Appreciation of Music Test 3

Jimmie Rodgers

"Father of country music" -a superstar also "discovered" by R. Peer -From Meridan, Mississippi Work ballads: railroads -Like songsters and Bluesmen Makes Texas his new home "Blue Yodel" (T for Texas) -Porch "authenticity"; stylistic yodel

Ella Fitzgerald (1917-1996)

"First Lady of Song" SKAT SINGING- a way to make voices sound like an instrument Rough personal life -Didn't know father, mother died in 1932 -Lived with an aunt, briefly homeless -Suffered from diabetes, heart problems Style -Wide range -Imitation (Louis Armstrong, Aretha Franklin, etc) -Agility, instrument-like treatment of voice "You'd Be So Nice To Come Home To" Career ->won amateur contest at age 17 ->First professional gig in 1935 with Chick Webb's band -Chick died in 1939, Ella directed band for 3 years ->Solo recording career began in 1942 ->Famously collaborated with Louis Armstrong ->Recorded "songbooks" dedicated to important American composers -Cole Porter, Duke Ellington, George and Ira Gershwin

SCOTT JOPLIN (1868-1917)

"King of Ragtime" Maple Leaf Rag his most successful composition -Composed in 1899 -Sold more than a million copies

Peter Sculthorpe on Post-Colonial Art and Kakadu

"The melodic material in Kakadu, as in much of my recent music, was suggested by the contours and rhythms of Aboriginal chant." -of British decent -Born in Tazmania -composer of art music -interested in aboriginal music

BEBOP (1940s) DEFINITION

-Complex, hard-driving jazz -Played without musical notation -Name derived from the snappy sounds of the melody Phase of Jazz where they stopped being worried about greatest hits -put a tax on dancing -need to read music is gone, improv is big

Apartheid

-Literally "state of being apart" -System of government put into place in 1948 by Nationalist government -Apartheid intended to establish an official distinction between races and establish white supremacy over all others -Everyone of "color" was expected to carry around a a passbook that has to be signed and approved by white employers in the city -Whole communities were forcibly removed -Your were not allowed to associate with people of different colors than your own

Isicathamiya

-Migrants at the migrant hostels in the big cities -Formed choirs in order to share their experiences of migrant life with each other -A very distinct style began to emerge, called ISICATHAMIYA, a Zulu term that translates as "walking softly like a cat," a reference to the light steps of Zulu dancing -"Mbube" was sung by Solomon Linda's groups at a competition

Art Tatum (1909-1956)

-Nearly blind from birth -One of the greatest pianists... ever -Learned from piano roles (and had perfect pitch) -Elements of stride piano (named after left hand leaping style) -And swing

Folk Music I: British folk tradition

-Usually remembered by ear, not written down -Music and text change over the years Ballad traditions -English and African American Songster - a book people could buy that was filled with tunes

BLUES

-becomes a POPULAR FASHION -stars become known as Blues Queens -Vodville makes blues big BLUES SCALE Features blue notes -Notes that fall between the diatonic notes of the scale -Common in African-American folk song -Used in place of a major or minor scale

CQ: What feature did these three examples all have in common? a.) Rhythmic cycles b.) Drums c.) Improvisation d.) A and B only

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CQ: Which of the following examples we heard use the MOST improvisation? a.) Javanese gamelan b.) Japanese gagaku c.) Indian raga

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Structure of a performance of Indian music

1. Free meter section (alap): melody and drone instruments only 2. Melody section (gat): skeletal melody played; percussion joins and begins the rhythmic cycle (tala) After this, the melody and rhythm instruments improvise until the end of the piece

CQ: Among the founding artists of Country Music were A.) The Carter Family B.) Jimmie Rodgers C.) Gene Autry D.) A & B

A & B The Carter Family and Jimmie Rodgers

Contemporary Aboriginal Music

A blend of traditional musical elements and European pop/rock music -"Proud to Be" -Peaceful song of Australian unity, warning white Australians not to repeat past mistakes

FRANK SINATRA

A crooner/canary -photogenic singing stars who were easy on the eyes -explored how the microphone could be treated as a musical instrument "The CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD"

Country Western: media Patsy Montana

A female yodeler "I Want to Be a Cowboy's Sweetheart"

THE DREAMTIME

A mythological time before any of the world's physical characertistics existed The creator spirits flew over the land and sung into existence all the landmarks, plants, animals, humans, waterholes, etc.

