APSUH test Jacksonian Democracy
"At one time they tell us that our 'free institutions' are based upon the virtue and intelligence of the American people and the influence of the mother, form and mold the man - and the next breath, that the way to make the mothers of the next generation virtuous is to enclose them within brick walls of a cotton mill from twelve and a half to thirteen and a half hours per day." -Sarah Bagley, "The Ten Hour System and Its Advocates," 1846 Which of the following developments in the early 1900s had the most direct affect on the working conditions reported by Bagley? A. strikes organized by the American Federation of Labor (AFL) B. landmark rulings by the U.S. Supreme Court C. enlightened labor rules instituted by Andrew Carnegie and other leading industrialists D. protest marches organized by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
B
"Few wives in antebellum America enjoyed a life free from labor. Family life depended on the smooth performance of an extensive array of unpaid occupations in the household, and on the presence. of someone to provide that work--to supervise the children through the vicissitudes of a changing social and economic order; to make and mend clothes, quilts, pillows, and other household furnishings; to shop for items the household could afford , and scavenge. for those it could not; to clean, cook, and bake; and, whenever necessary, to move from unpaid to paid labor to bolster the household income. The growth _ of the cash [economy] of the Northeast had not rendered this labor superfluous. Nor had it reduced housework to unskilled labor. Jeanne Boydston, historian, Home and Work, 1990 17. The growing number of women in the workforce in the second half of the twentieth century most directly contributed to (A) the widespread belief that women's roles in the home should be abandoned entirely (B) the ratification of a constitutional amendment guaranteeing women's equality (C) legislation that restricted women's paid work to certain occupations D) increased social anxieties about the decline of the traditional nuclear family
D
"From the commencement of our government, Congress has passed acts to regulate trade and intercourse with the Indians which treat them as nations, respect their rights, and manifest a firm purpose to afford that protection which treaties stipulate...The Cherokee Nation, then, is a distinct community...in which the laws of Georgia can have no force, and which the citizens of Georgia have no right to enter but with the assent of the Cherokees themselves or in conformity with treaties and with the acts of Congress...." -Chief Justice John Marshall, majority opinion in Worcester v. Georgia, 1832 Which of the following later historical developments in most dissimilar to President Jackson's response to the Supreme Court decision in this excerpt? A. President Lincoln's decision to reject the Crittenden Compromise B. President McKinley's decision to ask Congress for a declaration of war with Spain C. President Hoover's decision to order federal troops to disperse the Bonus Marchers D. President Eisenhower's decision to send federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas to protect nine black students
D
"At one time they tell us that our 'free institutions' are based upon the virtue and intelligence of the American people and the influence of the mother, form and mold the man - and the next breath, that the way to make the mothers of the next generation virtuous is to enclose them within brick walls of a cotton mill from twelve and a half to thirteen and a half hours per day." -Sarah Bagley, "The Ten Hour System and Its Advocates," 1846 Which of the following evidence would best support Bagley's argument in the excerpt? A. Letters describing living and working conditions in a model New England factory town B. Employment data for all wage earners in New England between 1820 and 1840 C. Tables documenting cotton production in South Carolina between 1820 and 1840 D. Reports documenting profits and losses in New England textile mills
A
"Few historians would dispute that the market revolution brought substantial material benefits to most northeasterners, urban and rural. • Those who benefited most from the market revolution--merchants and manufacturers, lawyers and other professionals, and successful commercial farmers, along with their families--faced life situations very different from those known to earlier generations. The decline of the household as the locus of production led directly to a growing impersonality in the economic realm; household heads, instead of directing family enterprises or small shops, often had to find ways to recruit and discipline a wage-labor force; in all cases, they had to stay abreast of or even surpass their competitors." Sean Wilentz, historian, "Society, Politics, and the Market Revolution, 1815-1848." published in 1997 19. Which of the following pieces of historical evidence from the United States census could best be used to support the argument in the excerpt? (A) Data showing changes in the number of textile mills (B) Data showing population growth in the West (C) Data showing the growth of the slave population (D) Data showing changes in cotton production and price
A
"Few historians would dispute that the market revolution brought substantial material benefits to most northeasterners, urban and rural. • Those who benefited most from the market revolution--merchants and manufacturers, lawyers and other professionals, and successful commercial farmers, along with their families--faced life situations very different from those known to earlier generations. The decline of the household as the locus of production led directly to a growing impersonality in the economic realm; household heads, instead of directing family enterprises or small shops, often had to find ways to recruit and discipline a wage-labor force; in all cases, they had to stay abreast of or even surpass their competitors." Sean Wilentz, historian, "Society, Politics, and the Market Revolution, 1815-1848." published in 1997 20. Which of the following historical developments contributed most directly to the market revolution? (A) The emergence of new forms of transportation (B) The increased number of women in the paid workforce (C) The emergence of southern opposition to tariffs (D) The decline of slavery in the Northeast
