appraisal final

what is the purpose of the MMPI-2?

to evaluate an individual for mental disorders

an underlying factor of intelligence in intelligence theory is best labeled as a g factor

true

there is no universal definition of what constitues imminent suicide risk

true

women are more likely than men to have suicidal thoughts

true

parallel forms

differing versions of tests or assessments that contain the same information in a different order. used to check test reliability and as a means of curtailing possible cheating

which of the following questions would most likely be used in a community needs assessment regarding mental health and substance abuse?

does your symptom expression vary by subpopulation?, what resources are available for a subpopulation?, how culturally relevant are particular counseling interventions within a community?

in order to address gender-related bias such as stereotyping and socialization regarding traditional versus nontraditional occupations, the strong interest inventory has done which of the following?

engaged in gender norming to take into acct gender differences (presenting a cereer interest scores on separate distributions for each gender) as a way to help identify nontraditional career interests, removed sexist language, included career interest items that are equally attractive to all genders

equivalent/alternate forms of reliability

equivalent or parallel forms of a test are administered at the same time or time in between. Correlate the mean individual scores for each administration. Determines if two or more forms of tests are designed to measure if some aspects are truly equivalent to the other.

the intake interview process allows the counselor to do which of the following?

establish expectations for counseling, assess the nature and severity of a client's presenting concerns, include a mental status examination in the session

which of the following may constitute ethical concerns in testing?

the way test results are stored, the type of service a client receives regarding test results, the disclosure of test results

a personality test developer develops items that are aligned with an underlying construct. which of the following methods for test construction has been used?

theoretical

thurstone's primary mental abilities

7 group factors- verbal comprehension, word fluency, numerical ability, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed, reasoning

what is the mode of the following scores: 4, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14?

8

garner's theory of Intelligence

8 different types of intelligence- musical, bodily-kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, linguistic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic.

an individual scores 1 SD above the mean. what percentile rank is assigned?

84

which correlation is the strongest?

-.87

if a student has a score of 20 on the ACT, what is the true range of his score?

18-22

about what percentage of US individuals live with a mental health condition in any given year?

20%

which of the following is an example of an adult achievement test?

ABLE

the test level involving the most qualifications is likely which of the following?

C

what law maintains that clients have the right to their health records (including tests and assessments) and, subsequently, third parties must have approproate consent to access those records?

HIPAA

what are the common categories of assessment for child abuse?

physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, psychological abuse

tests can be used to measure current performance or attributes, which can be compared to:

a crietion, a normative sample, previous performance

internal consistency

a measure of reliability used to assess the consistency or stability of the results of a measuring tool, such as a questionnaire or survey. determined by how well the individual items or questions on the tool are related or correlated with each other, and is usually calculated using a statistical measure called Cronbach's alpha. researcher is developing a questionnaire to measure job satisfaction among employees, they would want to ensure that the individual items on the questionnaire are consistent with each other and measure the same underlying construct of job satisfaction. high level of internal consistency means that the items on the measuring tool are highly related to each other and measure the same construct, while a low level of internal consistency means that the items are less related to each other and may measure different constructs.

split-half correlation

a single test is divided in half (usually by odd and even numbered items) and both parts are given to one group of testers at the same time. tt is a measure of reliability. you can calculate split-half by correlating the mean individual scores of the two test halves. source of error is item content. limitations = fewer items decrease reliability.

concurrent validity

a type of validity used to assess the effectiveness of a measuring tool, such as a test or assessment, in measuring a construct of interest at the same time as a similar, well-established tool or measure. determined by how well the results of a measuring tool are able to correlate or agree with the results of a similar tool or measure that is already considered valid and reliable. ex: researcher develops new test to measure anxiety levels in college students, they may administer the new test and a well-established anxiety inventory to the same group of students at the same time. the concurrent validity of the new test would be determined by how well the scores from the new test correlate with the scores from the established anxiety inventory.

