APUS 1-9

George Washington

(1732-1799) no political party. Virginian who began as a commander and chief in the Revolutionary war. Had no desire to become president but the people wanted a strong national leader. Set prescient for many things, including the two terms rule. Warned US against being involved in foreign politics.

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

Stono Rebellion

An uprising of slaves in South Carolina in 1739, leading to the tightening of already harsh slave laws. The largest slave uprising in the colonies.

Paxton Boys

A mob of Pennsylvania frontiersmen led by the Paxtons who massacred a group of non-hostile Indians.

James Fenimore Cooper

1st truly American novelist noted for his stories of Indians and the frontier life; man's relationship w/ nature & westward expansion

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

Feminism

A female movement for gender equality.

Life expectancy

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live. People lived longer in the North than the south

Ex Parte Milligan

Court declared military tribunals unconstitutional where civil courts were functioning, lead to Congress to try to require 2/3 of justices to support a decision overruling a law of Congress, would deny Court jurisdiction in Reconstruction cases, reduce the number of Justices to 3, and to even abolish it

Jacob Riis

Danish immigrant who was a newspaper reporter and photographer; took pictures of the lives of those living in the tenements to show upper and middle class people the awful conditions of living of the poor

Assimilation

Dawes Severalty Act was meant to bring the Native Americans into the world of the Whites; Indian Bureau of Affairs worked to force Indians to succumb to the ways of Whites and to live they way they do; Indians strongly resisted the idea of this

Currency act of 1764

Forbade the colonies to issue paper money. The colonists saw the British government increasing its control over the colonies against the colonists' will.

Lord Baltimore

Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.

Black Tuesday

October 29th, 1929; this was the first visible sign that marked the beginning of the great depression; all efforts to save the market failed; there were alarming declines in stock prices that were a result of the great bull market beginning to fall apart; the market remained deeply depressed for more than four years

John Cabot

Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498)

Ethiopia

Mussolini launched a long-anticipated attack on this place in October 1935; this attack caused Americans to want isolation from the European instability that was seemingly going on

Lord De La Warr

New governor of Jamestown who arrived in 1610, immediately imposing a military regime in Jamestown and declaring war against the Powhatan Confederacy. Employed "Irish tactics" in which his troops burned houses and cornfields.

Election of 1824

No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."

Frederick Law Olmstead

one of the most successful promoters of the idea of the park as refuge; teamed up with Calvert Vaux to design Central Park in New York City; was recruited to design great parks and public spaces in Boston, Brooklyn, Philly, Chicago, and D.C. after his work in Central Park

Female "camp followers"

Women who followed the army

Rough Riders

a cavalry unit who was at the center of the fighting during many battle engagements; commanded by General Leonard Wood and the leader was Colonel Theodore Roosevelt

Mayans

a member of a major pre-Columbian civilization of the Yucatán Peninsula that reached its peak in the 9th century a.d. and produced magnificent ceremonial cities with pyramids, a sophisticated mathematical and calendar system, hieroglyphic writing, and fine sculpture, painting, and ceramics.

FDR's "Bombshell"

a message released by Roosevelt that repudiated the orthodox views of most of the delegates and rejected any agreement on currency stabilization; surrounded Roosevelt's decision to allow the fold value of the dollar to fall

Consumerism

a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers

Mass Merchandising

a new merchandising technique in which many consumer goods were made available for a broad market for the first time; examples of things that were mass merchandised were in the clothing and food industry; rather than women making clothes for their families, it was made ready to wear after being purchased; for food, tin cans were mass produced, as well as the development of refrigerated railroad cars to transport perishables long distances

Motion Picture Association

a new trade association that was introduced to "clean up" Hollywood and introduce "standards" to Hollywood films; former postmaster general Will Hays was hired to head this association; films that were likely to offend viewers were allowed to be reviewed and banned by him

Vicksburg

a town in Mississippi in which General Grant was trying to drive one of the Confederacy's two remaining strongholds on the southern Mississippi River; was a well-protected area with good artillery coverage of the river; Grant attacked here from the rear and on July 4th, 1863 the Confederates surrendered

Joint-stock companies

businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses

America First Committee

established by U.S. Isolationists to mobilize American public opinion against war; opposed the Committee to Defend America; it's Chairman was Robert Wood and had other important members; also had support from the Republican party

Nativism

favoring the interests of native-born people over foreign-born people. Caused by many negative feelings towards immigrants, such as job taking, simple racism, immigrants were inferior, and they lived very poorly.

Horizontal Integration

the combining of a number of firms engaged in the same enterprise into a single corporation; buying out all other businesses that produce the same product as you in an effort to standardize the quality and price of products; Ex. U.S. Steel Corporation

National Broadcasting Company (NBC)

the first national radio network and was formed in 1927

War Debt

the reparation that were necessary to paid after the war fell in a domino effect; the European nations were in debt to American because of all loans they took out because of the war; because of this they said that Germany and Austria should pay reparations for the war and since neither had a stable enough economy to pay, America was owed a lot of money and nobody had the money to repay them

Habeas Corpus

the right of a person to be released by a judge or court from unlawful detention, as in the case of insufficient evidence; Lincoln suspended this right in order to suppress the Peace Democrats; he was not certified to do so by himself, as it was not in his power and this caused controversy; Taney issued Ex Parte Merryman to get Lincoln to release a prisoner, Clement Vallandigham

Spectator Sports

the search for forms of public leisure hastened the rise of this; baseball was a major one and was, by the end of the century, was the closest thing to a national pastime; another huge one was college football

John Dewey

professor at Columbia University who set forth principles of "learning by doing" and believed that "education for life" should be the primary goal of school

Stamp Act of 1765

required all paper was to have a stamp affixed; first time the colonists had been subjected to a direct tax (paid directly by the consumer);

Election of 1928

the Democratic candidate was Al Smith and the Republican candidate was Herbert Hoover; Herbert Hoover won the election

Coney Island

located in Brooklyn, New York and was for a time the most famous and popular urban resort in America; real success began in the 1890s when the amusements and spectacles reached a new level; Sea Lion Park, Luna Park and Steeplechase Park were some major attractions at Coney Island; it became a popular site for horse racing, boxing and other sports as well as gambling casinos, saloons and brothels; it allowed the lower and working class to escape from their lives and the urban scenery

Sedition Act of 1918

made public expression of opposition to the war illegal; allowed officials to prosecute anyone who criticized the president or the government; went hand in hand with the espionage act

Battle of Wounded Knee

occurred on December 29th, 1890 in South Dakota; Seventh Cavalry tried to round up some starving and freezing Indians and fighting precipitated; 300 Indians and 40 Whites were killed that day with no discrimination between women, children and men

Industrial Unions

was a new concept of labor organization that challenged the craft union ideal; advocates of this argued that all workers in a particular industry should be organized in a single union; this was meant to greatly increase the power of the union

Henry Clay

was known as an old school politician; the "Great compromiser"; made Phase 1 of the Compromise of 1850; believed that no compromise could last unless it settled all the issues in dispute between the sections; he took several measures that had been proposed separately and combined them into a single piece of legislation in an effort to create a "bundle package"; these ideas stated that: California would be a free state, all land acquired from Mexico would have popular sovereignty, abolition of slave trade in Washington D.C. And a more effective fugitive slave law

Indian Reorganization Act

was legislation promoted by John Collier that restored to the tribes the right to own land collectively; this caused tribal land to increase by 4 million acres and their agricultural income to increase from about $2 million to about $49 million

Atlantic Charter

was made as a combined effort between Roosevelt and Churchill; the two nations set out "certain common principles" on which to base a "better future for the world"; was a vaguely disguised statement of war aims that called for the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny

Triple Entente

was major power alliance organized in Europe in 1914; linked Britain, France, and Russia

National Labor Relations Board

was meant to have the power to compel employers to recognize and bargain with legitimate unions; Roosevelt did not like this, but signed it because he knew that American workers had become so important a force that Roosevelt knew his political future depended on responding to their demands

Political Machines

was one of America's most distinctive political institutions; the goals of the bosses was to gain as much voter support as they could in order to gain votes for their organization; bosses would provide relief-baskets, help those in jail for petty crime and even give them jobs; this idea was very helpful for the poor and immigrants who needed aid; also vehicles for making money; although reasoning was corrupt, these machines did help the growth of the urban area

Settlement House Movement

was one of the responses to the problem of immigrant communities and tenement homes; Hull House was the most famous and one of the first; were staffed by members of the educated middle class; sought to help immigrant families adapt to the language and customs of the new country; avoided condescension and moral disapproval of earlier philanthropic efforts; young college women did much work here as it benefitted them as well

Pan American Congress

was organized partly by James Blaine in October 1889; attracted delegates from 19 nations and here they agreed to create the Pan-American Union which served as a clearinghouse of information to the member nations

Winston Churchill

was the Prime Minister of Great Britain at this time; worked to gain U.S. support and armaments for Britain in order to protect themselves from German invasion; worked with Roosevelt to release the Atlantic Charter

Eugene Debs

was the leader of the Socialist Party; imprisoned for 10 years because of his affiliation with the Socialist Party and for speaking out against the war effort (punishable under the Sedition Act)

Black Cabinet

were black officials appointed by FDR to significant second-level positions in his administration; the idea of this was pushed by his wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, who was a champion of racial justice

The Big Four

were the principal figures in the negotiations that took place at the Paris Peace Conference; they were the leaders of the Allied nations; included David Lloyd George (Great Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), Vittorio Orlando (Italy), and Woodrow Wilson (America)

Okies

were the thousands of families of dispossessed farmers who wandered from town to town in search of jobs or handouts or housing as a result of the "Dust Bowl"; they travelled to California and other states to find conditions that were slightly better than the conditions they had left

Amistad case

west africans being brought to america as slaves carry out mutiny on ship, ordered captain to take ship back to africa but captain took it to connecticut. this was after slave trade was outlawed so supreme court eventually ruled that they were acting in self-defense

Scalawags

white southerners who supported Reconstruction-era Republicans were called this by their opponents; non-slaveholding small-time farmers,

League of Women Voters

women organized this league in response to the women's suffrage victory; advocated women's rights, among them the right for women to serve on juries and equal pay laws

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states. After this, Senator Jesse B Thomas of Illinois proposed an amendment prohibiting slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri. Congress adopted the Thomas Amendment.

John Marshall

"Father of the Supreme Court"; major Federalist and Virginian lawyer; chief justice at time of the Judiciary Act of 1789; shaped the ruling of Marbury v. Madison; the man that gave the judicial branch the same power and respect as the executive and legislative branch

National Greenback Party

"Greenbackers" formed their own political organization; active for 3 political elections; kept currency and other money issue alive

Spanish Armada

"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

Incas

A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

American Colonization Society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. It was an extremely difficult undertaking, but it was successful and returned Profits to New York.

Congregational Churches

A church grown out of the Puritan church, was established in all New England colonies but Rhode Island. It was based on the belief that individual churches should govern themselves

Quakers

A form of Protestantism in which the believers were pacifists and would shake at the power of the word of the Lord

Bill of Rights

A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the United States, incorporated in the Constitution as Amendments 1-10, and in all state constitutions.

Thomas Jefferson

He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.

Headright System

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

Characteristics of cities

High level of order and culture, social classes, government, values and religious beliefs, science and arts

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers. Proposed no more colonies be made from European powers in the Americas. Monroe declared, " the American continents... are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers." The United States what consider any foreign challenge to the sovereignty of existing American nations and unfriendly Act. At the same time, Monroe proclaimed, "Our policy in regard to Europe...is not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its powers." It emerged directly out of America's relations with Europe in the 1820s. Although it had few immediate effects, it was important as an expression of the growing Spirit of nationalism in the United States in the 1820s. And it is stablished the idea of the United States as the dominant power in the Western Hemisphere.

B.D. De Bow

an American publisher and statistician, best known for his influential magazine DeBow's Review. DeBow used his magazine to advocate the expansion of southern agriculture and commerce so that the southern economy could become independent of the North.

Federal Reserve Act

an act passed by Congress in 1913 that created 12 regional banks that were each to be owned and controlled by the individual banks of its district; these banks would hold a certain percentage of the assets of their member baks in reserve; these reserves would be used to support loans to private banks at an interest rate; a new type of paper currency would be issued; funds would be able to be shifted quickly to troubled areas

Meat Inspection Act

an act that helped to eliminate many diseases that were once transmitted in impure meat; was made in response to a book written by Upton Sinclair called "The Jungle"; was also the result of Roosevelt pushing Congress a lot

Pure Food and Drug Act

an act that restricted the sale of dangerous or ineffective medicines; was the result of Roosevelt pushing Congress a lot to enact this

War Industries Board (WIB)

an agency created to coordinate government purchases of military supplies; was at first pretty ineffective and disorganized, but when reconstructed, it wielded powers greater than any other government agency ever

Circular Loans

an agreement created by Charles Dawes that was meant to aid the enormous debt that many different countries were in; would provide loans to Germany so that they could pay back their reparation to Britain and France, who would in turn lower the amount owed and then they would pay back the debt they owed to the U.S.; this did not actually fix things because all the money went in a circular motion and solved nothing

Twenty-First Amendment

an amendment, ratified in 1933, that repealed prohibition (the 19th amendment); was repealed because FDR knew that allowing the sale and distribution of alcohol, he could aid the economy with the revenue gained

Rhineland

an area of western Germany along the Rhine; Hitler marched German army here, which was a strong violation of the Treaty of Versailles; he rearmed an area that France had controlled since WWI

Boomtowns

an area that experiences extremely rapid growth in both population and economy; occurred in mainly mineral-rich regions because of the mining boom where people were desperate to get rich quick from mining gold or silver

United Auto Workers

an auto union that was emerging in the 1930s; employed the sit-down strike; was recognized by GM because of the effect their sit-down strikes were having, and others followed suit

"Lost Cause" Myth

an idea romanticized in the south that referred to the negative outcome of the Civil War for the south and how they had no chance of winning; there were statues and monuments built of Civil War leaders because they were worshipped

"Big Stick" Diplomacy

an idea that belonged to Theodore Roosevelt; he believed in the value and importance of using American power in the world; came from proverb "Speak softly, but carry a big stick" which was meant to say that America needed to keep good relations with all, but a solid military needed to back America to ensure safety and preparedness

Armistice

an immediate cease-fire; German leaders sought this during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive and hoped that it would serve as a prelude to negotiations among the belligerent forces (American and other Allies)

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

an independent agency of the government of the United States created to influence public opinion to support US participation in World War I; supervised the distribution of much pro-war literature and propaganda; this included posters, newspapers and films as well as advertisements

U.S. Sanitary Commission

an organization of civilian volunteers led by social reformer Dorothea Dix; mobilized large numbers of female nurses to serve in field hospitals; women were the dominant force in nursing and nurses not only cared for patients, but they also cooked, cleaned and laundered

Al Capone

an organized crime leader from Chicago who built a criminal empire based largely on illegal alcohol; he guarded his criminal empire with 1,000 gunmen who contributed to the death of over 250 people between 1920-1927

Compromise of 1877

an unwritten deal that settled the election of 1876; it resulted in Hayes as the 19th president, the removal of government troops from the south and formally ended the reconstruction era

Roosevelt Corollary

announced by Roosevelt in 1904 as an addition to the Monroe Doctrine; motivation of this and the first opportunity to use it came from a crisis in the Dominican Republic; a revolution toppled its corrupt and bankrupt government

Copperheads

another name for the Peace democrats, which was the nickname used by their competition; they were greatly opposed to the new draft law; they posed a small problem for Lincoln as they advocated secession and because of Clement Vallandigham

Anti-Imperialist League

arose around the U.S. to oppose the acquisition of the Philippines and attracted a large following; included Andrew Carnegie, Mark Twain, Samuel Gompers and John Sherman; some believed that imperialism was immoral and was an impedance of human freedom; some felt that introducing the Asian race into American population would be "polluting" with an "inferior" race; industrial workers though that they would be undercut by cheaper laborers; sugar growers feared competition

William Howard Taft

assumed the presidency in 1909; progressive reformers believed him to be one of their own; was also a restrained jurist (a man with a meticulous regard for legal process); beat out William Jennings Bryan for presidency easily, but ended his presidency as the most decisively defeated presidents of the 20th century

Dawes Act

attempted to eliminate tribal ownership of land and switch to individual ownership; gave 160 acres to head of a family, 80 to adult or orphan, 40 to dependent child; adult owners were given full citizenship, but they could not own land for 25 years (meant to stop them from selling it);

Marcus Garvey

attracted a wide American following of mostly poor, urban blacks because of his ideology of black nationalism; encouraged African Americans to take pride in their own achievements and to develop an awareness of their African heritage; encouraged them to reject assimilation into white society and to develop pride in what he considered was their own superior race and culture; his UNIA launched a chain of black-owned grocery stores and businesses; said they should return to Africa to create a new society of their own

Edward Bellamy

author of the Utopian novel "Looking Backward"; this book described the experiences of a young Bostonian who went into a long sleep and woke up in 2000 to find a new social order where want, politics and vice were unknown; he was a proponent of sharing the wealth amongst everybody; "fraternal cooperation" instead of competition; "nationalism"

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

banned Chinese emigration to the United States for ten years and barred Chinese already in the country from becoming naturalized citizens; was passed by Congress in response to the growing hatred of the Americans towards Chinese immgrants

Cotton Gin's Effect on North and South

changed southern economy; northern states were able to use the cotton in the textile industry and make thread, cloth and yarn; south reverted primarily back to farming and increased crop production eightfold

Trench Warfare

characterized the conflict and was necessary because it was no longer feasible for troops to be out in an open field; machine guns and high-power artillery required trenches for safety of the troops; these sheltered troops and allowed them to fight limitedly; eventually trenches too were less effective because of flamethrowers and chemical weapons

