details, ratio would look like 1:100,000

Griffin-Ford Model

Latin America Model - Wealthy live in same sector and push out from center, narrow spine area w amenities for wealthy, services such as water & electricity are more available - wealthy live near road that leads to CBD - Stronger infrastructure - Periferico: A peripheral area beyond the ring highway that contains squatter settlements - Favelas (Barrios) - Disamenity Sector - Situ Accretion: same as zone of trans - cities in d-ing have zones of intensive land uses and highest land $ toward center or along spine, these zones are surrounded by less d-ed & lower $ land - industry on opp side of wealthy - CBD in middle, high security, best services/sanitation - combination of concentric & sector models

Hegemony

Leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others - Soviets in Russia used this tactic to control Europe

Increasing global food production by expanding the amount of land under cultivation is limited by

Most of the world's arable land is already under cultivation

Zone of transition

Name given to the second ring of the concentric zone model, which surrounds the CBD, in the concentric zone model - this place typically contains light industry and poor-quality housing - transition zone between businesses in CBD and residential areas in outer zones - industries may be too large to fit in first zone, or owners may be seeking cheaper land - homes may have been occupied by wealthy who moved farther out, leaving homes to deteriorate

Purpose of boundaries

Ocean's Boundaries—Convention on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS): - Sovereign territory 12 miles from coast, extension of land, within this land is trespassing and could cause act of war - Exclusive economic zone up to 200 nautical miles from shoreline: mineral rights, fisheries, shipping lanes - Median-line principal—splits the difference when less than 200 miles between states Types: Geometric, Physical/natural, Cultural-political

OAS

Organization of American States, an international governmental organization formed by the states of North and South America formed to promote democracy, economic cooperation, and human rights - promoted economic progress in the Americas by investing in transportation and industry - began as political, now economic

Global Division of Labor

Phenomenon whereby corporations (usually in the core) can draw from labor markets around the world (usually in the periphery or semi-periphery), made possible by compression of time and space by communication and transportation systems - New international division of labor: corporations can draw from labor around the globe for different components of production

Physical/Natural Boundary

Political boundaries that correspond with prominent physical features such as mountain ranges or rivers - common type, water, mountains, deserts - ex: Appalachians between N Carolina, Tennessee, W Virginia, & Virginia - ex: Sahara in N Africa, Andes for Argentina and Chile (almost caused war), water boundaries common in E Africa

Geometric Boundaries

Political/cultural boundary defined and delimited (and occasionally demarcated) as a straight line or an arc - straight lines, latitude/longitude - ex: border between US & Canada (Northern US) - N & S Korea with 38th paralell

Most spoken language in Brazil?

Portuguese

Boundary Disputes

Positional/definitional: -occurs when states argue about where the border actually is -US vs. Mexico, and Argentina vs. Chile Territorial: -occurs over ownership of a region, usually around mutal borders -conflict arises if ppl in one state want to annex a territory whose pop is ethnically related to them -this type of expansionism is called irredentism -EX; US and Mexico Resource/Allocational: -involves natural resources -EX: US and Canada fued over fishing grounds in the Atlantic O., spark for the Persian Gulf War was a dispute between Iraq and Kuwait regarding rights to oil Functional/Operational: -arises when neighboring state cannot agree on policies that apply to a border area -EX: US vs. Mexico regarding transport of ppl and goods across their long mutal border

World Cities

Powerful cities that control a disproportionately high level of the world's economic, political and cultural activities - Centers of finance & commerce - NYC, London, Tokyo, Amsterdam, Milan - Megacities/Megalopolis - a non polarized social structure is NOT a defining characteristic of a world city

Urban Evolution

Pre-Industrial Cities / City-states Medieval Cities Industrial Cities Post-Industrial Cities Edge Cities World Cities

Which of the following does NOT characterize modern industrial agriculture?

