Applied Behavior Analysis 623

Premack Principle (Grandmas law)

"when you eat your spinach you can have your ice cream"

NCR disadvantages

- does not teach specific functional replacement or alternative behaviors - can promote accidental learning (response dependent) can reinforce problem behavior)

NCR advantages

- easy to implement - promotes high rate of reinforcement delivery - utility of time based schedules - good alternative to extinction - interrupts response reinforcement relationship

Selecting Target Behavior: Consideration

- is the target behavior socially significant? - to whom does the problem belong? - is the behavior contextually inappropriate behavior (CIB)? - should we eliminate the behavior, promote alternatives or both?

Redirection

- reactive component problem or error first occur involves taking action to interrupt inappropriate behavior but then includes the prompting of more appropriate desirable behavior

Approaches to gathering information

1. indirect measures 2. direct descriptive measures 3. direct experimental measures

selecting valid measures

1. reactivity to the temporary initial reaction to being observed and describes the way the assessment procedures themselves influence a client's behavior 2. Adaption a period of time that allows reactivity to subside (return to typical performance) 3. observer drift/ bias - observers expectation that change will follow a particular direction

Reinforcers

1. social reinforcer* (mediated by other people, recognition or complaints) 2. edible reinforcer (consumable) 3. tangible reinforcer (objects) 4. activity reinforcer* (preferred tasks)

Punishment

A decrease any future frequency of a behavior

Avoidance vs. Escape

Avoidance is a class of behavior that succeeds in postponing or circumventing an aversive stimulus . Avoidance protects or prevents the individual from being subjected to an aversive stimulus

Experimental analysis of behavior

Basic research NOT conducted in home or school. Takes place in a laboratory where responses can be investigated under tight experimental control

Behavioral Principles and Procedures

Behavioral Principles - discovered through careful scientific investigation Behavioral Analytic Procedures- applies behavior principles Operant behavior - operated on the reinforcement Learning - Learning equals behavioral change

Empiricism

Can only have knowledge of things you have physically observable events for

Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA)

Change behavior that is important and is immediately beneficial to individuals or society

Reinforcement Procedure

Clearly PLANNED method that change agents used to promote or sustain the rate of a behavior Planned nature of the consequence and of a naturally occurring event

Operant Behavior

Contingency, reinforcement, extinction, Punishment and stimulus control Behavior maintained by its consequences ( +/- reinforcement)

Differential Reinforcement Forms

DRO- differential reinforcement of other behavior DRA- differential reinforcement of alternative behavior DRI- Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior DRL- differential reinforcement of low rate behavior DRH- differential reinforcement of high rate behavior

Stimulus Control

Discrimination, responding in the presence of some stimuli and not others. Behavior comes under stimulus control through a history of reinforcement

Primary Reinforcers

Do NOT require additional teaching or pairing to require reinforcing properties

Consequence

Does NOT imply punishment but what happens immediately following the behavior

Functional Assessment Methods

Indirect measures (interview and rating scales, direct observations, and experimental manipulations

Functional Assessment (FBA)

Information gathering process that helps determine the role of environmental variables At a scene and consequence of events that set the occasion for and or maintain a behavior of social significance

Reinforcement

Involves a contingency of positive and negative reinforcement response and consequence + add something and behavior increases - take something and behavior increased Delivery of the reinforcement and the resulting change of behavior

Outcome of the Functional Assessment

Is a hypothesis of behavioral function, and perfectly validated functions of behavior, include +\- reinforcement direct and socially mediated multiple control - behaviors that serve multiple purposes

Extinction

Punishment of decrease in responding. Reinforcement is no longer provided for a previously reinforced response

Direct Reinforcement

Reinforcement Derived form the behavior itself

Socailly mediated reinforcement

Reinforcement delivered by another person Examples: Positive: social praise access to tangible objects or activities and escape of demands negative: terminate, escape, avoid or delay

Socially Mediated Reinforcement

Reinforcement delivered through another individual, a behavior plan or intervention is developed based on the hypothesis of function to improve the efficacy of the intervention

Behavior Analysis

Science of behavior by examining the behavior of a living being in relation to their environment

Respondent Behavior and respondent Conditioning

Stimulus, Response Behavior (conditioned - learned respond conditions and unconditioned) - unlearned, Operant Behavior

Antacedent

What happens immediately before a behavior

Behavior

What living organisms do identifying variables in the environment that are involved in its maintenance likely to be repeats if it provides access to desired objects and events