12 bar (measure) Blues form

AAB lyric form A (4 bars) line break A (4 bars) repeat line break B (4 bars) something different Break

African Music: Communality and Functionality

African music is meant to serve the society as a whole by creating community and performing a specific function in that community. We can never analyze a piece of music without also analyzing the larger societal context in which the music exists. The two can never be separated.

New Orleans Jazz

Also known as traditional jazz (Dixieland) -not a popular fashion -collective improvisation -very busy rhythm section Many artists lived in New Orleans Style: collective improvisation -Melody played by the trumpet -Clarinet supports trumpet, embellishes the tune -Trombone adds a lower contrapuntal line -Rhythm section sets harmony and tempo

MBIRA

Ancient instrument that is sacred to the Shona people of Zimbabwe -Literally means "voice of the ancestors" Kwanongoma College: institute established to educate Zimbabweans about their own traditional music using MARIMBA (wood that sings) and MBIRA Zimbabwe

Australian Music

Australia = a new Europe Aboriginal Australia = a culture that dates back 50,000 years ago

Modern Native American Music

BUFFY SAINTE-MARIE -Canadian singer of the Cree heritage -protest songs highlight the plight and oppression of Native Americans --criticism of Western culture --influence of Missionaries and attempts to homogenize Song: "My Country 'Tis of Thy People You're Dying" -Example of INTERTEXTUALITY -song used as a means or protest SHARON BURCH -Of Navajo/German descent -Music uses newly created Navajo texts and melodies -Song "Mother Earth" (from 1989 album Yazzie Girl)

RAGA: improvisation in Indian Music

Based on three elements - usually one instrument for each element

BILL MONROE

Blue Grass (Boys) -Bill Monroe's group, after Charlie M. quits BLUE GRASS WAS INVENTED BY THIS GROUP IN 1938 -Mandolin (Bill Monroe) -Guitar (Lester Flatt) -Fiddle (Robert "Chubby" Wise) -Banjo (Earl Scruggs) 1939: on Grand Ole Opry -They play Jimmie Rodgers's "Mule Skinner Blues"

BESSIE SMITH (1894-1937)

Blues Queen "Empress of the Blues" Sold 2 million records her first year Highest-paid black artist of the day "Lost Your Head Blues" (1926) -12-bar blues -5 choruses

Western Swing

Bob Wills and his hillbilly outfit, the Texas Playboys Piano, sax, string bass, banjo, accordion, steel guitar (more horns, more strings) Wide range of repertory: from "Mexicali Rose" to new interpretations of Blues and Jazz

CQ: "Vocables" are found in the music of: A.) Both the Hopi and Cheyenne B.) the Hopi C.) the Cheyenne

Both the Hopi and Cheyenne

Songlines

Bruce Chatwin's -Aborigines throughout history have continued the traditions of the Dreamtime by describing the work of the spirit creators through music -They sing of the geographical features of the outback: the waterholes, landmarks, and animals -They are able to survive the outback because of the ancient spirit creators' song lines: the dreamtime songs of the land left behind by the creators help Aborigines by letting them know where to go and where water and food are -songlines are musical pathways through the land

Happy birthday to you

By Midlred J. Hill, 1859-1916 Written in the 1890s (used to be "Good morning dear teacher, good morning to you") Published in 1935 Sung in Broadway production of "As Thousands Cheer" Royalties are STILL being paid (Warner Chapel)

CQ: New Orleans Jazz featured A.) Extensive "charts" with music notation B.) Collective Improv