Corporations

emerged as a major force after the Civil War when railroad magnates and industrialists realized that no single person or group of limited partners could finance their great ventures

Sit-Down Strike

employed by the United Auto Workers; employees inside the plants were supposed to sit down inside of the plants refusing to work or leave, which prevented the company from using strikebreakers; men were striking inside, while their wives and family members spread awareness and provided them with supplies to survive

The Embargo (1808)

enacted by Congress and prohibited American ships from leaving the United States for anywhere in the world; created a depression although it was not well-followed; merchants and shipowners were hurt the most by this; was replaced later by the Non-Intercourse Act

Homestead Act

enacted in 1862; allowed any citizen/prospective citizen to claim 160 acres of public land to purchase at a low price and live on in for a few years; they were able to stay on the land as long as they could make it profitable

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

guaranteed all bank deposits up to $2500 would be given to citizens if there was ever another economic crisis such a the Great Depression

Department Stores

helped transform buying habits and turn shopping into and alluring and glamorous activity; brought together in one store an enormous array of products, rather than being sold in separate shops; sought to create an atmosphere of wonder and excitement; stores were decorated well to show luxury and had lounging places to show that shopping could be a social endeavor; took advantage of economies of scale to sell merchandise at lower prices

Benito Mussolini

his fascist party gained control of Italy in the early 1920s and held onto it for awhile; the regime was becoming increasingly more militaristic and nationalistic; was an Italian dictator

Wild West Shows

idea of cowboys was romanticized as a person who was free from restraints of Eastern society; these shows gave the audience an image of the west in the romanticized version with the action and adventure of cowboys, Indians, wild animals, stagecoaches, parties and outlaws; these shows did not depict the actual lives of cowboys, but rather gave audiences the image of a wonderful life

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands. The emerging distinction between the public and private worlds, between the marketplace and the home, led to increasingly sharp distinctions between the social roles of men and women. Those things extinctions affected not only Factory workers and Farmers, but members of the growing middle-class as well. There had, of course, always been important differences between the male and female spheres in American society. Women had long been denied many legal on political rights enjoyed by men, which within the family, the husband and father had traditionally ruled, and the wife and mother had generally vowed to his demands and desires. It had long been practically impossible for most women to obtain divorce his, although divorces initiated by men are often easier to arrange. In Most states, husband's almost absolute authority over both the property and persons of their wives. Wife-beating was illegal and only a few areas and the law did not acknowledge that rape could occur within marriage. Women traditionally had very little access to the world of business or politics. Indeed, and most Communications custom dictated that women never speak in public before audiences that included men. Most women also had much less access to education than men, a situation that survived into the mid-nineteenth century. Although they were encouraged to attend school out of the elementary level they were strongly discouraged and even in most cases effectively barred from pursuing higher education. No longer income producers, middle-class women became Guardians of the domestic virtues. Their role as mothers and trusted with the nurturing of the young, seemed more Central to the family then it had in the past. And their role as wives and his companions and helpers to their husbands grew and more important as well. Middle-class women also became more important as consumers. They learn to place a high value on keeping a clean, comfortable, and well-appointed home, on entertaining, and on dressing elegantly and stylishly.

Gabriel Prosser

in 1800, he gathered 1000 rebellious slaves outside of Richmond; but 2 Africans gave the plot away, and the Virginia militia stymied the uprising before it could begin, along with 35 others he was executed.

Scottsboro Case

in March 1931, nine black teenage boys were taken off a freight train in Alabama and arrested for vagrancy and disorder; they were later accused of raping a white woman on the freight train; there was sufficient evidence to prove that this woman had not been raped, but because the all-white jury in Alabama discriminated against them; eventually all of them got out of prison eventually

Harlem Renaissance

in postwar Harlem, a new generation of black artists and intellectuals created a flourishing African American culture; there were nightclubs featuring musicians who became staples of national popular culture; in the 1920s, Harlem was above all in a center of literature, poetry and art that drew from African and American roots; African Americans were trying to embrace their racial heritage

Mass Consumption

in the 1920s many people could afford to purchase not just what was necessary for subsistence, but they also could afford to purchase things that they wanted; middle-class families could also buy appliances which revolutionized housework; most people could afford to buy comfort items and items for pleasure; automobile purchases were also greatly increasing

Panic of 1837

in the beginning of van Buren's presidency, many banks and businesses failed; unemployment grew; caused by the specie circular: stated that payment for public lands the government would accept only gold or silver or currency securely backed by gold or silver; prices fell, projects failed, no interest on bonds; worst depression at the point in U.S. history and laster 5 years; Democrats paid political price

Cash-and-Carry

policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies; Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them; had to do this because the earlier Neutrality Act had an arms embargo, and the revised version was meant to lift the embargo

Samuel Gompers

powerful leader of the American Federation of Labor (AFL); believed that it was important for women to remain in the home because they were lowering the wages of men and they had no necessity to work; believed strongly that a test of a man's worth was his ability to support and family; goal was to secure a greater share of capitalism's material rewards; hostile to worker parties (government-made)

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

this worked under an act providing for farmers and allowed the government to tell farmers how much they should produced and would pay them subsidies for leaving some of their land empty; helped bring a rise in prices for farm commodities after 1933; favored larger farmers over smaller ones

Hull House

opened in 1889 in Chicago under the work of Jane Addams; became a model for over 400 similar institutions throughout America; workers here maintained a close relationship with the field of sociology and work done by University of Chicago

Free soil movement

opposed the expansion of slavery in new states (particularly out west) ; subcatagory of the Republican party who were also abolitionists ; popular during the late antebellum period ; Abe Lincoln was the most influential person of this political party

North Carolina Regulators

organized effort by backcountry settlers to restore law and order and establish institutions of local government

Rocky Mountain School

painters romanticized the west; paintings + less Native American attacks + more railroads increased tourism of the west; celebrated the new west in grandiose canvases; some of their works were taken around eastern and midwestern states and attracted enormous crowds; paintings emphasized the ruggedness of the region; inspired a growing wave of tourism

Welfare Capitalism

paternalistic techniques used by some employers to avoid disruptive labor unrest and growth of independent trade unions; brought many workers economic benefits, but did not give them any control over their own fates; only affected a small number of workers and did not last long (ended with an economic crisis); there were wage increases, shortened work weeks and better sanitization conditions

Patronage

people of authority in high positions gave rewards, such as public office, jobs, contracts, subsidies or other things of value to a client or supporter; the battle over this overshadowed the presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes

The Gospel of Wealth

people of great wealth had not only great power, but great responsibilities as well; it was their duty to use their riches to advance social progress; the wealthy should consider all revenues in excess of their own needs as "trust funds" to be used for the good of the community; Carnegie was a huge advocate of this and he also contributed his money to building school, institutions, and libraries in order to help the poor to hep themselves

Timber Culture Act

permitted homesteaders to receive grants of 160 additional acres of land if they planted 40 acres of trees on them; was made by Congress in response to the westerners looking to the government for solutions to their problems

Spanish Civil War

pitted the fascists of Francisco Franco against the existing Republican government and attracted a large group of Americans to travel to Spain and fight against the fascists; this also gave Americans a feeling of meaning and purpose, rather than a feeling of self-loathing and shame

Albany Plan

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

Chemical Weapons

this new type of weapon was the most terrible of all as it allowed enemy troops to attack entrenched soldiers without direct combat; poisonous mustard gas was used and required troops to be carrying gas masks at all times; was used to overtake the trenches

Russian Revolution

this revolution toppled the reactionary czarist regime and replaced it with a republican government; after the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, Lenin was leader of the Russian government and he negotiated and costly peace with the Central Powers

Youth Culture

this separate culture emerged by the contribution of the growing important of education; came from society's recognition that a more extended period of training and preparation was necessary before a young person was ready to work; schools and colleges allowed students to develop their own social patterns, hobbies, interests and activities

Research and Development

this technique allowed business leaders to keep up with the rapid changes in industry in order to keep themselves relevant and necessary; was used in order to stay ahead of the competition; engineers were most highly tied to this agenda

American Expeditionary Force

this was a force commanded by General John Pershing; formed by the national draft portion of the army a well as the voluntary members of other armed forces; was very diverse in its make up: women could join (but were not allowed in combat) and African Americans also served in segregated units

"Moral Diplomacy"

this was a policy of Woodrow Wilson that he proposed in the election of 1912; this is the system in which support is given only to countries whose moral beliefs are analogous to that of America; condemned imperialism

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Bunker Hill

(June 17, 1775) Site of a battle early in the Revolutionary War. This battle contested control of two hills (Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill) overlooking Boston Harbor. The British captured the hills after the Americans ran-out of ammunition. "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!" Battle implied that Americans could fight the British if they had sufficient supplies.

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

William Bradford

A pilgrim that lived in a north colony called Plymouth Rock in 1620. He was chosen governor 30 times. He also conducted experiments of living in the wilderness and wrote about them; well known for "Of Plymouth Plantation."

Utopian Societies

Attempt to establish a "perfect" society where all inhabitants coexisted peacefully, crime did not exist, and no one was ever wanting for anything. Notable attempts include: Brook Farm, Hopedale Community, Oneida Community, and the Shakers. All failed.

The Louisiana Purchase

French owned a large amount of territory in America; Jefferson sent Livingston and Monroe to Paris to negotiate a treaty for the purchase of the territory; American representatives signed treaty 4//30/1803 and bought Louisiana territory for $15 million

Fall of France

Germany launched an invasion that went through Denmark and Norway, then to the Netherlands and Belgium and after into France; Italy later began attacks from the South, while Germany attacked from the North; France fell to Germans on June 22nd, 1940

Gender Ratio

In new England this ratio was more even than the south hense the North being more populated

Colonial Boycotts

In response to Stamp Acts. Didn't buy British goods. Merchants in Britain felt the loss, so Marquis of Rockingham repealed Stamp Act.

Virginia Resolves

In response to the 1765 Stamp Act, Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt several strongly worded resolutions that denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies.

Corn Maize

Mayans grew to feed their people so some could spend time making pottery, weaving cloth, studying stars, or building cities .

Tariffs

Taxes on imports or exports

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Restoration

The return of the Stuart monarchy (1660) after the period of republican government under Cromwell which was, in fact, a military dictatorship

Planter Aristocracy

The very small amount of families that owned more than 100 slaves each. These were the wealthy plantation owners that ran huge plantations. Created a large gap between upper and lower class. They had large white painted mansions. They sent their children to private institutions which hampered public schools.

Herman Cortes

He was a Spanish explorer who conquered the Native American civilization of the Aztecs in 1519 in what is now Mexico.

Shantytowns

also called Hoovervilles; were the towns that unemployed people established on the outskirts of cities to live in

The "Virginia Dynasty"

"dynasty" comprised of the four of the first five presidents (Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe), all of whom Virginian plantation owners. Many people in the North we're expressing impatience with this, but Republicans had no difficulty electing their candidate in the listless campaign of 1816.

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Frederick Douglas

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

McCormick Reaper

(1831) Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots. The introduction of the this in the 1830s fueled the establishment of large-scale commercial agriculture in the Midwest. The reaper enabled one worker to harvest as much wheat or any other small grain in a day as 5 could Harvest using older methods.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

(1842) a landmark ruling of the MA Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers. This caused other state courts gradually to accept the principles of the Massachusetts division. On the whole, however, the union movement of the 1840s and 1850s remained generally an effective. Some workers were reluctant to think of themselves as members of a permanent labor and force and resisted joining unions. But even those unions that did manage to recruit significant members of industrial workers were usually not large enough or strong enough to Stage strikes, and even less frequently strong enough to win them

Steamboats

-Perfected by Robert Livingston - now boats could travel up + down rivers easier -Stimulated agricultural economy of South & West, b/c cost to transport crops decreased -Connected states, built new industry - they were carrying far more cargo on the Mississippi than all the earlier forms of River Transportation combined

Telegraph

-created by Samuel F.B. Morse in 1846 -extended along tracks that were mostly up North -permitted constant communication and connection between States -Radically changed northern economy--sped up industrialization by increasing size and speed of marketplace

Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan

10% plan; looked for rapid reunification; deferred the issues of freedmen; wished to extend suffrage to the freedmen

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Salem

1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Massachussetts Bay puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress. Spectral evidence was used frequently.

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Maryland Act of Toleration

1649 - Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Stamp Act crisis

1765- Placed on colonists by England. Goals: raise money, take away colonist self-taxation rights, tax goods produced by colonists. The colonist protested successfully and the act was removed before it was put into place.

Shakers

1770's by "Mother" Ann Lee; Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world & neglectful of their afterlives; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships; practiced celibacy

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

XYZ Affair

1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Thomas Jefferson

3rd President of the United States, father of Declaration of Independence

James Monroe

5th president, begins expansionism including Florida and Missouri, as well as reigning over the Era of Good Feelings. He was 61 years old when he became president. In the long course of his long career, he had served as a soldier in the revolution, as a diplomat, and most recently as a Cabinet officer. He entered office under what seemed to be remarkably favorable circumstances. With the decline of the Federalists, his party face and no serious opposition. With the conclusion of the War of 1812, the nation faced no important International or threats. American politicians had dreams since the first dates of the Republic of a time and in which partisan divisions and factional speeds might come to an end. In the prosperous post-war years, this person attempted to use his office to realize that dream. Had a "Goodwill Tour."

John Quincy Adams

6th president from 1825-1829; served in the Senate and House of Representatives; son of President John Adams; helped formulate the Monroe Doctrine as Secretary of State; lost his re-election to Andrew Jackson; viewed as one of the greatest diplomats in American history, even though his presidency had much turmoil and conflict. While he was Secretary of State, his first conflict was Florida. The United States had already annexed West Florida, but that claim remained in dispute. He began negotiations with the Spanish Minister, Luis de Onis, and hopes of resolving the dispute and gaining the entire territory for the United States.

Andrew Jackson

7th president of the US; successfully defended New Orleans from the British in 1815; expanded the power of the presidency. Favored by many in the South and West. Was a major role in the Seminole War.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Coreurs de Bois

A Canadien trader ("Runner of the woods" in English) who paddled on long journeys into the wilderness to trade for furs with the First Nations.

Massachusetts Bay Company

A group of wealthy Puritans who were granted a royal charter in 1629 to settle in Massachusetts Bay

Plantation

A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.

Fugitive Slave Act

A law put in place in the northern United States that required citizens and police officers alike in helping to return runaway slaves to their owners; southerners demanded a law that be very harshly enforced which required the northern states to return fugitive slaves to their owners

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

Judiciary Act of 1801

A law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists.

Patrick Henry

A leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies.

Factory system

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building. Improved technology and increasing demand produce the fundamental change. It came first in the New England textile industry. There, entrepreneurs we're beginning to make use of new and larger machines driven by water power that allowed them to bring textile operations together under a single roof. This spread rapidly in the 1820s and begin to make serious inroads into the old home base system of spinning thread and weaving cloth.

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Abolitionism

A movement to end slavery

"Era of Good Feelings"

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. There were no International conflicts because the War of 1812 had come to an end.

Associated press

A new form of Journalism that drew communities in to a common communication system. In 1846, Richard how invited the steam cylinder rotary press, making it possible to print newspapers rapidly and cheaply. The development of the telegraph, together with the introduction of the rotary press, made possible much speedier collection and distribution of news than ever before. In 1846, newspaper Publishers from around the nation formed this organization to promote Cooperative newsgathering by wire, and no longer did they have to depend on the cumbersome exchange of newspapers for out-of-town reports.

Phrenology

A now defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics, ranging from memory to the capacity for happiness, are localized in specific regions of the brain.

Indigo

A plant that yields a dark blue dye.

Paternalism

A policy of treating subject people as if they were children, providing for their needs but not giving them rights.

Fort Necessity

A poorly made fort by George Washington and his men out of necessity

Report on Manufactures of 1791

A proposal written by Hamilton promoting protectionism in trade by adding tariffs to imported goods in order to protect American industry Though congress did not do anything with it, the report later influenced later industrial policies.

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization formed by Samuel Adams after the passage of the Stamp Act to protest various British acts; organization used both peaceful and violent means of protest

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Navigation Acts

A series of British regulations which taxed goods imported by the colonies from places other than Britain, or otherwise sought to control and regulate colonial trade. Increased British-colonial trade and tax revenues. The Navigation Acts were reinstated after the French and Indian War because Britain needed to pay off debts incurred during the war, and to pay the costs of maintaining a standing army in the colonies.

The Great Compromise

A state's representation in the House of Representation would be based on population; Two senators for each state; all bills would originate in the house; direct taxes on states were to be assessed according to population

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Tariff of Abominations

A tariff on imported goods in 1828. This measure originated with the demands of Massachusetts and Rhode Island Wallen manufacturers, who complained that the British were dumping textiles on the American Market at artificially Hilo prices. Let's win support from middle and western states, the administration had to accept duties on other items. In the process, it antagonize the original New England supporters of the bill, and the benefits of protecting their manufactured goods from foreign competition now had to be weighed against the prospect of having to pay more for raw materials. Adams signed the bill, earning the animosity of Southerners, who cursed it as "this."

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

Articles of Confederation

Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the Articles established the United States of America. The Articles granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states. The result was a poorly defined national state that couldn't govern the country's finances or maintain stability. The Constitution replaced them in 1789

Party Loyalty

Americans viewed their party affiliations with passion and enthusiasm and were intensely loyal to their parties; reflected factors other than stances on actual public issues; some were loyal because of their region and some because of what the party symbolized; religious and ethnic differences were also important in loyalties

Commercial Agriculture

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. (I don't know what this actually is either.)