predictive validity

a type of validity used to assess the effectiveness of a measuring tool, such as a test or assessment, in predicting future outcomes or behaviors.determined by how well the results of a measuring tool are able to predict or forecast an individual's performance or behavior in a specific situation. ex: if a company uses a pre-employment test to predict which candidates will perform well in a specific job role, the predictive validity of the test would be determined by how well the test scores correlate with the actual job performance of the candidates who are ultimately hired.

which of the following categories of assessments would most likely be used to measure information acquired in a particular content domain?

ability

what is assessment?

an umbrella term for the evaluation methods counselors use to better understand characteristics of people, places, and things

a client reports to her college counselor that she recently drove home drunk after a fight withher partner. she continues to discuss throughout the session how she has been unable to copewith the loss of her brother, and the counselor focuses the session on minimizing risk for substance abuse. which of the following errors of judgment is most likely happening?

anchoring

which of the following is not a basic component of an assessment report?

annotated exception to findings

subjective assessment

assessment tool is scored according to personal judgment or to standards less systematic than those used in objective tests. aim to assess areas of student's performance that are complex and qualitative, using questions that may have more than one correct answer ot way to express it. examples could include self rating assessments.

sternberg's triarchic theory

based on how well individuals process info, componential intelligence- internal components/mechanisms like executive function, performance, and knowledge acquisition, experiential intelligence- results from behaviors and experiences, contextual intelligence- involves one's actions towards the environment like selecting, adapting to, and influencing surroundings.

which of the following definitions of intelligence has been used in scholarship?

capacity for abstraction, ability to learn from experience, ability to adapt to one's environment

which measure of career readiness is based on Super's work?

childhood career development scale

according to paniagua (2014), which of the following assessment strategies is least biased?

clinical interviews

a counselor asks five experts in depression to rate 100 clients with depression using DSM-5 criteria. Ratings are then correlated with test scores for a new test of depression. Which type of validity is this?

concurrent

which bias occurs when a characteristic of a particular cultural group is scored negatively in an assessment?

connotation

power test

contain items of varying difficulty, most of which the person is expected to complete within the time limits. if 90% of the people for whom the test is designed can complete the test within the time limits, the test can be described as a power test. although speed can still be a factor for some students on power tests, speed would not have much influence on the total score for most students. most intelligence tests, scholastic aptitude tests, and achievement tests are basically power tests.

which bias occurs when a particular test construct being measures is more familiar to a particular group?

content

reliability coefficients

correlation coefficient- assess degree to which two sets of measures are related- Pearson r- range from -1.00 to +1.00. coefficient of determination- provides info about shared variance between two variables, calculated by squaring correlation coefficient. interitem reliability coefficient- provides estimate of the average of intercorrelations between all of the items on a test, Kuder-Richardson formula 20- two-response answers, Cronbach's alpha- more than two alternatives.

culture-fair test

counselors strive to use culture-fair tests, which attempt to minimize cultural bias as much as possible: cultural-fair tests tend to be associated with intelligence tests. these tests do less well in predicting academic achievement or job performance than do the standard, culturally loaded tests.

which of the following interpersonal tools is most closely aligned with social learning theory?

couples precounseling inventory

a personality test developer is interested in comparing a group to a control group as part of test construction. which of the following methods for test construction is used?

criterion group

construct validity

evidence that pertains to the theoretical basis of a test is sometimes referred to as construct validity .. a type of validity that has been used as a means of explaining the psychological meaning of the variable ("construct") measured by the test. degree to which an assessment is related to a theoretical construct (convergent) or not (discriminant). ex: a career interest questionnaire is correlated with an established career interest inventory to show the assessments are measuring the same underlying construct.

a counselor is engaged in a program evaluation of a smoking cessation group. if group members are engaged in other types of cessation methods, those methods could likely be considered which type of variable?

extraneous

aptitude tests measure acquired skills and knowledge

false

judgement errors such as anchoring and attribution are commonly caused by a client not reporting accurate information

false

research indicates that it is useful to use psychological jargon with clients during an interpretation session as long as terms are defined

false

which assessment tool provides forms that indicate the client's perceptions of hisor her family, ideal preferences, and expectations of the family in new situations?

