APUSH

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

(Taney) Ruled that African Americans cannot be U.S. citizens and that Congress has no power to forbid slavery in U.S. territories. Led to the Civil War and considered the worst case in history

Roth v. US (1957)

(Warren) Obscene material is not protected by the First Amendment.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

- Georgia legislature granted 35 million acres of Yazoo River Country to private speculators - next legislature yielded to public outcry - Marshall decreed that legislative grant was a contract and since the Constitution forbids the creation of state laws that "impair" contracts the grant would stand - protected property rights against popular pressures - Constitution fundamental, had greater prevalence over state laws

Lecompton Constitution

- document created by the proslavery forces in Kansas that restricted people to vote only either "with slavery" or "with no slavery" - provisions in the constitution provided for the protection of slave owners in Kansas if the people voted against slavery

*Freedmen's Bureau*

- early welfare agency created by Congress in 1865 to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education both to freedmen and white refugees - headed by Union general *Oliver O. Howard* - greatest success in education: taught around 200,000 blacks how to read - however, the bureau often turned to corruption: : withholding promised 40 acres from blacks : collaborating with planters into deceiving blacks into signing labor contracts

Shaky Emancipation

- emancipation of blacks took effect unevenly throughout the Confederacy - in many cases, despite Union intervention, blacks found themselves re-enslaved - sometimes the master-servant relationship remained prevalent and slaves resisted Union armies while others fought to achieve their freedom by fighting against the South militarily - forced emancipation = unstable emancipation - emancipation strengthened the black community as *"slave marriages"* began to be formalized (make children legal heirs) and communities formed within cities and towns - church became the focus of black community life (black Baptist Church grew to 500,000 while African Methodist Episcopal Church grew to 400,000) - opened up opportunity of education for many blacks

Economy and Aliens

- immigrants contributed to America becoming a pluralistic society - vigorous economic growth attracted immigrants and ensured that they could claim their share of wealth without jeopardizing that of others - many immigrants could not establish themselves out West, this meant that they were forced to stay in urban cities and take up roles in industrialization - immigrants greatly contributed to the growth of the economy in this way, thus the two were dependent on one another

*George B. McClellan*

- in 1861, McClellan was given command of the Army of the Potomac (Union army) - nicknamed "Young Napoleon," McClellan was a powerful organizer and tactician who was able to bolster the morale of the Union soldiers (*"Little Mac"*) - *flaws:* too careful, always paranoid about enemy's numbers

Annexation of Texas

- issue of Texas became a leading issue in the pres. campaign of 1844 - pro-expansion and Democratic James K. Polk won against the Whigs and Tyler interpreted this as a "mandate" to acquire Texas - Tyler arranged for annexation to be decided by a joint resolution - only needed a simple majority in both houses of Congress rather than 2/3 in the Senate - in 1845, the resolution was passed and Texas became the 28th state in America

The Early War of 1812

- regular U.S. army ill-prepared and widely scattered - Canada became most important battleground because of weak British power there - Americans frittered away victory by attempting three-pronged invasion of Canada (similar to British invasion in past years) - British and Canadians showed energy from the start, capturing Fort Michilimackinac on the upper Great Lakes - Americans turn to naval aspect to try to obtain control of Great Lakes (this turns out to be their greatest point of success)

The Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians

- religious organization established in 1787 that was devoted to "civilizing" and Christianizing the Indians

8. John Winthrop (1588-1649)

1629 - He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president.

Indian Reorganization Act

1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.

U-boat

A German submarine (from the German Unterseeboot).

Treaty of Greenville

A document signed by the Americans and the Natives in 1795 after the Battle of Fallen Timbers, it ceded land from the Old Northwest. which included most of Indiana and Ohio. After the agreement was signed, the Native Americans gained limited sovereignty as well as an annual annuity of $9,000.

War Production Board

A federal agency that coordinated U.S. industry and successfully mobilized the economy to produce vast quantities of military supplies

Recession

A moderate and short-term economic downturn, less severe than a depression

BUS (1816 version)

A: favored the development of national programs and institutions, including a protective tariff, internal improvements and the revival of a Bank of the United States, Southern and western support for the bank, led by Republican nationalists John C. Calhoun of South Carolina and Henry Clay of Kentucky was decisive in the successful chartering effort and the charter was signed into law by Madison on April 10, 1816. B: As the Bank grew stronger it stressed more Federal control over the economy and western lands.

William Walker

American proslavery filibusterer who seized control of Nicaragua and made himself president in the 1850s

censure

An official statement of condemnation passed by a legislative body against one of its members or some other official of government. While severe, a censure itself stops short of penalties or expulsion, which is removal from office. "A newspaper exposé and congressional investigation led to formal censure of two congressmen. . . ."

Federally chartered financial institution set up by Alexander Hamilton and vehemently opposed by Thomas Jefferson

Bank of the United States

George F. Kennan

Brilliant U.S. specialist on the Soviet Union and originator of the theory that U.S. policy should be to contain the Soviet Union

Sandra Day O'Connor

Brilliant legal scholar appointed by Reagan as the first woman justice on the Supreme Court

13. Site of major victory by American troops under Zachary Taylor over Mexican troops under Santa Anna

Buena Vista (pg. 384, The Mastering of Mexico)

12. The phrase "spot resolutions" refers to A. President Polk's message asking Congress to declare war on Mexico on the spot. B. the amendment introduced after the Mexican War declaring that not one new spot of land could be opened to slavery. C. Congressman Abraham Lincoln's resolution demanding that President Polk specify the exact spot, on American soil, where American blood had supposedly been shed. D. the congressional act determining which spots of Mexican land should be ceded to the United States. E. Congress's resolution declaring that the key spot America should seize from Mexico was San Francisco Bay.

C. Congressman Abraham Lincoln's resolution demanding that President Polk specify the exact spot, on American soil, where American blood had supposedly been shed (pg. 382, American Blood of American (?) Soil)

Robert S. McNamara

Cabinet officer who promoted "flexible response" but came to doubt the wisdom of the Vietnam War he had presided over

Grand Army of the Republic

Civil War Union veterans' organization that became a potent political bulwark of the Republican party in the late nineteenth century

thermonuclear

Concerning the heat released in nuclear fission; specifically, the use of that heat in hydrogen bombs.

Alabama

Confederate navy warship built in Britain that wreaked havoc on Northern shipping until it was finally sunk in 1864

15th Amendment

Constitutional amendment guaranteeing blacks the right to vote

Unconditional Surrender

Controversial U.S.-British demand on Germany and Japan that substituted for a "second front"

USA-Patriot

Controversial law restricting civil liberties passed in the immediate aftermath of the September ll attacks

Samuel Tilden

Democratic nominee for president in 1876, loses narrowly

Booker T. Washington

Distinguished black leader and former slave that observed that whites could not hold blacks in a ditch without getting down there with them b/c defenders of slavery were forced to degrade themselves

Green Berets

Elite anti-guerrilla military units expanded by Kennedy as part of his doctrine of "flexible response"

Hillary Rodham Clinton

First presidential spouse to be given major policy responsibilities and to win election to the United States Senate

Political and social upheaval supported by most Americans during its moderate beginnings in 1789, but the cause of bitter divisions after it took a radical turn in 1792

French Revolution

Robert E. Lee

Gentlemanly top commander of the Confederate army

23rd Amendment

Gives Washington DC electoral college votes as if it were a state (DC still has no representation in Congress)

27. Sir Edmond Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England.

Ulysses S. Grant

Great military leader whose presidency foundered in corruption and political ineptitude

"works doubly, weakening the enemy and strengthening us." "It is difficult to say they are not as good soldiers as any." "Abandon all the posts now garrisoned by black men, take 150,000 [black] men from our side and put them in the battlefield or cornfield against us, and we would be compelled to abandon the war in three weeks."

In August 1863 Lincoln wrote to Grant that enlisting black soldiers: In December 1863 he announced: In August 1864 he said:

supply side

In economics, the theory that investment incentives such as lowered federal spending and tax cuts will stimulate economic growth and increased employment

quarantine

In politics, isolating a nation by refusing to have economic or diplomatic dealings with it

militant

In politics, someone who pursues political goals in a belligerent way, often using paramilitary means.

coattails

In politics, the ability of a popular candidate at the top of a ticket to transfer some of his or her support to lesser candidates on the same ticket.

Dashing explorer/adventurer who led the overthrow of Mexican rule in California after war broke out

John C. Fremont

Antietam

Key battle of 1862 that forestalled European intervention to aid the Confederacy and led to the Emancipation Proclamation

Stephen A Douglas

Leading northern Democrat whose presidential hopes fell victim to the conflict over slavery

36, 30 (Southern Boundary of Missouri)

Line designated as the future boundary between free and slave territories under the Missouri Compromise

iconoclastic

Literally, a breaking of sacred images; hence, by extension, any action that assaults ideas or principles held in reverence or high regard.

Peninsula Campaign

McClellan's disastrously unsuccessful attempt to end the war quickly by a back-door conquest of Richmond

Seneca Falls Convention

Memorable 1848 meeting in New York where women made an appeal based on the Declaration of Independence

Santa Anna

Mexican general and dictator whose large army failed to defeat Texas rebels

Braceros

Mexican- American workers brought into the United States to provide an agricultural labor supply

The doctrine, proclaimed in the Thomas Jefferson's Kentucky resolution, that a state can block a federal law it considers unconstitutional

Nullification

Richard Nixon

Red-hunter turned world-traveling diplomat who narrowly missed becoming president in 1960

Strom Thurmond

Southern segregationist who led Dixiecrat presidential campaign against Truman in 1948

The Star Spangled Banner

Stirring patriotic song written by Francis Scott Key while being held aboard a British ship in Baltimore harbor

National Industry Recovery Act (NIRA)

The chief measure to promote recovery was the _____. It set up the National Recovery Adminstration and set prices, wages, work hours, and production for each industry. Based on theory that regulation of the economy would allow industries to return to full production, thereby leading to full employment and a return of prosperity.

beachhead

The first position on a beach secured by an invading force and used to land further troops and supplies.

military occupation

The holding and control of a territory and its citizenry by the conquering forces of another nation.

Conscription draft riots

The poor were drafted disproportionately, and in New York in 1863, they rioted, killing at least 73 people.

The Liberator

William Lloyd Garrison's fervent abolitionist newspaper that preached an immediate end to slavery

"Old Fuss and Feathers," whose conquest of Mexico City brought U.S. victory in the Mexican War

Winfield Scott

4. Compared to European immigration to other countries like Australia and Argentina, immigrants to the United States were a. from a greater diversity of European countries. b. more affluent. c. primarily from European urban centers rather than rural areas. d. English-speaking. e. politically liberal or radical.

a. from a greater diversity of European Countries.

6. Officially, the Emancipation Proclamation freed only slaves a. who had fled their masters and joined the Union Army. b. under control of the rebellious Confederate states. c. in the Border States and in areas under Union Army control. d. in Washington, D.C. e. whose masters were loyal to the Confederacy.

b. under control of the rebellious Confederate states.

The greatest weakness of the government under the Articles of Confederation was that a. it was unable to deal with the issue of western lands. b. it was still too subservient to America's ally, France. c. it had no power to establish relations with foreign governments. d. there was no judicial branch to balance the legislative and executive branches. e. it had no power to regulate commerce or collect taxes from the sovereign states.

e

verdant

green with grass or other rich vegetation.

the "bloody shirt"

remembering the civil war and what happened

Thesis...

"The supreme lesson of the conflict was the folly of leading a divided and apathetic people into war. And yet, despite the unimpressive military outcome and even less decisive negotiated peace, Americans came out of the war with a renewed sense of nationhood."

25th Amendment

(1) Succession of VP if president dies or become incapable to do his job. (2) if there is no VP, president must appoint one, and congress must approve

Marbury v. Madison

(1803) a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

(1819) established that the corporate charter qualified as a contract between private parties, the King and the trustees, with which the legislature could not interfere.

Insular Cases / Downes v. Bidwell (1901)

(Fuller) Confirmed the right of the federal government to place tariffs on good entering the U. S. From U. S. Territories on the grounds that "the Constitution does not follow the flag."

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

(Fuller) Upheld racial discrimination: created SEPARATE BUT EQUAL doctrine that would be later overturned with Brown v. Board in 1954

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

(Marshall ) Clarified the commerce clause and affirmed Congressional power over interstate commerce. Arose due to state attempt to control commerce of steamboats

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

(Marshall) The court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, which is known as JUDICIAL REVIEW

Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000)

(Rehnquist) The Court ruled that the Boy Scouts of America could dismiss a troop leader after learning he was gay, holding that the right to freedom of association outweighed a New Jersey anti - discrimination statute.

"It is not promulgating anything that I have not heretofore said to say that traitors must be made odious, that treason must be made odious, that traitors must be punished and impoverished. They must not only be punished, but their social power must be destroyed. If not, they will still maintain an ascendancy, and may again become numerous and powerful; for, in the words of a former Senator of the United States, 'When traitors become numerous enough, treason becomes respectable.'"

*Before President Andrew Johnson (1808-1875) softened his Southern policy, his views were radical. Speaking on April 21, 1865, he declared:*

"I am for Negro suffrage in every rebel state. If it be just, it should not be denied; if it be necessary, it should be adopted; if it be a punishment to traitors, they deserve it."

*Representative Thaddeus Stevens (1792-1868), in a congressional speech on January 3, 1967, urged the ballot for blacks out of concern for them and out of bitterness against Southern whites:*

Control of Great Lakes

- Control of Great Lakes meant: ability to traverse northern regions of N.A. and British Canada, control forts at choke points of lakes to prevent others' accessibility

Failing Compromise

- James Henry Crittenden, successor of Henry Clay, proposed amendments (see 19-21) to try to appease the South - due to Buchanan's passive political action, the delay on Lincoln's inauguration, and failed compromise the crumbled Union entered a "lame duck" period which saw the South rapidly secede from the country

Republican Control Over Reconstruction

- Republicans divided into two groups in the matter of reconstruction: radicals and moderates - radicals led by *Charles Sumner* in the Senate, *Thaddeus Stevens* in the House - radicals adhered to supporting blacks while holding vitriolic contempt for the rebellious white southerners; apply federal power to bring social and economic transformation in the South - moderates preferred policies that prevented states from abridging citizens' rights over policies that directly involved fed. government in individual lives - both agreed on enfranchising black voters

Stephen Austin

- Texan who in 1823 made arrangements with the regime in Mexico City to bring into Texas three hundred American families with certain regulations in return for a huge grant of land

John C. Frémont

- explorer who cooperated with the Americans in overthrowing the Mexican rule in 1846

*Black Codes*

- laws created by the new Southern regimes that regulated the affairs of emancipated blacks - common aims: : ensure a stable and subservient labor force : labor penalties imposed on blacks who supposedly failed to fulfill their contracts : restore pre-emancipation system of race relations (forbid blacks to serve on juries, sometimes bar or restrict a black from gaining land) - despite some revocation, blacks were forced to become sharecroppers and remained in economic ruin

Nicholas Biddle

- president of the Bank of United States - held an immense amount of power over the nation's financial affairs

309. Jay's Treaty

1794 - It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships.

Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act

1936 - The second ___ appropriated funds for soil conservation paymnets to farmers who would remove land from production.

The Constitutional compromise between North and South that resulted in each slave being counted as 60 percent of a free person for purposes of representation in Congress

3/5 Compromise

Watergate

A Washington office complex that became a symbol of the widespread corruption of the Nixon administration

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

A federal agency which insures bank deposits, created by the Glass-Strengall Banking Reform Act of 1933.

literacy test

A literacy examination that a person must pass before being allowed to vote.

Thaddeus Stevens

A radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the radical Republicans in Congress.

Lewis Cass

Democratic presidential candidate in 1848, original proponent of the idea of popular sovereignty

Midnight judges

Derogatory Republican term for Federalist judges appointed during the last hours of his term by President Adams

scalawags

Derogatory term for white Southerners who cooperated with the Republican Reconstruction governments

Adlai E. Stevenson

Eloquent Democratic presidnetial candidate who was twice swamped by a popular Republican war hero

William Jennings Bryan

Eloquent young Congressman from Nebraska who became the most prominent advocate of free silver in the early 1890s

**Gregg v. Georgia (1976)

Established that the death penalty does not necessarily violate the Constitution

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's repudiation of Theodore Roosevelt's Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, stating his intention to work cooperatively with Latin American nations

Reform Party

H. Ross Perot's third party that in 1996 received less than halfthe votes Perot had garnered in 1992

"Sell a country! Why not sell the air, the clouds, and the great sea, as well as the earth? Did not the Great Spirit make them all for the use of his children?"

In a speech at Vincennes, Indiana Territory, Tecumseh (1768-1813) said,

National Youth Association (NYA)

June 1935 - Established as part of the WPA to provide part-time jobs for high school and college students to enable them to stay in school and to help young adults not in school find jobs.

NSC Memorandum #68

Key U.S. government memorandum that militarized American foreign policy and indicated national faith in the economy's capacity to sustain large military expenditures

South's advantages in the Civil War

Large land areas with long coasts, could afford to lose battles, and could export cotton for money. They were fighting a defensive war and only needed to keep the North out of their states to win. Also had the nation's best military leaders, and most of the existing military equipment and supplies.

Military Reconstruction Act of 1867

Law of March 1867 that imposed military rule on the South and disenfranchised former thousands of former Confederates

Reinhold Niebuhr

Leading American theologian who advocated Christian realism and the use of force if necessary to maintain justice against Nazi or Stalinist evil

America First Committee

Leading isolationist group advocating that America focus on continental defense and non-involvement with the European war

Copperheads

Lincoln believed that anti-war Northern Democrats harbored traitorous ideas and he labeled them "Copperheads", poisonous snakes waiting to get him.

"If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that."

Lincoln wrote to the antislavery editor Horace Greeley in August 1862, even as he was about to announce the Emancipation Proclamation

10% Reconstruction Plan

Lincoln's 1863 program for a rapid Reconstruction of the South

George H. W. Bush

Long-time Republican political figure who defeated Dukakis for the presidency in 1988

Rural Electrificaion Committee (REA)

May 1936 - Created to provide loans and WPA labor to electric cooperatives to build lines into rural areas not served by private companies.

"War Hawks"

Militantly nationalistic western congressmen eager for hostilities with the Indians, Canadians, and British

Winfield Scott

Military hero of the Mexican War who became the Whigs' last presidential candidate in 1852

Mississippi v. Johnson

Mississippi wanted the president to stop enforcing the Reconstruction Acts because they were unconstitutional. The Supreme Court decided that the Acts were constitutional and the states must obey them.

Dey of Algiers

North African leader during the time of the Articles of Confederation who took advantage of the weak and unprotected trading system to attack American shipping and trade. The attacks of this leader and his pirates showed the Americans they needed to protect and regulate commerce on a national level which the Articles of Confederation could not do.

Oregon Country

Northwestern territory occupied jointly by Britain and the United States under the Anglo-American Convention of 1818

Clement Vallandigham

Notorious Copperhead, convicted of treason, who ran for governor of Ohio while exiled to Canada

10. River that Mexico claimed as the Texas-Mexico boundary, crossed by Taylor's troops in 1846

Nueces River (pg. 382, American Blood on American (?) Soil)

Leland Stanford

One of the "Big Four" tycoons who became president of the Central Pacific Railroad and later went on to become governor of California.

Whig Party

Political party that fell apart and disappeared after losing the election of 1852

Monroe Doctrine

President Monroe warning in 1823 to the European powers that there would not be anymore British colonization or intervening in the Western Hemisphere, as long as America also didn't colonize or interfere with foreign wars. Didn't make much of a difference in the beginning, and was only made for American self-defense against Europe because of the lack of the British navy protecting the US, not really to protect South America from European colonization.

Mexican military leader who failed to stop humiliating American invasion of his country (the old double-crosser)

Santa Anna

Panic of 1857

Sharp economic decline that increased northern demands for a high tariff and convinced southerners that the North was economically vulnerable

The Wilderness

Site of one of Grant's bloody battles with the Confederates near Richmond in 1864

Gettysburg

Site where Lee's last major invasion of the North was turned back

Montgomery, Alabama

Site where seven seceding states united to declare their independence from the United States

Andrew Johnson

Southern War Democrat who ran as Lincoln's Union party vice-presidential candidate in 1864

Preston Brooks

Southern congressman whose bloody attack on a northern senator fueled sectional hatred

George Pickett

Southern officer whose failed charge at Gettysburg marked "the high water mark of the Confederacy"

"cottonocracy"

Term for cotton ruling the South indirectly since it led to power

McCarthyism

Term for making ruthless and unfair charges against opponents, such as those leveled by a red-hunting Wisconsin senator in the 1950s

14th Amendment

The constitutional amendment granting civil rights to freed slaves and barring former Confederates from office

Massive Retaliation

The doctrine upon which Eisenhower and Dulles based American nuclear policy in the 1950s

George Washington

The first President of the United States (1789-1797), he was loved by the people, and in his term established a solid ground for the United States to stand upon. He managed to keep the young United States out of foreign affairs and entanglements, namely the French Revolution.

Black Codes

The harsh Southern state laws of 1865 that limited black rights and imposed harsh restrictions to ensure a stable black labor supply

Al Qaeda

The international terrorist network headed by Osama bin Laden

McCarthyism

The practice of making sweeping, unfounded charges against innocent people with consequent loss of reputation, job, and so on.

"The Missouri question...is the most portentous one which ever yet threatened our Union. In the gloomiest moment of the revolutionary war I never had any apprehensions equal to what I feel from this source...[The] question, like a firebel in the night, awakened and filled me with terror....[With Slavery] we haev a wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him nor safely let him go."

While the debate over Missouri was raging, Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) wrote to a correspondent,

Blue Eagle

Widely displayed symbol of the National Recovery Administration (NRA), which attempted to reorganize and reform U.S. industry

"one of those uncommon geniuses who spring up occasionally to produce revolutions and overturn the established order of things. If it were not for the vicinity of the United States, he would perhaps be founder of an Empire that would rival in glory that of Mexico or Peru."

William Henry Harrison (1773-1841) Indian fighter and later president, called Tecumseh

Republican legislation passed in Congress after Southerners left: banking, tariff, homestead, transcontinental railroad

With no Southerners to vote them down, the Northern Congressman passed all the bills they wanted to. Led to the industrial revolution in America.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that showed how families were separated when sold

Richard Nixon

Young California congressman whose investigation of Alger Hiss spurred fears of communist influence in America

John F. Kennedy

Youthful politician who combined television appeal with traditional big-city Democratic politics to squeak out a victory in 1960

101. John Peter Zenger trial

Zenger published articles critical of British governor William Cosby. He was taken to trial, but found not guilty. The trial set a precedent for freedom of the press in the colonies.

6. The greatest political beneficiary of the Louisiana Purchase was a. Thomas Jefferson. b. Aaron Burr. c. the Federalist party. d. Napoleon. e. the American military.

a. Thomas Jefferson.

Bessemer process

an industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities

8. The major promoter of an effective tax-supported system of free public education for all American children was a. Mary Lyons. b. Horace Mann. c. Noah Webster. d. Susan B. Anthony. e. Abraham Lincoln.

b. Horace Mann.

7. It appeared that the Compromise of 1850 would fail to be enacted into law when a. Senator John C. Calhoun agreed that the Compromise was the best solution available. b. President Zachary Taylor suddenly died and the new president Fillmore backed the Compromise. c. Senator William Seward stated that a higher law demanded preservation of the Union. d. violence between radical abolitionists and southern fire-eaters made Congress realize compromise was essential. e. Henry Clay persuaded President Taylor to reverse his opposition to the Compromise.

b. President Zachary Taylor suddenly died and the new president Fillmore backed the Compromise.

5. Which of the following was not among the Border States? a. Missouri b. Kentucky c. Oklahoma d. Maryland e. Delaware

c. Oklahoma

7. The primary goal for which all factions in both political parties contended during the Gilded Age was a. racial justice. b. a sound financial and banking system. c. patronage. d. a more assertive American foreign policy. e. rapid expansion of the national railway system.

c. patronage.

8. The new nationalistic feeling right after the War of 1812 was evident in all of the following except a. the development of a distinctive national literature. b. an increased emphasis on economic independence. c. the addition of significant new territory to the United States. d. a new pride in the American army and navy. e. the cry for the development of a better national transportation system.

c. the addition of significant new territory to the United States.

12. George Washington's successor, John Adams, was politically crippled by a. Washington's refusal to give him his whole-hearted endorsement. b. the political hostility directed at his assertive wife, Abigail Adams. c. the attacks and plots by enemies within his own Federalist party, including Hamilton. d. his ignorance and weakness in managing foreign and military affairs. e. his support for the unpopular Alien and Sedition Acts.

c. the attacks and plots by enemies within his own Federalist party, including Hamilton.

12. Frederick Douglass and some other black and white abolitionists sought to end slavery by a. encouraging slave rebellions in the South. b. calling on the North to secede from the Union and invade the South. c. getting northern churches to condemn the sin of slavery. d. promoting antislavery political movements like the Free Soil and Republican parties. e. promoting education and economic opportunity for free blacks.

d. promoting antislavery political movements like the Free Soil and Republican parties.

6. The political system of the Gilded Age was generally characterized by a. split-ticket voting, low voter turnout, and single-issue special-interest groups. b. strong party loyalties, low voter turnout, and deep ideological differences. c. third-party movements, high voter turnout and strong disagreement on foreign-policy issues. d. strong party loyalties, high voter turnout, and few disagreements on national issues. e. weak party loyalties, high voter turnout, and focus on personalities rather than parties.

d. strong party loyalties, high voter turnout, and few disagreements on national issues.

5. One significant domestic consequence of the War of 1812 was a. a weakening of respect for American naval forces. b. an increased threat from Indians in the West. c. the revival of the Federalists as a threat to the politically weakened President Madison. d. a decline of nationalism and a growth of sectionalism. e. an increase in domestic manufacturing and economic independence.

e. an increase in domestic manufacturing and economic independence.

covetous

having or showing a great desire to possess something, typically something belonging to someone else.

James A. Garfield

the 20th President of the US; he died two months after being shot and six months after his inauguration.

"playing the Texas game"

transplanted Yankees might yet bring California into the Union by "playing the Texas game.''

Treaty of 1818

A: This was the British and American treaty that made them share the Oregon country and the fishing in Newfoundland in 1818 and was negotiated during the Monroe administration. B: It was evidence of how nationalism after the War of 1812 shaped foreign policy because of how the federal government negotiated this treaty for the good of the American people.

"I have just read your dispatch about sore-tongued and fatigued horses. Will you pardon me for asking what the horses of your army have done since the battle of Antietam that fatigues anything?"

Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) treated the demands of George McClellan for reinforcements and his excuses for inaction with infinite patience. One exception came when the general complained that his horses were tired. On October 24, 1862, Lincoln wrote:

Winston Churchill

Allied leader who met with FDR to plan strategy at Casablanca and Teheran

Salmon P. Chase

Ambitious secretary of the treasury who wanted to replace Lincoln as president in 1864

Caleb Cushing

American diplomat who negotiated the Treaty of Wanghia with China in 1844

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

An 1850 treaty between Britain and America stating that neither country would exclusively control or fortify any Central American canal.

86. Phillis Wheatly (1754-1784)

An African domestic in the colonies, and a well-known colonial poet. Her poetry was ornate and elaborate.

"All the negroes found in blue uniform or with any outward marks of a Union soldier upon him was killed - I saw some taken into the woods and hung - Others I saw stripped of all their clothing and they stood upon the banks of the river with their faces riverwards and then they were shot - Still others were killed by having their brains beaten out by the butt end of the muskets in the hands of the Rebels."

An affidavit by a Union sergeant described the fate of one group of black Union troops captured by the Confederates:

Abraham Lincoln

Author of the moderate 10 percent Reconstruction plan that ran into congressional opposition

Opium War

British military victory over China that gained Britain's right to sell drugs in China and colonial control of the island of Hong Kong

John C. Breckenridge

Buchanan's vice president, nominated for president by breakaway southern Democrats in 1860

James G. Blaine

Charming but corrupt Half-Breed Republican senator and presidential nominee in 1884

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)

(Warren) Overturned Plessy case. Racially segregated public facilities are unconstitutional.

"I felt like a bird out of a cage. Amen. Amen. Amen. I could hardly ask to feel any better than I did that day....The week passed off in a blaze of glory." "Men are taking their wives and children, families which had been for a long time broken up are united and oh! such happiness. I am glad I am here."

*Houston H. Holloway, age twenty at the time of his emancipation, recalled his feelings upon hearing of his freedom:* *The reunion of long-lost relatives also inspired joy; one Union officer wrote home:*

Nativists

- collective label for people who feared that immigrants would outbreed, outvote, and overwhelm the native American population - strong resentment also came from the fact that (for the most part) the Irish and Germans were Roman-Catholic - a denomination that was opposed by the predominately Protestant nation

Panic of 1873

- overexpansion of railroads, mines, factories, and grainfields outpaced the markets - imprudent loans given to enterprises that failed to generate profits meant that the credit-based system would suffer tremendously - New York, army of unemployed fought against police - revived the issue of greenbacks ($450 million of the money had been issued but it depreciated greatly) (see 23-8) - *"hard-money"* advocates were able to persuade Grant to veto a bill to print more paper money in 1874 - same group was able to get another victory in the *Resumption Act of 1875* (see 23-9)

Missouri Compromise of 1820

- set of three compromises that admitted Missouri as a full-fledged state under certain conditions - Henry Clay played a leading role in establishing compromise Compromises: - Missouri would be admitted as a slave state if a section of it (Maine) that wished to stay free was admitted as a separate state as well (balance of states between North and South maintained, future bondage prohibited in the rest of the Louisiana Territory above southern boundary of MO) - for its thirty-four year duration, preserved compact of the states

Federal Housing Authorities (FHA)

1934 - Created by Congress to insure long-term, low-interest mortgages for home construction and repair.