Religious Diversity

Allowing people to worship on their views mainly in middle colonies

Aztecs

Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax; Cortes conquered them for Spain

Neutrality

America declared this for the majority of WWI, but was unrighteously forced into choosing between Britain and Germany when it came to trade; Britain put up blockades to prevent American ships from trading with Germany and in response to this, rather than stop trade with Britain as well, America chose to continue trade with Britain and stop trade with Germany; this act transitioned America to become part of the Allies

Loyalists (Tories)

American Colonists who were loyal to the King

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.

Chesapeake-Leopard Incident

American ship encountered British ship; American commander refused to allow British to search their ship and the British opened fire; Americans were forced to surrender and British took American sailors; caused British ships to be expelled from American waters; caused outrage in the American colonists

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Ralph Waldo emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Edgar allan Poe

American writer known especially for his macabre poems, such as "The Raven" (1845), and short stories, including "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839).

Coercive Acts or Intolerable Acts

British right to posses rules over Americans.

Yorktown

British under Cornwallis surrendered after a siege of three weeks by American and French troops; ended the American Revolution

Denmark Vessy

An African American who tried to lead a violent slave revolt and flee to Haiti, but was betrayed before it began and was executed with 34 other people.

Christopher Columbus

An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503.

Sugar Act of 1764

An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.

Extractive Industries

An industry where materials are obtained from under the ground in drilling, mining, and quarrying. (such as oil and coal)

Ordinances of Discovery

An order by the Spanish king in the 1570s that banned the most brutal military conquests. This established American presence in the new world through colonization

Lecompton Constitution

Another constitutional convention was held in 1857 in which a constitution was drafted to legalize slavery and disallow the voters input; was rejected by more than 100,000 voters; a compromise was made over this, that Kansas would have this submitted again and if approved, Kansas would be admitted to the Union; if denied, statehood would be postponed; the Kansas voters rejected the constitution again

Lexington and Concord

April 8, 1775: Gage leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Adam, and Hancock; April 19, 1775: 70 armed militia face British at Lexington (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way (concord)

"Cotton Kingdom"

Areas in the south where cotton farming developed because of the high demand for cotton

Theocratic Society

Built on religious beliefs of Puritans and Calvinists

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Turnpike Era

Began in 1790's ended in the 1820's, the first turnpike was built out of hard packed stone, stretching 60 miles between Philadelphia and Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Turnpikes are named after the types of tollgates used on them. Americans had relied largely on roads for internal Transportation, but in a country as large as the United States, it was becoming difficult for the Nations expanding and needs using just roads alone.

Lord Cornwallis

Best remembered as one of the leading British Generals in The American Revolutionary War. His 1781 defeat by a combined American-French force at the Siege of Yorktown is generally considered to de-facto end of war, as a bulk of British troops surrendered to him.

Public Education

Between 1830-1850, many northern states opened free public schools. Education allowed kids more chances. (Leaders; Horace Mann)

General Braddock

Blundering British officer whose defeat gave the advantage to the French and Indians in the early phase of the war

Catholic Church

Branch of Christianity established in 1054 and establishes itself in Western Europe. Noted for its separation from the political sphere, celibacy in its clergy, and instance of the bishop of Rome, or pope, as its ultimate authority in Christian belief and practice.

Election of 1828

By this time, a new two party system had begun to emerge out of the divisions among the Republicans. On one side stud the supporters of John Quincy Adams, who called themselves the national Republicans and who supported the economic nationalism of the preceding years. Opposing them were the followers of Andrew Jackson, who took the name Democratic Republicans and who called for an assault and on privilege and a widening of opportunity. Atoms attracted the support of most of the remaining Federalists, and Jackson appealed to the a broad Coalition that opposed the economic aristocracy. Issues seem to count for little in the end, as the campaign degenerated into a war of personal invective. The Jacksonian the charge that Adams as president had been guilty of gross waste and extravagance and had used public funds to buy gambling devices for the White House. Adams his supporters Harold even worse accusations at Jackson. They called him a murderer and distributed a cough and a handbill, which listed, within coffin shaped outlines, the names of militia men on Jackson was said to have shot and cold blood during the War of 1812 (he did not actually kill them). And they called his wife a bigamist. Jackson had married his love Rachel at a time when the pair incorrectly believed her first husband had divorced her. Shortly after, Jackson's wife died and Jackson blamed his opponents for her death. Jackson defeats John Quincy Adams in this election, becoming our 7th President. Jackson had votes from almost all the southern and western states, while Adams gained all his following from the northern New England states and mid Atlantic region. This election was considered as meaningful as the election of 1800.

Tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown

The Marshall Court

Chief Justice, John Marshall, served the United States from 1801 to 1835, and he dominated the court more fully than anyone else before or since. More than anyone but the framers themselves, he molded the development of the Constitution: strengthening the judicial branch at the expense of the executive and legislative branches, increasing the power of the federal government at the expense of the states, and advancing the interest of the property and Commercial classes. Asserted federal power over states (McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden, Cohens v Virginia); judicial branch determined the meaning of Constitution (Marbury v. Madison).

Mormons

Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT

Racial Hierarchy

Classification or stratification of certain groups based on physical characteristics. The group who makes the hierarchy is on top. The more different, the lower you rank.

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Plymouth

Colony settled by the Pilgrims. It eventually merged with Massachusetts Bay colony.

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

Noah Webster

Connecticut schoolmaster and lawyer; thought American children should be educated like Patriots (teach them nationalism); developed simplified American version of spelling words; published school dictionary, "American Spelling Book", and "Blue-Backed Speller"

Huguenots

Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants.

The Birth of a Nation

D.W. Griffith's film that glorified the early Klan and helped inspire white southerners to form a new KKK

First Continental Congress

Delagates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and to promote independence

Diseases brought by the spanish

Diseases that were brought to North America by the colonists were diseases such as smallpox, measles and the flu. The Native Americans had no immunity to the diseases and many died.

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however. He declined an offer to be Secretary of War under President Monroe.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Douglas had no stance on slavery morally and Lincoln believed that slavery was morally wrong; Lincoln argued that slavery threatened the spread of free labor and thus, the future of the country; Lincoln could not think of an alternative where slavery already existed but stated he would fight the spread of it; Lincoln lost the election but gained a following not just in his own state

Anti-abolitionist violence

Due to the spread of the abolitionist movement, violence arose from those in favor of slavery in the 1830s. (ex, a mob in Philly attacked the abolitionist headquarters, the "Temple of Liberty," in 1834, burned it to the ground, and began a bloody race riot.

Ferdinand & Isabella

During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus.

Trancendentalists

First purely american bodies of thought. Focused on the individual and communion with nature. religious and philosophical movement that developed during the late 1820s and '30 in the Eastern region of the United States as a protest against the general state of spirituality. Celebration of individualism, nature and westward expansion

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States, which precipitated a series of State bank failures along with it. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings. Caused the Second National Bank to become a major or debate of political issues.

Mercantalism

Economic system of trading nations; belief that a nation's power was directly related to its wealth; believed wealth was finite

Know Nothing Party

Elected Millard Fillmore as their presidential candidate in the Election of 1856; they were beginning to break apart, as they did not have much of a following anymore, but the remnants of the Whig Party also supported Fillmore with them for president

Peace of Paris, 1763

Ended the French and Indian (Seven Years') War, France gave up all their territories in the mainland of North America.

Subjugation of Ireland

England's first attempt at colonization. Followed the Plantation Model

Separatists

English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. Included the Pilgrims and Quakers. "Extreme Puritans."

Pilgrims

English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620

Plantation Model

English believed that should keep themselves separate from native population, so when colonized, tried to make enclosed society that was transplantation of English society.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

George III

English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.

George Whitfield

English preacher who led the Great Awakening by traveling through the colonies

Roanoke

Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.

Currency issue

Every colony had a different form of currency, leading to troubles during trade

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of goods, ideas, diseases, and people between the Americas, Africa, and Europe. Each region was significantly impacted as a result of trade and contact.

Election of 1940

FDR neither stated that he wanted to run for a third term, nor did he back down in the election; he established trust already from being a relatively successful president and because of this, no other Democrat could get a foothold in running against him for the nomination; FDR took a third term as president, which was unprecedented

Federalists and Anti-federalists

First Political Parties in America. Federalists wanted a strong central government, anti-federalists wanted to prevent a tyrannical government from developing through a central government that was too strong

George Washington's Presidency

First president, 2 terms set a two term precedent until FDR, most popular due to war effort, his vice president was Adams

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

American Antislavery society

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Soverignty

Government power over state powers of government

Teapot Dome Scandal

Harding Administration scandal in which Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall profited from secret leasing to private oil companies of government oil reserves in Wyoming

Munich Conference

Hitler met with the leader of France and Great Britain in an effort to resolve the crisis instead of starting WWII; both French and British leaders agreed to accept German demands for Czechoslovakia in return for Hitler's promise to expand no farther

Interchangeable Parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing. Created by Eli Whitney and Simeon North, in which they had tried it to introduce this into gun factories, and now found their way into many Industries. Eventually, interchangeability would revolutionize Watch & Clock making, the manufacturing of locomotives and steam engines, and the making of many farm tools. It would also help make possible such newer devices as bicycles, sewing machines, typewriters, cash registers, and eventually the automobile.

Cult of Honor

Importance of southern white male to keep their dignity, authority and manhood. This often took the form of avenging insults, which was a social necessity and the gentlemen's obligation. An example of this is the scenario with Senators Preston Brooks and Charles Sumner.

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Court-Packing Plan

Roosevelt thought that they should overhaul the federal court system and add 6 new justices; claimed that the courts were overworked and needed additional power and fresh ideas to enable them to cope with their burdens

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Social Darwinism

a harsh theory that argued that individuals who failed did so because of their own weakness and unfitness; encouraged a broad critique of government intervention in social and economic life

Transcontinental Railroad

In order to link the East and West, it was decided that the construction of this would be necessary; they agreed on the need for this, but northerners and southerners argued over where it's eastern terminus should be; North wanted it somewhere like Chicago; South wanted it in either St. Louis, Memphis or New Orleans; became a part of the struggle between the north and the south; wanted to connect the eastern part to those already existing in the west

Powhatan

Indian tribe who kidnapped John Smith. Its chieftain wished to dominate other tribes that were a part of the loosely affiliated Powhatan Confederacy. They were involved in 2 wars with the Virginians and served no economic purpose for the colonists.

Indian Reservations

Indians were sent to reservations to "protect their culture". In reality, these reservations just pulled Indians off of lands the whites wanted and kept them separate from American society.

New York City

It became the new "New Orleans." It contains the Erie Canal and many already existing roads, which allowed it to become very prominent and successful.

National Road

It was proposed that the federal government should fund the construction of Roads . Could be referring to the first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.

Turner's Frontier Thesis

Jackson Turner argued that the end of the frontier also marked the end of one of the most important democratizing forces in American life; his ideas were incorrect and gave an inaccurate description of the west in which he claimed that it had always been an uncivilized vacant area waiting to be settled

Martin Van Buren

Jackson's secretary of state; established as a member of both the official cabinet and the unofficial "kitchen cabinet" of Jackson; he grew more influential to Jackson as he and Calhoun grew farther and farther apart; helped create one of the first modern party organizations in the United States

Election of 1800

Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President.

Lewis and Clark Expeditions

Jefferson sent these two men to explore the territory before they obtained it from the French; he wanted an idea of the geography of the area as well as possibility of trade with the Indians; had help from Sacajawea in crossing mountains and rivers; kept a diary

Barbary Pirates

Jefferson stopped paying the normal tribute to this group because he felt that it was ridiculous; they required those who used the Mediterranean to pay protection fees; caused Jefferson to build an American navy; U.S. had to pay ransom for lost sailors after a war

Open Door Policy

John Hay wrote this where he asked England, Germany, Russia, France, Japan and Italy to approve 3 things: 1) each nation with influence in China had to respect the rights of other nations that influenced China, 2) Chinese officials were to continue collection of tariff duties and 3) nations were not to discriminate other nations in levying port dues and railroad rates; would allow U.S. to trade freely with Chinese without fear of interference

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Johnson vetoed both of them, but it was overrode by Congress; lead to the fourteenth amendment and stated that all people born or naturalized in the United States are citizens no matter race, color or previous condition

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

Phillip II

King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies.

Pidgin

Language that may develop when two groups of people with different languages meet. The pidgin has some characteristics of each language.

Proclomation of 1763

Law created by British officials that prohibited colonists from settling in areas west of the Appalachian Mountains

Slave Codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Urban Growth

Many cities and towns end up with in the United States of America, which was increasing in population, these cities and towns grew bigger and bigger as time went on. The Western regions of the USA also experience too much growth because there was a booming agricultural economy and communities that used to be small were now big the trading post or major cities.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Marshall confirmed the implied powers of congress by upholding the constitutionality of the bank of the United States. The bank had become so unpopular in the south in the west that several of the stage try to drive branches out of business buy outright prohibition or by confiscatory taxes. This case presented two constitutional questions: could Congress to Charter a bank? And if so, could individual states ban it or tax it? Daniel Webster, one of the banks attorneys, argued that establishing such an institution came within the necessary and proper clause of the Constitution and that the power to tax involves the power to destroy. If the states could tax the bank at all, Webster said, they could tax it to death. Marshall adopted Webster's words in deciding for the bank.

Minutemen

Member of a militia during the American Revolution who could be ready to fight in sixty seconds

The Cattle Kingdom

Mexican ranchers' methods were learned and used by Americans in Texas; these cattle roamed the open-range; cattle ranching and cattle drives were some of the most romanticized features of the 19th century; their was a major boom in the industry in which cattle were part of a very big business

Panamanian Revolt

Roosevelt was angered by the lack of cooperation by the Colombian government in giving the U.S. rights to a 6 mile wide "canal zone"; because of this he helped to organize and finance a revolution in Panama; the help of the U.S. prevented Colombian forces from suppressing the rebellion

Pueblo revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Bloody Mary

Oldest daughter of Henry VIII. Queen of England from 1553-58. Known for her ruthless, deadly suppression of the Anglicanism in attempting to re-Catholicize England.

Treaty of Paris

agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Original resident of Brook Farm; disillusionment of utopias; The Scarlet Letter

Olive Branch Petiton

Petition sent by colonists to George III to assert loyalty & ask to resolve grievances peacefully - rejected

Ostend Manifesto

Pierce wanted to diplomatically buy Cuba from Spain, a continuation of the efforts of James K. Polk; a contact in Ostend, Belgium sent him a document that advocated taking Cuba by force, rather than diplomacy; this document was later leaked to the public and it caused an uproar; anti-slavery northerners charged the administration with trying to bring another slave state into the Union

Republican Party

Political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery & consisted of Whigs, N. Democrats, & Free-Soilers in defiance to the Slave Powers

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to the Spice Island by sailing around the American continent. His crew was the first to circumnavigate the world.

Iroquois Confederacy

Powerful group of Native Americans that bound 5 Native American Nations. Located in NY, they were in constant conflict with Europeans.

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

John Adam's Presidency

President 1797-1801. He was a lawyer so he didn't care what people thought of him. He was loud and spoke his mind. Wanted everyone to respect America. Proposed Alien and Sedition ACts

George Greenville

Prime Minister of England, began enforcing 1763 Navigation Acts strictly and instituted other taxes the colonists found unbearable

Conservation

Roosevelt was the first president to take an active interest in this American movement; many who supported this movement promoted policies to protect land for carefully managed development; Roosevelt restricted private development on millions of acres of undeveloped land government land by adding them to the national forest system

Turnpikes

Privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them. (Last quizlet has definition)

Pinkney's Treaty

Promise from Spain to prevent attacks on attacks from Native Americans

Clay's "American System"

Proposed after the War of 1812, it included using federal money for internal improvements (roads, bridges, industrial improvements, etc.), enacting a protective tariff to foster the growth of American industries, and strengthening the national bank.

Bank of The United States

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.

Protective Tariff

Protectionist in Congress one passage of a teraflop that effectively limited competition from abroad on a wide range of items, the most important of which was kind cloth. There were objections from agricultural Interest, Who would have to pay higher prices for manufactured goods as a result. But the Nationalist to dream of creating an important American industrial economy prevailed.

Shays' Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

The "Corrupt Bargain"

Refers to the claim from the supporters of Andrew Jackson that John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay had worked out a deal to ensure that Adams was elected president by the House of Representatives in 1824. Henry Clay had thrown all his followers behind John Quincy Adams in order for him to win the presidency over Andrew Jackson, which infuriated Jacksonians.

Protestant Reformation

Religious reform beginning in 1519. It split the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches, among many others.

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

Election of 1916

Republican candidate was progressive New York governor, Charles Evans Hughes who had the support of TR; Democratic candidate was Woodrow Wilson and he was know at this point for keeping the U.S. out of war; Wilson won reelection by a small amount

Election of 1932

Republican party renominated Hoover, but Democrats nominated FDR; FDR won by a landslide against Hoover and Democrats won majorities in both houses of Congress

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Resolutions passed in 1798 that attacked the Alien and Sedition Acts as being unconstitutional

"New Nationalism"

Roosevelt outlined a set of principles that made clear that he had moved a considerable way from cautious conservatism of the first years of his presidency; argued that social justice was possible only through the vigorous efforts of a strong federal government; supported graduated income, inheritance tax, worker's compensation for industrial accidents, regulation of the labor of women and children, tariff revision and firmer regulation of corporations

Dred Scott Decision

Scott was not a citizen, therefore, had no rights under the constitution; Congress could not take property without "due process of law"; stated that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional; this decision was made under Roger B. Taney

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Tenure of Office Act

Senate approval was required to fire somebody; was intended to restrict presidential power in removing officials from office by requiring Senate approval; act that got President Johnson impeached

Huey Long

Senator of Louisiana who attacked banks, oil companies and utilities; he built roads, hospitals and schools, revised tax codes and distributed free textbooks; he made the Share-Our-Wealth plan which stated that we should take money from the rich and spread it amongst the poor

The federalist papers

Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists

Rutherford B. Hayes

Served as the Republican candidate for the 19th president of the United States in 1876; as part of his presidency, he oversaw the end of reconstruction and worked towards civil service reforms; tried to reconcile over divisions made by the war

Judith Sargent Murray

She was an early American advocate for women's rights. She held many ideas about women's education that were extremely radical for the late 1700's. She wrote religious, political, and personal essays and letters that helped people understand the importance of education in a woman's world.