Prices met by individual needs of farmers

Territorial Morphology

Relationship between shape, size, site & situation to a state's political situation - Shape affects issues facing the people of a country both internally & internationally

Redlining

Prior to the Civil Rights Movement (mid-20th c.) - financial institutions refusing to lend money in certain neighborhoods - drawing lines on a map to identify areas in which they will refuse to loan money, families trying to fix homes have trouble borrowing $ - its illegal, enforcement against it is difficult

Blockbusting

Prior to the Civil Rights Movement (mid-20th c.) - realtors purposefully sell a home at a low price to an African American and then solicit white residents to sell their homes at low prices, to generate "white flight"

the columbian exchange

Products were carried both ways across the atlantic and pacific oceans. It was the diffusion of crops to the other parts of the world, however the foods are still mainly eaten in their origins -Americas Beans, squash, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, peanuts, chilis, chocolate, maize, potatoes, avocados, pineapple, manioc -Eastern Hemisphere Wheat, rice, olives, grapes, bananas, rice, citrus fruits, melons, figs, sugar, coconuts, okra Horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens, rabbits, rats

Urban renewal

Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private members, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers - national government helps pay thru federal grants - public housing reserved for low income households is an example

Just-in-time delivery

Rather than keeping a large inventory of components or products, companies keep just what they need for short-term production and new parts are shipped quickly when needed - Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed - characteristic of post-fordism - suppliers of parts must locate factories near customers Disruptions: - Labor unrest, a strike at 1 supplier plant - Traffic - Natural hazards

Why Site & Situation Factors are Changing

Renewed Attraction of Traditional Industrial Regions-->Two location factors influence industries to remain in traditional industrial regions: - Availability of Skilled Labor (asset found principally in traditional industrial regions) - Rapid Delivery to Market (proximity to market has become more important since the advent of just-in-timedelivery-the delivery method where parts and materials arrive at a factory moments before they are needed)

Brandt Line

Report written by the Independent Commission, first chaired by Willy Brandt (the former German Chancellor) in 1980, to review international development issues - North of 30 degree parallel is developed (bc of more resources/use them effectively), South is developing (excluding Australia/New Z) - study of world based on development on GDP per capita

Squatter Settlements

Residential developments characterized by extreme poverty that usually exist on land just outside of cities that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants - called barrios & favela in L America - have few services bc neither city nor residents can afford them, lack schools, paved roads, phones and sewers

Gated Communities

Restricted neighborhoods or subdivisions where entry is limited to residents and their guests - fenced-in neighborhoods with controlled access gates for people and automobiles - although predominantly high-income based, in North America gated communities are increasingly a middle-class phenomenon - for rich and elite class, especially in LA

International Trade (Rostow)

Rostow Model 1. Traditional Society - Marked by a very high percentage of people engaged in agriculture and a high percentage of national wealth allocated to "nonproductive" activities. e.g. military - subsistence, barter, agriculture 2. Preconditions for Takeoff - Elite group initiates innovative economic activities that ultimately stimulate an increase in productivity - specialization, surpluses, infrastructure 3. Takeoff - Rapid growth is generated in a limited number of economic activities. e.g. textiles - industrialization, growing investment, regional growth, political change 4. Drive to Maturity - Modern technology pervades from the few takeoff industries to other economic sectors, thus sparking rapid growth (workers become more skilled) - diversification, innovation, less reliance on imports, investment 5. Age of Mass Consumption - Marked by a shift from heavy industry, such as steel, to consumer goods - consumer oriented, durable goods flourish, service sector becomes dominant Challenges: •Uneven resource distribution: commodity prices are not guaranteed to rise faster than the cost of products a developing country needs to purchase - Zambia cant sell copper bc $ is declining •Increased dependence on developed countries: developing countries may allocate all resources to few take off industries instead of spreading resources among the other companies that provide food, clothing, and other necessities for local residents •Market decline: developing countries have found increased difficulty selling their manufactured goods in a world market that has recently declined for many products - Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, and Hong Kong were first 4 adopt approach: due to lack of natural resources so produced manufactured goods & low labor costs allowed them to sell cheaply in MDCs

Industrial Revolution

Series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods - began in the British textile industry in the 1700s (steam engine) - Spreads to other European countries and the new country of the United States, which had the greatest number of resources to expand the revolution - coal, iron ore, and water power were resources - Mercantilism and cottage industries - Flow of capital from exports and imports (needed to fuel rev) - diffuse to mainland europe: due to proximity to coal, naval ports 4 trade, & flow of capital, later diffused to regions w/o coal for railroad access & flow of capital - Paris Basin: indust base of france, Rouen is @ head of nav. point on Seine R. -textile production: Liverpool and Manchester -Iron production: Birmingham -Coal mining: Newcastle

Labor-intensive intertillage is most likely to take place in areas where farmers practice