28. Joint stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

French Revolution

A series of upheavals of power in France in the late 1700s and early 1800s, that attempted to impose constitutional shackles on the monarch of France, and involved eventual dictatorship and a frenzy of the guillotine. Most of Europe got involved in this revolution, resulting in an age of constant war across the continent and often a changing hands of political and social power; the French Revolution also encouraged New World growth while the Old World quarreled.

70. Navigation Acts of 1650, 1660, 1663, and 1696

British regulations designed to protect British shipping from competition. Said that British colonies could only import goods if they were shipped on British-owned vessels and at least 3/4 of the crew of the ship were British.

American colonization society

Organization founded in 1817 to transport American blacks back to Africa

Limited liability

Principle that permitted individual investors to risk no more capital in a business venture than their own share of a corporation's stock

"Black Power"

Racial slogan that signaled a growing challenge to King's non-violent civil rights movement by militant younger blacks

Tom Watson

Radical Populist leader whose early success turned sour and who then became a vicious racist

Fifteenth Amendment

Ratified 1870 - No one could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color or having been a slave. It was to prevent states from amending their constitutions to deny black suffrage.

4. The Union blockade of Confederate ports was a. initially leaky but eventually effective. b. challenged by the powerful navies of Britain and France. c. immediately effective in capturing Confederate blockade-running ships. d. largely ineffective in shutting off the sale of Confederate cotton in Europe. e. more effective on the Atlantic coast than along the Gulf coast.

a. initially leaky but eventually effective.

11. In early nineteenth-century America, almost all the women who worked for wages in the new factories were a. young and single. b. middle aged. c. Irish or German immigrants. d. skilled workers. e. exploited by their husbands as well as factory owners.

a. young and single

9. Most slave owners treated their slaves as a. objects to be beaten and brutalized as often as possible. b. economically profitable investments. c. members of their extended family. d. potential converts to evangelical Christianity. e. sexual objects.

b. economically profitable investments.

11. Among the political innovations that first appeared in the election of 1832 were a. political parties and direct popular voting for president. b. newspaper endorsements and public financing of presidential campaigns. c. nomination by congressional caucus and voting by the Electoral College. d. third-party campaigning, national conventions, and party platforms. e. secret ballots and the prohibition on liquor in polling places.

d. third-party campaigning, national conventions, and party platforms.

4. As submitted to Congress, the Lecompton Constitution was designed to a. bring Kansas into the Union as a free state. b. bring Kansas into the Union as a slave state and Nebraska as a free state. c. prohibit both antislavery New Englanders or proslavery Missourians from interference in Kansas politics. d. insure that the future of slavery would be determined according to Douglas's principle of popular sovereignty. e. bring Kansas into the Union, while making it impossible to prohibit slavery there.

e. bring Kansas into the Union, while making it impossible to prohibit slavery there.

3. The case of Marbury v. Madison established the principle that a. the president, Congress, and the Supreme Court are equal branches of government. b. federal laws take precedence over state legislation. c. the president has the right to appoint the federal judiciary. d. the Supreme Court is the final court of appeal in the federal judiciary. e. the Supreme Court has the final right to determine the constitutionality of legislation.

e. the Supreme Court has the final right to determine the constitutionality of legislation.

10. The Supreme Court's ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson upholding "separate but equal" public facilities in effect legalized a. southern blacks' loss of voting rights. b. the right of blacks to establish separate colleges admitting blacks only. c. the program of separate black and white economic development endorsed by Booker T. Washington. d. the rights to "equal protection of the law" guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. e. the system of unequal segregation between the races.

e. the system of unequal segregation between the races.

Osceola

Seminole leader whose warriors killed fifteen hundred American soldiers in years of guerrilla warfare

Appeasement

Term for the British-French policy of attempting to prevent war by granting German demands

184. Marquis de Lafayette

A French major general who aided the colonies during the Revolutionary War. He and Baron von Steuben (a Prussian general) were the two major foreign military experts who helped train the colonial armies.

secondary boycott

A boycott of goods, aimed not at the employer or company directly involved in a dispute but at those who do business with that company.

Moratorium

A period in which economic or coal activities is suspended, often to achieve certain defined goals

Tennessee Valley Authority

A public corporation headed by a 3-member board. The ___ built 20 dams, conducted demonstration projects for farmers, and engaged in reforestation to rehabilitate the area.

Plattsburgh

A: Thomas Macdonough challenged the British near Plattsburgh on September 11, 1814 and defeated them on the seas B: The invading British army was forced to retreat, Macdonough saved New York from conquest, New England from further disaffection, and the Union from possible dissolution, and the negotiations of the Anglo-American peace treaty in Europe.

Anglo-American Crises

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*The Man Without a Country* (1863)

- 1863 fictional story created by *Edward Everett Hale* that was inspired by the events of Vallandigham's life - helped stimulate devotion to the Union

American Naval Power (1813)

- American craft more successfully handled, better gunners, manned by non-press-gang crews who were inspired to take vengeance upon British - Constitution, U.S. frigate had thicker sides, heavier firepower, larger crews

Stephen W. Kearny

- American general who headed an army of 1700 men in war operations in the Southwest

Zachary Taylor

- American general who led the main invasion on Mexico - became known as the "Hero of Buena Vista" after repelling a force of 20,000 men in Buena Vista

*Grand Army of the Republic* (GAR)

- fraternal organization of several hundred thousand Union veterans that helped support the Republican party in political affairs

Appreciating (American) Nature

- nationalism inspired a growing belief in the uniqueness of the American wilderness - wild and free traits of the wilderness became one of the nation's defining attributes - American land was "reminiscent" of a time before the dawn of civilization - incited a powerful conservation movement

*Civil Rights Cases* (1883)

- series of Supreme Court cases where the Court proclaimed the Civil Rights Act unconstitutional, asserting that the Fourteenth Amendment only prohibited government violations of civil rights, not the denial of civil rights by individuals

Developments of the Election of 1860

- sixty percent of voters preferred some other candidate over Lincoln - he was a minority president - sectional president as well: in ten southern states he polled no popular votes - election of 1860 essentially two elections: North and South - South Carolinians used Lincoln's victory to secede

*Missionary Ridge* and *Lookout Mountain*

- two battles within the vicinity of Chattanooga that Grant won in November of 1863 - liberated Chattanooga and cleared the state of Confederates, allowing for the invasion of Georgia

Developments From the Election of 1856

- violent threats from the southern "fire-eaters" bullied many northerners into supporting Buchanan (Southern bullyism) - Republicans claimed a "victorious defeat" as they had made a surprising stand against the Democratic party as a newly created party despite their defeat during the election

4. Massachusetts Bay Colony

1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government.

5. Cambridge Agreement

1629 - The Puritan stockholders of the Massachusetts Bay Company agreed to emigrate to New England on the condition that they would have control of the government of the colony.

"black belt"

1860-Term for the area from South Carolina and Georgia to Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana where most slaes were concentrated

Tenure of Office Act

1866 - Enacted by radical Congress, it forbade the president from removing civil officers without consent of the Senate. It was meant to prevent Johnson from removing radicals from office. Johnson broke this law when he fired a radical Republican from his cabinet, and he was impeached for this "crime".

Ex Parte Milligan

1866 - Supreme Court ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal unless the civil courts are inoperative or the region is under marshall law.

Fourteenth Amendment and its provisions

1866, ratified 1868. It fixed provision of the Civil Rights Bill: full citizenship to all native-born or naturalized Americans, including former slaves and immigrants.

Secretary of State William Seward

1867 - An eager expansionist, he was the energetic supporter of the Alaskan purchase and negotiator of the deal often called "Seward's Folly" because Alaska was not fit for settlement or farming.

Walden

The doctrine, promoted by American writer Henry David Thoreau in an essay of the same name, that later influenced Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.

6th Amendment

The right to counsel in criminal trials (1) Speedy and public trial (2) Accused must be told charges (3) right to counsel (free lawyer if poor) (4) right to jury in criminal cases

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

The new anti-Soviet organization of Western nations, which ended the longtime American tradition of not joining permanent military alliances

protectionism (protectionists)

The policy of promoting high tariff taxes on imported goods or services in order that domestic producers can sell at lower prices than foreign manufacturers or service providers.

66. Deism

The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.

107. Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713

The second of the four wars known generally as the French and Indian Wars, it arose out of issues left unresolved by King Williams' War (1689-1697) and was part of a larger European conflict known as the War of the Spanish Succession. Britain, allied with the Netherlands, defeated France and Spain to gain territory in Canada, even though the British had suffered defeats in most of their military operations in North America.

Trail of Tears

The sorrowful path along which thousands of southeastern Indians were removed to Oklahoma

D-Day

The spectacular Allied invasion of France in June 1944, which opened the long-awaited "second front" against Hitler

5. The fanatical abolitionist John Brown made his first entry into violent antislavery politics by a. killing five proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas. b. organizing a slave rebellion in Missouri. c. leading an armed raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. d. organizing an armed militia of blacks and whites to conduct escaped slaves to Canada. e. soliciting funds from abolitionists intellectuals in Massachusetts to finance a slave revolt.

a. killing five proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas.

3. Rapid formation of an effective state government in California seemed especially urgent because a. proslavery Californians were gaining effective control of the territory. b. of the threat that Mexico would reconquer the territory. c. of the need to provide state subsidies for a transcontinental railroad. d. there was no legal authority to suppress the violence and lawlessness that accompanied the California gold rush. e. the influx of gold-seekers from around the world was causing ethnic conflict.

d. there was no legal authority to suppress the violence and lawlessness that accompanied the California gold rush.

15.Northerners especially resented Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska Act because it a. would encourage the building of a transcontinental railroad along the southern route. b. would make Douglas the leading Democratic candidate for the presidency. c. repealed the Missouri Compromise prohibiting slavery in northern territories. d. would bring Kansas into the Union as a slave state. e. would end the equal balance of free and slave states in the Union.

c. repealed the Missouri Compromise prohibiting slavery in northern territories.

Johnson v. McIntosh (1823)

(Marshall) Established that Indian tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes.

Lone Star Rebellion (Texan Independence)

- 1836, the Texan-Americans declare their independence from the Spanish - Sam Houston acts as commander-in-chief for the Texans while Santa Anna heads an army of six thousand - Battle of the Alamo, Santa Anna traps around two hundred Texans and after a thirteen-day siege wipes them out - At Goliad, American volunteers had been butchered as "pirates," such operations delayed the Mexican advance and galvanized American opposition - The conclusive battle occurred at San Jacinto where Houston retreated to the east only to turn around and defeat Santa Anna, capturing him in the process - Texans forced Santa Anna to agree to withdraw Mexican troops and to recognize the Rio Grande as the extreme southwestern boundary of Texas, later he repudiated the agreement claiming it was extortion under duress

Freeport Doctrine

- 1858 argument of Douglas during the Freeman debate that concluded that slavery would stay down if the people voted it down (appeal to popular sovereignty)

Pony Express

- 1860, created in order to speedily transport mail over two thousand mile lengths - began to lose to Samuel Morse's inventions and ran out of business

Morrill Tariff Act

- 1861 legislation that replaced the Tariff of 1857; increased existing duties some 5 to 10 percent - designed to raise revenue and protection for manufacturers during war time

Caroline Raid of 1837

- American steamer, Caroline, was attacked by a British force as it was carrying supplies to Canadian insurgents - incited national protest and the issue was later revived in 1840 when a Canadian named McLeod claimed he had taken part in the raid was arrested in America - London Foreign Office asserted that his execution would mean war and later the American government let him go

1863 Laird Rams

- in the shipyard of John Laird and Sons, two Confederate warships (armed with iron rams and large-caliber weaponry) were being constructed - the warships were especially dangerous to the Union's blockade, and the Union began to discuss invading Canada (and thus initiating war with Britain) - CFA (see 20-16) proposed an ultimatum which would mean war if the British government declined, however at the last minute they relented (later repenting their role in the Alabama affair as well in 1871)

Jackson's Expansion into Florida

- revolutions began to erupt in South America (Argentina, Venezuela, Chile) - upheaval forced Spain to leave Florida unoccupied in order to deal with insurrections - Andrew Jackson, on the pretext that Seminole Indians and fugitive slaves were using Florida as refuge, secured a commission to enter Spanish territory - 1818, swept across Florida hanging two Indian chiefs and executing two British subjects for assisting the Indians, seized two most important Spanish posts in the area: St. Marks and Pensacola - JQA supported Jackson while the rest of the party wished to discipline him

Vanderbilt's Legacy

- success of western lines was facilitated by welding together and expanding older eastern networks (*New York Central*) - enterprise led by *"Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt* - offered superior railway service at lower rates, generated a fortune of $100 million (later contributed $1 million to the founding of Vanderbilt University) - two significant developments for railroads: *steel rails* and a *standard gauge of track width* (both of which Vanderbilt used to his advantage) - additional refinements: *Westinghouse air brake*, *Pullman Palace Cars*

Total War: The American (Union) Civil War

- suffocate the South by *blockading its coasts* - *liberate the slaves* and *undermine the economic foundations* of the South - cut the Confederacy in half by *seizing control of the Mississippi River* - *divide the Confederacy* into pieces by sending *troops through Georgia and the Carolinas* - *capture the capital at Richmond* - try everywhere to *engage the enemy's main strength* and *grind it into submission*

Tallmadge Amendment

- territory of Missouri had been requesting admission as a slave state - T. Amendment stipulated that no more slaves be brought into Missouri and provided for the gradual emancipation of children born to slaves - found opposition from both Southerners (they were slaveholders) and Northerners (Federalists in particular wished to use it against the Virginia dynasty)

Joint occupation

- where two populations coexist within the same area at the same time

a

15. Lincoln rejected the proposed Crittenden Compromise primarily because a. it left open the possibility that slavery could expand south into Mexico, Central America, or the Caribbean. b. it permitted the further extension of slavery north of the line of 36° 30΄. c. it represented essentially the continuation of Douglas's popular sovereignty doctrine. d. the Supreme Court would probably have ruled it unconstitutional. e. it would have restored a permanent equal balance of slave and free states within the Union.

24. New England Confederation

1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies.

36. Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

26. Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Ablemann v. Booth

859 - Sherman Booth was sentenced to prison in a federal court for assisting in a fugitive slave's rescue in Milwaukee. He was released by the Wisconsin Supreme Court on the grounds that the Fugitive Slave Act was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court overturned this ruling. It upheld both the constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act and the supremacy of federal government over state government.

171. Thomas Paine: Common Sense

A British citizen, he wrote Common Sense, published on January 1, 1776, to encourage the colonies to seek independence. It spoke out against the unfair treatment of the colonies by the British government and was instrumental in turning public opinion in favor of the Revolution.

"The sights and smells that assailed us were simply indescribable...corpses swollen to twice their original size, some of them actually burst asunder with the pressure of foul gasses....The odors were so nauseating and so deadly that in a short time we all sickened and were lying with our mouths close to the ground, most of us vomiting profusely."