General Thomas Gage

The British Military Governor of Massachusetts.

Election of 1856

The Democratic candidate was James Buchanan of Pennsylvania and the Republican nominated John C. Fremont; the Democrats tried to stick with a candidate who was not close to the Kansas-Nebraska business, while the Republicans chose somebody who denounced the Kansas-Nebraska Act, opposed slavery expansion, but also wanted internal improvements; the Know-Nothing party and the remainder of the Whig Party endorsed Millard Fillmore

Initiative

allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislation directly to the voters in general elections

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification. He was appointed as Secretary of War under President Monroe.

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina was furious over the Tariff of 1828 "Abominations"; new 1832 tariff called a convention and nullified tariffs; Jackson said nullification was treason and proposed force bill that allowed president to use military to ensure acts of Congress are obeyed; Henry Clay compromised to lower tariffs slowly; Jackson signed compromise and force bill; South Carolina repealed nullification but nullified force bill

"Southern Lady"

Southern women had less power than those in the North. Their lives centered around the home, and they had subordinate status (isolated on farms and received less education than Northern women).

Conquistadores

Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.

James Madison

Strict constructionist, 4th president, father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812, author of Bill of Rights

Temperance Crusade

Supported mostly by women and employers. Alcohol was viewed as an inhibitor to performance in families and factories; Women's Christian Temperance Union formed; pressed for legislative abolition of saloons.

William Pitt

The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

Kansas-Nebraska Act

The act was passed by president Frankling Pierce, but was drafted by Stephen Douglas; this act stated that slavery in the states acquired from Mexico would have popular sovereignty, repeal of the Missouri Compromise, division of the area into two separate states (Kansas and Nebraska) and Kansas would be more likely to be a slave state; had complete support of southerners, some support from northerners and was passed in May 1854

Immigration

The active people moving from one country to another. In this case, many Germans and Irish did this. There are also other countries that had people move to the USA, but these were the main two. The Germans moved over because of widespread poverty caused from the economic dislocations of the Industrial Revolution that Germany was witnessing. The Irish moved over because of the devastating Potato Famine of 1845 to 1849 where many people died, and these Irish people looked to move to a safer place.

Gibbens v. Ogden

The court strengthened congress's power to regulate interstate commerce. The state of New York had indirectly granted Aaron Ogden the business of carrying passengers across the river between New York and New Jersey. But Thomas Gibbons, with a license granted under an act of Congress, began competing with Ogden for the ferry traffic. Ogden brought suit against him and one in the New York courts. Gibbons appealed to the Supreme Court. The most important question facing the justices was whether congress's power to give Givens a license to operate his fairy superseded the state of New York's power to Grant Ogden in Monopoly. Marshall claimed that the power of congress to regulate interstate commerce was complete in itself and might be exercised to its utmost extent. Ogden's State granted Monopoly, therefore, was void.

Declaration of Independence

The document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Continental Congress

The legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution

Protestant Revivalism

The movement that had begun with the Second Great Awakening early on the 18th century, and had evolved into a powerful force for social reform by the 1820s.

Corporations

The organization of business was also changing. Individuals or limited Partnerships continue to operate most businesses, and this dominating Figures were still the great Merchant capitalists, who generally had sole ownership of their Enterprises. In some larger businesses, however, the individual Merchant capitalists was giving way to these. These begin to develop particularly rapidly in the 1830s, once I'm legal obstacles to their formation were removed. Previously, one of these could obtain a charter only by a special Act of the state legislature, which was a cumbersome process that stippled growth. By the 1830s, however, states were beginning to pass General in corporation laws, under which a group could secure a charter merely by paying a fee. The new laws also permitted as system of limited liability, which meant that individual stockholders were losing only the value of their own investment if one of these should fall, and that they were not liable for the things larger losses. The rise of these new things made possible the accumulation of much greater amounts of capital and hence made possible martial arts your manufacturing and business enterprises.

Slave Markets

The slave market (foreign and domestic) was horrible; it separated families and dehumanized the slaves. The trade assisted in the spread of slavery and reinforced the idea that blacks were beneath whites.

Starving Time

The winter of 1609 to 1610 was known as the "starving time" to the colonists of Virginia. Only sixty members of the original four-hundred colonists survived. The rest died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world.

North Economic Diversity

Their economy was based on not just farming, like the south. It was more diverse (iron, manufacturing).

Spanish Missions

Their purpose was to convert and civilize Native Americans

Great White Fleet

Theodore Roosevelt sent these 16 battleships of the new American navy on a journey around the world; he did this to show, mainly Japan, that the United States was powerful; the ships were painted white so that they would stick out on the water, unlike the other ship that were usually grey to blend in

Charles G. finney

This Presbyterian minister appealed to his audience's sense of emotion rather than their reason. His "fire and brimstone" sermons became commonplace in upstate New York, where listeners were instilled with the fear of Satan and an eternity in Hell. He insisted that parishioners could save themselves through good works and a steadfast faith in God. This region of New York became known as the "burned-over district," because this minister preached of the dangers of eternal damnation across the countryside

Mutiny Act of 1765

This act, also known as the Quartering Act, required colonists to help provision and maintain the army

Second Bank of the United States

This institution was chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. It became unpopular after being blamed for the panic of 1819, and suspicion of corruption and mismanagement haunted it until its charter expired in 1836. Jackson fought against this institution throughout his presidency, proclaiming it to be an unconstitutional extension of the federal government and a tool that rich capitalists used to corrupt American society. This had more Capital than its predecessor. It could not forbid State Banks to issue currency, but it's size and power enabled it to dominate The State Banks. It could compel them to issue only sound notes or risk being forced out of business.

Daughters of Liberty

This organization supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent.

British Surrender at Saratoga

Turning point of the war, led to the French alliance with colonies

Lowell System

This system relied heavily, indeed almost exclusively, on young unmarried women. In England and other areas of industrial Europe, the conditions of work for women were often horrifyingly bad. A British parliamentary investigation revealed, for example that women workers in the coal mines and dirt unimaginably wretched conditions. Some had to crawl in their hands and knees, naked and filthy, through cramped, narrow tunnels, pulling heavy Kool karts behind them. It was little wonder that English visitors to American considered are the Lowell mills a female Paradise by contrast. The workers lived in clean boarding houses in dormitories, which the factory owners maintained for them. They were well fed and carefully super vised. Because many new englanders considered the employment of women to be vaguely and moral, the factory owners Place great emphasis on maintaining a proper environment for their employees, enforcing strict curfews and requiring regular Church attendance. Employers quickly dismissed women suspected of immoral conduct. Wages for the workers were generous by the standards of the time. The women even found time to write and publish a monthly magazine.

Slave Power Conspiracy

This was the belief that the south was the antithesis of democracy and that they were a closed, static society where common whites could not improve; a belief that there was no improvement occurring in the south as a result of slavery; they believed that the south was engaged in a movement that was planning to extend slavery throughout the nation and therefore, to destroy the northern capitalism and replace it with the closed, aristocratic system of the south; they believed that the only solution to this was to fight the spread of slavery and extend the nation's democratic, free-labor ideals to the whole country

The middle class

This was the fastest growing group in America. The expansion of this class was in part a result of the growth of the industrial economy and the increasing commercial or life that accompanied it. Economic Development opened many more opportunities for people to own or work in businesses, to own shops, to engage in trade, to enter professions, and to administer organizations. In earlier times, when ownership of land had been the only real basis of wealth, Society had been divided between people with land, little land, or no land, and a landed gentry. Once Commerce and Industry became a source of wealth, these rigid distinctions broke down, and many people who did not own land could become prosperous by providing valuable services to the new economy or by owning Capital other than land. In the years before the Civil War, this class established itself as the most influential cultural form of urban America. These families lived in solid and often substantial homes, which, like the wealthy, they tended to own. Workers and artisans we're increasingly and becoming renters, and a relatively new phenomenon in American cities that spread Wiley in the early 19th century. Women in this class tended to remain in the home and care for the children in the household, although increasingly you they were also able to hire servants, which were usually a young, unmarried immigrant women who put in long hours of arduous work for very little money. One of the aspirations of the women in an age when doing the family's laundry could take an entire day was to escape from some of the drudgery of housework.

Republican Party

Those who opposed Douglas' new bill and split from their parties began to, separately call themselves Anti-Nebraska Democrats and Anti-Nebraska Whigs; these two parties eventually coalesced into one party know as the Republican Party; this party instantly became a major force in American politics; this party was formed as a result of the opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819

Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida and its claim to territory north of the 42nd Parallel in the Pacific Northwest. In return, the American government gave up its claims to Texas.

Jay's Treaty

Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory

Quasi War with France

Undeclared sea war fought between France and the U.S. between 1798 and 1800, resulted partially from the XYZ affair

Virtual and Actual Representation

Virtual--belief that every Parliament member represented everyone in British empire, not just his own district. Actual--belief in America that members of colonial assemblies represented the people of the geographical district in which they ran for office

The Bonus March

WWI veterans were supposed to be paid a $1000 bonus and they wanted it immediately, which Hoover rejected; they went into Washington and would not leave until their demands were met; police were brought in to get rid of them, and eventually the U.S. Army

Washington's Farewell Address

Warns against sectionalism and foreign affairs, wants everyone to stay strong as a nation. Encourages things written by Hamilton

John Brown

Was known as one of the most fervent abolitionists in Kansas; considered himself an instrument of God's will to destroy slavery; he brought his sons with him to Lawrence in order to fight to make Kansas a free state and this resulted in what is known as the Potawatomie Massacre; during this, him and his sons killed 5 pro-slavery settlers and left their mutilated bodies out for all to see; "Bleeding Kansas" symbol came from this occurrence

Gadsden Purchase

Was negotiated by James Gadsden, where he persuaded the Mexican government to accept $10 million in exchange for a strip of land that comprises part of Arizona and New Mexico; this land would have helped to facilitate the production of the southern route of the transcontinental railroad; it only accentuated the sectional rivalry

Franklin Pierce

Was the Democratic candidate during the election of 1852; politician from New Hampshire; he tried to avoid major issues that would divide his votes, such as the topic of slavery, which was an unachievable goal; had a goal of stopping sectional controversy by supporting the "Young America" movement

Election of 1792

Washington ran unopposed and was re-elected. This win established the principle of regular elections. This win showed that the presidency under the Articles of Confederation would work

Proprietary Rule

Where the colony was owned by a group of people and ruled by them, although paying a tribute to the king.

James Buchanan

Won a narrow victory in the Election of 1856; he was a very timid and weak presidential character and was very indecisive, which proved terrible qualities to have during this time in the United States history; his presidency left a bad taste in the mouth of everyone; his presidency began with a financial crisis and huge economic depression; manufacturers suffered greatly and held grievances against he president

Lusitania

a British passenger liner that was sunk by a German submarine on May 7th, 1915; there was no warning of this attack and 1,198 people were killed, 128 of which were Americans; was enraging to Americans because Germany had promised not to attack passenger ships, but it was later found that this liner also contained supplies and munitions

Fundamentalism

a Protestant religious movement grounded in the belief that all the stories and details in the Bible are literally true; a term derived from an influential set of pamphlets that were published before WWI; those who followed this idea were outraged at the abandonment of traditional beliefs in the face of scientific discoveries; opposed the teachings of Charles Darwin; was a highly evangelical movement

W.E.B. Du Bois

a chief spokesman for a new approach to the issue of race relations; had the same kind of goal as Booker T. Washington, but denounced his ways and said that he encouraged white efforts of segregation; believed that blacks should receive everything that whites could which included education; was a very big critic of lynching and thought it should be illegal by a federal law

Ida B. Wells

a committed black journalist who launched an international anti-lynching movement with a series of impassioned articles; many whites supported this movement, especially women; the goal was a federal anti-lynching law which also wanted punishment for those who lynched

Parity

a complicated formula for setting an adequate price for farm goods and ensuring that farmers would earn back at lead their production costs no matter the fluctuation of the agricultural market; was a price-raising scheme; advocates of this urged high tariffs against foreign agricultural goods and a government promise to buy surplus domestic crops at parity; McNary-Haughan Bill was expression for the demand of this

William Jennings Bryan

a congressman from Nebraska who was elected as the Democratic candidate in the presidential election of 1896; lost to McKinley; made the "Cross of Gold" speech that cemented his pro-silver platform, which was agreeable with many citizens as the depression left them with no money; populists voted to support him as well, even though it greatly decreased their power as a party

Emergency Banking Act

a conservative bill designed to protect the larger banks from being dragged down by the weakness of the smaller ones; provided for the inspection of all banks before they would be allowed to reopen, for federal assistance to troubled banks and for reorganization if necessary; helped to get money into circulation

Eighteenth Amendment

a constitutional amendment that established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States by declaring the production, transport, and sale of alcohol illegal; took effect in January of 1920

Equal Rights Amendment

a constitutional amendment that would provide clear, legal protection for the rights of women and would prohibit all discrimination on the basis of sex; was proposed by Alice Paul, but at this time, ver few people supported this idea and it was not until 1972 that it was passed

Plessy v. Ferguson

a court case that involved a Louisiana law that required separate seating arrangements on railroads; court decided that separate accommodations did not deprive blacks of equal rights if the accommodations were equal; this decision affected many ideas afterwards in terms of segregation in schooling and other such instances

Frank Capra

a director who provided muted social messages in some of his movies; these movies included "Mr. Deed Goes to Town", "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington", and "Meet John Doe" and his most famous movie "It's a Wonderful Life"; these celebrated the virtues of small towns and the decency of the common people

54th Massachussetts Regiment

a fighting unit that was made up of mostly black men and typically had a white commander; was one of the best known fighting units; was led by Robert Gould Shaw

Commission Plan

a form of local government where a commission of elected people make the legislative and administrative decisions instead of a major and city council; an example of one would be in Galveston, Texas where the standing government could not handle the effects of the tidal wave and left decision up to educated, experts officials

Vaudeville

a form of theater adapted from French models; was the most popular urban entertainment in the first decades of the 20th century; consisted of a variety of acts (musicians, comedians, magicians, jugglers); one of the few entertainment media open to black performers

Haymarket Square

a general strike began at the same time as a strike at McCormick Harvester Company; police were harassing the strikers and labor and radical leaders called a protest; police ordered them to disperse and one of them bombed the police, killing 7, 4 strikers were shot; officers rounded up 8 anarchists and charged them with murder; this incident was an alarming symbol of chaos and radicalism; Knights of Labor never recovered from this incident

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

a government agency whose purpose was to provide federal loans to troubled banks, railroads and other businesses; also made funds available to local governments to support public works projects and assist relief efforts; operated on a large-scale; had $1.5 billion budget for public works in 1932

Standard Oil

a great combination created by John D. Rockefeller through horizontal and vertical integration; Rockefeller began mostly with horizontal integration and owned 80% of oil companies in Ohio in a few years, but eventually moved on to vertical integration; built barrel factories, terminal warehouses and pipelines; owned freight cars and had marketing organization of its own

Marbury v. Madison

a midnight appointment was named Justice of Peace but Madison never delivered the commission; court ruled that the appointment had the right to take his position, but that they had no authority to make Madison deliver the commission; gave the judicial branch a lot more power (1 step back for millions of steps forward); decided that some of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was null and void

Molly Maguires

a militant labor organization in the anthracite coal region of Pennsylvania; operated within the ancient order of Hibernians (Irish fraternal society); attempted to intimidate coal operators through violence and sometimes murder; added to the growing perception that labor activism was motivated by dangerous radicals; much violence was instigated by informers and agents employed by mine owners

Major League Baseball

a national association for amateur teams, semiprofessional teams or clubs was formed in which all agreed on standard rules; many cities started fielding professional teams and joining the National League, while the rival American Association was forming, which did not last long; American League replaced it and the first World Series was played in 1903 between an American League team and a National League team; games attracted paying crowds in the thousands

Independent Treasury System

a new financial system to replace the Bank of the United States; Martin Van Buren's idea; government would place its funds in an independent treasury at Washington and subtreasuries in other cities; failed in the House at first, but eventually succeeded in 1840

Carpetbaggers

a northerner who moved to the South after the American Civil War during the Reconstruction era; southerners saw them as opportunists, exploiting the misfortunes and plight of the south to make money; term used by opponents of reconstruction

F. Scott Fitzgerald

a novelist who ridiculed the American obsession with material success through his novel "The Great Gatsby"; was a book describing the life of Jay Gatsby who spent life accumulating wealth and found that it did him no good

Sinclair Lewis

a novelist who was also the first American to win a Nobel Peace Prize in Literature; the author of Main Street, Babbit, and Arrowsmith; lashed out at one aspect of modern society after another (modern city, small town, the medical profession and popular religion)

National Woman's Party

a party under the leadership of Alice Paul whose campaign was to make the Equal Rights Amendment a part of the Constitution; the Equal Rights Amendment found very little support in Congress and even other feminist groups resisted it; one of the many examples of women's organizations and female political activities arising in the 1920s