family environment scale

which of the following is not a guiding principle of motivational interviewing?

fighting against resistance

cattel-horn-carroll theory of cognitive ability

fluid and crystallized intelligence, fluid- ability to be adaptable and flexible in solving problems, independent of previous knowledge, crystallized- ability to solve problems and make decisions on the basis of acquired knowledge, experiences.

who proposed a three-part approach to career counseling that involved self-awareness, knowledge of the world of work, and the relationship betweenthese two components?

frank parsons

free choice vs forced choice

free choice tasks are tasks in which more than one response is considered correct, while in forced choice tasks only one response is considered correct. often used in conjunction to investigate differences between self-generated (free choice) and externally triggered (forced choice) actions

which of the following is not associated with intelligence testing?

holland

according to the literature, which of the following are the best indicators for determining risk of suicide?

ideation, plan, intent, and means

which of the following is not one of the five steps of Miller's assessment communication process?

identifying support information

minimizing discrimination in clinical decision making is important because discrimination can do which of the following?

impact client prognosis, lead to misdiagnosis, misinterpret the client's level of functioning

test anxiety is an example of which of the following?

individual error

spearman's g factor

intelligence consists of single general (g) factor, and several specific (s1, s2) factors, g factor surmised from any broad range of tests, s factor specific to test or subject

IQ

intelligence quotient; individual intelligence tests: stanford-binet: individuals are administered a range of tasks suited to their abilities. Testing is begun with two routing subjects to determine starting point. depending on performance, the examiner begins at one of five developmental levels on each of the other eight tests. Testing proceeds until at least ¾ items are missed. fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual spatial, and working memory. wechsler scales adult: 15 subtests are block design, similarities, digit span, matrix reasoning, vocabulary, arithmetic, symbol search, visual puzzles, information, coding, letter-number sequencing, figure weights, comprehension, cancellation, and picture completion. the subtests load on four factors (i.e., Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed), representing fluid and crystallized forms of intelligence and ultimately a g factor of intelligence. the subtests of Letter-Number Sequencing, Figure Weights, and Cancellation subtests are supplemental subtests to be used only with individuals ages 16 to 69. weschler scale children: same subtests, for individuals 6-16. das naglieri cognitive assessment system, woodcock-johnson: phonological awareness, phonics knowledge, reading achievement, oral vocabulary, oral comprehension; IQ test gauges how well someone can use logic to answer q's or make predictions. Total score derived from a set of standardized tests or subtests designed to assess human intelligence.

a professor administers an exam that contains too many easy items. what can be stated about the data distribution?

it is negatively skewed

which of the following is not true regarding self-injury?

it tends to be strongly related to suicidality

which qualitative assessment technique is used to evaluate the salience of roles across the life span?

life career rainbow

which of the following measures of central tendency is most sensitive to outliers?

mean

test-retest reliability

measures consistency over time, administer a single test twice, with some period of time between administrations. correlate the mean individual scores for each administration.

place these intelligence testing developments in chronological order, with the earliest development first:

mental tests, sequin form board, Binet-Simon scale, Stanford-Binet Scale

grouping of individuals by ethnicity is an example of which type of scale of measurement?

nominal

which type of assessment is most intended to facilitate client self-awareness?

nonstandardized assessment

normative vs ipsative

normative and ipsative tests use different types of scales which are often used in personality assessments. A normative assessment measures quantifiable personality characteristics on each scales, providing a final score that is then compared against patterns of normality. Ipsative assessments, also known as "force-choice", provide an alternative format to the normative one, as it forces test-takers to choose between four equally desired options. likewise, test takers must select the option that they consider to be the most and least true about themselves.