A Confederate soldier assigned to burial detail after the Seven Days' Battles (1862) wrote:

Marbury v. Madison

A Supreme Court case of 1803 concerning the constitutionality of the Judiciary Act of 1801; John Marshall, the sitting Supreme Court Justice, handed down the ruling that the Supreme Court had the ability to nullify laws on the grounds that those laws were unconstitutional. This case is significant because it set the precedent of judicial review, a power that was not written into the Constitution, and that was contradictory to the Nullification theory that many Jeffersonians were proponents of.

Great Britain: Trent, Alabama, Laird rams, "Continuous Voyage"

A Union frigate stopped the Trent, a British steamer and abducted two Confederate ambassadors aboard it. The Alabama was a British-made vessel and fought for the Confederacy, destroying over 60 Northern ships in 22 months. The Laird rams were ships specifically designed to break blockades; the English prevented them from being sold to the South.

The Impeding Crisis of the South

A book by a southern writer that argued that slavery was most oppressive for poor whites

120. Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Central Pacific Railroad

A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH

underground

A secret or illegal movement organized in a country to resist or overthrow the government.

"I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game. Kentucky gone, we cannot hold Missouri, nor, I think, Maryland. These all against us, and the job on our hands is too large for us. We would as well consent to separation at once, including the surrender of this capital [Washington]."

Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), Kentucky-born like Jefferson Davis, was aware of Kentucky's crucial importance. In September 1861 he remarked:

Elizabeth Blackwell

First woman physician, organizer of the United States Sanitary Commission

Geraldine Ferraro

First woman to be nominated to a major party ticket as Democratic vice presidential candidate in 1984

Geraldine Ferraro

First woman to be nominated to a major party ticket as Democratic vice presidential candidate in 1984

Democrats

Political party that generally stressed individual liberty, the rights of the common people, and hostility to privilege

black separatism

The doctrine that blacks in the United States ought to separate themselves from whites, either in separate institutions or in a separate political territory.

Fair Employment Practices Commission (FECP)

The federal agency established to guarantee opportunities for African-American employment in World War II industries

Fort Sumter

The federal military installation in Charleston Harbor against which the first shots of the Civil War were fired

jury tampering

The felony of bribing, threatening, or otherwise interfering with the autonomous deliberations and decisions of a jury.

24th Amendment

Abolishes poll taxes

Know-Nothings

Agitators against immigrants and Roman Catholics

USS Chesapeake

American ship fired on by British in 1807, nearly leading to war between the two countries

Samuel F.B. Morse

- inventor of the telegraph - telegraph provided instant communication between distantly separated people, would become a crucial comm. tool during the Civil War

Great Society

LBJ's broad program of welfare legislation and social reform that swept through congress in 1965

Erwin Rommel

Top German general in North Africa whose advance was finally halted at El Alamein by British General Montgomery

James Buchanan

- successor of Franklin Pierce who was closer to a puppet president than a real one by supporting Lecompton Constitution - antagonized Douglas Democrats, caused a split in the Democratic party

Henry A. Wallace

FDR's liberal vice president during most of World War II, dumped from the ticket in 1944

perimeter

The outer boundary of a defined territory.

gross national product

The total value of a nation's annual output of goods and services.

Nullification

Theory promoted by John C. Calhoun and other South Carolinians that said states had the right to disregard federal laws to which they objected

James Garfield

President whose assassination after only a few months in office spurred the passage of a civil-service law

18th Amendment

Prohibition of alcohol

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate civic virtue in their children

Republican Motherhood

7th Amendment

Right to jury in civil trials.

Gettysburg

Pennsylvania battle that ended Lee's last hopes of achieving victory through an invasion of the North

Star Wars

Popular name for Reagan's proposed space-based nuclear defense system, officially called the Strategic Defense Initiative

Gag Resolution

Strict rule passed by pro-southern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Saint-Domingo

Sugar-rich island where Toussaint L'Ouverture's slave rebellion disrupted Napoleon's dreams of a vast New World empire

steppes

The largely treeless great plains of southeastern Europe and western Asia

Fugitive Slave Law

The provision of the Compromise of 1850 that comforted southern slave- catchers and aroused the wrath of northern abolitionists

Politburo

The small ruling executive body that controlled the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist party, and hence dictated the political policies of the Soviet, Chinese, and other Communist parties.

Utah & New Mexico

The two territories that were organized under the Compromise of 1850 with the choice of slavery left open to popular sovereignty

Embargo Act

This act, championed by Jefferson, was passed in 1807 and banned the exportation of any american goods, as it was believed American exports were important to to the Economies of Britain and France. This law was important for two primary reasons, it gave cause for the expansion of United States manufacturing centers, and it pushed many to consider war against Britain or France instead of such self devastating tactics.

gospel of wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

"The Blue Eagle"

The NRA ___was a symbol Hugh Johnson devised to generate enthusiasm for the NRA codes. Employers who accepted the provisions of NRA could display it in their windows. The symbol showed up everywhere, along with the NRA slogan "We Do Our Part."

Financing of the war effort by North and South

The North was much richer than the South, and financed the war through loans, treasury notes, taxes and duties on imported goods. The South had financial problems because they printed their Confederate notes without backing them with gold or silver.

10. A key event that forced Napoleon to abandon his dreams of a French New World empire and instead sell Louisiana to the United States was a. a successful slave revolt that overthrew French rule in Santo Domingo. b. the widespread Spanish rebellion against French imperial rule. c. his army's defeat and retreat amidst the winter snows of Russia. d. the growing American military threat to seize New Orleans by force. e. the failed rebellion of the French population in Canada against British rule.

a. a successful slave revolt that overthrew French rule in Santo Domingo.

Eli Whitney

- inventor of the cotton gin (1793) - established the profitability of raising cotton which created a boom for the South (as well as increased the subjugation of slaves) - also produced the idea of machine-made firearm parts so that each individual piece could fit into different models (interchangeable parts)

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

- validated Southern segregationist social order - ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional under the "equal protection" clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Cult of domesticity

- widespread cultural creed that glorified the customary functions of the homemaker

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

1934 - Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in sercurities trading.

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

John Ashcroft

George W. Bush's controversial attorney general who sharply restricted civil liberties and detained or deported immigrants suspected of terrorism

168. George Washington

He had led troops (rather unsuccessfully) during the French and Indian War, and had surrendered Fort Necessity to the French. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and was much more successful in this second command.

Jay Cooke

Head of a major New York bank that marketed war bonds for the Union government at a profit

multilateral

In international diplomacy, referring to a policy or action undertaken by more than one nation

United States Steel

J. P. Morgan and the attorney Elbert H. Gary founded U.S. Steel in 1901 (incorporated on February 25) by combining the Andrew Carnegie's Carnegie Steel Company with Gary's Federal Steel Company and William Henry "Judge" Moore's National Steel Company for $492 million. It was capitalized at $1.4 billion, making it the world's first billion-dollar corporation.

Walter Mondale

Jimmy Carter's vice president who lost badly to Ronald Reagan in the 1984 election

6. Puritan migration

Many Puritans emigrated from England to America in the 1630s and 1640s. During this time, the population of the Massachusetts Bay colony grew to ten times its earlier population.

"Bank Holiday"

March 11, 1933 - Roosevelt closed all banks and forbade the export of gold or redemption of currency in gold.

William Seward

New York senator who argued that the expansion of slavery was forbidden by a higher law

George C. Marshall

Originator of a massive program for economic relief and recovery of devastated Europe

Star Wars

Popular name for Reagan's proposed space-based nuclear defense system, officially called the Strategic Defense Initiative

GI Bill

Popular name for the Serviceman's Readjustment Act, which provided education and economic assistance to former soldiers

Slobodan Milosevic

Serbian president who conducted vicious "ethnic cleansing" campaigns and was eventually forced from office

Bay of Pigs

Site where anti-Castro guerrilla forces failed in their U.S-sponsored invasion

Earl Warren

Supreme Court justice whose "judicial activism" came under increasing attack by conservatives

Green Party

Third party led by environmentalist Ralph Nader that took votes from Democratic oresidential nominee Albert Gore in 2000 election

Albert Gallatin

This swiss-born man served as the secretary of the treasury under Thomas Jefferson He proved just as capable as Hamilton had and left many of Hamilton's policies intact except for the removal of the excise tax and he helped reduce the national debt.

"Timid men...prefer the calm of despotism to the boisterous sea of liberty."

Thomas Jefferson, 1796 He's talking about federalist vs anti federalist whispering campaigns election of 1800

The large-state plan proposed to the Constitutional Convention by which representation both houses of the federal legislature would be based on population

Virginia Plan

13. The major long-term effect of white terrorist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan was to a. disempower blacks politically and restore white supremacy. b. drive the U.S. Army out of the South. c. create a permanent secret government of former Confederates in the southern states. d. make most southerners forget their nostalgia for the lost cause of the Confederacy. e. encourage many blacks to arm themselves for self-defense.

a. disempower blacks politically and restore white supremacy.

horizontal integration

absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

Half-Breed

against spoil system,

Domestic feminism

- the new assertive role of women that took root in the 1840's in which women began to make decisions to have fewer children

John P. Altgeld

Governor of IL

b

10. The crucial Freeport Question that Lincoln demanded that Douglas answer during their debates was whether a. secession from the Union was legal. b. the people of a territory could prohibit slavery in light of the Dred Scott decision c. Illinois should continue to prohibit slavery. d. Kansas should be admitted to the Union as a slave or a free state. e. Douglas still supported the brutal Fugitive Slave Law as part of the Compromise of 1850.

c

7. The election of 1856 was most noteworthy for a. Democrat James Buchanan's surprisingly easy victory over John Frémont. b. the support immigrants and Catholics gave to the American party. c. the dramatic rise of the Republican party. d. the absence of the slavery issue from the campaign. e. the strong showing of former president Millard Fillmore as the American party candidate.

Merrimack v. Monitor

- Southerners reconditioned a former U.S. warship, the *Merrimack*, into an ironclad ship which they renamed to *Virginia* - easily destroyed two wooden ships of the Union navy in Chesapeake Bay - Union responded by building the *Monitor*, a small ironclad ship, which fought the Virginia to a standstill on March 9, 1862

Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819

- Spain ceded Florida as well as all claims to Oregon to U.S. in exchange for the latter's relinquishment on murky claims to Texas

Fiscal Bank

- bill proposed by Henry Clay during the Tyler administration that would revive the Bank of the United States

Erie Canal

- canal dug in New York beginning in 1817 that linked the Great Lakes with the Hudson River - lead by Governor DeWitt Clinton - contributed to the economy by lowering prices for shipping

South Carolina Exposition

- pamphlet secretly written by John C. Calhoun in order to protest the "Tariff of Abominations" - published by the South Carolina legislature without formal permission - denounced tariff as being unjust and unconstitutional - explicitly stated that the states should nullify the tariff

2. William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

- state of Maryland attempted to destroy a branch of Bank of United States by imposing tax on its notes - John Marshall declared Bank constitutional by invoking Hamiltonian doctrine of implied powers - "power to tax involves the power to destroy" - "power to create implies a power to preserve"

Pentecostal

A family of Protestant Christian churches that emphasize a "second baptism" of the holy spirit, speaking in tongues, faith healing, and intense emotionalism in worship.

protectorate

a state that is controlled and protected by another.

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Grange

an association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies

grandfather clause

an exemption based on circumstances existing prior to the adoption of some policy

Sharecropping, Crop Lien System

Sharecropping provided the necessities for Black farmers. Storekeepers granted credit until the farm was harvested. To protect the creditor, the storekeeper took a mortgage, or lien, on the tenant's share of the crop. The system was abused and uneducated blacks were taken advantage of. The results, for Blacks, was not unlike slavery.

A failed revolt in 1786 by poor debtor farmers that raised fears of mobocracy

Shays' Rebellion

Richard Nixon

Winner of an overwhelming electoral victory who was forced from office by the threat of impeachment

Rutherford B. Hayes

Winner of the contested 1876 election who presided over the end of Reconstruction and a sharp economic downturn

Joseph McCarthy

Wisconsin senator whose charges of communist infiltration of the U.S. government deepened the anti-red atmosphere of the early 1950s

Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)

(Burger) Concerns aid to religious schools; Lemon test created to interpret the establishment clause of 1st amendment: federal aid must avoid "excessive entanglement" with religion, and must be used for non-religious school elements (buying math books, pencils, etc.)

"I thought I must do something, not having money at my command, what could I do but give myself tot eh work....I would go to them, and give them my life if necessary."

*Women from the North enthusiastically embraced the opportunity to go south and teach in Freedmen's Bureau schools for emancipated blacks. One volunteer explained her motives:*

Wilmot Proviso

- 1846 failed amendment created by David Wilmot that stipulated that slavery should not exist in any of the territory gained from Mexico - twice passed the House but failed in the Senate - endorsed by the legislatures of all but one of the free states and came to symbolize the issue of slavery

Charles Francis Adams

- American minister who negotiated the end to the building of Confederate commerce-raiding vessels in Britain during the later half of the Civil War

The Death of Lincoln

- April 14, 1865, *John Wilkes Booth* shoot Lincoln in *Ford's Theater* - assassination increased Union bitterness towards the South

Emergence of (more) International Conflict

- Emperor Napoleon III of France establishes a puppet emperor, Maximilian, in Mexico City - violation of the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 - Napoleon hoped for the Union's dissolution, however, they ended up winning in 1865 - the French power retreated, leaving Maximilian to be executed by firing squad

Bloody Senate Conflict

- Senator Charles Sumner delivered a speech titled "The Crime Against Kansas" which condemned proslavery men (additionally insulted South Carolina and its senator) - Congressman Preston S. Brooks of South Carolina took revenge by beating him unconscious with a cane - ignited anger between the two sides: the South who supported Brooks and the North who decried the actions taken against Sumner

*Ex parte Milligan* (1866)

- Supreme Court ruling that held that military tribunals could not try civilians, even during wartime, in areas where the civil courts were open

Captain Robert Gray

- discoverer of the Columbia River in 1792

Martin Van Buren

- elected in 1836 after Jackson nominated him as successor and the electoral votes slid in his favor - although he had great experience in administrative matters, he was fraught with misfortune : machine-made Democrat created resentment from Democrats : unpopular as he did not have the same fervor of Jackson : 1837 rebellion in Canada threatened war with Britain and his attempts at neutrality infuriated many : Jackson had left the makings of depression after his administration

Civil War and Statehood in Kansas

- emerged in 1856 - proponents and opponents of slavery engaged in their own personal civil war... "Bloody Kansas" - destroyed millions of dollars' worth of property and paralyzed agriculture in certain areas - by 1857 Kansas had enough inhabitants to apply for statehood on the basis of popular sovereignty - Lecompton Constitution (see 19-7)

U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)

- exclusionists attempted to remove native-born Chinese Americans of their citizenship - Supreme Court ruled that by the Fourteenth Amendment, the Chinese born in America were guaranteed citizenship in the United States

New England Emigrant Aid Company

- famous antislavery organization of 2,000 people in Kansas that was funded by abolitionists and free-soilers for the purpose of forestalling the South and making a profit

Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell

- first female physician in America who established the U.S. Sanitary Commission in order to assist Union armies in the field