Pacifists

a person who believes that war and violence are unjustifiable; when it came to WWI, they were outraged at Wilson's decision to build up the American military; some were part of Congress

Interventionists

a person who favors government intervention; when it came to WWI, they believed that the United States should intervene in the war on the side of the allies, protect U.S. interests, and fulfill U.S. obligations

Langston Hughes

a poet who captured much of the spirit of the Harlem Renaissance movement in a single sentence "I am a Negro and beautiful"

Imperialism

a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force; this policy led to the feeling in Americans that expansion and growth of foreign trade was becoming a race into which nation was most successful; eventually was believed to be a duty in order to uplift the less fortunate nations; Alfred Thayer Mahan was a major imperialist

Fascism

a political philosophy, movement, or regime that exalts nation and often race above the individual and that stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition

Bessemer Process

a process for converting iron into the much more durable and versatile steel; consisted of blowing air through molten iron to burn out the impurities; relied on the discovery that ingredients could be added to the iron during conversion to transform it into steel; replaced by the open-hearth process; helped revolutionize things that used steel (locomotives, rails, girders) and make steel production much easier

"New Woman"

a product of social and economic changes that affected the private world as much as the public one; income-producing jobs were outside of the house, children went to school at an earlier age, women had less children and women had an increase in education; women had more time and looked for activities to fill their time

"New Freedom"

a progressive program introduce by presidential candidate Woodrow Wilson; Wilson sided with those who believed that bigness was both unjust and inefficient and that the proper response to monopoly was not to regulate it, but to destroy it

Boxer Rebellion

a secret Chinese martial-arts society with highly nationalistic conviction and a feeling of invulnerability launched a revolt against foreigners in China; spread widely across eastern China and westerners were attacked; was an important event for role of U.S. in China

Open Shop

a shop in which no workers could be required to join a union; corporate leaders worked hard to spread that this was a crucial element of democratic capitalism; the crusade for this was called the "American Plan" and received the support of the National Association of Manufacturers; became the jumping off point for a union busting campaign that spread across the country

The Birth of a Nation

a silent motion picture by D. W. Griffith; included a celebration of the Ku Klux Klan and demeaning portraits of African Americans; contained racist messages

Hemispheric Hegemony

a situation in which one nation controls al other nations in their hemisphere; this action was advocated by James Blaine in the 1880s (U.S. Secretary of State) where the U.S. would control all of Latin America as the dominating force of the hemisphere

Jane Addams

a social worker who opened and ran one of the first settlement houses called Hull House in Chicago; was a single woman which allowed her to be one of the most prominent female reformers of her time

Cross of Gold

a speech given by William Jennings Bryan; was about his support of "free-silver" and it became one of the most famous political speeches in American history; resonated very well with those who were present to hear it; his speech caused the the convention to adopt a pro-silver platform and also got Bryan on the ballot in the running for presidency in the election of 1896

Virginia's statute ofReligious Liberty

a statement about both freedom of conscience and the principle of separation of church and state. Written by Thomas Jefferson and passed by the Virginia General Assembly on January 16, 1786, it is the forerunner of the first amendment protections for religious freedom.

Spoils System

a system in which those who are elected to run in office give their supporters, friends and relatives jobs in order to keep their support and as an incentive to continue to work for the party; Jackson administration practiced this system and helped to establish it in American politics; a corrupt system in government that does not elect civil service workers by merit; served to limit the power of two entrenched elites; no power to the people

Underwood-Simmons Tariff

a tariff that provides cuts to protective tariffs substantial enough to introduce real competition into American markets and thus to help break the power of trusts; in order to make up for loss of revenue generated by this tariff reduction, Congress approved a graduated income tax which was made possible because of the 16th amendment; was the result of Wilson's drive to fulfill an old Democratic and Progressive goal

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

a tariff that reduced tariff rates scarcely at all and in some areas actually raised them; was the result of Taft pushing Congress a lot, although this was a very weak and passive tariff that had little good effect except for weakening Taft as president

Zimmerman Telegram

a telegram sent to the Mexican government that proposed that if Germany and the United States go to war with each other, Mexico would join with Germany to regain their "lost provinces"; was intercepted by the British and was used in both British and American press to fire up the public opinion and open their minds to war

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

a terrible fire that struck a company in 1911, killing 146 workers; the workers were trapped inside because the managers had locked the doors to prevent malingering; a commission was launched to evaluate what had happened and eventually led to an evaluation of modern labor and the still poor working conditions

Appomattox Courthouse

a town in Virginia where General Lee arranged to meet General Grant; the location in which General Lee surrendered what was left of his forces; later, Johnston surrendered to Sherman as well; occurred on April 9th, 1865

"Fireside Chats"

a use of the radio by FDR where he explained his programs and plan to the people, and this helped build public confidence in his administration; this was a big deal for American people at the time because they could all gather around a radio and hear their president speak

Total War

a war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields

Ironclads

a warship constructed by plating with iron a former U.S. frigate; was used when the Confederates were trying to break the blockade of the Union with new weapons

Seward's Folly

accepted a Russian offer to sell Alaska to U.S. for $7.2 million; many believed Alaska would bring no economic anything to the United States; this was considered a mistake because Alaska was thought to be a frozen wasteland with no economic possibilities; also annexed Hawaii a little bit later

Deism and Religious Skepticism

accepted the existence of God, but believed that God created the universe and then was no longer involved in the human race; produced ideas of "universalism" and "unitarianism"; rejected predestination and the trinity; "rational" religions

Birth Control

accumulated a movement in the 1920s that was led by Margaret Sanger who advocated this for women to use as they pleased; devices for this were promoted by her for working-class women and Sanger tried to persuade women of the benefits of this; she argued that by using this, sex could be means of pleasure without worry of procreation

Father Charles E. Coughlin

achieved renown through his weekly sermons that were broadcast on the radio nationally; was sympathetic for fascism and was publicly anti-Semitic; advocated change in banking and currency systems and proposed monetary reform which included remonetization of silver, issuing greenbacks and nationalization of the banking system

Alien and Sedition Acts

acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government

Postwar Recessions

after WWI was over, the economy experienced a major recession where 100,000 businesses went bankrupt and millions of Americans lost their jobs; working conditions were majorly worsened and many labor strikes occurred as a result; the wage gains of workers went way back from where they were during the war and many farmers lost their land

Postwar Race Riots

after WWI, the racial violence in America was much worse than any riots that occurred during the war; in Chicago, a major riot occurred when a black teen was stoned to death and drowned while swimming; the blacks and whites of Chicago were at war with each other for about a week as a result and 38 were left dead; this was the worst riot, but not the only one

Broker State

after the New Deal, made the federal government a mediator in the continuous competition; they could intervene when necessary to help groups and limit power of others; expanded in later years to embrace other groups as well (racial, ethnic, religious minorities and women)

Platt Amendment

barred Cuba from making treaties with other nations which gave the U.S control of Cuban foreign policy; gave the U.S. the right to intervene in Cuba to preserve life, independence and property; required Cuba to permit American naval stations on it's territory this amendment was used as leverage by the U.S. against Cuba when they said they would grant political independence to Cuba only if the amendment was agreed to their constitution

Anarchism

became a code word in the public mind for terrorism and violence; this was not true in fact, most anarchists were peaceful visionaries dreaming of a new social order; remained one of the most feared concepts amongst the American middle-class for 30 years

McKinley Tariff

became a law in October 1890; the highest protective measure ever proposed to Congress; was part of the main interest of the Republican party; raised the average duty on imports to almost fifty percent, an act designed to protect domestic industries from foreign competition

Herman Mellville

became a sailor at the age of 19 and spent several years working on whaling ships and exploring the South Pacific. Wrote Moby Dick

Trust

became a term for any great economic combination; was pioneered by Standard Oil; was a particular kind of organization in which stockholders in individual corporations transferred their stocks to a small group of trustees in exchange for shares in the trust; owners of trust certificates had no control over the decisions of the trustees; eventually became obsolete due to laws passed by states about allowing companies to buy up other companies

Pittsburgh

became the center of the steel world; soft (bituminous) coal was easily mined and accessible in Pennsylvania and helped to fuel the process of steel making

Charles Lindbergh

became the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean when he did it in his Spirit of St. Louis, going from New York to Paris

Free-Soil Party

began to emerge as an important political force; had 10 members elected to Congress; signaled the inability of the existing parties to contain the political passions slavery was creating; drew from the existing Liberty Party and the anti-slavery wings of the Whig and Democratic Party; their candidate was Martin van Buren

Railroad Strike of 1877

began when the eastern railroads announced a 10% wage cut which expanded to almost a class war; strikers disrupted rail service, destroyed equipment and rioted in the streets; troops were called out to suppress the rioters, but in total more than 100 people had died by the end of the riots; was America's first major national labor conflict; expressed the extent of the hatred of the workers and laborers towards their employers; failure of the strike weakened labor unions greatly

Progressivism

believed in the idea of progress; believed that society was capable of improvement and that growth and advancement was destiny; believed that intervention was necessary if advancement was to continue; disagreed with social darwinism and laissez-faire; believed in antimonopoly, social cohesion, faith in knowledge and environment influence was more important than genetic

Theodore Roosevelt

believed in the value and importance of using American power in the world; also believed in important distinction between the "civilized" and the "uncivilized"; supported the development of American sea power early on; "speak softly, but carry a big stick"

USS Maine

blew up in Havana harbor with a loss of more than 260 people; was ordered to Cuba to protect American lives and property; was assumed to have been sunk by the Spanish, but it was later found that an accidental explosion had occurred inside an engine room; this event caused an increased America hatred for the Spanish and Americans wanted revenge

Southern Industrialization

brining of the south up to northern like economy, Henry Grady and other prominent spokesmen advocated thrift, industry, and progress. Textile , tobacco, and iron manufacturing, RR development, and economic boost

Treaty of Paris 1898

brought a formal end to the Spanish-American War; it confirmed the terms of the armistice concerning Cuba, Puerto Rico and Guam; American negotiators demanded that the Philippines also be ceded to the U.S. for an offer of $20 million

Townshend Acts of 1767

brought harsh taxes on goods like glass, paper, tea; writs of assistance were issued that allowed a search of colonial homes without a warrant.

Skyscraper

buildings built taller because of the developments of cast iron and steel beams that supported the tall framework soundly and the electric passenger elevator which allowed for users of the building to not have to climb 10 flights of stairs;

Scopes Trial

by request of the fundamentalists, it was made that teachings of evolution would not be able to be taught in school and that anybody who defied this law would be arrested; John T. Scopes agreed to be arrested to become the defendant in a test case; was a traumatic experience for many fundamentalists because it isolated and excluded them from mainstream Protestant denominations

War Boards

came from the proposal of dividing the economy functionally and organizing a series of planning bodies to supervise a specific sector of the economy; one to oversee railroads, one to supervise fuel supplies, one to handle food; there was overall success in meeting essential war needs without major suffering of domestic economy

Emilio Aguinaldo

claimed to head the legitimate government of the Philippines; under him, Filipinos harassed American troops of occupation from island to island for years; Filipinos were very loyal to him; was captured by U.S. in 1901 and signed a document urging his followers to stop fighting and declared his allegiance to the U.S.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

concluded the New Era effort to protect peace; a multilateral treaty that outlawed war as an instrument of national policy; was signed by fourteen nations in Paris and 48 nations signed later on

Currency Act

confirmed the nation's commitment to the gold standard by assigning a specific gold value to the dollar and requiring all currency issued by the United States to stick with that value; although the citizens supported the "free-silver" idea, the gold standard was eventually linked to major prosperity and got America out of its depression

The Seminole War

conflict that began in florida in 1817 between the seminole indians and the US army when the Seminole Indians kept raiding US territory. Secretary of War Calhoun told Andrew Jackson to take necessary measures to make sure these raid stop. Jackson used those orders as an excuse to invade Florida, sees the Spanish fort's at St Marks and Pensacola, and order the hanging of to British subjects on the charge of supplying and inciting the Indians.

National Self-Determination

contained within the first 8 points of the Fourteen Points; his recommendations for adjusting postwar boundaries and for establishing new nations to replace the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires; reflected Wilson's belief in this; Wilson's pledge of this suffered due to economic and strategic demands that were constantly coming into conflict with the principle of cultural nationalism

Monopolies

control of the market by large corporate combinations; small business people such as farmers, laborers, small manufacturers, etc. were facing serious economic issues because they got none of the wealth, all went to monopolizing corporations; the consumer also faced economic struggle as all prices were similar for products because one company owned the majority of the other companies; no competition meant companies could charge whatever they pleased and they blamed monopoly for high prices and an unstable economy; allowed for no advancement for others and threatened manhood

Webster-Hayne Debate

controversy over federal policy towards western lands; states rights versus national power; one senator recommended that all land sales and surveys in the west be temporarily discontinued to slow the growth of slavery while another stated that this would be a way for the east to keep economic and political power

Espionage Act of 1917

created penalties for spying, sabotage, or obstruction of the war effort; empowered the Post Office Department to ban "seditious" material from the mails; gave government tools to respond to reports of those who cried for peace or belittled the war effort

Eli Whitney

creator of the cotton gin; arguably revamped slavery; created a simple machine that quickly and efficiently removed the seeds from cotton; also devised a machine that could make the individual parts of a gun very quickly

Muckrakers

crusading journalists who began to direct public attention towards social, economic and political injustices; among the first to articulate a new spirit of reform; were committed to exposing scandal, corruption and injustice to public view; main targets were trusts and railroads; Ida Tarbell and Lincoln Steffens

Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions

declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights

Confiscation Acts

declared that all slaves used for "insurrectionary" purposes would be considered freed; the second one declared free the slaves of persons aiding and supporting the insurrection, which allowed the President to employ the African Americans as soldiers

Hartford Convention (1814)

delegates from New England met in Hartford to discuss their grievances of being Federalists in a mostly Republican nation; talk of secession and becoming their own nation occurred; proposed 7 new amendments to the Constitution; failure of the secession effort and win at Battle of New Orleans killed the Federalist party

Prohibition

did substantially reduce drinking in many regions of the country, but was not working as well as it had been intended to; produced growing violations that made the law an almost immediate source of disillusionment and controversy; only 1,500 agents were hired by the federal government to enforce these laws

Slave culture

discrimination based on race est. in 19th century; black labor force; violence used to promote work and defined by family

Square Deal

during the 1904 presidential campaign, Roosevelt boasted that he worked in the anthracite coal strike to provide everyone with this

Henry Grady

editor of the Atlanta Constitution; seldom challenged white supremacy, but they did advocate other important changes in southern values; promoted the virtues of thrift, industry and progress

Robert La Follette

elected governor of Wisconsin in 1900; helped turn his state into a "laboratory of progressivism"; got Wisconsin to approve direct primaries, initiatives, and referendums; they regulated railroads and utilities; passed laws that regulated the workplace and provided compensation for workers injured on the job

National Banks Act

enacted in 1863-1864; created a new national banking system and allowed new banks to join if they had enough capital and would invest 1/3 of their money in government securities; they would get U.S. Treasury notes as currency in return; eliminated chaos and uncertainty while creating a uniform system of national banknotes

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

ended the Mexican-American war, causing the U.S. to gain a lot of land; negotiated by Nicholas Trist; Mexico ceded California and New Mexico to the United States and the Rio Grande was considered to be the boundary line of Texas; Americans agreed to pay Mexico $15 million; Trist did no obtain Mexico itself, which Polk had wanted

Richard Hakluyt

english geographer and writer, encouraged english exploration and expansion, using reasons of that farmers could live a better life, could make money, help the surplus of a population

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

established a firm northern boundary between the United States and Canada along the Maine-New Brunswick border; gave the United States a bit more than half of the previously disputed territory

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

established a system of work relief for the unemployed, but was bigger in budget and size than the CWA; was responsible for building or renovating public buildings and for constructing airports, roads and bridges; gave people a chance to work and get paid doing things they already knew how to do

Congress of Industrial Organizations

established as an organization directly rivaling the AFL (American Federation of Labor); they worked to expand the constituency of the labor movement (to women and other races); was also a slightly militant organization in comparison to the AFL; created by John L. Lewis who was their first president

Tenant Farmers and Sharecroppers

farmers who owned tools, equipment and farm animals, had the money to buy those supplies and also had the money to pay for their share of land; black farmers typically did not have the money to pay for their farming, so tenants supplied them with everything they needed and in return they participated in sharecropping- a method of sharing their annual crops

Stalwarts

favored patronage; led by Roscoe Conkling; favored traditional, professional machine politics; were fighting for control of the Republican party

Half-Breeds

favored reform; led by James Blaine; were fighting for control of the Republican party

Freedmen's Bureau

federal agency intended to get the free slaves back on their feet; also helped some poor whites; distributed food to former slaves

Knights of Labor

first genuinely national labor organization; under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly; membership was open to all workers and most business and professional people; excluded lawyers, bankers, liquor dealers, and professional gamblers; welcomed women members; had over 50,000 women members; met mostly in local assemblies that were loosely organized; wanted to replace the "wage system"; went from 700,000 in 1886 to 100,000 by 1890; first strike went well, but a second strike revoked all earned by the first; organization disappeared years later

Merchant Capitalism

form of capitalism characterized by trade in commodities and a highly organized system of banking, credit, stock, and insurance services. (I have absolutely no idea what this is.)