A
"Few wives in antebellum America enjoyed a life free from labor. Family life depended on the smooth performance of an extensive array of unpaid occupations in the household, and on the presence. of someone to provide that work--to supervise the children through the vicissitudes of a changing social and economic order; to make and mend clothes, quilts, pillows, and other household furnishings; to shop for items the household could afford , and scavenge. for those it could not; to clean, cook, and bake; and, whenever necessary, to move from unpaid to paid labor to bolster the household income. The growth _ of the cash [economy] of the Northeast had not rendered this labor superfluous. Nor had it reduced housework to unskilled labor. Jeanne Boydston, historian, Home and Work, 1990 16. During the first half of the nineteenth century, some women increasingly "bolster[ed] the household income," as described in the excerpt, by (A) obtaining positions in textile mills (B) signing contracts for indentured servitude (C) performing clerical and secretarial labor for large corporations (D) participating in secular and religious reform associations
A
"Free should the scholar be,-_free and brave. . We have listened too long to the courtly muses of Europe. We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds. Then shall man be no longer a name for pity, for doubt, and for sensual indulgence... A nation of men will for the first time exist." Ralph Waldo Emerson, transcendentalist writer, 1837 40. Emerson's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the carly nineteenth century? (A) The emergence of a national culture (B) The Second Great Awakening (C) The expansion of a market economy (D) The growth of national political parties
A
"Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things. And let us reflect that, having banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered, We have yet gained little if we countenance a political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it." Thomas Jefferson, first inaugural address, 1801 1. The excerpt best reflects which of the following? (A) Conflicts over how the Constitution should be implemented and interpreted (B) Fear that the United States would be overtaken by a foreign power (C) Disagreement over the consequences of the French Revolution for the United States (D) Secessionist pressures coming from slaveholders in the South
A
"Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things. And let us reflect that, having banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered, We have yet gained little if we countenance a political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it." Thomas Jefferson, first inaugural address, 1801 3. In highlighting "the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated," Jefferson was referring most directly to (A) passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts, which were designed to suppress criticism of the government (B) Great Britain's efforts to deny colonists their political rights in the years before the American Revolution (C) the use of government force to put down popular uprisings like Shays' Rebellion and the Whiskey Rebellion (D) restrictive anti-American Indian policies that conflicted with the nation's professed political ideals
A
"Resolved, That woman is man's equal "Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs .. have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere. . assigned her. "Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. "Resolved,. That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means." Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Seneca Falls Convention), 1848 16. In the decades following the Civil War, the woman's rights movement that began at Seneca Falls focused its energies most strongly on (A) achieving the right to vote (B) receiving equal pay for equal work (C) ending domestic violence (D) gaining equal access to higher education
A
"The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. "He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise "He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice. "Having deprived her of this first right of a citizen, the elective franchise, thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation, he has oppressed her on all sides. "He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns. Seneca Falls Convention, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, 1848 9. Which of the following developments in the second half of the nineteenth century best represented the continuation of the ideas expressed in the declaration? (A) A movement focused on women's voting rights (B) Women's support for the Social Gospel (C) Support for outlawing the production and sale of alcohol (D) A movement focused on religious revivals and personal conversion
A
"This momentous question, like a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed indeed for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper." -Thomas Jefferson, Letter to John Holmes, April 22, 1820 The excerpt most directly responds to which "momentous question"? A. The passage of the Missouri Compromise B. The passage of the Tariff of Abominations C. The passage of the Indian Removal Act D. The passage of the Wilmot Proviso
A
"We have conquered many of the neighboring tribes of Indians, but we have never thought of holding them in subjection--never of incorporating them into our Union. To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes. Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race. [It is professed and talked about to erect these Mexicans into a Territorial Government, and place them on an equality with the people of the United States. I protest utterly against such a project." Senator John C. Calhoun, "Conquest of Mexico" speech, 1848 32. Based on the excerpt, Calhoun would also be most likely to support which of the following? (A) Proslavery arguments (B) Policies favoring immigration (C) Expanded United States federal authority (D) United States sale of disputed territory