Data on line graphs

Y axis - vertical line or ordinate represents the standard for measuring the behavior, frequency, number, or percentage X-axis = horizontal line or Abscissa displays the passage of time, sessions, hours, days, weeks or months Phase lines - indicate a new condition is in effect Phase labels - descriptors of the conditions in place

Response Deprivation Hypothesis (RDH)

access to a reinforcing activity is restricted, admission to the reinforcing activity then becomes more reinforcing as a function of the deprivation conditions in effect Good to maximize the reinforcing effect of a given stimulus by limiting the persons access to one activity to below its baseline level

Treatment integrity (fidelity of implementation )

accuracy with which the treatment is implemented by adults or caregivers if the intervention is being conducted as planned or prescribed then treatment fidelity exists

Secondary reinforcers

acquire value because of an association with treating the item for another item or object of value

SD

add or remove stimuli that signal reinforcement

behavior analysts

address the problematic antecedent conditions across environments where clients live, learn, work and engage in leisure activities in an effort to reduce problem behavior

Parsimony

among competing hypotheses, the one which makes the fewest assumptions should be selected

motivating operations

an event that alters the reinforcing or punishing value of a stimulus and increases or decreases the rates or behavior that produce that consequence

Stimulus Change

antecedent control strategy the refers to the systematic withdrawal or presentation of an antecedent stimuli that occasion or inhibit behavior

ABC's of behavior

antecedents - discriminating stimuli, setting events, triggers behavior consequences gather information on occurrence in relation to a behavior of interest

Transitory behaviors

behaviors that can be observed, counted or times but do not produce a tangible quantifiable outcome or product (event recording, timing or duration, and or time sampling)

Behavior Analysis

change behaviors that have social significance and will improve the condition or conditions of the individual They also ensure that they get the cooperation from the individual and those who support him or her Behavior analysis is systematic, data are examined regularly to determine if intervention is effective

Bar Graphs

compare sets of data that may be related or used to summarize performance within a condition or group

Operant Classes (Response Classes)

composite sets of behaviors that result in a single type of reinforcing event

Negative Punishment response cost

contingent on removal or withdrawal of some quantity of reinforcer

environment

contrast in which a person behaves, generally composed of multiple stimuli Stimulus class - group of stimuli that have a common effect on an operant class and vary across physical dimensions

event recording

counting how often a specific behavior occurs within an interval session, class, day, week, or month, etc. Best used with behaviors that are discrete where they have a clear beginning and clear end Behavior must not occur so rapidly that the observer loses count Tools to aid in recording: checklists, pencil and paper notations, wrist counters, hand or gold counters, micro switches and handheld computers or P.D.A's equipped with observation software

Functional behavioral assessment (FBA)

descriptive analysis - information is gathered using interviews, rating scales and direct observations of behavior

Purpose of conducting FBA

determine a function or why of the behavior. The answer pertains to the response of the environment to the behavior

Use of Punishment

disadvantages include: - fostering aggression - escape - negative self statements - negative attitudes towards self - can be viewed as dehumanizing - may be no more effective than reinforcement based approaches

continuous behaviors

do NOT have a clear beginning or end - use duration and interval measures

Reward contingencies

do NOT have pervasive negative effects on intrinsic motivation

determinism

does behavior have a cause vs. free will, do we have free will or are our actions determined

Behavior Intervention Plan

emphasizes preventative measures

time sampling

estimate how often a behavior occurs over time by periodically probing events or continuing actions

Functional analysis

experimental methods/ measures - observing the behavior while manipulating antecedent and consequence events to determine a behavior sensitivity to presumed reinforcers indirect measures are the starting point of information gathering - information obtained can be used to structure direct observations of behavior

side effects of extinction

extinction burst - increases response rate, intensity, aggression, and variability following a extinction procedure spontaneous recovery- reappearance of the extinguished response at the beginning of a new session extinction induced aggression - temporary increase in aggression aspect alone

discrete behaviors

have a clear beginning and clear end - easy to count

behavior function

identify behavior function and teach individual a socially acceptable way to reach the same outcome

Progress monitoring

if a client's progress is less than desired treatment fidelity might be the problem

Escape contingency

immediate relationship between the response and the consequence

Differential reinforcement of a incompatible behavior (DRI)

incompatible behavior is identified for reinforcement identified behavior cannot co-occur with the problem behavior

Functional Assessment

information gathering process that helps to identify the effect of contingencies of reinforcement that maintain a problem behavior

Three term contingency

interdependence among an A. Antecedent condition B. Behavior C. Consequences

Good behavior game

interdependent group contingency in which reinforcement for the group is made contingent on some aspects of the groups behavior group contingency is paired with modeling, roles, and DRL pair procedure with DRA