Alexis de Tocqueville

french aristocrat; "Democracy in America" was written by him even though he was supposed to be writing about American prisons; realized that rising democracy in America has many limits and really only affected the lives of white men; his book helped spread the idea of American democracy around Europe and France

John C. Calhoun

from South Carolina; vice president to Andrew Jackson; isolated himself as a result of the Peggy Eaton Affair; came up with the Theory of Nullification, a theory arguing that since the federal government was a creation of the states, the states were the final arbiters of the constitutionality of federal laws; states could declare federal laws null and void; did not help his standing within the new administration

Recall

gave voters the right to remove a public official from office at a special election, which could be called after a sufficient number of citizens had signed a petition; an effort to limit the power of parties and improve the quality of elected officials

California Gold Rush

gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadas and sent 1000s of prospectors to California; first Chinese immigrants made their way over to the West Coast; Native Americans were hunted for sport and were allowed to be put into indentured servitude; those who moved there became known as the 49ers: they faced many hardships in living there and the gold was fairly scarce and mostly gone within 5 years

Treaty With Spain 1786

granted Spain exclusive rights to navigate the Mississippi River for 25 years

Trade Unions

groups that tried to improve pay and working conditions. In many major cities, the skilled workers of each craft form to societies for Mutual Aid. During the 1820s and 1830s, the craft societies began to combine on a Citywide basis and set up Central organizations. With the widening of markets, the economies of cities were interconnected, so workers soon realize they were advantages and joining forces. They stablished National unions or Federation of local ones. In 1834, delegates from six cities founded the National Trades' Union. In the beginning, these movements fared poorly. Labor leaders struggled against the handicap of hostile laws and hostile courts. The common law, as interpreted by the courts in the industrial States, view to combination among workers as an illegal conspiracy. The panic of 1837, a dramatic Financial collapse that produces severe recession, we can the movement further.

Sugar and Slavery

growing sugar cane demanded much labor; enslaved Africans were shipped to the Americas to work on these sugar plantations.

gap between rich and the poor

income inequality, wealth disparity, or wealth and income differences) consists of disparities in the distribution of wealth and income. The commercial and Industrial growth of the United States greatly elevated the average income of the American people. But this increase in wealth was being distributed highly unequally. Substantial groups of the population shared hardly at all and economic growth, these were slaves, Indians, landless farmers, and too many of the unskilled workers on the fringes of the manufacturing system. But even among the rest of the population, disparities of income were marked. Well had always been on equally distributed in the United States, to be sure. Even in the era of the Revolution, According to some estimates, 45% of wealth is concentrated in the hands of about 10% of the population. But by the mid-nineteenth century, that concentration had become far more pronounced. There had been wealthy classes in America almost from the beginning of the European settlement. But the extent and character of wealth were changing in response to the commercial revolution of the mid-nineteenth century. Merchants and industrialists were accumulating enormous fortunes, and it because there was now a significant number of rich people living in cities, I just think of cultural wild begin to emerge. In large cities, people of great wealth gathered together and neighborhoods of great opulence. They found a clubs in developed elaborate social rituals. They looked increasingly for ways to display their wealth, and the great Mansions they built, the showy carriages in which they wrote a, the lavish household goods they cannulated, the clothes they wore, the elegant social stablish means they patronized. New York City, which I'm more wealthy families than anywhere else, develop a particularly elaborate High Society. There was also significant population of genuinely destitute people emerging in the growing Urban centers of the nation these were people who were not merely poor, in the sense of having to struggle to sustain themselves, which most Americans were poor in that sense. They were almost entirely without resources, often homeless, dependent on charity or crime or both for survival. Some of these poppers we're recent immigrants who had failed to find work or to adjust to life in the new world. Somewhere widows and orphans, stripped of the family structures that allowed most working-class Americans to survive. Somewhere people suffering from alcoholism or mental illness, unable to work. Others were victims of native Prejudice, which barred from all but the most menial employment because of race or ethnicity. The Irish were particularly victims of such prejudice. Even with this, slaves and free African Americans had it even worse. They were allowed to little money and it was very difficult to keep up with the expenses.

Coolie

indentured servants whose condition was close to slavery; many were Chinese immigrants and they went to America, Hawaii, Australia, South and Central America, South Africa and the Caribbean; Americans were not fond of their working

Ghost Dance

inspired ecstatic visions; this movement was caused by the new revival that emphasized the coming of the messiah; a new religious movement incorporated into numerous American Indian belief systems.

General Santa Anna

instability in Mexico caused him to seize power as a dictator and create a new, autocratic regime on the nation and its territories; imprisoned Stephen Austin because he was supposedly encouraging revolts with the Americans; led a large army into Texas to take it back from the Americans and killed very many people; was eventually taken prisoner when up against General Sam Houston and caused him to sign the treaty for Texas' independence

Land Grant Universities

institutions of education that were made possible by the donated land from the Morrill Land Grant Act that took place during the Civil War era; this bill was taken advantage of after 1865 mainly by the south and the west

Moving Assembly Line

introduced by Henry Ford in his automobile plants; technique that cut the time for assembling a chassis from 12.5 hours to 1.5 hours; enabled him to raise wages and reduce worker's hours; also allowed him to decreased the price of his Model T; became a model for many other industries

Robert Fulton

inventor of the steamboat; the "Clermont"; had paddle wheels and an engine

American Authors and Nationalism

it was difficult for writers in America to get their books published because they had to pay a lot for printers to print them; writers began to use a new system of spelling, unique to America in order to separate them from England

Committee to Defend America

journalist William White served as a Chairman on this committee; did this by aiding the Allies whose members lobbied actively for increased American assistance to the Allies but opposed actual intervention

Samuel Chase

justice of the Supreme Court; huge Federalist; Jefferson wanted him and those like him impeached because they served a threat to his policies; House impeached him and he went to trial; proved that impeachment could not be used as a political weapon

Impressment

kidnapping American sailors to become sailors in the British navy; many British soldiers deserted British navy and instead joined the American navy; British navy was harsh with floggings, low pay, awful conditions and was known as "floating hell"; caused another major rift between British and Americans

Cornelius Vanderbilt

known as the "Commodore"; accumulated one of America's great fortunes by consolidating several large railroad companies under his control; his name became a synonym for both enormous wealth and excessive corporate power

Antietam

known as the "bloodiest single day of the war"; occurred on September 17th, 1862; there were 23,000 casualties during this battle; 6,000 soldiers died in total and 17,000 sustained injuries; occurred near the town of Sharpsburg, Maryland; was McClellan vs. Lee

NAACP

known as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; this organization led the drive for equal rights; established itself as one of the nation's leading black organizations; principal weapon was a lawsuit in the federal courts; was precipitated by the Niagara Movement; caused court cases that changed past laws that encouraged segregation and discrimination

Battle of New Orleans

last major battle of the War of 1812; propelled Andrew Jackson forward as war hero; American victory; the British surrendered after losing almost 700 men to the 8 lost by the Americans; killed Federalist party; was fought after the war was technically over

John D. Rockefeller

launched a refining company in Cleveland after the Civil War; tried to eliminate competition by allying himself with wealthy capitalists and buying out competing refineries; had acquired 80% of oil companies in Ohio within a few years and others in other states; saw consolidation as a way to cope with what he believed was the greatest curse of modern economy (competition)

Jim Crow

law restricting the franchise and segregating schools were only part of a network of state statutes; blacks and whites could not ride in the same railroad cars, sit in the same waiting rooms, use the same washrooms, eat in the same restaurants, or sit in the same theaters; had no access to public parks, beaches or picnic areas and could not be patients in the same hospitals; these laws also stripped African Americans of many of the modest social, economic and political gains

Dr. Francis E. Townsend

lead a movement of more than 5 million members with his plan for federal pensions for the elderly; all Americans over 60 would receive monthly government pensions of $200 provided they retired (freed jobs for younger workers) and spent all the money each month (put money back into economy); provided sentiment for social security

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

led after 1879 by Francis Willard; was a movement that was formed by those who advocated temperance; along with the Anti-Saloon League and the temperance movement, they pushed for a legislative solution that abolished saloons

William T. Sherman

led the "March to Sea"; was known as the second most renowned Union's military leader next to General Lee; first appeared in the Battle of First Manassas; was made the commander of all troops in the western theatre

Commodore George Dewey

led the American navy's Pacific fleet into Manila Harbor in the Philippines; he quickly destroyed the Spanish fleet and forced their government to surrender; was the first American hero of the war

"Five Civilized Tribes"

lived in western Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida; composed of the Cherokee, the Creek. the Seminole, the Chickasaw and the Choctaw; had agricultural societies with successful economies; Cherokee were overall the most sophisticated; according to whites Cherokee were more "civilized"

"Pink Collar" Jobs

low-paying service occupations with many of the same problems as manufacturing employment; typically were positions filled by women and included such jobs as secretaries, sales clerks, telephone operators and other underpaid jobs; not typically involved in any type of unions

Tea Act of 1773

lowered the price of tea; colonists were still wary at any british attempt to collect revenue

Limited Liability

made the practice of investing in stock appealing because it allowed investors the small risk of losing only what they invested, not for any debts that the corporation might've accumulated

Americanization

many immigrants coming into America tried to rid themselves of all vestiges of their old cultures in order to become more American; each generation of immigrants tried harder than the last and some younger immigrants looked upon older ones with contempt as they tried to preserve traditional ethnic values; natives wanted immigrants to assimilate and sometimes forced them into thing such as speaking English

Companionate Marriages

many women attempted to compensate for having lives outside of the home by devoting new attention to their roles as wives and companions; middle-class wife shared in her husband's social life; she paid attention to her appearance with cosmetics and clothing; she allowed children to affect her marriage less and sex was no longer just means for procreation as it had been before, but for pleasure and intimacy

Second Great Awakening

meant to fight the spread of "rational" religions; new denominations surfaced; message was that people must readmit God and Christ into their daily lives, reject skepticism and live in active piety; accelerated the growth of many denominations; many more women

City Beautiful Movement

movement that aimed to impose a similar order and symmetry on the disordered life of cities around the country; led by the architect Daniel Burnham; was inspired by the "Great White City" project

African-American Soldiers

nearly 40,000 were drafted or enlisted themselves into the army or navy; were forced to serve in segregated units under white commanders; most units were assigned to noncombat duty; hoped their service would improve their status in America

Hill People

non-slaveowning whites who lived in the Appalachian ranges cut off from the plantation system, subsistence farming, animosity towards planter aristocracy

Homestead Strike

occurred at the Homestead plant near Pittsburgh; began when the plant started making wage cuts that continued on for two years; first strike was put down before it began, but the second was more effective; the strikers announced their strike and Frick shut down the factory and called in 300 Pinkerton guards; the strikers were incredibly violent and killed 3 Pinkertons, while 10 strikers were killed; Pinkertons surrendered and left

New York City Draft Riots

occurred due to the opposition and anger surrounding the National Draft Law; opposition to the draft law was common, especially with laborers, immigrants and some Democrats;

Hawaiian Annexation

occurred in 1898 due to Queen Liliuokalani's attempt to challenge American controls of her lands; American planters decided that the only way to aid their now failing economy was to annex; a revolution broke out in Hawaii and rebels called on U.S. for protection; a provisional government of mostly Americans negotiated terms of annexation with America

Paris Peace Conference

occurred in Paris after the Allied victory in WWI to discuss negotiations for peace terms of the Central Powers; the main figures who were leading the negotiations were "The Big Four", the principal leaders of the Allied Powers; Wilson could not gain approval for most of his principles in the Fourteen Points; all in all this did not end up being as successful as it had been intended

Dorr Rebellion

occurred in Rhode Island; was a rebellion against land qualifications for voting; led by Thomas Dorr and his followers known as the People's Party; held a convention and drafted a new constitution for their state to submit for popular vote; Rhode Island had 2 governments in 1842 who claim legitimacy; attempted to capture the state arsenal, but quickly failed; put pressure on expanding suffrage

First Battle of Bull Run

occurred on July 21st, 1861; was the first land battle of the Civil War; Union armies and Confederate armies clashed near Manassas Junction, Virginia and resulted in a clear Confederate victory

The Red Scare

occurred right after WWI; revolved around the perceived threat of communism from the American Labor Movement, the Anarchist Revolution and Political Radicalism; was also party caused by the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia surrounding WWI; there were many bombings that occurred along with the American Communist Party; a great contribution to this were the Palmer Raids orchestrated by the federal government

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge

of 1837; dealt with a dispute between 2 Massachusetts companies in building a bridge across the Charles River; one company had a state charter for a toll bridge while the other applied to legislature for authorization for a toll free bridge; Taney supported the second charter; Taney said the governments objective was to promote general happiness, not take care of the rights of contract and property

Pearl Harbor

on December 7th, 1941, a wave of Japanese bombers attacked the United States at a naval base in Hawaii; nobody believed that such an attack could occur and the naval officers were not prepared for this to occur

Fort Sumter

on an island in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina and was protected by a small force; a fortified offshore military installations; the sight of the first shots of the Civil War; was occupied after South Carolina's secession from the Union; U.S. Major Robert Anderson was occupying South Carolina

Repeating Weapons

one example of one would be Samuel Chase's invention of the repeating pistol (revolver); Oliver Winchester had a more important invention for warfare, which was the repeating rifle; cannons and artillery were also important

Comstock Lode

one of the first mining sites to have silver, which was discovered in 1858; this new mining site was located in the Washoe district of Nevada; gold was also found in this mine; Californians were the first to come here in search of riches in the mines

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

one of the groups in the U.S. that opposed the war and hoped for a quick peace; members of this group were very energetically prosecuted for being opponents of the war; members of this group were also actively repressed, some even being killed by mobs for their opposition to the war

Socialist Party

one of the groups in the U.S. that opposed the war and hoped for a quick peace; their leader was Eugene V. Debs and he was sentenced to ten years in prison for being an opponent of the war; Americans favored the suppression of those who were members of this party

Alain Locke

one of the leaders of the Harlem Renaissance who assembled a notable collection of black writings published in 1925 as "The New Negro"; white publishers began to take an interest in the writers this man helped to launch

Greenbacks

one of the methods used to help in financing the war was the printing of paper currency; this specific type of currency was not backed by silver and gold like previous currency, but was backed by good faith and credit; the value of it fluctuated greatly; it was also used very sparingly

Tennessee Valley Authority

one of the most celebrated accomplishments of the New Deal; was authorized to complete a dam at Muscle Shoals and build other in the region and to generate and sell the electricity the dams produced; also helped to aid a program of reforestation and aid farmers' productivity; improved water transportation, eliminated flooding in the region and provided electricity

Dust Bowl

one of the worst droughts in the history of the nation that took place in the area ranging from Texas to the Dakotas; a major decrease in rainfall combined with increase in heat and soil that had no moisture caused a serious problem; there were intense winds that picked up all of this dried soil and spread it around; these storms were called "black blizzards" and they suffocated people and livestock and blocked out the sun

Tariffs of 1828 and 1832

one was the "tariff of abominations" and the other was a protectionist tariff meant to clean up after the tariff of abominations; protectionist tariff was later lowered to pacify the southerners; the tariff of abominations was designed to protect northern industry

Panic of 1893

precipitated the most severe depression the nation had yet experienced; began when the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad declared bankruptcy; the National Cordage Company also failed shortly after; these two failings lead to the collapse of the stock market and bank failures followed because many had invested heavily in stock; loan-dependent businesses also went bankrupt because of the contraction of credit; effects of this spread very fast and thousands of businesses and other companies failed

Walt Disney

produced feature-length animated films/ cartoon shorts for theaters that were meant to distract the public from their troubles; these films included his character "Steamboat Willie" who later gained a different name; this time was the beginning of his long reign as a highly influential animator and producer

Henry Ford

produced the first of the famous cars that would eventually bear his name in 1896; also introduced the moving assembly line which made automobile production much more efficient; automobile industry shaped the American social and cultural life and was a major force in the economy

Puerto Rican Annexation

produced very little controversy in the U.S.; was ceded to America by Spain under the terms of the armistice that ended the Spanish-American war; American military forces occupied the island until 1900 due to the Foraker Act; the Jones Act was eventually passed which declared Puerto Rico a U.S. territory and made all citizens American citizens

Referendum

provided a method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the electorate for application

Long Drives

provided cattle for eastern markets and also created communities of men who spent much of their lives on the trail, working for ranchers and tending cattle; link between isolated cattle breeders of south and west Texas and the booming urban markets of the east; laid the groundwork for the explosion of the cattle kingdom; stock were rounded up from open range and herds were branded and cowboys moved them

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

provided for mutual disarmament on the Great Lakes; Canadian-American boundary became longest "unguarded frontier" in the world

Buffalo

provided the economic basis for the Plain's Indians way of life; the entire animal was used in some way by them: flesh was food, skin was used for clothing, shoes, shelter, utensils and blankets; bones were also used as weapons while combined with tendons

Asylum Movement

reformers proposed setting up new public institutions such as state-supported prisons, mental hospitals, and poorhouses; hope was that the inmates of these institutions would be cured of their antisocial behavior by being treated to a disciplined pattern of life in some rural setting

Bureau of Indian Affairs

relentlessly promoted the idea of assimilation; tried to move Indian families onto their own plots of land; took some Indian children away from their families and sent them to boarding schools run by whites; moved to stop religious rituals and encouraged the spread of Christianity

The Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

replaced the Embargo; allowed all trade except with Great Britain and France; was replaced with Macon's Bill No. 2 which reopened commercial relations with Britain and France; Napoleon said French would stop interfering with American ships and Madison said that embargo against Great Britain would go into effect in 1811 unless Britain agreed to renounce restrictions on American shipping

Redeemer/ Bourbon Rule

return of control of the south to southern democrats, ruled by a powerful, conservative oligarchy, merchants, industrialists, RR developers, and former planters. Called selves Redeemers, critics called them Bourbons