Tariff of 1857

- in response to the Panic of 1857, Congress passed this new tariff which reduced duties to about 20 percent on dutiable goods

Land Act of 1820

- legislature which authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash - partially achieved the goals of the dependent West for cheap acreage

Clipper ships

- long and narrow ships created in northern shipping yards - carried less, but higher quality goods across waters

Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended

- second British army lands in Chesapeake Bay, 1814 - advanced on washington, easily succeeded in driving off cowardly militia at Bladensburg (the Bladensburg races) and set fire to the district, however Baltimore held - third army targeted at New Orleans, Andrew Jackson left to combat them - British blundered and launched frontal assault in 1814 against latter's forces, greatly lost and Jackson became war hero of Battle of New Orleans

Trail of Tears

- the difficult journey the newly-evicted Indians had to partake upon their removal from the land east of the Mississippi - about 1 out of every 4 Indians died along the way

Identification (Section Separator)

1 - 15

oligarchs

A small, elite class of authoritarian rulers

Charles Sumner

Abolitionist senator whose verbal attack on the South provoked a physical assault that severely injured him

John Quincy Adams

Aloof New England statesman whose elitism made him an unpopular leader in the new era of mass democracy

Abraham Lincoln

An inexperienced leader in war but a genius at inspiring and directing his nation's cause

Contras

Anti-communist Nicaraguan rebels strongly backed by the Reagan administration

Chinese

Asian immigrant group that experienced discrimination on the West Coast

Hiram Revels

Black Republican senator from Mississippi during Reconstruction

Martin Delany

Black abolitionist who visited West Africa in 1859 to examine sites where African Americans might relocate

Sandra Day O'Connor

Brilliant legal scholar appointed by Reagan as the first woman justice on the Supreme Court

27th Amendment

Congressional pay raises are not begin until the next election

Daniel Ellsberg

Former Pentagon official who "leaked" the Pentagon Papers

Richard Cheney

George W. Bush's vice president who vigorously promoted conservative domestic policies and the invasion of lraq

16th Amendment

Gives Congress the power of income tax

Executive privilege

In American government, the claim that certain information known to the president or the executive branch of government should be unavailable to Congress or the courts because of the principle of separation of powers

pork barrel

In American politics, government appropriations for political purposes, especially projects designed to please a legislator's local constituency. "One [way to reduce the surplus] was to squander it on pensions and 'pork-barrel' bills. . . ."

Thaddeus Stevens

Leader of radical Republicans in the House of Representatives

Martin Delaney

One of few black leaders to to take notion of mass recolonization of African seriously

"lame duck"

Period between Lincoln's election and his inauguration, during which the ineffectual President Buchanan passively stood by as seven states seceded

Benjamin Spock

Physician who provided advice on child rearing to baby-boomers' parents after World War II

Oliver O. Howard

Pro-black general who led an agency that tried to assist the freedmen

21st Amendment

Repeal of Prohibition

Pony Express

Short-lived but spectacular service that carried mail from Missouri to California in only ten days

Brook Farm

Short-lived intellectual commune in Massachusetts based on "plain living and high thinking"

Sunbelt

Shorthand name for the Southern and Western regions of the U.S. that experienced the highest rates of growth after World War II

Anti-Masonic Party

Small, short-lived third political party that originated a new method of nominating presidential candidates in the election campaign of 1831-1832

Hilton R Helper

Southern-born author whose book attacking slavery's effects on whites aroused northern opinion

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet leader whose summit meetings with Reagan achieved an arms-control breakthrough in 1987

Amistad

Spanish slave ship, seized by revolting African slaves that led to a dramatic U.S. Supreme Court case that freed the slaves.

George C. Wallace

Third party candidate whose conservative, hawkish 1968 campaign won 9 million votes and carried 5 states

Treaty of Wanghia

Treaty of 1844, between the United States and China that opened China to American trade and missionary activity

12. In the immediate aftermath of the successful Texas Revolution a. Texas petitioned to join the United States but was refused admission. b. Texas joined the United States as a slave state. c. Mexico and the United States agreed to a joint protectorate over Texas. d. Britain threatened the United States with war over Texas. e. the Texas government sought to expand westward to the Pacific.

a. Texas petitioned to join the United States but was refused admission.

14. In its first years, the Populist Party advocated, among other things a. free silver, a graduated income tax, and government ownership of the railroads, telegraph, and telephone. b. higher tariffs and federally sponsored unemployment insurance and pensions. c. tighter restriction on black economic, social, and political rights. d. a Homestead Act to permit farmers and unemployed workers to obtain free federal land in the West. e. greater support for land grant colleges to enhance scientific agriculture.

a. free silver, a graduated income tax, and government ownership of the railroads, telegraph, and telephone.

2. Writers like James Fenimore Cooper and Herman Melville explored characters who exemplified the American frontier's cultural emphasis on a. masculinity. b. rugged individualism. c. group conformity. d. environmental awareness. e. white racial superiority.

b. rugged individualism

9. Wages for most American workers rose in the early nineteenth century, except for the most exploited workers like a. immigrants and westerners. b. textile and transportation workers. c. single men and women. d. women and children. e. American Indians.

d. women and children

3. Which of the following was not characteristic of the few thousand wealthiest southern plantation owners holding a hundred or more slaves? a. They promoted the ideals of feudal, hierarchical medieval Europe. b. They provided their children with elite private educations in Europe or the North. c. They controlled a large proportion of the wealth and power of the entire South. d. They felt a large sense of public obligation to pursue education and statecraft. e. They did not permit their wives to have any role in managing their slaves and plantations.

e. They did not permit their wives to have any role in managing their slaves and plantations.

Itinerant

traveling from place to place.

pool

join or form a pool of people

J. P. Morgan

railroads; king of banking and finance; U.S. Treasury had to borrow $62 million; had a monopoly on the railroads; intimidating

oligarchy

rule by few

Korematsu v. US (1944)

(Stone) internment Japanese-American in camps during WWII was constitutional

injunction

(law) a judicial remedy issued in order to prohibit a party from doing or continuing to do a certain activity

Scott v. Sanford

Controversial Supreme Court ruling that blacks had no civil or human rights and that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the territories

Judicial review

The principle, established by Chief Justice Marshall in a famous case, that the Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional

Women in the Civil War

*Section left blank here, continue on to next slide*

Abraham Lincoln

- Illinois Whig congressman who introduced "spot" resolutions (see 17-23)

60. George Whitefield

Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."

Antietam

Crucial battle in Maryland that staved off European recognition of the Confederacy

Berlin Wall

High barrier between East and West erected during the 1961 Berlin crisis

Dust Bowl/ East Colorado to West Mississippi

The drought-stricken plains areas from which hundreds of thousands of "Okies" were driven during the Great Depression

Nursing

New profession that Clara Barton and others first opened to many women during the Civil War

Convention

New, circus-like method of nominating presidential candidates that involved wider participation but usually left effective control in the hands of party bosses

Long-winded American diplomat who negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Nicholas Trist

Corazon Aquino

Filipino leader who ousted dictator Marcos with American backing in 1986 revolt

The first constitutional government of the United States

Articles of Confederation

dispossessed

The economically deprived.

"Old Fuss and Feathers"

Winfield Scott

**Buckley v. Valeo (1976)

(Burger) Upheld FECA's limitations placed on campaign contributions but protected independent political expenditures as free speech.

Bakke v. Regents of the University of California (1978)

(Burger) Weak, ambiguous ruling by a split court. Held that colleges and universities may consider a person's race as one factor in admission policies

Lochner v. New York (1905)

(Fuller) Declared unconstitutional a New York act limiting the working hours of bakers due to a denial of the 14th Amendment rights.

"With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations."

*Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural, March 4, 1865*

Lancaster Turnpike

- 1790's sixty-two mile highway that strode westward from Philadelphia to Lancaster - travelers had to pay a toll at the end which proved to be highly productive for investors

Manifest Destiny, A Disgustingly Effective Belief System

- 1840's and 50's belief that God had "manifestly" given the American people a destiny to expand their democratic institutions - Greed and the ideal were thus joined; empire and liberty were a unity

John Quincy Adams' Administration (1824-28)

- Patronage: Adams generally did not care for the advice of his allies and chose not to open office positions for his supporters in order to keep effective officeholders - Nationalism - The nation was turning away from post-Ghent nationalism and towards states' rights and sectionalism yet Adams proposed construction of roads and canals, the renewal of Washington's proposal for a national university and even an astronomical observatory, looked on negatively by the public - South - The excessive funds needed by Adams' proposals antagonized the South since they would continue the hated tariff duties and the over-assuming power could mean that he would try to control slavery later on - West - Adams' land policy curbed wide-open expansion in the West and his attempts to deal fairly with Indians went against the will of the expanding people

Tariff of 1842

- also known as the Black Tariff, this 1842 tariff was established to gradually reverse the effects of the Compromise of 1833 which had reduced tariff rates down to almost 20%

The *Union Pacific Railroad*

- main argument for construction was urgency of bolstering Union after Southern secession - established in Omaha, Nebraska - for every one mile of track constructed, company granted 20 square miles of land (alternating in 640-acre sections on either side of the track), builders also received a large federal loan of $16,000 on flat prairie land to $48,000 for mountainous country on every mile built - railroad workers often came into conflict with Native Americans who felt that the companies were trespassing on the land, workers tried to find comfort in tented towns that came to be known as *"hell on wheels"*

"Spot" Resolutions

- resolution in 1846 that requested information as to the precise "spot" on American soil where American blood had been shed

The Ancient Order of Hibernians

- society founded in Ireland to fight avaricious landlords - served in America as a society that aided the downtrodden

Samuel Swartwout

- untrustworthy supporter of Jackson who was appointed collector of the customs of the port of New York under the spoils system - used his post to steal over a million dollars from the government and fled to England

Dred Scott v. Sandford

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

exile

A person who has been banished or driven from her or his country by the authorities.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

A powerful, evangelical antislavery novel that altered the course of American politics

Land Ordinance of 1785

A: A red-letter law that stated that the Northwest territory would be split up into six-mile by six-mile square areas consisting of thirty-six sections, one of which would be set aside for public schools. B: This provided an orderly way to settle the Northwest territory, contrasting with the chaos in settling lands south of the Ohio River, and also declared that all proceeds would go to paying off the national debt, steering America onto the path of stability.

The American System

A: Henry Clay, a nationalist war-hawk developed "The American system" in 1824, which was a plan that had a strong banking system to give easy credit, a protective tariff, and the funds from the tariff would fund roads and canals which would connect the raw materials from the west and south to the North for manufacturing. B: The American system was evidence of nationalism in the United States and it caused individual states to make internal improvements in roads and canals.

Erie Canal

A: This water channel was completed by New York in 1825 in response to the ideas put forward by Henry Clay in "The American System" plan. B: It was significant because it enabled transportation and encouraged trade of raw resources for manufactured ones in New York.

Congressional author of the spot resolutions criticizing the Mexican War

Abraham Lincoln

Nikita Khrushchev

Aggressive Soviet leader whose failed gamble of putting missiles in Cuba cost him his job

88. Magna Carta, 1215

An English document draw up by nobles under King John which limited the power of the king. It has influenced later constitutional documents in Britain and America.

Maximilian

An Old World aristocrat, manipulated as a puppet in Mexico, who was shot when his puppet-master deserted him

XYZ Affair

An attempt for peace between the United States and France in 1797, after French warships had begun to capture American merchant vessels, which ended in the American envoy leaving France because of intolerable French terms of negotiation. Resulted in a wave of war hysteria and anger across the United States and the establishment of the U.S. Navy Department, the Marine Corps, and the authorization of an army of 10,000 men.

David Walker

Black abolitionist writer who called for a bloody end to slavery in an appeal of 1829

Chiang Kai-shek

Chinese Nationalist leader whose corrupt and ineffective government fell to communist rebels in 1949

hawk

During the Vietnam War, someone who favored vigorous prosecution or escalation of the conflict.

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)

J. P. Morgan

Enormously wealthy banker whose secret bailout of the federal government in 1895 aroused fierce public anger

Maria Monk

Escaped nun whose lurid book Awful Disclosures became an anti-Catholic best seller in the 1830s

Election of 1860

Four-way race for the presidency that resulted in the election of a sectional minority president

1st Amendment

Freedom of religion (establishment & free exercise clauses), speech, press, assembly, and petition.

Atlanta

Georgia city captured and burned by Sherman just before the election of 1864

Albert Einstein

German-born physicist who helped persuade Roosevelt to develop the atomic bomb

Populists "People's party"

Insurgent political party that gained widespread support among farmers in the 1890s

WTO

Intemational trade organization that prompted strong protests from anti-global trade forces in Seattle, Washington in 1999

Helsinki Accords

International agreement of 1975, signed by President Ford, that settled postwar European boundaries and attempted to guarantee human rights in Eastern Europe

London Conference (1933)

International economic conference on stabilizing currency that was sabotaged by FDR

Edward Kennedy

Liberal Democratic senator whose opposition to Carter helped divide the Democrats in 1980

German Forty-Eighters

Liberal German refugees who fled failed democratic revolutions and came to America

Election of 1872: Liberal Republicans, Horace Greeley

Liberal Republicans sought honest government and nominated Greeley as their candidate. The Democratic Party had also chosen Greeley. Regular Republicans renominated Grant. The Republicans controlled enough Black votes to gain victory for Grant.

7. Small antislavery party that took enough votes from Henry Clay to cost him the election of 1844

Liberty Party (pg. 378, A Mandate (?) for Manifest Destiny)

Ex parte Milligan (1866)

Limited the President's power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus. Ruled that a civilian cannot be tried in military courts while civil courts are available.

Charles Francis Adams

Minister to Great Britain during the Civil War, he wanted to keep Britain from entering the war on the side of the South.

France

Nation whose sudden fall to Hitler in 1940 pushed the United States closer to direct aid to Britain

Levittown

New York suburb where post war builders pioneered the techniques of mass home construction

Constitutional Union's Party

Newly formed, middle-of-the-road party of elderly politicians that sought compromise in 1860, but carried only three border states

11th Amendment

One State cannot be sued by another state federal courts from hearing cases lodged against a state

Collis P. Huntington

One of the Big Four with Leland Stanford, he was involved in both railroads and shipping. He founded Newport News Shipping, the largest privately owned shipyard in the United States.

Lake Erie

One of the Great Lakes where Oliver H. Perry captured a large British fleet

Anglo-Saxon

Pretty much another word for Englsih people

15 million

Price paid by the United States for the Louisiana Purchase

Jerry Falwell

Prominent evangelical minister, leader of the Moral Majority

red ink

Referring to a deficit in a financial account, with expenditures or debts larger than income or assets.

blank check

Referring to permission to use an unlimited amount of money or authority.

autocratic (autocracy)

Relating to authoritarian or repressive government or institutional practices.