COLLECTIVE IMPROV

CQ: Buffy Sainte-Marie is from what tribe: A.) Navajo B.) Hopi C.) Cree

CREE

Country Music

Came from ballads of Anglo-Irish settlers in Appalachian region Fiddle, banjo, dulcimer (back porch, homely tradition) Phonograph, Okeh Records (Columbia), Ralph Peer, Bristol Sessions (warehouse in Tennessee) Jimmie Rodgers/The Carter Family

Phonograph

Changes music history, turns folk into fashion America moves towards this -it changes music history -turns fold into fashion = folk to be sold

THE CARTER FAMILY

Country Music Husband-and-wife, sister team from westernmost Virginia Vibrato-less voices Recorded well-known Appalachian folk songs Marked beginning of country music as we know it

DUKE ELLINGTON

Duke Ellington and Count Basie Big Bands and Swing; art of timbre Composer, most like Haydn "It don't mean a thing" Nutchracker, Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairies Count Basie -believed in the Riff - could play without music -like Beethoven -RIFF (or motiv) - short little section

CQ: Swing featured A.) Extensive "charts" with music notation B.) Collective Improv

EXTENSIVE "CHARTS" WITH MUSIC NOTATION

Gospel

Emotional intensity from DIRECT relationship to congregation/church Pentecostal: sanctification through 2nd visit of holy spirit, speaking in tongues -Fervent, improvised, syncopated Singing preachers -finest rural black musician to record: Evangelist Blind Willie Johnson

Intro to Latin America

Encompasses Mexico, Central America, and South America In pre-Columbian times, considered the "powerhouses" of indigenous world Flexible indigenous borders -Before Europeans arrived, no concept of North vs. Central/South America - contact b/w indigenous groups were fluid -Example: Navajo in Mexico -Comprises chiefly of Aztec, Inca, Mayan, Andes, Aymara, Quechua, Mestizo - divided by language group

TIN PAN ALLEY

Era: 1880s-1950s The pop music of the time 48th Street, in the theater district of NYC The music industry "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" (Albert Von Tilzer, 1908) "Give My Regards To Broadway" (George M. Cohan, 1904) "God Bless America" (Irving Berlin, 1918; revised 1938)

Puttin on the Ritz

Fred Astaire (dancer who knew how to sing it right) During an era of "belters" (Ethel Merman) Jazz/Harlem song Into, verse, chorus 1,2,3 breaks -AABA: 32 bar form Special rhythm -1-2-3-4 & 1-2-3-4, 1-2-3&-4, 1-2-3-4

Hank Williams (Sr.)

From rural Alabama - trained in Church and by African American musicians Amazing blender: blues, pop, gospel, sentimental songs Your Cheatin heart, Hey Good Lookin Western wear -a breaking-almost sobbing-voice Show-biz tragedy (drink, suicide?)

Rural Blues/Country Blues

From the Songster tradition and African-American spiritual Lead Belly, Blind Lemon Jefferson, Robert Johnson Recorded in 1936 Cross Roads (notice the "freedoms") AAB lyric style; blues scale; 12-bar form

GAMELAN ORCHESTRAS IN INDONESIA

GAMELAN: Indonesian ensemble made up mostly of percussion of determine pitch, such as metallophones and gongs Rhythm: cyclical ("gong cycles") stratified polyphony!

Shows: Radio barn dance and GRAND OLE OPRY

George D. Hay, radio announcer from Indiana WLS, Barn Dance in Chicago WSM, Grand Ole Opry, in Nashville... -...founded by National Life (ins) (from mid-1920s) A vehicle for "making it" in the country scene

BENNY GOODMAN

Glenn Miller, Benny Goodman -part of the SWING era "King of Swing"

Gospel (1920s onwards)

Gospel songs: composed and recorded by Thomas A. Dorsey and others "Neo-jubilee" singing (emulating the spiritual) Radio - major proponent Golden gate Quartet: a smooth, creative approach Ira Tucker and the Dixie Hummingbirds -Julius Cheeks, Sensational Nightingales Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Mahalia Jackson

Django Reinhardt (1910-1953)