characteristics of a normative/ipsative

normative assessments measure quantifiable traits which allows individuals to be compared to other individuals (inter-individual differences). main purpose is to predict performance, strengths, and risks. They score on a scale to compare to a normative scale, bell curve, or others (IQ test, SAT, ACT, measuring on a 0-4 scale). ipsative assessment tools only measure orientations and the relative strengths of the individual completing the assessment (intraindividual differences). not compared to other individuals, only the self. it's a survey or assessment in which the participant is forced to select one option among other socially desirable options. not very reliable as answers can change. (Ex. Myers Brigg, DiSC, choosing from a list of given answers)

a test is considered to be standardized if:

objective scoring is used, representative norm groups are used during test interpretation, there are uniform procedures for test administration

a Likert scale is an example of which type of scale of measurement?

ordinal

in a case conference, counselors should do which of the following steps in sequence?

outline how the conference will proceed, cover the history of previous meetings and/or assessment findings, present assessment data, summarize the assessment information, and allow time for questions and discussion

cattell's culture-fair intelligence test

paper and pencil test that has no verbal content and is designed to reduce the effects of educational background and cultural influences.

scores on aptitude tests are considered most useful in which of the following?

predicting performance in educational programs in high schools and/or colleges and universities

what are the four uses of career assessment?

prediction, discrimination, monitorting, evaluation

which of the following is most closely aligned with test anxiety?

previous low scores on a similar test

inter-rater reliability

refers to the degree of agreement between two or more independent judges. calculated by dividing the number of agreements than an event occurred by the number of possible agreements.

the degree to which an instrument's scores are free from measurement error is known as which of the following?

reliability

validity and reliability

reliability refers to how consistently a test measures and the extent to which it eliminates chance and other extraneous factors in its results. validity deals with the extent to which meaningful and appropriate inferences can be made from the instrument. For a test to have good validity, high reliability is necessary. Imagine a target with bulls eye (construct being measured), the more times you hit the bulls eye (consistency), the greater the reliability. reliability is a precursor to validity but not sufficient in itself.

objective assessment

requires respondents to make a particular response to a structured set of instructions. help to ensure validity of test results in those situations in which client response may be biased or distorted. can also be used in clients who may not have adequate basis for judging their own abilities. Example include ACT career planning survey.

which career assessment tool aligns most closely with Donald Super's lifespace, life span model?

salience inventory

speed test

some ability tests place a heavy emphasis on speed of response and are known as speed tests. these tests are homogenous in content and often consist of a large number of easy items that a person must complete quickly. examples of speed tests with relatively short time limits include finger and manual dexterity tests and clerical speed and accuracy tests.

the correlation of odd-numbered items on a test to even-numbered items would be an example of which type of reliability?

split-half

which measure of variability provides the most information about the meaning of a raw score compared to a standardization sample?

standard deviation

which of these standard scores is not equal to the others?

stanine = 4

during the administration of an ability test, the adminstrator informs the individuals that the test is intended to measure verbal ability- a construct most of the group has internalized as inadequate within themselves. what type of error has been introduced?

stereotype threat

who is most closely aligned with a triarchic theory of intelligence?

sternberg

objective personality assessments are also referred to as which kind of personality assessment?

structures

which of the following assessment tools can be most useful in premarital counseling?

taylor-johnson temperament analysis

which of the following sources does not provide counselors with test reviews?

tests in print

a client's self-esteem score is at the 25th percentile of the standardization sample. what does this mean?

the client scored higher than 25% of the sample

which of the following is a predominant challenge of the DSM-5?

the distinction between normal distress and mental disorder, the psychometric data available of dimensional assessment tools, the tendency of high false positives

how does the reliability of an instrument impact the standard error of measure estimate?

the more inconsistent a test is, the higher the standard error of measurement

the career values card sort and the life values inventory are examples of which of the following?

values clarification excercises

the salience inventory, quality of life inventory, and the O*NET work importance profiler are examples of which of the following?

values inventories

face validity

which is really not evidence of validity, is determined if the assessment "looks like" it is measuring what it is supposed to measure.

individuals identifying as which of the following make up the preponderance of successful suicide completers?

white adult males

raven's progressive matrices

widely used culture-fair test that requires the examinee to solve problems involving abstract figures and designs by indicating which of various multiple-choice alternatives complete a given matrix.