A
"We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain . that the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State. South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1832 12. The excerpt most directly expresses an economic perspective that (A) prioritized regional interests (B) discouraged international trade (C) sought to protect United States manufacturing D) supported the interests of organized labor unions
A
"What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the Revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775. in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington." John Adams, former president of the United States, letter to Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, 1815 18. Which of the following is the most likely reason why Adams dates the beginning of the American Revolution to the 1760s? (A) Renewed efforts by Great Britain to consolidate imperial control over the colonies (B) The forging of American Indian political alliances with European powers (C) Increased involvement of colonial merchants in the Atlantic economy (D) The expansion of the colonial population into the interior of the continent
A
"What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the Revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775. in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington." John Adams, former president of the United States, letter to Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, 1815' 19. Which of the following factors most directly contradicted Adams' theory about the Revolution? (A) The existence of considerable Loyalist opposition to the Patriot cause (B) The existence of significant social and economic divisions within the colonies (C) The importance of colonial military victories in bringing about independence (D) The importance of support from European allies in defeating the British
A
And here's where you come in: to restore valid, meaningful purpose to life in your home....You may be hitched to one of those creatures we call 'Western man' and I think part of your job is to keep him Western, to keep him truly purposeful, to keep him whole.... This assignment for you, as wives and mothers, has great advantages. In the first place, it is homework, you can do it in the living room with a baby in your lap or in the kitchen with a can opener in your hand. If you're really clever, maybe you can even practice your saving arts on that unsuspecting man while he's watching television!...Women, especially educated women, have a unique opportunity to influence us, man and boy, and to play a direct part in the unfolding drama of our free society....What you have learned and can learn will, fit you for the primary task of making homes and whole human beings in whom the rational values of freedom, tolerance, charity, and free inquiry can take root." -Governor Adlai Stevenson, "A Purpose for Modern Woman," Commencement Address, Smith College, 1955 The view of an educated woman's role presented in this excerpt had the most in common with which of the following? A. The concept of republican motherhood in the 1820s B. The belief in "the white man's burden" in the 1890s C. The image of the flapper in the 1920s D. The image of Rosie the Riveter in the 1940s
A
"Few historians would dispute that the market revolution brought substantial material benefits to most northeasterners, urban and rural. • Those who benefited most from the market revolution--merchants and manufacturers, lawyers and other professionals, and successful commercial farmers, along with their families--faced life situations very different from those known to earlier generations. The decline of the household as the locus of production led directly to a growing impersonality in the economic realm; household heads, instead of directing family enterprises or small shops, often had to find ways to recruit and discipline a wage-labor force; in all cases, they had to stay abreast of or even surpass their competitors." Sean Wilentz, historian, "Society, Politics, and the Market Revolution, 1815-1848." published in 1997 18. Which of the following cultural and social shifts resulted most directly from the trends described in the excerpt? (A) A sharp decline in regional differences (B) The emergence of new ideas about the proper roles of husbands and wives (C) A decline in the income gap between those in the wealthiest class and those in the working class (D) An increase in the importance placed on extended family relationships
B
"Free should the scholar be,-_free and brave. . We have listened too long to the courtly muses of Europe. We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds. Then shall man be no longer a name for pity, for doubt, and for sensual indulgence... A nation of men will for the first time exist." Ralph Waldo Emerson, transcendentalist writer, 1837 41. Which of the following developments best represents a logical extension of the ideas expressed in the excerpt? (A) The rise of big business in the Gilded Age (B) The expansion of participatory democracy in the Progressive Era (C) The rise of Social Darwinism in the late nineteenth century (D) The increasing support for the annexation of overseas territories
B