Mormons

Religious group founded by Joseph Smith that eventually established a cooperative commonwealth in Utah

Half Breeds

Republican party faction led by Senator James G. Blaine that paid lip service to government reform while still battling for patronage and spoils

Stalwarts

Republican party faction led by Senator Roscoe Conkling that opposed all attempts at civil-service reform

New Chief Justice

Roger B. Taney

William T. Sherman

Ruthless Northern general who waged a march through Georgia

Fort Sumter

Site of the opening engagement of the Civil War. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina had seceded from the Union, and had demanded that all federal property in the state be surrendered to state authorities. Major Robert Anderson concentrated his units at Fort Sumter, and, when Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861, Sumter was one of only two forts in the South still under Union control. Learning that Lincoln planned to send supplies to reinforce the fort, on April 11, 1861, Confederate General Beauregard demanded Anderson's surrender, which was refused. On April 12, 1861, the Confederate Army began bombarding the fort, which surrendered on April 14, 1861. Congress declared war on the Confederacy the next day.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina senator who fiercely defended southern rights and opposed compromise with the North in the debates of 1850

26th Amendment

States cannot deny the right to vote based on age (18+)

Roe v. Wade

Supreme Court decision that declared women's right to choose abortion.

Roger Taney

Supreme Court justice whose ruling in the Charles River Bridge case opened chartered monopolies to competition

McCulloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court ruling that defended federal power by denying a state the right to tax a federal bank

Rosie the Riveter

Symbolic personification of female laborers who took factory jobs in order to sustain U.S. production during World War II

baby boom

Term for the dramatic rise in U.S. births that began immediately after World War II.

"Colossus of the North"

The Colossus of the North is a name for the United States typically used by those who view the country as oppressive to its southern neighbors. Popular Hispanic sentiment grew against this supposed Colossus in the early 20th century, particularly after American interference in Nicaragua and Panama for economic purposes.

Kent State

The Ohio university where four students were killed during protests against the 1970 invasion of Cambodia

Works Progress Administration (WPA), Harold Hopkins, Federal Arts Project

The ___ started in May 1935 and was headed by Harold Hopkins. It employed people for 30 hours a week (so it could hire all the unemployed). The Federal Arts Project had unemployed artists painting murals in public buildings; actors, musicians, and dancers performing in poor neighborhood; and writers compiling guide books and local histories.

147. Boston Massacre, 1770

The colonials hated the British soldiers in the colonies because the worked for very low wages and took jobs away from colonists. On March 4, 1770, a group of colonials started throwing rocks and snowballs at some British soldiers; the soldiers panicked and fired their muskets, killing a few colonials. This outraged the colonies and increased anti-British sentiment.

Iwojima and Okinawa

The last two heavily defended Japanese islands conquered by the United States in 1945, at a high cost in casualties

Sandinistas

The leftist revolutionary rulers of Nicaragua, strongly opposed by the Reagan administration

Sandinistas

The leftist revolutionary rulers ofNicaragua, strongly opposed by the Reagan administration

Benito Mussolini

The lesser partner of the Rome-Berlin Axis who invaded Ethiopia and joined the war against France and Britain

kickback

The return of a portion of the money received in a sale or contract, often secretly or illegally, in exchange for favors. "The lifeblood of both parties was patronage—disbursing jobs by the bucketful in return for votes, kickbacks, and party service."

confiscation

The seizure of property by a public authority, often as a penalty.

Manhattan Project

The top-secret project to develop the atomic bomb

Thesis:

The victory over the Mexican War and the territorial disputes with Britain bred conflict and division within the U.S. that would eventually lead to the Civil War.

Non-Intercourse Act

This law was passed in the wake of the repealing of the Embargo act of 1807 in 1809 and merely set up a weaker version of the same policies under the Madison administration. This law is important because it shows the staying power that Jefferson's policy of peaceful coercion had.

159. Boston Port Act

This was one of the Coercive Acts, which shut down Boston Harbor until Boston repaid the East India Company for the lost tea.

118. Treaty of Paris, 1763

Treaty between Britain, France, and Spain, which ended the Seven Years War (and the French and Indian War). France lost Canada, the land east of the Mississippi, some Caribbean islands and India to Britain. France also gave New Orleans and the land west of the Mississippi to Spain, to compensate it for ceding Florida to the British.

Treaty following Miami Indians' defeat in the Battle of Fallen Timbers that ceded Ohio to the United States but gave Indians limited sovereignty

Treaty of Greenville

14. Treaty ending Mexican War and granting vast territories to the United States

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (pg. 384, Fighting Mexico for Peace)

Atlantic Charter

U.S.-British agreement of August 1941 to promote democracy and establish a new international organization for peace

Public Works Administration

Under Secertary of the Interior Harold Ickes, the ___ distributed $3.3 billion to state and local governments for building schools, highways, hospitals, ect.

9th Amendment

Unenumerated Rights Amendment. Citizens have unenumerated rights in addition to those stated in the Constitution. Not been developed by Supreme Court. Not everything can be written down.

Aaron Burr

Vice president of Thomas Jefferson that won the election for Jefferson but ended up betraying his party by joining a Federalist group plotting the secession of New England and New York from America; killed Alexander Hamilton. Got Jefferson his win, which was the first time a party other than the Federalists had a man in the executive office, caused "Revolution of 1800."

Hubert Humphrey

Vice president whose loyalty to LBJ's Vietnam policies sent him down to defeat in the 1968 presidential election

Lewis Tappan

Wealthy New York abolitionist merchant whose home was ransacked by a proslavery mob in 1834

Cyrus Field

Wealthy New York manufacturer who laid the first temporary transatlantic cable in 1858

American military hero who invaded northern Mexico from Texas (Nueces River) in 1846-1847

Zachary Taylor

10. Grant's capture of Vicksburg was especially important because it a. quelled Northern peace agitation and cut off the Confederate trade route across the Mississippi. b. ended the threat of a Confederate invasion of southern Illinois and Indiana. c. blocked the French army in Mexico from moving to aid the Confederacy. d. destroyed Southern naval power. e. enabled the North to completely suppress the South's cotton trade with Europe.

a. quelled Northern peace agitation and cut off the Confederate trade route across the Mississippi.

1. Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin a. was strongly rooted in religiously based antislavery sentiments. b. argued that nonslaveholding whites suffered the most from slavery. c. helped northerners understand that southerners disliked the cruelty of slavery. d. was based on Stowe's extensive personal experience with slavery in the Deep South. e. portrayed black slaves as seething with anger and potential violence.

a. was strongly rooted in religiously based antislavery sentiments.

Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass

autobiography written by the leading African American abolitionist,Classic

The crucial Federalist successes in the fight for ratification occurred in the states of a. Georgia, Maryland, and Delaware. b. Massachusetts, Virginia, and New York. c. Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Rhode Island. d. Connecticut, South Carolina, and New Hampshire. e. Kentucky, Tennessee, and Vermont

b

9. Among the advantages the Union possessed at the beginning of the Civil War was a. better preparation of its ordinary soldiers for military life. b. a continuing influx of immigrant manpower from Europe. c. more highly educated and experienced generals. d. the ability to fight a primarily defensive war. e. strong support from the British and French aristocracy.

b. a continuing influx of immigrant manpower from Europe.

5. The congressional elections of 1866 resulted in a a. victory for Johnson and his pro-Southern Reconstruction plan. b. further political stalemate between the Republicans in Congress and Johnson. c. decisive defeat for Johnson and a veto-proof Republican Congress. d. gain for Northern Democrats and their moderate compromise plan for Reconstruction. e. split between moderate Republicans in the Senate and radical Republicans in the House.

b. further political stalemate between the Republicans in Congress and Johnson.

The fundamental difference between ordinary laws and a constitution that emerged from the American Revolution was that ordinary laws a. described specific illegal acts, while a constitution granted positive rights. b. addressed economic questions, while a constitution addressed the distribution of political power. c. could be passed and repealed by legislatures, while a constitution was a fundamental law ratified by the people and superior to all legislation. d. applied to the states; a constitution was a document of the federal government. e. were approved by the people, while a constitution emerged from the decisions of judges.

c

3. Even though the victory in the Battle of New Orleans provided a large boost to American morale, it proved essentially meaningless because a. General Jackson was unable to pursue and destroy the British army after his victory. b. the British continued their guerrilla attacks on the Mississippi Valley region. c. the peace treaty had been signed several weeks before. d. the British navy retained control of the shipping lanes around New Orleans. e. the United States had failed in its primary objective of conquering Canada.

c. the peace treaty had been signed several weeks before.

5. The term Burned-Over District refers to a. an area where fires were used to clear land for frontier revivals. b. areas where Baptist and Methodist revivalists fiercely battled one another for converts. c. the region of western New York State that experienced especially frequent and intense revivals. d. the areas of Missouri and Illinois where the Mormon settlements were attacked and destroyed. e. the church conventions where Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians split over slavery.

c. the region of western New York State that experienced especially frequent and intense revivals.

Besides George Washington, the most influential delegates to the Constitutional Convention were a. John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, and John Hancock. b. Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and Thomas Paine. c. John Adams, Abigail Adams, and Gouverneur Morris. d. Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton. e. Daniel Shays, Richard Henry Lee, and John Marshall.

d

15. Grover Cleveland stirred a furious storm of protest when, in response to the extreme financial crisis of the 1890s, he a. lowered tariffs to permit an influx of cheaper foreign goods into the country. b. signed a bill introducing a federal income tax that cut into workers' wages. c. pushed the Federal Reserve Board into sharply raising interest rates. d. borrowed $65 million dollars from J.P. Morgan and other bankers in order to save the monetary gold standard. e. seized federal control of the railroad industry.

d. borrowed $65 million dollars from J.P. Morgan and other bankers in order to save the monetary gold standard.

14. Free incorporation laws, limited liability laws, and the Supreme Court's decision prohibiting state governments from granting irrevocable charters to corporations all greatly aided a. private American colleges' ability to compete with state universities. b. established businesses with large capital investments. c. Americans' ability to compete with cheap British imports. d. more entrepreneurial enterprises and greater market competition. e. European investors in American business enterprises.

d. more entrepreneurial enterprises and greater market competition

13. The Panic of 1837 and the subsequent severe depression were caused primarily by a. the stock market collapse and a sharp decline in grain prices. b. a lack of new investment in industry and technology. c. the threat of war with Mexico over Texas. d. overspeculation and Jackson's hard-money financial policies. e. British investors' loss of confidence in American business.

d. overspeculation and Jackson's hard-money financial policies.

1. Among the important social changes brought about by the American Revolution was a. the abolition of slavery everywhere except in South Carolina and Georgia. b. a strong movement toward equality of property. c. an army where the soldiers elected their own officers. d. full equality and voting rights for women. e. the increasing separation of church and state.

e

One way that American independence actually harmed the nation's economic fortunes was by a. ending British trade and investment in America. b. abolishing the stable currency system that had existed under the empire. c. creating too much taxation and regulation by the federal government in Philadelphia. d. weakening the manufacturing efforts begun under the British. e. cutting off American trade with the British empire.

e

13. Two leading female imaginative writers who added luster to New England's literary reputation were a. Sarah Orne Jewett and Kate Chopin. b. Toni Morrison and Mary McCarthy. c. Sarah Grimké and Susan B. Anthony. d. Harriet Beecher Stowe and Abigail Adams. e. Louisa May Alcott and Emily Dickinson.

e. Louisa May Alcott and Emily Dickinson.

7. The condition of the 500,000 or so free blacks was a. considerably better in the North than in the South. b. notably improving in the decades before the Civil War. c. causing a majority of them to favor emigration to Africa or the West Indies. d. politically threatened but economically secure. e. as bad or worse in the North than in the South.

e. as bad or worse in the North than in the South.

9. Jackson's veto of the Bank of the United States recharter bill represented a(n) a. response to Europeans investors' lack of faith in the dollar. b. attempt to assure bankers and creditors that the federal government had their interests at heart. c. concession to Henry Clay and his National Republican followers. d. gain for sound banking and a financially stable currency system. e. bold assertion of presidential power on behalf of western farmers and other debtors.

e. bold assertion of presidential power on behalf of western farmers and other debtors.

11. Lincoln dealt with the leading Copperhead, Clement Vallandigham, by a. banishing him to Canada. b. persuading the Democratic party to repudiate him. c. drafting him into the Union army. d. using Union troops to harass him into silence. e. convicting him of treason in a military tribunal and then shipping him to the South.

e. convicting him of treason in a military tribunal and then shipping him to the South.

4. The Black Codes, passed by many of the Johnson-approved Southern state governments in late 1865, aimed to a. provide economic assistance to get former slaves started as sharecroppers. b. prohibit interracial sexual relations. c. permit blacks to vote if they met certain educational or economic standards. d. force blacks to leave the South. e. ensure a stable and subservient labor force under white control.

e. ensure a stable and subservient labor force under white control.

5. Antietam was one of the crucial battles of the Civil War because a. it ended any further possibility of Confederate invasion of the North. b. it was the last chance for the Confederates to win a major battle. c. it fundamentally undermined Confederate morale. d. the death of Lee's greatest general, Stonewall Jackson, crippled his military effectiveness. e. it prevented British and French recognition of the Confederacy.

e. it prevented British and French recognition of the Confederacy.

1. Lincoln's plan for the besieged federal forces in Fort Sumter was to a. order the soldiers there to open fire on the surrounding Confederate army. b. send about 3,000 soldiers and marines to reinforce the fort. c. make a symbolic show of support and then withdraw the forces. d. send U.S. naval forces to gain control of Charleston Harbor. e. send supplies for the existing soldiers but not to add new reinforcements.

e. send supplies for the existing soldiers but not to add new reinforcements.

9. The financial and economic collapse of 1857 increased northern anger at the South's refusal to support a.banking regulation and development of a sound paper currency. b.a transcontinental railroad and transatlantic telegraph. c.publicly supported state universities. d.the admission of any more free states into the Union. e.higher tariffs and free western homesteads for farmers.

e.higher tariffs and free western homesteads for farmers.

Assail

make a concerted or violent attack on.

Fecund

producing or capable of producing an abundance of offspring or new growth; fertile.

Cumberland Road (National Road)

- 1811, 591 mile-long highway that went from Cumberland to Vandalia - constructed by the federal govt.

Spoils System

- system where political supporters of a candidate were rewarded with public office - scandal accompanied the new system

Homestead Act

Federal law of 1862 that offered free land in the West to pioneers willing to settle on it, even during the Civil War

Sojourner Truth

New York free black woman who fought for emancipation and women's rights

third race

what freed slaves were called

"His Accidency"

what whigs called John Tyler

resplendent

attractive and impressive through being richly colorful or sumptuous.

Democratic Leadership Council

"Centrist" Democratic organization that promoted Bill Clinton's candidacy as a "new" Democrat

Nicholas P. Trist

- chief clerk of the State Department who helped negotiate the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ecological imperialism

- historical term for the aggressive exploitation of the West's natural resources and biodiversity

Tariff of 1816

A: Economic measure set in place under the American System by Henry Clay in 1816 that taxed dutiable imports at rates of 20 to 25 percent of their value. B: The Tariff of 1816 was the first tariff to be enacted as an economic safeguard rather than as a source of revenue like prior developments, yet it could still be used as a source of funding for the construction of internal infrastructure such as roads and canals.

contras

Anti-communist Nicaraguan rebels strongly backed by the Reagan administration

What does the author claim about the election of 1800?