Cuban Revolt

revolt that occurred in 1895 against the Spanish because of their forcing of power over Cuba; they devastated the island to force Spaniards to leave; this revolt was important in America because it was reported very sensationally by the press which helped make Americans believe that Spaniards were committing atrocities

Wabash Case

ruled one of the Granger Laws in Illinois unconstitutional; according to the court, the law was an attempt to control interstate commerce and infringed on the exclusive power of congress; later, federal court limited powers of states to regulate commerce

Peggy Eaton Affair

rumors circulated that she and the Senator were having an affair and they were soon married after her husband died; the Senator was named Jackson's secretary of war which made his wife the cabinet wife; Mrs. Calhoun refuse to accept her socially and Jackson was very angry by this. Calhoun and his wife both refused to accept her; this issue pushed van Buren and Jackson closer together and therefore Jackson elected him secretary of state

Treaty of Wang Hya (1844)

secured most favored-nation provisions giving Americans the same privileges as the English; also gave Americans the right of "extraterritoriality", the right of Americans accused of crimes in China to be tried by American officials; caused American trade with China to increase steadily

Nicholas Biddle

served as the president of the Bank from 1823 on; did a lot to establish the institution on a sound a prosperous basis; Andrew Jackson was determined to destroy the bank of the United States; was persuaded to apply to Congress in 1832 for a bill to renew the Bank's charter; fought long and hard to keep the national bank alive through all of Jackson's attempts to destabilize and end it; ultimately lost

Crittenden Compromise

several constitutional amendments were made as a part of this; guaranteed existence of slavery in the slave states; reestablished Missouri Compromise line in all present and future territories of the Unites States; was not passed because of lack of Republican support and Congress' support; was the last attempt at Compromise

Turnpikes

several corporations began constructing these as means of connecting cities of short distance from each other; private operators wouldn't build in lowly populated areas so the government had to finance

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

signed on Christmas Eve, 1814; Americans gave up demands of British renunciation of impressment and cession of Canada to U.S. control; British abandoned their need of Indian buffer state; was meant to end the War of 1812, but didn't reach troops quickly enough to prevent the Battle of New Orleans

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

The Cavalier Image

southerners believed themselves to be based on traditional values of chivalry, leiure, and elegance

Midwives

specialize in caring for healthy women anticipating a normal pregnancy

Fourteenth Amendment

stated that all people born or naturalized in the United States are citizens and therefore should be able to be protected by all laws in the United States

National Origins Act of 1924

strengthened the exclusionist provision of the 1921 law which was an emergency immigration act; this act banned immigration from east Asia entirely which very much angered the Japanese who understood they were the primary target of this act; also reduced the quota for Europeans immigrants from 3% to 2%

Breadlines

stretched for blocks outside of Red Cross and Salvation Army kitchens; because no people had food and people were all begging for scraps and digging through garbage cans, some tried to do something to feed the homeless population and this was the solution they came up with

Presidency of Calvin Coolidge

succeeded Harding in the presidency and was very different from his predecessor; Harding was genial and was tolerant of corruption while his successor was dour and honest; was a less active president than his predecessor because he believed in minimal government interference in the life of the nation

Second Party System

system was implemented at a national level in the 1830s; was committed to its own existence as an institution and was willing to accept the legitimacy of its opposition; were the Whigs (anti-Jackson) and the Democrats (Jacksonians); idea of party needed to be institutionalized; population needed to participate; preservation of party through loyalty and favors was most important; permanent opposition was key to party's survival; thanks to Martin van Buren

Know-Nothings

the American Party; anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic. Was originally the Supreme order of The Star-Spangled Banner. It indoors The List of Demands that included Banning Catholics or the foreign-born from holding public office, more restrictive and Naturalization laws, and literacy tests for voting. The order adopted as strict code for secrecy, which included the secret password, used in lodges across the country, "I know nothing."

Cotton Diplomacy

the Confederacy had staked most of their hopes on this industry because it was the frontrunner of their economy; this industry also heavily relied on slavery and the upheaval of slavery due to the Civil War and Lincoln's presidency; no European nations offered support to the Confederacy because they didn't want to antagonize the United States unless they thought the Confederacy would win

Election of 1860

the Democratic Party was divided over Stephen Douglas and John C. Breckinridge; the Republicans all supported Lincoln and their party-platform of being anti-slavery; Lincoln said that he only wanted to stop the expansion of slavery, not to abolish it altogether; Lincoln won the election and for many southerners, this was seen as the last straw; disunion and secession seemed to be the only option left

Chief Joseph

the leader of the Nez Percé who urged his followers to flee from the American troops; he moved with about 550 of his followers in an effort to reach Canada and take refuge with the Sioux

Election of 1924

the Democratic candidate was John W. Davis and the Republican candidate was Calvin Coolidge; the Democratic National Convention took place in New York City and was because of the major split in the Democratic party; was the deciding factor for who would run as the Democratic candidate, although neither man was nominated as the candidate; Calvin Coolidge was the winner of the election

Emancipation Proclamation

the President (Lincoln) announced his intentions to use his war powers to issue an executive order freeing all slaves of the Confederacy; this proclamation freed the currently enslaved African-Americans, but did not prohibit slavery from there on

Election of 1864

the Union candidates were Lincoln and Andrew Johnson and the Democratic candidate was George McClellan; the Democratic party had a platform in calling for a truce in the war, although McClellan was opposed; Lincoln won the election by a decent amount

Fifteenth Amendment

the ability for any U.S. citizen to vote should not be denied due to race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Thirteenth Amendment

the amendment that freed the slaves and disallowed involuntary servitude unless was a punishment for a crime

Open Range

the areas of public domain north of Texas where from about 1866 to 1890 more than 5,000,000 cattle were driven to fatten and be shipped off to slaughter; served as huge pasturelands for the herds of the Texas ranchmen

John Steinbeck

the author of "The Grapes of Wrath", a novel that portrayed the trials of workers and migrants in California during the Great Depression; he was possibly the most successful writer of social conditions at his time; his book was adapted to become a movie by a man named John Ford

Manifest Destiny

the belief stated that Americans were destined by God and by history to extend and expand its boundaries over a vast era; those who supported this idea had many ways to justify their ideas: meant to spread American liberty, superior "American race", divided on whether to spread by force or through peaceful means; those who opposed it (Henry Clay) felt that expansion would reopen controversy over slavery and threaten the union

Black Death

the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe

Removal Act of 1830

the federal government wanted to negotiate treaties with the Indians to find a way to move them west and out of American territories for white settlement; states began to pass laws regulating the Indians present in their areas; this act appropriated money to finance federal negotiations with the southern tribes aimed at relocating them to the west; most tribes gave in and left because they were too weak to stand up to the state governments; Cherokees in Georgia tried to stop white encroachment by appealing to the Supreme Court

Nativism

the feeling of resentment and fear towards immigrants by Americans caused a strong will to preserve American culture as is and disliked immigrants coming in and changing things; Americans wanted to keep immigrants out because of their "foreignness"; Americans did not understand how they could take the jobs of strikers for lower pay

Jefferson Davis

the first and only president of the Confederate States of America; was pro-slavery so much that he supported the Confederacy valiantly during the Civil War; he struggled greatly to keep the Confederacy afloat and keep the economy sound

House of Burgesses

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.

Keating-Owen Act

the first federal law regarding child labor; this act prohibited the shipment of goods produced by underage children across state lines; this gave an expanded importance to the constitutional clause assigning Congress the task of regulating interstate commerce; was struck down by the Court

The Grange

the first major farm organization that appeared in the 1860s; the initial goal of the organization was to bring farmers together to learn new scientific agricultural techniques; they also hoped to create a feeling of community and to relieve the loneliness of rural life; the depression of 1873 caused a rapid increase in membership growth; this caused the members to focus most on economic things such as middlemen, stores, and bigger scale factories

Secession

the first state to begin and cause other states to follow suit was South Carolina; this was caused by the issue with the debate over slavery; 6 states took the same action as South Carolina by the time Lincoln was in office; the 7 states held a convention to discuss their new nation and called themselves "the Confederate States"

Woodrow Wilson

the governor of New Jersey until he ran for president in the election of 1912; was the only genuinely progressive candidate in the race, so he emerged as the party's presidential nominee; demonstrated a commitment to reform as governor; earned a national reputation for winning passage of progressive legislation

"Free Silver"

the idea of permitting silver to become, along with gold, the basis of currency so as to expand the money supply; silver mining was becoming an important activity in Colorado, Idaho, and Nevada; due to the Panic of 1893, this became a symbol of liberation and was known as the "people's money" because it opposed the idea of oppression and exploitation associated with gold

Great Migration

the migration of hundreds of thousands of African Americans from the south into northern industrial cities; push factors were poverty, indebtedness, racism and violence; pull factor was the opportunity for better factory jobs and free communities for blacks to live

Flappers

the modern woman whose liberated lifestyle found expression in dress, hairstyle, speech and behavior; this lifestyle had a particular impact on lower-middle-class and working-class single women; the women associated with the image of these was imitating a style that emerged first among this larger working-class groups

"Dollar Diplomacy"

the name for the policies of Philander C. Knox who was Taft's Secretary of State; worked to extend American investments into less developed regions; wanted to loan Latin American countries money to make them in debt to America

Election of 1848

the parties included were the Democrats, Whigs and the free-soil party; Democratic candidate was Lewis Class, Whig was General Zachary Taylor and Free-Soil was Martin van Buren; Taylor won because of his status as a war hero during the Mexican-American War, even though he had no political experience

Margaret Sanger

the pioneer of the American birth control movement who was committed to the cause partly because of the influence of Emma Goldman who agitated for birth control; she tried to persuade middle-class women of the benefits of birth control; she argues that women should be able to enjoy sex without connection to procreation

Appeasement

the policy that was used by the French and British officials in the Munich conference; the idea was giving Hitler what he wanted so that he would do no more harm and they would be able to placate him; Hitler took advantage of this and broke the terms of the Conference as well as issuing threats against Poland

Enclosure

the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers

Black Codes

the purpose of these laws was to preserve slavery after slavery was abolished; these laws were very controlling towards black people and mostly attempted to force them to stay part of the labor force; blacks could be arrested for not signing working contracts

Eugenics

the science of altering the reproductive processes of plants and animals to produce new hybrids or breeds; there was an effort to turn this into a method of altering human reproduction as well; was an effort to grade races and ethnic groups according to their genetic qualities; advocated forced sterilization of mentally retarded, criminals, and others; spread belief that human inequalities were hereditary and immigration contributed to multiplication of the unfit

Vertical Integration

the taking over of all of the different businesses on which a company relied for its primary function; acquiring every step in the process for the production of your product; Ex. Carnegie Steel

Gettysburg

the two armies, led by Lee, then Hooker and Meade met in a small town in Pennsylvania; Lee's army was outnumbered 75,000 to 90,000 until, during Pickett's charge, he brought 15,000 soldiers; was a major turning point in the war because on July 4th, 1863 Lee had lost a third of his army

Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroad Companies

the two different companies of the Transcontinental railroad; one of them started in Omaha and built westward; the other company started in California and built eastward

Nativism

the want for foreign emigration to be curbed in the U.S. began in the 19th century; gained much strength in the years before the war with support from the middle-class progressives; many employers fought to keep their low-paid immigrant workers, but postwar, many old-stock Americans associated immigration with radicalism; led to the rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan as a major force in American society

"100 Percent Americanism"

there was a growing support for this sentiment that was an anti-immigrant sentiment; immigrants faced a great deal of suppression because some had animosity towards Allied powers; "Loyalist" citizens policed immigrants and listened in to their calls, meetings and even read their mail to find signs of disloyalty

Texas Annexation

there was much controversy surrounding this idea because some felt that this would be good for America and others felt that this would create an imbalance between slave and free states, sectional controversy and war with Mexico; Jackson opposed this idea because he felt that it would create more issues that it would solve any problems

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

these attacks were carried out by German submarines on both American and Allied ships; the strategy behind this tactic was to cut Britain off from vital American supplies; thought that Allied defenses would collapse before America could intervene; this pushed America into having no choice but to join the war

Marx Brothers

these brothers designed films that were meant to divert audiences from their troubles and to allow them to indulge in their fantasies about quick and easy wealth

Mass Circulation Magazines

these were another form of advertising that attracted a broad, national audiences; some set out to condense the news of the week, some appealed to rural and small-town families with homey stories, and some responded directly to the realities of modern, urban life

Mail Order Catalogs

these were mostly distributed to those in rural areas because the chain stores did not reach these areas as quickly; offered thousands of items at low prices to farmers throughout the midwest; changed the lives of isolated people introducing them to the new trends of fashion, home decor and machinery and tools for their homes

Social Security Act

this act provided for several distinct programs; there were two types of assistance for the elderly: 1) those who were destitute could receive $15 a month, 2) a pension system was put in place; also created a system of unemployment insurance, a system to aid disabled people and a system to aid dependent children

Hepburn Act

this act sought to restore some regulatory authority to the government, although it was a very cautious bill and did not provoke much change; Roosevelt very much pushed Congress for this legislation to increase government's power to oversee railroad rates

Reparations

throughout the Paris Peace Conference, Wilson was very opposed to demanding compensation from the Central Powers; the other Allied leaders were insistent on demanding compensation and Wilson eventually gave in, leaving the sum of compensation to be decided later on by a commission; the reparations sufficiently weakened Germany enough to make sure it wouldn't become as powerful as it had before in terms of both economy and territory

Battle of Little Big Horn

took place in southern Montana in 1876; was the most famous conflict between whites and Indians; General Custers was surprised by Indian tribal warriors and 264 of his regiment was killed in the attack

The Chisholm Trail

trail that lead to Abilene, Kansas; lead to a town that was filled with cowboys and marked the end of the long drives which transported cattle from one point to another; this trail was no longer able to serve it's purpose when the agricultural aspect of Kansas was decreasing, but cattle supply increased, causing the need for new trails

Morrill Land Grant Act

transferred public acreage to state governments who would sell it and use the money gained to finance public education; led to the creation of state colleges, universities and land-grant institutions

Sacco and Vanzetti

two Italian immigrants were charged with the murder of a paymaster in Braintree, MA; there was minimal solid evidence, but since the men were confessed anarchists they were automatically seen as guilty by most of the public; they were convicted in a completely unfair trial and sentenced to death; died in a electric chair even after they had public support to release them

Hearst and Pulitzer

two major publishers of American newspapers; were engaged in a circulation war and they sent batteries of reporters and illustrators to Cuba with orders to provide accounts of Spanish atrocities

The Mexican War

two methods in American beginning to take Texas from Mexico: Diplomacy and war; first, Polk sent John Sidell to offer to pay Mexico for the disputed area and Mexico declined; then, Polk sent Zachary Taylor and his troops to the Rio Grande River and it is said that the Mexicans crossed the river and attacked; was declared on May 13th, 1846

Jackson's Veto (National Bank)

vetoed the recharter bill for the National Bank; the recharter was four years ahead of when the original charter was to expire, but the idea was that the recharter would be a major issue in the 1832 national election; Congress failed to override the veto and the election held the fate of the bank; Jackson won the election and Biddle was defeated

Bacon's Rebellion

virginia 1676 Bacon and many farmers wanted to a raise a militia and attack nearby tribes that are on the land that they wanted. The governor refused, but bacons and his supporters lashed out anyway. Rebellion died when bacon did. cited as an early example of populist uprising in america

Trail of Tears

virtually all of the "Five Civilized Tribes" were expelled from the southern states; the walk that president Jackson forced the Native Americans to take when he removed them from the southern states and moved them to the new Indian Territory; the territory was basically Oklahoma; Treaty with Cherokees to give them $5 million for their land in states; thousand died

National Draft Law

virtually all young adult males were eligible to be drafted to fight in the union army; service could be escaped if either a) a fee of $300 was paid or b) another person was hired to take their place; this resulted in the service of about 46,000 men; there was a great amount of opposition to this

Radical Republicans

wanted complete change in term of Reconstruction; main leaders were Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens; felt that the civil and military leaders of the Confederacy should be punished and that large numbers of southern whites should be disenfranchised, ex-slaves should be protected and that white southerners property should be confiscated

Philippine War

war that lasted from 1898-1902 and was one of the most vicious American wars; resulted in about 4,300 American deaths and about 50,000 Filipino deaths; Filipinos had been rebelling against Spanish rule and once U.S. had annexed, they rebelled against U.S. rule as well; Filipinos were fighting for independence

Fourteen Points

was Wilson's explanation to Congress about the principles for which he claimed the nation was fighting in the war; contained 8 recommendations for adjusting postwar boundaries and for new nations to replace other empires; contained 5 general principles to govern international conduct; a proposal for a new league of nations; there were major flaws in this idea; also response to Bolshevik government

James Garfield

was a Half-Breed, Republican Congressman who was elected for the presidency in 1880 and won; he won a decisive electoral victory; tried to defy the stalwarts in his appointments and showed support for civil service reform; was shot 4 months into his presidency and died 3 months later

Chester A. Arthur

was a Stalwart, Republican Congressman who was elected for the vice presidency in 1880 and won; he was the vice president to Garfield until his assassination, and then he took over; was a devoted, skilled, and open spoilsman; tried to promote reform during his presidency

Lynching

was a form of violence taken against typically black citizens, especially in the south; usually well-organized mobs were the ones who created a public spectacle with an audience; smaller groups lynching were much more common; some victims were criminals or thought to be so and some posed a threat to the white southern life

Roosevelt Recession

was the recession of 1937 that was a result of many factors, but many felt that it was the result of the administration's unwise decision to reduce spending