Shifting cultivation

Which of the following are both forms of subsistence agriculture

Shifting cultivation and Pastoral nomadism

two independent seed agriculture hearths that originated in the Western Hemisphere were

Southern Mexico and Peru

W. Country w/ most rapid manufacturing growth during late 20th century.....

Spain, Catalonia (NE) - motor vehicle is 2nd largest in Europe, behind Germany

Multinational State

State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities - some coexist peacefully & remain culturally distinct, some try to dominate the other and the minority may be assimilated into other culture - shows traditions of self determination - Russia is largest one (conlfict w Chechnya bc they tried to split and feared if it did tht others would follow, needed for oil)

Organic Theory

States are living organisms hungry for land; if they do not expand, they will not survive - Friedrich Ratzel, late 19th c, german school - Hitler's "lebensraum" or living space justified German aggression

Models in Europe

Structures contain public/semipublic services like churches, high rises are limited & cars - more ppl live downtown, so CBDs have more consumer services by renovating older buildings - wealthy live in inner portions of upper-class sector, central area provides proximity to shops - newer homes in suburbs are apartments for low-income ppl and those of color - face problem of long commutes, suburbs are centers of crime - Indust Rev caused housing for poor to be moved outside center - similarities btween cities in Europe & in d-ing is due to European colonial policies that effected cities in d-ing

ridge tillage

System of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation.

Geopolitical World Order

Temporary periods of stability in how politics are conducted at the global scale - Bi-polar (Cold War era 1945-1990, USA v USSR): Warsaw Pact (comm.) and NATO (capital.) - New world order: Multi-polar (Coalition forces in first Gulf War, 1991), Economically US, EU, China - Unilateralism (present): Militarily US - Geopolitical state: Pakistan isnt one, believed that nations must expand their land base to maintain vibrancy (also known as geopolitics)

Industrial Cities

The Second Urban Revolution: A large scale movement of people to cities to work in manufacturing. Made possible by: 1. second agricultural revolution that improved food production and created a larger surplus 2. industrialization, which encouraged growth of cities near industrial resources - Shock cities: Urban places experiencing infrastructural challenges related to massive urbanization, changes to social, economic, and cultural structure - Chicago: 1750 pop = 30,000 1830 pop = 500,000 1900 pop = 1.5 million Today pop = 2.7 million - tenements - ex: Ohio, Michigan

PPP

The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country - cost of living adjustment made to the GNI - PPP adjusts income figures to account for differences among countries in the $ of goods - ex: living differences in Indy vs NYC, milk $ in Alaska vs Indy bc its imported, Saudi Arabia has high PPP bc oil is cheap

Autonomy

The area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or has freedom from an external authority - level of independence, not full sovereignty - still part of gov, but makes decisions - ex: Quebec, Scotland

Favela

The brazilian equivalent of a shanty-town, which are generally found on the edge of the city - Poor slums in the disamenity sectors of many Latin American cities

Self-determination

The concept that ethnicity have the right to govern themselves - after WWI, Nation of people should have the right to determine their fate

Balkanization

The contentious political process by which a state may break up into smaller countries

Rank-size Rule

The country's nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement - the 2nd largest city is 1/2 the size of the largest city, the 4th largest is 1/4 the size of the largest city... - forms fairly straight line when plotted - ex: US - in a reg. hierarchy, indicates society is sufficiently wealthy to justify provision of goods and services to consumers throughout the country - absence of this rule in d-ing indicates theres not enough wealth in society, ppl must travel long distances for certain services

Agriculture

The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustanece or economic gain

Deglomeration

The dispersal of an industry that formerly existed in an established agglomeration, exodus of businesses from a crowded area - pull from agglomeration due to the economy - excessive agglomeration may lead to increase in labor & transportation $, leading to deglom.