It wasn't actually a peaceful turnover, political parties weren't established until later, and people viewed political parties as groups of the rich

Dark-horse presidential winner in 1844 who effectively carried out ambitious expansionist campaign plans

James K. Polk

Hirohito

Japanese emperor who was allowed to stay on his throne, despite unconditional surrender policy

International agreement, signed in 1794, whose terms favoring Britain outraged Jeffersonian Republicans

Jay's Treaty

"I take it for granted that the present question is a mere preamble--a title-page to a great, tragic volume."

John Quincy Adams confided in his diary,

Planters

Southern plantation owners

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

The 1964 congressional action that became a "blank check" for the Vietnam War

Black belt

The fertile region of the Deep South, stretching across Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, where the largest concentration of black slaves worked on rich cotton plantations

precinct

The smallest subdivision of a city, as it is organized for purposes of police administration, politics, voting, and so on.

population curve

The varying size and age structure of a given nation or other group, measured over time.

6. Congressman Preston Brooks beat Senator Charles Sumner nearly to death on the Senate floor because a. Sumner had helped to fund John Brown's violent activities in Kansas. b. Sumner had used abusive language to describe the South and a South Carolina senator. c. Sumner had personally blocked the admission of Kansas to the Union as a slave state. d. Sumner had threatened to kill Brooks if he had the opportunity. e. Democrats believed that Sumner would be a dangerous Republican candidate for president.

b. Sumner had used abusive language to describe the South and a South Carolina senator.

vertical intergration

a corprate expansion strategy that involves controlling each step in the production and distribution of a product, from acquiring raw materials to manufacturing packaging and shipping

Stalwart

a person who is loyal to their allegiance (especially in times of revolt)

11.Southerners were particularly enraged by the John Brown affair because a.so many slaves had joined the insurrection. b.northerners' celebration of Brown as a martyr seemed to indicate their support for slave insurrection. c.Brown had used vicious language to describe southerners and their way of life. d.Brown escaped punishment by pleading insanity. e.prominent Republican leaders like William Seward and Abraham Lincoln expressed admiration for Brown.

b.northerners' celebration of Brown as a martyr seemed to indicate their support for slave insurrection.

5. Even though they owned no slaves, most southern whites strongly supported the slave system because they a. were bribed by the planter class. b. enjoyed the economic benefits of slavery. c. felt racially superior to blacks and hoped to be able to buy slaves. d. disliked the northern abolitionists. e. accepted the idea that slavery was approved in the Bible.

c. felt racially superior to blacks and hoped to be able to buy slaves.

2. The Freedmen's Bureau was originally established to provide a. land, supplies, and seed for black farmers. b. job registration. c. food, clothing, and education for emancipated slaves. d. political training in citizenship for black voters. e. transportation and assistance in reuniting separated family members.

c. food, clothing, and education for emancipated slaves.

14. Thomas Jefferson and the Republican Party essentially believed that the whole future of American society rested on an essential foundation of a. wealthy planters and merchants. b. international trade and westward expansion. c. free, white, educated, small landowning farmers. d. evangelical Protestants and learned scientists and technicians. e. a political coalition of whites and African Americans.

c. free, white, educated, small landowning farmers.

5. Southerners hated the Underground Railroad and demanded a stronger federal Fugitive Slave Law especially because a. the numbers of runaway slaves had grown dramatically. b. they feared that railroad conductors might foment a slave rebellion. c. northern toleration of slave runaways reflected a moral judgment against slavery. d. southern states were forced to spend large sums on slave patrols and slave catchers. e. the risk of un-captured runaways was beginning to depress the price of slaves.

c. northern toleration of slave runaways reflected a moral judgment against slavery.

7. The Era of Good Feelings was sharply disrupted by the a. bitter political battles over the Tariff of 1816 and Henry Clay's American System. b. renewal of international tensions with Britain over Canada and the Monroe Doctrine. c. panic of 1819 and the battle over slavery in Missouri. d. nasty presidential campaign of 1820. e. war with the North African Barbary Coast states.

c. panic of 1819 and the battle over slavery in Missouri.

8. In the Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court a. avoided controversy by ruling that the slave Dred Scott had no right to sue in federal court. b. ruled that the Kansas-Nebraska Act was unconstitutional. c. ruled that Congress could not prohibit slavery in any of the territories because slaves were private property of which owners could not be deprived. d. ruled that Dred Scott was still a slave because he had not filed suit until he had been returned to the slave state of Missouri. e. ruled that Dred Scott had to be freed because his owner had taken him into the free state of Illinois

c. ruled that Congress could not prohibit slavery in any of the territories because slaves were private property of which owners could not be deprived.

14. As proclaimed by Monroe in his message of 1823, the Monroe Doctrine asserted that a. only the United States had a right to intervene to promote democracy in Latin America. b. the British and Americans would act together to prevent further Russian expansion on the Pacific coast. c. the United States would not tolerate further European intervention or colonization in the Americas. d. the United States would support the Greeks in their fight for independence against Turkey. e. the United States and the new Latin American republics would resist British attempts to control American trade.

c. the United States would not tolerate further European intervention or colonization in the Americas.

1. The tendency toward rationalism and indifference in religion was reversed beginning about 1800 by a. the rise of Deism and Unitarianism. b. the rise of new groups like the Mormons and Christian Scientists. c. the revivalist movement called the Second Great Awakening. d. a large influx of religiously traditional immigrants. e. the emergence of Roman Catholicism.

c. the revivalist movement called the Second Great Awakening.

2. When Thomas Jefferson said in 1801 "We are all republicans-we are all Federalists," he meant that a. Americans would never ally themselves with monarchial governments b. federalists would be appointed to his Cabinet c. the two parties' platforms were identical d. the principles of American government were above party politics e. he admired hamilton's policies

d

Panic of 1819

Caused by over-speculation in frontier lands by The Bank of the United States, which lead to deflation, soup kitchens, the bank foreclosing western farms, and shutting down "wildcat" banks. The poor farmers in the western United states (Louisiana Territory) didn't trust or like The Bank of the United States or the federal government and didn't feel as nationalistic anymore.

Sequoyah

Cherokee leader who devised an alphabet for his people

Leader elected vice president on the Whig ticket who spent most of his presidency in bitter feuds with his fellow Whigs

John Tyler

Force Acts of 1870 and 1871

Laws designed to stamp out Ku Klux Klan terrorism in the South

Commando

Member of a small, elite military force trained to carry out difficult missions, often within territory controlled by the enemy

Solidarity

Polish labor union crushed by the communist-imposed martial-law regime in 1983

Political organizations, not envisioned in the Constitution, and considered dangerous to national unity by most of the Founders

Political Parties

neoconservatives

Political activists and thinkers, mostly former liberals, who turned to a defense of traditional social and moral values and a strongly anticommunist foreign policy in the 1970s and 1980s

Ronald Reagan

Political darling of Republican conservatives who won landslide election victories in 1980 and 1984

Cold War

The extended post-World War II confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union that stopped just short of a shooting war.

welfare state

The political system, typical of modern industrial societies, in which government assumes responsibility for the economic well-being of its citizens by providing social benefits

Lewis & Clark

These American Explorers led an expedition into the newly purchased Louisiana territory in 1804, making notes about how the land was laid out and paving the way for settlement. These men are important because they were the first to demonstrate an overland route to the Pacific coast, something that was greatly coveted at the time and would encourage expansion.

Elijah P. Lovejoy

Illinois editor reverend

rubberstamp

To approve a plan or law quickly or routinely, without examination.

trust

the trait of trusting

"hard-ciderites"

People who voted for Harrison and wanted spoils

Jim Crow

Term for the racial segregation laws imposed in the 1890s

Union League

The black political organization that promoted self-help and defense of political rights during Reconstruction

10. The African American family under slavery was a. generally stable and mutually supportive. b. almost nonexistent. c. largely female-dominated. d. seldom able to raise children to adulthood. e. more stable on the small farms of the upper South than on large plantations.

a. generally stable and mutually supportive

12. The final result of the widespread anti-Chinese agitation in the West was a. a program to encourage Chinese students to enroll in American colleges and universities. b. a congressional law to prohibit any further Chinese immigration. c. the stripping of citizenship even from native-born Chinese Americans. d. legal segregation of all Chinese into Chinatown districts in San Francisco and elsewhere. e. the forced emigration of all but a handful of Chinese back to China.

b. a congressional law to prohibit any further Chinese immigration.

14. Many of the new millionaires who emerged in the North during the Civil War a. committed their personal fortunes to the Union cause. b. made their fortunes by providing poorly made, shoddy goods to the Union armies. c. made their highest profits by selling captured cotton to British textile manufacturers. d. earned public distrust by secretly advocating a negotiated settlement with the Confederacy. e. paid the largest portion of the taxes that financed the Union war effort.

b. made their fortunes by providing poorly made, shoddy goods to the Union armies.

2. One Federalist policy that Jefferson quickly overturned was a. funding and assumption. b. the excise tax. c. the Bank of the United States. d. the protective tariff. e. the Judiciary Act.

b. the excise tax.

The Great Compromise, finally agreed to by the Constitutional Convention, provided that a. the House of Representatives would be elected by the people and the Senate by the state legislatures. b. the large states would be taxed on the basis of population and the small states on the basis of territory. c. there would be separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches of government. d. there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives but equal representation of all states in the Senate. e. slavery would continue to be permitted in the South but not in the North.

d

6. The only group of white southerners who hated both slave owners and blacks were a. poor southern whites in the frontier areas of Texas and Arkansas. b. urban merchants and manufacturers. c. religious leaders. d. Appalachian mountain whites. e. women.

d. Appalachian mountain whites.

Populism

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite

14th Amendment

(1) All persons born in the U.S. are citizens; (2) no person can be deprived of life, liberty or property without DUE PROCESS OF LAW; (3) no state can deprive a person of EQUAL PROTECTION of the laws. Second of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War.

U.S. v. Nixon (1974)

(Burger) Limited executive privilege. Nixon has to turn over personal tapes relating to Watergate case. The president's confidentiality was subordinate to due process of law and the administration of criminal justice.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

(Marshall) New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.

*Gitlow v. New York (1925)

(Taft) Supreme Court held that freedom of speech and of the press were among the "fundamental personal rights" protected by the due-process clause of the 14th Amendment from infringements by state (as well as federal) action. This case allowed the INCORPORATION of the Bill of Rights to state governments as well as the national government.

Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)

(Taney) Federal law is superior to state law. Ruled that states did not have to uphold the Fugitive Slave Act

"It is extraordinary that a race such as yours, professing gallantry, chivalry, education, and superiority, living in a land where ringing chimes call child and sire to the Gospel of God - that with all these advantages on your side, you can make war upon the poor defenseless black man."

*A black leader protested to whites in 1868:*

Random Note: "Butternut" regions of the Old Northwest

*Southern Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois*

Development of Steamboats

- Robert Fulton develops the steamboat which makes it debut in 1807

Indian Removal Act of 1830

- legislation passed by Congress that provided for the transplanting of all Indian tribes then resident east of the Mississippi

Haymarket riot

100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings.

b

11. Southerners were particularly enraged by the John Brown affair because a. so many slaves had joined the insurrection. b. northerners' celebration of Brown as a martyr seemed to indicate their support for slave insurrection. c. Brown had used vicious language to describe southerners and their way of life. d. Brown escaped punishment by pleading insanity. e. prominent Republican leaders like William Seward and Abraham Lincoln expressed admiration for Brown.

25. King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

119. Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

311. Pinckney's Treaty

1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans.

William McKinley

25th president, Republican, Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism

134. Stamp Act Congress, 1765

27 delegates from 9 colonies met from October 7-24, 1765, and drew up a list of declarations and petitions against the new taxes imposed on the colonies.

William Scott

A Bunker Hill lieutenant from Peterborough, New Hampshire who fought in the Revolutionary War despite being a simple farmer. Scott's life shows that many Revolutionary War veterans were lower class folk who joined the war hoping to get a better standing in American society, better pay, and more political power.

Andrew Johnson (1808-1875)

A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Japanese Americans

A U.S. minority that was forced into concentration camps during World War II

Washington's Neutrality Proclamation

A declaration issued by George Washington in 1793 after the outbreak of the French Revolution, that stated America's neutrality in the fighting and warned American citizens to be impartial towards both sides. This declaration of neutrality began America's isolationist policy, enraged pro-French Jeffersonians and satisfied pro-British Federalists, and was a violation of the Franco-American alliance of 1778.

Carpetbaggers

A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.

Kristallnacht

A devastating night of Nazi attacks on Jewish businesses and synagogues that signaled a deepening of anti-Semitism and caused revulsion in the United States

235. Annapolis Convention, 1786

A precursor to the Constitutional Convention of 1787. A dozen commissioners form New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Virginia met to discuss reform of interstate commerce regulations, to design a U.S. currency standard, and to find a way to repay the federal government's debts to Revolutionary War veterans.

Monroe Doctrine

A presidential foreign-policy proclamation that grandly warned European nations against colonization or interference in the Americas, even though the United States could not really enforce such a decree

124. Navigation Acts

A series of British regulations which taxed goods imported by the colonies from places other than Britain, or otherwise sought to control and regulate colonial trade. Increased British-colonial trade and tax revenues. The Navigation Acts were reinstated after the French and Indian War because Britain needed to pay off debts incurred during the war, and to pay the costs of maintaining a standing army in the colonies.

Foray

A single, defined movement or attack by a military unit

oligarchs

A small, elite class of authoritarian rulers.

taboo

A social prohibition or rule that results from strict tradition or convention.

coalition

A temporary alliance of political factions or parties for some specific purpose. "The Republicans, now freed from the Union party coalition of war days, enthusiastically nominated Grant. . . ."

Ostend Manifesto

A top-secret dispatch, drawn up by American diplomats in Europe, that detailed a plan for seizing Cuba from Spain

Boston Massacre

A violent street fight between the Patriots and the British soldiers that occurred in the streets of Boston on May 5th, 1770. This deadly fight, caused by the Patriots, led to the death of several colonists, resulting in the mass publication and demonization of the British redcoats.

closed shop

A working establishment where only people belonging to the union are hired. It was done by the unions to protect their workers from cheap labor.

Sons of Liberty (p 71):

A- A group of wealthy figures in the 1770s that performed acts of rebellion against the British/Loyalists in the American colonies. B- These people were significant because their acts against the British helped to raise morale for the revolution and get the support of the poor.

Advantages/Disadvantages of the North

A: - highly industrialized economy - expansive transportation system - superior navy (control of the sea also facilitated international trade) - larger population to recruit from - higher discipline within armies D: - mostly ineffective leaders until Ulysses S. Grant - higher disunity within the northern community made continuing the war difficult

Tippecanoe

A: A battle in the fall of 1811 at the junction of the Wabash and Tippecanoe rivers that was foolishly fought between a small army of Shawnees led by the Prophet and William Henry Harrison's army. B: This battle made Harrison a national hero, but more importantly drove Tecumseh into an alliance with the British that caused him to fight fiercely against the Americans in the War of 1812

Fletcher v. Peck

A: This court case arose when a Georgia legislature granted 35 million acres in Mississippi in 1810 to private speculators and was canceled rapidly because of outcries, but the Supreme Court with Marshall presiding decreed that the legislative grant was a contract and the Constitution forbids state laws "impairing" contracts. B: This decision is significant because it protects property against state legislature and it clearly asserts the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate laws conflicting with the state legislature.