Gypsy jazz or gypsy swing -Part of Romani (gypsy) community - near Paris -Guitars and strings (violin, double bass) - no percussion Accident -3rd and 4th fingers of left hand partially paralyzed in accident -Played mostly with only first two fingers and thumb

Big Bands and Swing

Height of popularity in 1930s and early 1940s Large ensemble -CHORUS: Multiple trumpets, trombones, and saxophones -Rhythm section still consists of single instruments "Charts" rather than improvisation -Everything planned out -Played form notation

Country Western: media Gene Autry

Hollywood "creates: a media-cowboy Gene Autry, (Rodgers style singing) "Oklahoma's Singing Cowboy" 90 movies, war vet, smooth delivery -"You are my sunshine" -"Back in the saddle" -"Rudolf the Red Nosed Raindeer" 1930s, talent scouts were looking for more Gene Autry's -David Kapp - of Decca records -the 35 cent vs 75 cent record Jukeboxes and Radio -Texas, border area; the X stations

The business cycle

Irving Berlin (etc), brings in words only or melody only on a lead sheet (experts in words and music fix things up) Staff composers, authors, pianists, arrangers, REWORK it, to publish it Its PRINTED Song-pluggers (Jerome Kern, George Gershwin) work to... Get the "star" to sing it-- on stage...

GAGAKU

JAPANESE the oldest and most revered musical tradition is gagaku -means "elegant music" -an orchestra of winds, strings, and percussion HAS NO CONDUCTOR There are two musical functions in gagaku: melodic and time-marking

THE DIDGERIDOO

Long, thick branch of a eucalyptus tree that has been hollowed out by termites -the player, traditionally a man, blows into one end and out the other you hear a drone: a single, unchanging pitch -It doesn't have carved holes, but the drone pitch can be manipulated using your lips, breathing, and voice -Bilma- slapsticks used in aboriginal music

New Orleans Jazz

Many artists lived in New Orleans ->Musical influence from France and Caribbean -Opera, marches, ballroom dances -Blues, ragtime, cuban dance music ->Cheap instruments available after Spanish-American war (1898) Style -Melody played by the trumpet -Clarinet supports trumpet, embellishes the tune -Trombone adds a lower contrapuntal line -Rhythm section sets harmony and tempo -Improvisation within 4-bar units and pre-determined harmonies

CQ: Which of the following is considered to be a Mestizo tradition? A.) Nueva Cancion B.) Salsa C.) Mariachi

Mariachi

Pan-Latin Associations

Media often essentialized or stereotypes Latin American culture and music -Reality: Latin American culture and music is incredibly diverse and rich Dora, the Explorer = the Pan-Latin Child Pan-Latin music example: Casa De Mi Padre -is NOT a ranchero song -uses elements of Colombian music and rhythms despite its setting in Mexico Guillermo from Jimmy Kimmel -Is a native of Zacatecas in Northern Mexico

1. MELODY/RAGA

Melody: a melodic system (raga)

Mestizo Traditions

Mestizo music a SYNCRETIC tradition -blend of indigenous, African, European traditions -Mexicans, for example, identify as Mestizos, a mix of indigenous and African/European (predominantly Spanish) influences Mexican Mariachi ->As Mestizo music: 1519-1852 -Guitar, harp, and violin introduced to to natives by Spanish ->As a Mexican musical group -Began in Guadalajara, Mexico ca. 1905 -Trumpets were included ca. 1950 and crystallized into what we think of as Mariachi music today ->CU has Mariachi Ensemble Song Example: "Cielito Lindo" by Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlan -Romantic love song -Rich instrumentation: guitars, trumpets, violins, bass -Emotive vocal style

Similarities and Differences b/w Cheyenne and Hopi

Music of Cheyenne -Music of the Plains -Higher-pitched -Intense, steady pulse -War Dance Music -Use of VOCABLES Music of Hopi -Music of the southwest -Lower registers of voice -Less intense pulse -"Basket Dance" -Use of VOCABLES