Differential Reinforcement of low rate behavior (DRL)

is the delivery for a reinforcement contingent on a sequence of responses emitted at low rates behavior is reinforced only if it occurs following a specific period of time during which it did no occur useful to treat behaviors in excess

aversive stimuli

learned or conditioned reinforcers or stimuli that acquire reinforcing properties through pairing with primary reinforcers or other strong secondary reinforcers

behavioral momentum

make a low probability request contingent on high probability requests (High P sequence)

antecedent control strategies

manipulating an aspect of the physical/ social environment to evoke a desired response or reduce the likelihood of problem/ target behaviors

baseline

measure of the target behavior prior to intervention (3-5 data points on average) The pre-treatment conditions or business as usual, prior to an intervention being implemented or return to those conditions following the withdrawal of an intervention The baseline performance of a skill or response = operant level During baseline - monitoring for stability of data or absence of a trend - if an increasing or decreasing trend is observed during baseline and the trend is in a desired direction it would make sense to delay the introduction of an intervention

motivating operations (MO)

momentarily alters the reinforcement value or a item or event increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur decrease undesirable behavior

Escape Principle

negative reinforcement

descriptive assessments

observing the naturally occurring ante cent behavior consequence relations without manipulating the environment

treatment drift

occurs when the application of the intervention changes of time from the originally intended plan

Partial interval time sampling

overestimates the behavior because engaging in the behavior even during a small fraction of time with the interval results in the entire interval being scored

behavioral function

problem behavior why? reinforcers that maintain a behavior (isolated through the functional assessment process) direct changes necessary that the antecedent of the consequence levels intervention addresses behavior function

Differential reinforcement of an alternative behavior (DRA)

reducing any alternative to the unwanted behavior while withholding reinforcement from the unwanted behavior combined with extinction requires reinforcement to be delivered for a specified alternative response, which is often communicative in nature

Escape Behavior

refers to actions that reduce or remove adverse stimulation

Rate

refers to the number of responses obtained, using event recording divided by the standard time period. frequency divided by time

differential reinforcement of high rates of behavior (DRH)

reinforcement is delivered for an increased number of responses as compared to baseline performance only focuses on increasing responding

Differential Reinforcement

reinforcement of particular members of a class or topography reinforcement of a response under specific stimulus conditions Systematic reinforcement of some behaviors and not others often paired with extinction when attempting to reduce unwanted behaviors

Differential Reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)

reinforcement of the omission of a behavior and does not specify an alternative behavior to reinforce its focus is on just the absence of the unwanted behavior

automatic reinforcement

reinforcement that is produced directly by the response itself examples: watching tv or reading a novel

interval time sampling

required observer divide the observation session into timed intervals of equal lengths and record behavior as occurring or not occurring

momentary time sampling

response must occur at the moment the interval ends

generalized reinforcers

secondary reinforcers, their effectiveness does NOT depend on any single state or deprivation gain their strength through a history of having been coupled with an assortment of previously established powerful reinforcers Effective longer and in more situations than primary reinforcers

S Delta

stimuli that signal punishment A stimulus in whose presence there is a decreased likelihood of reinforcement for responding; or a stimulus that does not occasion responding due to its lack of pairing with reinforcement Continuum of Stimulus Control

Reinforcer

stimulus object or event that when gained or lost as a function of a behavior increases or maintains the likelihood that the behavior will reoccur

extinction (procedure)

termination of reinforcement for a previously reinforced response

non-contingent reinforcement (NCR)

the addition of reinforcers regardless of the individuals behavior (reinforcement for free) usually delivered on a fix variable time schedule (Ft or Vt)

Contingency

the specified dependencies or relations between a behavior and its antecedent or consequences of events

Duration Data

time elapsed from the beginning of recording to the end of responding

Latency

time form if data collection and refers to the time elapsed form a single direction or que until the initiation of a response

reliability

two independent observes should obtain identical results sources of low inter observer reliability -ambiguously specific act of the target behavior -unclear topography description of behavior -using general evaluation categories

Whole Interval Time Sampling

underestimates the rate of behavior because we only count intervals during which the behavior persists through the entire interval

Bribery

used to promote immoral behavior, primarily benefits the briber rather than the recipient and has no place in managing the behaviors of others

Inter observer agreement (IOA)

way to compare two independent observes determines the consistency with which the target behavior is being recorded improves the believability of the data

functional assessment

what events might trigger, evoke, occasion, abate or prohibit behavior what variables might play a role in occasioning behavior process seeks to aid in the identification of functional consequences