"From the commencement of our government, Congress has passed acts to regulate trade and intercourse with the Indians which treat them as nations, respect their rights, and manifest a firm purpose to afford that protection which treaties stipulate...The Cherokee Nation, then, is a distinct community...in which the laws of Georgia can have no force, and which the citizens of Georgia have no right to enter but with the assent of the Cherokees themselves or in conformity with treaties and with the acts of Congress...." -Chief Justice John Marshall, majority opinion in Worcester v. Georgia, 1832 President Jackson's response to the Supreme Court decision in this excerpt most directly led to A. Georgia's decision to secede from the Union B. the forcible evacuation of the Cherokee from their lands in northwestern Georgia C. the enactment of emergency legislation guaranteeing Cherokee land titles in Georgia D. Jackson's decision to veto the Indian Removal Act
B
"From the commencement of our government, Congress has passed acts to regulate trade and intercourse with the Indians which treat them as nations, respect their rights, and manifest a firm purpose to afford that protection which treaties stipulate...The Cherokee Nation, then, is a distinct community...in which the laws of Georgia can have no force, and which the citizens of Georgia have no right to enter but with the assent of the Cherokees themselves or in conformity with treaties and with the acts of Congress...." -Chief Justice John Marshall, majority opinion in Worcester v. Georgia, 1832 Which of the following was a long-term consequence of the Supreme Court decision in this excerpt? A. It protected the Cherokee from being removed from their tribal lands. B. It became the foundation for the principle of tribal sovereignty in the twentieth century. C. It provided a legal precedent for the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education. D. It inspired Helen Hunt Jackson to write A Century of Dishonor
B
"Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things. And let us reflect that, having banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered, We have yet gained little if we countenance a political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it." Thomas Jefferson, first inaugural address, 1801 2. Which of the following issues of the period was Jefferson most likely concerned with in the excerpt? (A) The growth of slave labor (B) The creation of political parties (C) The expansion of the right to vote (D) The growth of various Protestant religious groups
B
"Resolved, That woman is man's equal "Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs .. have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere. . assigned her. "Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. "Resolved,. That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means." Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Seneca Falls Convention), 1848 14. The language and themes of the excerpt were most directly inspired by the (A) Articles of Confederation (B) Declaration of Independence (C) Northwest Ordinance (D) United States Constitution
B
"The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. "He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise "He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice. "Having deprived her of this first right of a citizen, the elective franchise, thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation, he has oppressed her on all sides. "He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns. Seneca Falls Convention, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, 1848 8. The ideas expressed in the excerpt most directly challenged the prevailing ideal in the early nineteenth century that (A) women should enjoy full and equal rights with men (B) women should focus on the home and the domestic sphere (C) the ability of women to earn wages was a positive development (D) women should educate their children about the rights and responsibilities of citizenship
B
"This momentous question, like a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed indeed for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper." -Thomas Jefferson, Letter to John Holmes, April 22, 1820 Which of the following historical developments provides the best evidence in support of Jefferson's warning about "the angry passions of men?" A. The Trail of Tears B. Bleeding Kansas C. The Mexican-American War D. A continuous series of slave revolts
B
"We have conquered many of the neighboring tribes of Indians, but we have never thought of holding them in subjection--never of incorporating them into our Union. To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes. Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race. [It is professed and talked about to erect these Mexicans into a Territorial Government, and place them on an equality with the people of the United States. I protest utterly against such a project." Senator John C. Calhoun, "Conquest of Mexico" speech, 1848 31. The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following developments in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century? (A) The end of the Spanish-American War (B) Westward expansion (C) The booming internal slave trade (D) Increased manufacturing
B
"What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the Revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775. in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington." John Adams, former president of the United States, letter to Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, 1815 20. Which of the following aspects of life in the United States in the early nineteenth century most likely influenced Adams' recollection of Revolutionary events? (A) The rapid development of the market revolution (B) The development of a national culture and national identity (C) The growing popularity of the idea of Manifest Destiny (D) The rapid growth of a mass democracy
B
"[T]he condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two [races] has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization." John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844 41. Which of the following most directly undermines Calhoun's assertions? (A) Many slaves adopted elements of Christianity. (B) Many slaves engaged in forms of resistance to slavery. (C) Abolitionist societies encountered difficulty organizing in Southern states. (D) A majority of White Southerners were not slaveholders.