Music of the HOPI

Music of the SOUTHWEST region -parts of Arizona -Hopi live in oldest North American village known as Walpi Music characterized by: 1.) Lower ranges of pitch 2.) Less intense drum beat than Cheyenne example 3.) Also utilizes vocables 4.) Descending patterns in melodic contours Song: "Hopi Basket Dance" -Women and girls form semicircle and fling gifts at the men -Dance intended to show Hopi tribe's backlash against materialism

Native American and Latin American Music: Regional & Tribal Divisions

Native Americans in North America, Plains, Great Basin, Southwest, Northwest Coast, Southeast, Plateau, Arctic With every region and tribe comes their own music and cultural traditions Boundaries of tribes and regions are not fixed, but fluid Due mostly to trade

LOUIS ARMSTRONG (1901-1971)

New Orleans Jazz -Jazz Trumpeter Hot Five, Hot Seven

Asian Music

Orchestras, Ensembles and Improvisation

Jazz

Played by a combo or big band -rhythm section: drums, bass, and piano -Horn (melody) section: trumpet, trombone, saxophone, clarinet, flute Standards -Canon of tunes that form the basis for many performances -Varied by performing group and individual improvisations -All performances after original are covers Style -tends to be polyphonic -strong element of improvisation -Pulsating rhythms and energetic syncopations Head (chorus), Choruses (theme and variations)

Javanese Gamelan: Structure

Polyphonic Stratification (lower notes = fewest; higher notes = most)

Music of the CHEYENNE

Reminiscent of the PLAINS REGION -Area that encompasses parts of Wyoming, Colorado and Western Nebraska Music Characterized by: 1.) Higher-pitched, nasal vocal timbres 2.) Sung in VOCABLES 3.) Group gathered around powwow drum 4.) Drum provides intense pulse for song 5.) Music is used to accompany dance EXAMPLE: "Fast Cheyenne War Dance"

2. RHYTHM/TALA

Rhythm: a time cycle system (tala)

Examples of Latin American Music

Salsa Music -Puerto Rican import that developed in New York City Cuban San -Cuban-European-Adrican hybrid Argentinian Tango Venezuelan joropo -National dance of Venezuela Chilean Nueva Cancion (New Song) Samba -Afro-Brazilian style Bolivian k'antu -Ceremonial panpipe Ecuadorian sanjuan

Sacred Folk

Shared experiences: 1. The 2 Great Awakenings (1730s & c. 1800) -segregated camp meetings, shared -all night sings 2. Ring shout (African American: West African origins) -Guttural effects: moans, shouts -Call & Response

Nueva Cancion (New Song)

Social movement and music genre developed in 1960s Chile -A folk-music response to changing social climate in South America -Wanting to return to South American folk roots Victor Jara -South American leader of this folk movement -Chilean musician and political leftist who helped champion the successful election of short-lived Chilean leader, Salvador Allende (from 1970-1973) Nueva Cancion artists, under the new rule of Augusto Pinochet (beginning in 1973): -Musical spokespeople of the left-wing movement -Many leftists, including Victor Jara and followers of this movement, were imprisioned, tortured, and killed in Chile's National Stadium Song, "El Lazo" (The Lasso-1967) preformed by Into-illimani -references the music of Andean minorities into a modern context

Influences on Jazz

Spirituals and blues ->Bending vocal style -blues scale and blue notes ->Improvisation ->Clapping and percussive sounds Ragtime -Syncopated and complex rhythm European Elements -marches and hymns -Folk music

BLUEGRASS STYLE

String-based rhythm -Um PAH + chugga-lugga -1-AND 2-AND + constant 16th note (busy) -Non soloist must supply it (no drums) High-ranged tenor (as notes), with standard 3rds harmony 3-finger (claw hammer) picking of banjo

HONKY TONK

Style names after the Texas bar The "un-idealized" Texan -working class values for oil men, cowboys, laborers -Down-to-earth stories: Beer drinking songs "Born to Lose" - and other strains on the traditional American values ("sliding around") -electric guitar, cheatin' theme

TIN PAN ALLEY, with the CROONERS

TV, Hollywood = star and intimacy Conversational manner of the microphone Billie Holiday, an early master MELLOW -Bing Crosby -The "CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD" - Frank Sinatra Where's the dance?