League of Nations

was a government organization that was formed as a result of the Paris Peace Conference; worked to attain world peace after WWI; the covenant of this provided for an assembly of nations that would meet regularly to debate means of resolving disputes and protecting the peace; U.S., Britain, France, Japan and Italy were the permanent members of the council that made decisions

General George McClellan

was a major general during the Civil War; he had a major passion for wanting to crush the Confederacy and that caused him to be belligerent for no reason with his men; he was not as careful as he needed to be and for this he lost a great many of men; this put him at odds with Lincoln

Triple Alliance

was a major power alliance organized in Europe in 1914; linked Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Italy

Liberty Bonds

was a method used to finance the war and was launched to solicit loans from the American people; this produced $23 billion by 1920

Treaty of Versailles

was a peace document that followed WWI and got it's name from the palace outside of Paris where the final negotiations had taken place; was presented by Wilson to the Senate in 1919; was drafted during the Paris Peace Conference and included the covenant of the League of Nations; Germans disliked the terms of this document very much

Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921

was a piece of legislation that kept with the feminist goal of protective legislation for women; provided federal funds to states to establish prenatal and child health-care programs; produced much controversy, especially form Alice Paul; she opposed this measure under the grounds that it classified all women as mothers; Sanger opposed it because it discouraged the birth-control effort; the American Medical Association would introduce untrained outsiders into the health-care field

Good Neighbor Policy

was a show of America efforts to enhance bot diplomatic and economic relations with Latin America; U.S. abandoned forcing the Latin American governments to repay debts, respect foreign investments or behave "responsibly"; U.S. abandoned usage of military force in Latin America and instead used economic influence

"Quarantine" Speech

was a speech given by FDR that argued that Japanese aggressors should be isolated by the international community to prevent the contagion of war from spreading; public response to this speech was very hostile

Eleanor Roosevelt

was a strong advocate of racial justice and equality as well as a committed advocate of women's rights; put pressure on her husband to support her political beliefs; was also the first lady for 3 terms

The Lost Generation

was a term used by Gertrude Stein who referred to the young Americans emerging from World War I; some writers and intellectuals believed this was an apt description; the heart of their critique of modern society was a sense of personal alienation

Selective Service Act

was an act formed by Theodore Roosevelt and he urged its passage very much; created a national draft (like practiced during the Civil War) that brought civilians in to fight and provided the needed men for WWI; brought about 3 million men into the army and about 2 million into the armed services voluntarily

Orson Wells

was an actor and director who created a memorable event when he broadcast "War of the Worlds" in 1938; this broadcast caused mass panic amongst millions of people who believed that what he broadcast was real

Washington Conference, 1921

was an attempt made by Charles Evan Hughes to prevent what was threatening to become a costly and destabilizing naval armaments race between the U.S., Britain, and Japan; proposed scrapping 2 million tons of existing shipping, reductions of the fleets, and moratorium on construction of large warships; most of the propositions during this conference were agreed upon for acceptance

Direct Primary

was an attempt to take the selection of candidates away from the bosses and give it to the people; an effort to limit the power of parties and improve the quality of elected officials

Life Magazine

was an enormously popular photo-journal that began publication in 1936 and was one of the most successful magazines in American history; it had one of the largest readerships of any publication in the United States; it did address the politics and realism of the depression, but was so well-known because of it's photographs of all type of things including sporting events and natural landscapes

Frances Perkins

was appointed to be the Secretary of Labor and was the first female cabinet member in U.S. history; emerged from the progressive era, which focused on giving women special protections; was instrumental in creating support for the Social Security Act of 1935

Compromise of 1850

was broken up into Phase 1 and Phase 2; Phase 1 was proposed by Henry Clay and stated that California would come in as a free state, slavery would be prohibited in the territories acquired from Mexico, slave trade would be abolished in D.C., and new and more effective fugitive slave laws would be put in place; Phase 2 was proposed by new school politicians and included voting on parts individual of each other, backroom deals and it was self-interest based

Spanish-American War

was called "a splendid little war" by John Hay and many other Americans also agreed with this statement; America declared war on Spain because of 1) the sinking of the USS Maine and 2) the want to help the Cubans in their struggle against Spanish power; Cubans had already weakened Spanish greatly, so war lasted only 4 months; there were many deaths due to disease and many problems arose due to lack of supplies

March to the Sea

was carried out by General William T. Sherman; occurred after he left Atlanta; he sought to not only deprive the Confederate army of supplies and communication, but also to break the will of the Southern people by lowkey terrorizing their towns; took place in 1864

Work Relief

was carried out in part by the Civil Works Administration which put more than 4 million people to work on temporary projects including schools, roads and parks; it pumped money into the economy and provided assistance to people who were out of options

The Populist Party

was created as a third party and was strongly supported by the northwestern alliance; most who made up the alliance were small farmers who were threatened by mechanized commercial farmers; they were unable to truly attract the support of laborers to the party; wanted sub-treasuries, inflation of currency, government ownership and regulation of railroads, direct election of senators, abolition of national banks and ending of absentee ownership

Civilian Conservation Corps

was designed to provide employment to the millions of young men who could find no jobs in the cities; created camps in national parks, forests and other rural/wilderness settings where young men worked in a semi-military environment on projects like planting trees, building reservoirs, developing parks and improving agricultural irrigation

Mass Transit

was developed because of the overcrowding of the streets and because of the inefficiency of horsecars; included trains on elevated railways, cablecars, and electric trolley line and eventually the subway; new technologies of roads and bridges were also taking place

Roger B. Taney

was elected as Jackson's 3rd Secretary of the Treasury after his two others refused to give the order to remove the government's deposit in the bank; was a close friend and loyal ally; placed government deposits in the state banks, not the national bank; was appointed Chief Justice after Marshall died

Presidency of Warren G. Harding

was elected to the presidency in 1920; received the nomination as a result of an agreement among leaders of his party; elected very capable men to the most important cabinet offices and attempted to stabilize the nation's policy; he identified his shortcomings and did not believe that he was fit to be the president

Joint Chiefs of Staff

was established in 1903 to act as military advisers to the Secretary of War; this reform was enacted under Elihu Root; this group was to supervise and coordinate the entire army establishment and to establish an office that would plan for potential wars; this reform and others provided the U.S. with something close to a modern military system

Public Works Administration

was established in 1933 to administer the NIRA's spending programs which allowed $3.3 billion in public works funds to be spent; took a little bit of time to be fully effective

Mandate System

was established under the covenant of the League of Nations; was a compromise between the Allies' wish to retain the Turkish and German colonies; the gain of the territories was not their aim in the war

Immigration Restriction League

was founded in Boston by 5 Harvard alumni; dedicated to the belief that immigrants should be screened, through literacy tests and other standards to separate the desirable from the undesirable; avoided the crude conspiracy theories of the American Protective Association; "sophisticated nativism"

Sherman Antitrust Act

was introduced and passed by the federal government in response to the growing upset of the public stemming from the lack of competition between corporations; corporations would own everything they could, therefore minimal competition; state laws allowed corporations to move to a different state and carry on the same way; act had little to no impact and was no enforced

Wilmot Proviso

was introduced by an antislavery democrat named David Wilmot; he introduced an amendment that prohibited slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico; this amendment made it through to the Senate, where it was rejected and went through this process many times, never being passed; southerners argued that they had the right to move their property wherever they pleased

Barbed Wire

was invented by Joseph Glidden in 1873 to solve the problem of the need for fencing; farmers had to enclose their land in order to protect it from the herds of the open-range cattlemen; wood and stone fencing was too expensive and did not enclose the cattle

Stephen Douglas

was known as a new school politicians; from Illinois; was a Democratic Senator; an open spokesman for the economic needs of his section, especially for the construction of railroads; he was not dedicated to national goals, but sectional goals and personal self-promotion

Yellow Journalism

was known as a sensationalist style of reporting and writing that spread quickly through urban America; used to generate American support for Cuban revolution against Spain; changed the character of newspapers forever; was originally used to as a comment on the new technological possibilities that Pulitzer created

John C. Calhoun

was known as an old school politician; insisted that the north grant the south equal rights in the territories, that it agree to observe the laws concerning fugitive slaves, that it cease attacking slavery and that it amend the Constitution to create dual presidents; he made radical demands with no chance of passage; believed the solution to end sectionalism was to save the Union

Daniel Webster

was known as an old school politician; still had presidential ambitions; he delivered an address to the Senate in an attempt to rally northern moderates to support Clay's compromise; accepted an appointment as Secretary of State

Securities and Exchange Commission

was meant to police the stock market; this act was an indication of how far the financial establishment had fallen in public estimation

Social Gospel

was mostly concerned with redeeming the nation's cities; advocates of social justice typically believed in an egalitarian society and support for poor and oppressed people; was also intended to be linked to religion in some way and was powerful with Protestantism; Father John Ryan helped to link this movement to Catholicism

General Robert E. Lee

was named the principal military advisor of the Confederacy by Jefferson Davis, after turning down Lincoln's offer to command the federal forces; he joined the support of the Confederacy when his home state, Virginia seceded from the Union; he said he couldn't fight against his own people

Theodore Roosevelt

was not only an admired public figure, but was also considered an idol; no president before him had attracted such attention and devotion; was the youngest man to ever assume the presidency; did a wide variety of things before becoming president; was a champion of cautious, moderate change; allied with progressives who wanted regulation of trusts; desired to win the power to investigate activities of corporations for the government

William McKinley

was originally the governor of Ohio, until the Republicans elected him as their candidate in the presidential election of 1896; he, as a previous member of Congress, had authored the 1890 tariff act; his party opposed free coinage of silver; won against Bryan; raised tariffs under the Dingley tariff to the highest point in American history

National Industrial Recovery Act

was passed in June 1933 and this had a large effect in aiding industries; it relaxed antitrust provisions, recognized workers' right to bargain; had to be changed because Section 7(a) did not enforce recognition of bargaining by workers

Pendleton Act

was passed while Chester Arthur was in office; required that some federal jobs be filled by competitive written examinations rather than by patronage; was not a popular act at first, but eventually people began to concede to it's demands

New Manifest Destiny

was promoted by industrial interests due to the fear of Americans that resources would eventually run out in America and they would need to be found outside of the U.S.; was a developing desire for America to expand outside of the national borders of the U.S.

Nineteenth Amendment

was ratified in 1920 and guaranteed political rights to women throughout the nation; all of the hard work of women's clubs and protests and advocating paid off

Ku Klux Klan

was restarted in 1915 when a group of white southerners met on Stone Mountain near Atlanta and established a new version of the society; nativist passions swelled in Georgia as a result of the case of Leo Frank, who was convicted of murdering an employee

Ku Klux Klan

was started by Nathan Bedford Forrest; Congress passed Enforcement Acts also known as the KKK acts to stop the violence against African Americans; was effective in decreasing the violence

James K. Polk

was the Democratic candidate in the election of 1844; favored annexation very much and was a huge expansionist; the Democratic party chose him as their presidential candidate instead of Martin van Buren; won the election and went into office with the goal of the annexation of Texas as well as the established U.S.-Canadian border; running for president during the Mexican War

Sharecropping

was the agreement between a tenant and his farmer in which the farmer lived off of the tenants land and supplies and in return, the farmer gave their tenant a large portion of their annual crops; a new system of credit that emerged in the south that virtually made it impossible for sharecroppers to escape from debt and leave the farm

Eugene Debs

was the candidate for the Socialist Party of America in the election of 1900; received almost one million ballots

Andrew Carnegie

was the central figure in the steel industry; opened his own steelworks in Pittsburgh in 1873; he cut coast and prices by striking deal with the railroads and then he bought out all of his rivals (horizontal integration); he also eventually controlled the entire process from the mining of the steel to the selling (vertical integration); sold out to J.P. Morgan who merged his company with others to end up owning 2/3 of the nation's steel production

General John J. Pershing

was the commander of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF); lead an unsuccessful American pursuit of Pancho Villa; him and the AEF joined the existing Allied forces in WWI

Booker T. Washington

was the founder and president of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama; he was a major spokesman for African American education and the commitment to their education; believed that African Americans should attend school, learn skills, and establish a foothold in agriculture and trade

A. Philip Randolph

was the leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; it was a vigorous union that was led by an African American and represented the black workforce; this man earned major gains for his members which included higher wages, shorter working horus and other benefits; enlisted the union in battle for African Americans' civil rights

Panama Canal

was the most celebrated accomplishment of Roosevelt's presidency; built in the Isthmus of Panama in Colombia and linked the Atlantic and the Pacific; built with locks because it was not at sea level

Oregon Trail

was the most common route for people who were migrating west; stretched from Independence through the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains and from there migrators moved into either Oregon or onto the California Trail; covered over 2000 miles; the trail took about 10 months and many who traveled it faced hardships including illness, disease and death

Horatio Alger

was the most famous promoter of the "rags to riches" success story; he wrote more than 100 novels about poor boys who rose from "rags to riches"; his stories helped to reinforce one of the strongest national myths of American history "rags to riches" or the "self-made man"

American Federation of Labor

was the most important and enduring labor group in the country; was an association of autonomous craft unions and represented mainly skilled workers; believed that women were weak and that if they joined, employers would be able to easily take advantage by low pay; sought equal pay for working women, although they believed women should not work; paid women organizers more to make them seem less attractive to employers

General Ulysses S. Grant

was the most important general of the Union army; was a national hero after the Civil War and his Republican supporters nominated him for president in 1868

Adolf Hitler

was the nationalistic leader of the Nazi party who was becoming more and more popular and gaining more support; he took power after losing the 1932 election for chancellor; had belief in the Germans being superior race, creating a living space for them, was anti-Semitic and very militant

Senator Henry Cabot Lodge

was the powerful chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee; was a close friend of Theodore Roosevelt and both men despised President Wilson; had a general opposition to the Treaty of Versailles and this caused a series of amendments to the League of Nations' covenant, limiting the organization's affect on America

Grover Cleveland

was the reform governor of New York and nominated by the Democrats in the election of 1884 because they believed he was an honest Democrat; he had acquired a reputation as an enemy of corruption; had a narrow win because of a scandal with the Republican candidate Blaine; "veto governor", was also righteously opposed to politicians; attempted to reduce tariffs rates

Andrew Johnson

was the vice president of the United States when Lincoln was assassinated, and became the 17th president as a result; was the first president to be impeached because of his removal of Edwin Stanton which violated the Tenure of Office Act; he was set up to be impeached because he was terrible

National Recovery Administration

was under the direction of Hugh Johnson who established the "blanket code" amongst all business establishments: minimum wage of 30-40 cents, maximum of 35-40 hours work week and no child labor allowed; also established industrial codes for prices adjustments

Tenements

was used in the late nineteenth century to describe slum dwellings only; the first were built in New York City in 1850 with the concept behind them as cheap housing for the poor; many had windowless rooms, little to no plumbing or central heating and often a row of privies in the basement; many were overcrowded with sometimes more than 4 people in one of the small rooms

Chain Stores

were able to sell manufactured goods at lower prices than the local, independent stores because the chains had to much more volume; faced opposition from established merchants and those who thought they would jeopardize the character of the community; had greater variety and lower prices; were slow to reach rural areas

Taylorism

were also known as the principles of "scientific management"; were controversial at their time and even now; these ideas were meant to make production more efficient by being able to use unskilled workers and not have to depend on a skilled worker; increased employer's control over workforce and workplace; unskilled workers would use modern machines to perform simple tasks at a greater speed; was a way to make human labor compatible with the demands of the machine age

Immigrant Ghetto/ Ethnic Enclave

were communities formed by national groups within the cities that attempted to re-create in the New World many of the features of the Old in order to help immigrants transition to urban areas; offered newcomers much that was familiar and sometimes even held people from the same town or village; had things in their native languages, sold native foods and had religious and other organizations that linked them to their national pasts

Neutrality Acts

were designed to prevent a recurrence of the events that many American believed had pressure the U.S. into joining WWI; established a mandatory arms embargo against both victim and aggressor in any military conflict and empower the president to warn American citizens that they might travel on the ships of warring nations only at their own risk; cash-and-carry policy

The Whig Party

were given their name because they viewed Jackson as King Andrew I and named themselves as the party in England that worked to limit the power of the king; this party created the second party system in the United States; most influential wit merchants and manufacturers of the Northeast, wealthy planters of the south and ambitious farmers and rising commercial class of west; tended to be wealthier, with aristocratic backgrounds and to be commercially ambitious

Palmer Raids

were intended to uncover large caches of weapons and explosives; were orchestrated by the federal government under Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer and his assistant J. Edgar Hoover; only 3 pistols were discovered although many were arrested; most were let go but some non-American citizens were deported

Confederate States of America

were the states of the south that seceded when the division of the United States occurred before the Civil War; mobilized themselves against Lincoln and the platform that he stood for

Lend-Lease

would allow government not only to sell but also to lend or lease armaments to any nation deemed "vital to the defense of the United States"; America basically could funnel weapons to England on the basis of no more than Britain's promise to return them or pay for them

Popular Sovereignty

would allow the people of each territory to decide that status of slavery there; was the opposing idea to that of extending the Missouri Compromise line; basically would give the legislature of whoever moved into the newly obtained territories the vote on slavery or slave-free; was originally named "sqautter sovereignty"

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

Dale Carnegie

wrote a self-help manual entitled "How to Win Friends and Influence People" which was one of the best-selling books of the decade; his message was that both personal initiative and making others feel valued were the ways to achieve success; people wanted to believe that their efforts would bring them into prosperity and success

Stephen Austin

young immigrant from Missouri; was key in attracting Americans to settle in Texas because he was an American intermediary; established the first legal American settlement in Texas (1822); both helped to bring American immigrants to Texas as well as to create centers of power to compete against Mexican government; wanted to be peaceful when taking Texas from Mexican power