B
"[T]he condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two [races] has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization." John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844 42. In the 1840s and 1850s, the views expressed by Calhoun most directly contributed to (A) the United States acquisition of new territory in the West (B) increased sectional divisions between the North and the South (C) the development of sharecropping and tenant farming in the South (D) the rise of voluntary organizations to promote religious reform
B
*As [political leader Henry] Clay envisioned it [in the 1820s], the American System constituted the ... basis for social improvement. Through sale of its enormous land holdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize internal improvements. By levying protective tariffs, the government should foster the development of American manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for manufactured products." Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought; The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, published in 2007 11. One major change in United States politics from the 1820s to the mid-1850s was the (A) adoption of an antislavery platform by the Whig Party (B) rise of political parties defined largely by regional interests (C) collapse of the Democratic Party in the South (D) decline of competition between parties
B
*As [political leader Henry] Clay envisioned it [in the 1820s], the American System constituted the ... basis for social improvement. Through sale of its enormous land holdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize internal improvements. By levying protective tariffs, the government should foster the development of American manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for manufactured products." Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought; The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, published in 2007 8. Which of the following most directly made possible the ideas described in the excerpt? (A) The emergence of monopolies that dominated entire businesses (B) Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, and interchangeable parts (C) Farmers' creation of local, regional, and national organizations that resisted corporate power (D) The significant influence of organized labor unions
B
At one time they tell us that our 'free institutions' are based upon the virtue and intelligence of the American people and the influence of the mother, form and mold the man - and the next breath, that the way to make the mothers of the next generation virtuous is to enclose them within brick walls of a cotton mill from twelve and a half to thirteen and a half hours per day." -Sarah Bagley, "The Ten Hour System and Its Advocates," 1846 The practice of employing young women in textile mills began in A. a cotton plantation located near Charleston, South Carolina B. a model factory town in Lowell, Massachusetts C. a tenement building located in Boston, Massachusetts D. a factory built by Moses Brown in Pawtucket, Rhode Island
B
"Few wives in antebellum America enjoyed a life free from labor. Family life depended on the smooth performance of an extensive array of unpaid occupations in the household, and on the presence. of someone to provide that work--to supervise the children through the vicissitudes of a changing social and economic order; to make and mend clothes, quilts, pillows, and other household furnishings; to shop for items the household could afford , and scavenge. for those it could not; to clean, cook, and bake; and, whenever necessary, to move from unpaid to paid labor to bolster the household income. The growth _ of the cash [economy] of the Northeast had not rendered this labor superfluous. Nor had it reduced housework to unskilled labor. Jeanne Boydston, historian, Home and Work, 1990 15. Which of the following most directly contributed to the situation described in the excerpt? (A) The abolitionist movement (B) Increased immigration (C) The market revolution (D) The emergence of mass political parties
C
"Resolved, That woman is man's equal "Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs .. have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere. . assigned her. "Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. "Resolved,. That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means." Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Seneca Falls Convention), 1848 15. Which other "righteous cause" would participants in the Seneca Falls Convention have been most likely to support? (A) Expansionism (B) Nativism (C) Abolitionism (D) Conservationism
C
"The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. "He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise "He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice. "Having deprived her of this first right of a citizen, the elective franchise, thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation, he has oppressed her on all sides. "He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns. Seneca Falls Convention, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, 1848 10. Many supporters of the declaration in 1848 broke ranks with which of the following groups by the 1870s? (A) Social Darwinists (B) Supporters of Southern secession and states' rights (C) Supporters of the Fifteenth Amendment (D) Isolationists