Ragtime

The immediate precursor of jazz Primary piano music Emerged in saloons and brothels (1890s) Eventually accepted into middle-class homes Lost popularity after World War I Musical style -Steady bass, syncopated treble -Jaunty and upbeat

The Didgeridoo, Guided Listening Example

Tjapukai Dancers, from Northern Australia LISTEN FOR the initial drone pitch. You'll also hear the rhythm created by the player making a "foo doo wah doo doo wah" obstinate into the instrument About 40 seconds into the piece, you'll hear the player generate overtones, or pitches that are higher than the fundamental of the drone pitch

Native American Music

War dances -Sioux Grass Dance Curing Ceremonies/Healing Rituals -Navajo "Enemyway" Ceremony - war survivor is "cleansed" of non-Navajo spirits Lullabies -traditional Zuni Religious Rites -Navajo native American Church, Peyote Song Invocation of ancestral deities -Navajo, known as Yeibichal Song (gods-their-grand-fathers) --used to heal the sick Dance Music -Iroquois Quiver Dance -Navajo Circle Dance

3. DRONE

a constant underlying tone

Improvisation in Asia: Mode

a set of rules and customary procedures used to compose or improvise music in a particular tradition

DRONE

a single, unchanging pitch

STRATIFIED POLYPHONY

a texture in which all instruments follow a basic melody, but high pitch instruments play the most notes and lower pitched instruments play the fewest notes Gamelan Orchestras in Indonesia

CQ: Bluegrass was a.) imported from British styles b.) Developed in 19th century America c.) something developed by the monroe Brothers

c.) something developed by the monroe Brothers

COLOTOMIC

certain instruments play a kind of musical "punctuation" that marks time in the music Gamelan Orchestras in Indonesia

LADYSMITH BLACK MAMBAZO

demonstrates the qualities usually associated with isicathamiya: complex harmony and rhythm, a wide range of dynamics, and strongly emphasized bass vocals -Also note the role of vocal cues coming from the lead vocalist, Joseph Shabalala

Instruments of the Javanese Gamelan: MEMBRANO

drums

Instruments of the Javanese Gamelan: AEROPHONES

flutes

Instruments of the Javanese Gamelan: IDIOPHONES

gongs, metallophones, xylophones

Javanese Gamelan: Colotomic instruments

hanging gongs, larger rack gongs

SYNCRETIC

hybrid musical form created from combinations of differing musical styles Mestizo Traditions

Hornbostel-Sachs System=

instruments -classified based on SOUND

Javanese Gamelan: Conductor

lead drummer

PAUL SIMON AND GRACELAND

pop singer Paul Simon met Shabalala and asked them to collaborate with him, the result was the platinum-selling album Graceland -their song features isicathamiya -also sang with Ladysmith Black Mambazo Paul Simon made sure Shabalala and Ladysmith were compensated

INTERTEXTUALITY

shaping the meaning of one text by using another text -changes the context of song Borrowing one "text" within another "text" in order to shape meaning Modern Native American Music -Buffy Sainte-Marie: "My Country 'Tis of Thy People You're Dying" - also has CODE SWITCHING in this song

Javanese Gamelan: Melody instruments

smaller rack gongs, metallophones, xylophone, fiddle, flute

VOCABLES

syllables of sound ("hey"; "yah", etc); lack translation unknown origin MUSIC OF CHEYENNE and HOPI Words that are really just sounds that have no true meaning

Music of the World: Why are these traditions vanishing?

the are purely ORAL

West African Drumming: POLYRHYTHM

the simultaneous use of two different rhythms (duple and triple time mixed together)

RALPH PEER

turned to the "hillbilly" market Recorder and talent scout

Instruments of the Javanese Gamelan: CHORDOPHONES

zither, fiddle