Central Business District (CBD)

The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge - services are attracted to CBD bc of accessibility, easiest part of the city to reach from rest of region & is the focus point of the region's transportation network, along body of water - consumer services w/ high threshold, range and those who serve ppl who worked in CBD clustered here, now in suburban - lack of residents is due to pull of suburbs and pushed from CBDs with high rents, now apartments have risen 4 young ppl - oldest area of city in CBD - in cities outside US, more ppl live in CBD

Locational interdependence theory

The influence on a firm's locational decision by locations chosen by its competitors - Hotelling's Model: Location of an industry cannot be understood without reference to other industries of the same kind - explains agglomeration/why businesses of same kind cluster - location theories predict where a business should be located, dependent on economic, political, & cultural features - they consider variable costs (energy, trans $ and labor $) & friction of distance (incre. distance=incre. time and $) -benefits producers the most

Primate City

The leading city of a country, the city is disproportionately larger (more than 2X) than the rest of the cities in the country. For example: London, UK, Mexico City (5x larger), Mexico, Paris, France, Buenos Aires, Argentina - the rank-size rule does not work for a country with a primate city - City dominates economic, political and cultural functions

Range (of a service)

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service - radius of circle/hexagon of market area - short distance for grocery/pharm, long distance for concerts/games - range is more commonly given in time than distance (traffic/road conditions) - towns are equidistant from each other because of equal ranges

Threshold

The minimum number of people needed to support the service - location is determined suitable by a service provider by counting potential customers inside market area, done by use of census data - expected consumers depend on product

Backwash effects

The negative effects on one region(s) that result from economic growth within another region - ex: North Indianapolis is booming, causes South side economy to go down

Site

The physical character of a place - a suitable site is one with the potential for generating enough sales to justify using the company's scare capital to build it - compute range - compute threshold (needs 250,000 ppl living within 15 minutes) - draw market area (15-minute radius) - cost of land, labor and capital - NY surrounded by mountains

Annexation

The process of legally adding land area to a city is annexation - Many U.S. cities grew rapidly in the 19th century, because they offered better services than available in the rural countryside (e.g. water supply, sewage disposal, etc.) - peripheral residents desired it in 19th cent bc city offered better services, today it is less likely bc ppl prefer to organize their own services than pay city taxes

Fracking

The pumping of water at high pressure to break apart rocks in order to release natural gas - hydraulic and fossil fuel industry - began in N. Dakota, well is drilled into, force plastic balls down well & fractures oil which is released up well

transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures. -animals up mt when hot and down mt when cold outside

Ratzel's Organic Theory

The view that states must grow, or else they will die - The growth of a state = survival of the fittest, consume and grow - A country, behaves like an organism-to survive, a state requires nourishment, or territory, to gain political power - believed that nations must expand their land base to maintain vibrancy (also known as geopolitics)

China & Taiwan

These two Asian countries have had a dispute over the island formerly known as Formosa since The Communist Revolution of 1949 - China gov says Taiwan is not soverign, but part of China bc of civil war between Nationalists & Communists - Nationalists lost and fled to Taiwan & claimed still rulers of China, in 1999 Taiwans president claimed sovereignty - US regarded Nationalists as official gov of China until 1971, UN voted to transfer China's seat to Communists - Taiwan is now most populous state not in UN

Development Gap

Uneven Development: one area develops & other is depleted - countries at the core benefiting at expense of the periphery - Progress in reducing the gap in level of development between developed and developing countries varies depending on the variable: -Infant Mortality Rate (gap has narrowed from 17 to 6 per 1,000 in d-ed countries and from 107 to 44 d-ing countries) -Life Expectancy (gap has not narrowed) -GNI Per Capita (gap in wealth between developed and developing countries has widened) - ex: new buildings next to slums bc manufactured goods are cheaper in foreign companies, causes people to lose jobs from outsourcing

Human Development Index (HDI)

United Nations (UN) developed a metric to measure the level of development of every country (highest=1.0) 1.Decent standard of living (GNI, GDP, PPP) - consumer goods (phones, cars, computers) 2.Long and healthy life - UN considers good health to be important measure of development, main health indicator is life expectancy at birth: average life expectancies of a baby 3.Access to knowledge - UN considers years of schooling to be most critical measure of the ability of an individual to gain access to knowledge needed for dvlmnt: Quantity of Schooling, Average Years of schooling, Expected years of schooling, Pupil/Teacher Ratio, Literacy rate (D-ed: >99%, D-ing: 70-90%) - Countries group into 4 classes: Level of development ranging from developed (Very High) to developing (Low) - US/Canada, Europe, L. Amer, E. Asia, C. Asia, SE Asia, SW Asia/N Afr, S Asia, Sub Afr

The UN

United Nations, political group - largest organization, contains any country recognized as an independent sovereign nation - #1 goal is to maintain peace through diplomacy, can vote to establish peacekeeping force & can request military forces (can be vetoed by Security Council) - developed after WWII by victorious allies

In which of the following areas is livestock most likely to be sold in the domestic market?