C
"This momentous question, like a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed indeed for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper." -Thomas Jefferson, Letter to John Holmes, April 22, 1820 The "geographical line" referenced in the excerpt refers to A. the line excluding slavery from new European colonies in the Western Hemisphere B. the line excluding slavery from all territories north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River C. the line excluding slavery from most of the Louisiana Territory D. the line excluding slavery from all territories ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
C
"We have conquered many of the neighboring tribes of Indians, but we have never thought of holding them in subjection--never of incorporating them into our Union. To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes. Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race. [It is professed and talked about to erect these Mexicans into a Territorial Government, and place them on an equality with the people of the United States. I protest utterly against such a project." Senator John C. Calhoun, "Conquest of Mexico" speech, 1848 33. Which of the following events best represents a continuity of the sentiments expressed by Senator Calhoun in the speech? (A) The United States rejection of membership in the League of Nations (B) Support for assimilationist policies in the 1880s and 1890s (C) The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (D) The Great Migration of African Americans out of the South in the 1910s
C
"We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain . that the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State. South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1832 13. Arguments similar to those expressed in the excerpt were later employed to justify which of the following? (A) The entry into the Mexican-American War (B) The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act (C) The secession of most Southern states D) The ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment
C
"[T]he condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two [races] has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization." John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844 40. Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support Calhoun's views expressed in the excerpt? (A) Members of nativist political parties (B) Members of the Whig Party (C) Southern landowners (D) Northern industrialists
C
*As [political leader Henry] Clay envisioned it [in the 1820s], the American System constituted the ... basis for social improvement. Through sale of its enormous land holdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize internal improvements. By levying protective tariffs, the government should foster the development of American manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for manufactured products." Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought; The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, published in 2007 10. The ideas described in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following? (A) A decline in the internal slave trade (B) Large-scale European immigration to the South (C) More Americans producing goods for national markets (D) Business leaders consolidating corporations into trusts and holding companies
C
Which of the following was a significant cause of the trend in eligible voter participation from 1824 to 1840 shown in the chart? A. The traditional deference given to wealthy elites B. The spirit of national unity following the War of 1812 C. The rise of mass political parties D. The absence of contentious political issues during the Era of Good Feelings
C
"We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain . that the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State. South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1832 11. The ideas expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly from a larger intellectual debate over the (A) balance between individual freedom and public order B) expansion of slavery into the western territories (C) priorities of United States foreign policy (D) relationship between the federal government and the states
D
*As [political leader Henry] Clay envisioned it [in the 1820s], the American System constituted the ... basis for social improvement. Through sale of its enormous land holdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize internal improvements. By levying protective tariffs, the government should foster the development of American manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for manufactured products." Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought; The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, published in 2007 9. Based on the excerpt, which of the following groups would have been most likely to oppose Henry Clay's ideas? (A) Abolitionists (B) Antebellum reformers (C) Members of the Whig Party (D) Members of the Democratic Party
D
By 1840, the voting trends depicted in the chart most directly contributed to A. the reform of the electoral college B. large-scale European migration to the United States C. adoption of high protective tariffs D. use of conventions to nominate presidential candidates
D