Unites states

Shock Cities

Urban place experiencing infrastructural challenges related to massive and rapid urbanization - cities booming too fast that there are negative repercussions

Christaller's Central Place Theory

Walter Christaller developed a model to predict how and where central places in the urban hierarchy (hamlets, villages, towns, and cities) would be functionally and spatially distributed - explains how the most profitable locations are identified - Assumed: surface is flat with no physical barriers, soil fertility is the same everywhere, population and purchasing power are evenly distributed, region has uniform transportation network, from any given place, a good or service could be sold in all directions out to a certain distance - Central places are urban centers that provide services to their surrounding rural people, AKA hinterland - Threshold=minimum number of people needed to fuel a particular function's existence in a central place - More unique, higher the threshold - Range=maximum distance a person is willing to travel to obtain a good/service - Spatial competition=central places compete with each other for customers - least likely to be applicable to multi-function cities

Alfred Weber & Least Cost Theory

Weber's Model (Industrial Von Thunen): manufacturing plants will locate where costs are the least - Costs: Transportation $ (most emphasis here), Labor $, Agglomeration -if any of these change the location may change -if circle of tri. is at the top is bulk gaining industry -if circle of tri. is at bottom its bulk reducing industry -The dot follows $

#1 Factor in Transportation Costs

Weight - most $: air, least $: ship - trucks have access to most places

Which of the following was NOT a commodity first raised in the Americas and traded to the Eastern Hemisphere during the Columbian Exchange?

Wheat

Forward-Thrust Capital

When the capital of a city moves from the outside to the inside - is a city that has been selected by gov to help develop an area of a country that is lagging behind, developmentally - Purpose: to create economic growth in the new region and alleviate stress in original location - Brazil, Brasilia

Iron Curtain

a "curtain" split between the democratic nations and communist nations - Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West - A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region - cultural boundary, different ideologies on each side

Subsequent Boundary

a boundary that developed with the evolution of the cultural landscape and is adjusted as the cultural landscape changes - came after modern boundaries, cultural like Pakistan & India's border - Antecedent: there before modern day boundaries were developed, like kingdoms w/ boundaries that developed into states/nation states

Superimposed Boundary

a boundary that is imposed on the cultural landscape which ignores pre-existing cultural patterns (typically a colonial boundary) - ex: Africa, had different kingdoms and tribes before European colonization, Europeans made boundaries intentionally (seen in Congo and Nigeria), big reason why conflict is there today --- more states will develop in Africa in the next 20 to 50 yrs than any other countries if they gain independence/organize

Satellite State

a country that is economically and politically dependent on another country - independent nation under the control of a more powerful nation - A political term that refers to a country which is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country - ex: Cuba

Wallerstein's World Systems Theory

sees the world economy as a flexible core, periphery and semi-periphary 1. The world economy has one market and a global division of labor. 2. Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy. 3. The world economy has a three-tier structure. (Peripheral, Semi-peripheral, Core)

Growth of the Periphery

sharp contrast between rich and poor - Often lack zoning laws or enforcement of zoning laws - middle class move from inner suburbs to newer homes on periphery due to lower class move to inner suburbs when displaced from gentrifying neighborhoods

Vertical Urban Geography

skyscrapers

extensive subsistence agriculture

technique where a vast expanse of land is cultivated to yield minimal output of crops and animals for the primary consumption of the grower's family -Going to take a lot of territory and labor

Self Sufficiency

•Barriers limit the import of goods from other places (high taxes/tariffs, quotas of imported goods) •Businesses are not forced to compete with international corporations •Investment spread almost equally across all economic sectors and in all regions of a country •Minimalized discrepancies in wages among urban and rural dwellers with the intent to reduce poverty Challenges: •Protection of inefficient businesses (Inflated prices, No incentive to keep up with technological changes) •Need for large bureaucracy (Encourages inefficiency, abuse, and corruption) - ex: India made use of barriers, license to import goods there, restricted # of goods imported, tariffs

Self-Sufficiency & International Trade

•Two Paths to Development - Developing countries chose of two models to promote development... 1.Self-sufficiency: encourage domestic production of goods, discourage foreign ownership of businesses, protect their businesses/resources from international competition, most popular for most of 20th century 2.International trade (Rostow): countries open themselves to foreign investment and international markets, became more popular beginning in the late 20th century