Liberia

African republic founded by freed American slaves in 1822

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Battle of the Thames

After the redcoats fled Lake Erie, General Harrison beat the British at this battle in October 1813 Tecumseh died at this battle and with him ended the Indian Confederacy and this boosted the confidence of American patriotism

Secretary of War Stanton

As Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton acted as a spy for the radicals in cabinet meetings. President Johnson asked him to resign in 1867. The dismissal of Stanton let to the impeachment of Johnson because Johnson had broken the Tenure of Office Law.

15. The major domestic consequence of the Mexican War was a. the decline of the Democratic party. b. a sharp revival of the issue of slavery. c. a large influx of Mexican immigrants into the southwestern United States. d. a significant increase in taxes to pay the costs of the war. e. a public revulsion against the doctrines of Manifest Destiny and expansionism.

B. a sharp revival of the issue of slavery (pg. 388, Profit and Loss in Mexico)

1. The conflict between President Tyler and Whig leaders like Henry Clay took place over issues of A. slavery and expansion B. banking and tariff policy C. foreign policy D. agriculture and transportation policy E. Whig party leadership and patronage

B. banking and tariff policy (pg. 372, John Tyler: A President Without a Party)

Charles Sumner

Beaten in the Senate chamber before the Civil War, he became the leader of Senate Republican radicals during Reconstruction

Blanche K. Bruce

Became a senator in 1874 -- the only black to be elected to a full term until Edward Brooke in 1966.

anarachists

Believers in the concept of a government-free world.

Lyndon B. Johnson

Brilliant legislative operator whose domestic achievements in social welfare and civil rights fell under the shadow of his Vietnam disaster

west-africa squadron

British naval unit that seized hundreds of slave ships in the process of suppressing the illegal slave trade in the early 1800s

John C Breckenridge

Buchanan's vice president, nominated for president by breakaway southern Democrats in 1860

Chief Justice Chase

Chief Justice in 1868, he upheld Republican Reconstruction laws and ruled that paper money was not a legal substitute for specie.

Grand Army of the Republic

Civil War Union veteran's organization that became a potent political bulwark of the Republican part in the late nineteenth century

White Water

Clinton Arkansas investment deal that spurred a federal special prosecutor and led to widespread investigations of his administration

Erie Canal

Clinton's Big Ditch that transformed transportation and economic life across the Great Lakes region from Buffalo to Chicago

Operation Desert Storm

Code name for the military operation of the "hundred hour war" that drove Saddam Hussein out of Kuwait

Operation Desert Storm

Code name for the military operation ofthe "hundred hour war" that drove Saddam Hussein out of Kuwait

Columbine High School

Colorado high school where a deadly shooting in 1999 stirred a national movement against guns and gun violence

Horace Greeley

Colorful, eccentric newspaper editor who carried the Liberal Republican and Democratic banners against Grant in 1872

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Commander of the Allied military assault against Hitler in North Africa and France

Douglas MacArthur

Commander of the U.S. Army in the Pacific during World War II, who fulfilled his promise to return to the Philippines

Chester W. Nimitz

Commander of the U.S. naval forces in the Pacific and brilliant strategist of the island-hopping campaign

Spanish Civil War (1936 - 1939)

Conflict between the rebel fascist forces of General Francisco Franco and the Loyalist government that severely tested U.S. neutrality legislation

Black Hawk War

Conflict of 1832 in which the Sauk and Fox Indians of Illinois and Wisconsin were defeated by federal troops and state militias.

20th Amendment

Congress begins on January 30th; President starts on January 20th

Military Reconstruction Act of 1867

Congressional law that imposed military rule on the South and demanded harsh conditions for readmission of the seceded states

Barry M. Goldwater

Conservative Republican whose crushing defeat opened the way for the liberal Great Society programs

Phyllis Schlafly

Conservative activist who led a successful movement to stop ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment

Contract With America

Conservative campaign platform that led to a sweeping Republican victory in the I994 mid-term elections

A type of special assembly, originally developed in Massachusetts, for drawing up a fundamental law that would be superior to ordinary law

Constitutional Convention

Amendment 13

Constitutional amendment, passed eight months after the Civil War, that permanently ended slavery throughout the United States.

Earl Warren

Controversial jurist who led the Supreme Court into previously off-limits social and racial issues brought about his downfall

The peace treaty courageously signed by President John Adams that ended the undeclared war with France as well as the official French American alliance

Convention of 1800

Reconstruction Finance Corp

Created in 1932 to make loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads, it was intended to provide emergency funds to help businesses overcome the effects of the Depression. It was later used to finance wartime projects during WW II.

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, 1933

Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insures the accounts of depositors of its member banks. It outlawed banks investing in the stock market.

Vicksburg

Crucial Confederate fortress on the Mississippi whose fall to Grant in 1863 cut the South in two

Whig leader and secretary of State who negotiated an end to Maine boundary dispute in 1842

Daniel Webster

Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson

Daring Southern commander killed at the Battle of Chancellorsville

Jefferson Davis, Alexander Stephens

Davis was chosen as president of the Confederacy in 1861. Stephens was vice-president.

The Treaty of Ghent

December 1814 - restored the status quo that existed before the war of 1812

Emancipation Proclamation

Document that proclaimed slaves in territories in rebellion to be free and guaranteed a fight to the finish

315. Treaty of Greenville, 1795

Drawn up after the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The 12 local Indian tribes gave the Americans the Ohio Valley territory in exchange for a reservation and $10,000.

free world

During the Cold War, the noncommunist democracies of the Western world, as opposed to communist states.

Whiskey Ring

During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

dove

During the Vietnam War, someone who opposed the war and favored de-escalation or withdrawal by the United States.

Mario Savio

Early student activist and leader of the Free Speech Movement at the University of California (at Berkeley)

Poland

East European nation whose September 1939 invasion by Hitler set off World War II in Europe

The Man Without A Country

Edward Everett Hale's fictional story of treason and banishment, inspired by the actual wartime banishing of Copperhead Clement Vallandigham

John Wilkes Booth

Fanatical actor whose act of violence actually harmed the South

John Brown

Fanatical and bloody-minded abolitionist martyr admired in the North and hated in the South

Adolf Hitler

Fanatical fascist leader of Germany whose aggressions forced the United States to abandon its neutrality

Francisco Franco

Fascist rebel against the Spanish Loyalist government

Henry Ford, the Model T, Alfred P. Sloan

Ford developed the mass-produced Model-T car, which sold at an affordable price. It pioneered the use of the assembly line. Also greatly increased his workers wages and instituted many modern concepts of regular work hours and job benefits. Sloan, an American industrialist, helped found project.

34. House of Burgesses

Formed in 1619, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later this model would be used in other colonies.

Sam Houston

Former Tennessee governor whose victory at San Jacinto in 1836 won Texas its independence

Vicksburg

Fortress whose capture split the Confederacy in two

National Industrial Recovery Administration (NIRA)

Founded in 1933 to carry out the plans of the National Industry Recovery Act to fight depression. It established code authorities for each branch of industry or buisness. The code authorities set the lowest prices that could be charged, the lowest wages that could be paid, and the standards of quality that must be observed.

64. Lord Baltimore

Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.

Denmark Vesey

Free black whose failed attempt to lead a slave revolt in Charleston, South Carolina, led to the execution of more than thirty of his followers

Sojourner Truth

Freed black woman in NY who fought for women's rights and black emancipation

William T. Johnson "barber of Natchez"

Freedman that owned slaves

Tripolitan War

From 1801 to 1805, this conflict between the United States and the pirates of Tripoli was fought as a result of the aggression of Tripoli's attacks on US ships which forced Jefferson into war. The conflict forced Jefferson to send the navy to fight the pirates, and more importantly to build a Navy, something that was greatly feared at the time but proved necessary and would lay the groundwork for the expansion of the Armed Forces during the leadup to and following the War of 1812.

Civil Works Admnistration (CWA)

Hired unemployed workers to do make-shift jobs like sweeping streets. Sent men ages 18-24 to camps to work on flood control, soil conservation, and forest projects under the War Department. A small monthly payment was made to the family of each member. During the winter temporarily

Purchase of Alaska

In December, 1866, the U.S. offered to take Alaska from Russia. Russia was eager to give it up, as the fur resources had been exhausted, and, expecting friction with Great Britain, they preferred to see defenseless Alaska in U.S. hands. Called "Seward's Folly" and "Seward's Icebox", the purchase was made in 1867 for $7,200,000 and gave the U.S. Alaska's resources of fish, timber, oil and gold.

contraction

In finance, reducing the available supply of money, thus tending to raise interest rates and lower prices. "Coupled with the reduction of greenbacks, this policy was called 'contraction.' "

détente

In international affairs, a period of relaxed agreement in areas of mutual interest.

containment

In international affairs, the blocking of another nation's expansion through the application of military and political pressure short of war.

102. Glorious Revolution, 1688

King James II's policies, such as converting to catholicism, conducting a series of repressive trials known as the "Bloody Assizes," and maintaining a standing army, so outraged the people of England that Parliament asked him to resign and invited King William of the Netherlands (who became known as William II in England), to take over the throne. King James II left peacefully (after his troops deserted him) and King William II and his wife Queen Mary II took the throne without any war or bloodshed, hence the revolution was termed "glorious."

"poor white trash"

Least prosperous nonslaveholding whites that were even scorned by slaves

Denmark Vesey

Led ill-fated rebellion in Charleston, SC in 1822

Edward Kennedy

Liberal Democratic senator whose opposition to Carter helped divide the Democrats in 1980

22nd Amendment

Limits the president to two terms.

George H.W. Bush

Long-time Republican political figure who defeated Dukakis for the presidency in 1988

Emergency Banking Relief Act, 1933

March 6, 1933 - FDR ordered a bank holiday. Many banks were failing because they had too little capital, made too many planning errors, and had poor management. The _____ provided for government inspection, which restored public confidence in the banks

Eugene J. McCarthy

Minnesota senator whose anti-war "Children's Crusade" helped force Johnson to alter his Vietnam policies

John McCain

Moderate Republican senator who led the crusade for campaign finance reform but lost 2000 presidential nomination to George W. Bush

unsecured loans

Money loaned without identification of collateral (existing assets) to be forfeited in case the borrower defaults on the loan. "The Freedman's Savings and Trust Company had made unsecured loans to several companies that went under."

111. French and Indian War (1756-1763)

Part of the Seven Years' War in Europe. Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. The Algonquins, who feared British expansion into the Ohio Valley, allied with the French. The Mohawks also fought for the French while the rest of the Iroquois Nation allied with the British. The colonies fought under British commanders. Britain eventually won, and gained control of all of the remaining French possessions in Canada, as well as India. Spain, which had allied with France, ceded Florida to Britain, but received Louisiana in return.

Transcendentalism

Philosophical and literary movement, centered in New England, that greatly influenced many American writers of the early nineteenth century

The New Deal

Phrase used to describe all of Franklin Roosevelt's policies and programs to combat the Great Depression

Berlin Wall

Physical symbol of the Cold War and divided Europe that came down in 1989

Berlin Wall

Physical symbol ofthe Cold War and divided Europe that came down in 1989

Philip Armour

Pioneered the shipping of hogs to Chicago for slaughter, canning, and exporting of meat.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Pioneering Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that declared labor unions legal as long as they remained peaceful

neoconservatives

Political activists and thinkers, mostly former liberals, who turned to a defense of traditional social and moral values and a strongly anticommunist foreign policy in the 1970s and 1980s.

Billy Graham

Popular religious evangelical who effectively used the new medium of television

Catharine Beecher

Prominent figure who helped turn teaching into a largely female profession

Equal Rights Amendments

Proposed constitutional amendment promoting women's rights that fell short of ratification

New name for the Anglican Church after it was disestablished and de-Anglicized in Virginia and elsewhere

Protestant Episcopal

10. Calvinism

Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state.

"Mexico will poison us"

Quote by Ralph Waldo Emerson which described the catastrophic effects the acquirement of Mexican territories would have on the Union

*Wesberry v. Sanders (1964)

Ruled that congressional districts within states should be as nearly equal as possible.

Ku Klux Klan

Secret organization that intimidated blacks and worked to restore white supremacy

William Seward

Secretary of state who arranged an initially unpopular but valuable land deal in 1867

Casablanca

Site of 1943 Rosevelt-Churchhill conference in North Africa, at which the Big Two planned the invasion of Italy and further steps in the Pacific war

protégé

Someone under the patronage, protection, or tutelage of another person or group.

dissident

Someone who dissents, especially from an established or normative institution or position.

militarist

Someone who glorifies military values or institutions and extends them into the political and social spheres

Era of Good Feelings

Somewhat inappropriate term applied to the two Monroe administrations, suggesting that this period lacked major conflicts

George W. Bush

Son of a former president whose narrow election as president in 2000 did not prevent him from pursuing a strong conservative agenda in office

Philadelphia Plan

Term for the new group affirmative action policy promoted by the Nixon administration

Cult of domesticity

Term for the widespread nineteenth-century cultural creed that glorified women's roles as wives and mothers in the home

Yankee

Term southerners used to describe northerners

Bleeding Kansas

Term that described the prairie territory where a small-scale civil war between abolitionists and proslavery border ruffians erupted in 1856

New South

Term that identified southern promoters' belief in the technologically advanced industrial South

"black ivory"

Term used for slaves once slave imports were banned, since slaves became more valuable

The status of a western area under the Northwest Ordinance after it established an organized government but before it became a state

Territory

Oregon Country

Territory beyond the boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase, along the Columbia River, explored by Lewis and Clark

Independent nation that was the object of British, Mexican, and French scheming in the early 1840s

Texas

H. Ross Perot

Texas billionaire who won nearly twenty percent ofthe popular vote as third-party candidate in 1992

63. Old Lights, New Lights

The "New Lights" were new religious movements formed during the Great Awakening and broke away from the congregational church in New England. The "Old Lights" were the established congregational church.

Bank of United States

The "moneyed monster" that Clay tried to preserve and that Jackson killed with his veto in 1832

"The great body of the aristocracy and the commercial classes are anxious to see the United States go to pieces [but] the middle and lower class sympathise with us [because they] see in the convulsion in America an era in the history of the world, out of which must come in the end a general recognition of the right of mankind to the produce of their labor and the pursuit of happiness."

The American minister to Britain wrote:

The unreconstructed South

The South's infrastructure had been destroyed - manufacturing had almost ceased. Few banks were solvent and in some areas starvation was imminent. General Sherman had virtually destroyed large areas on his "march to the sea".

State suicide theory

The Southern states had relinquished their rights when they seceded. This, in effect, was suicide. This theory was used to justify the North taking military control of the South.

Tet

The Vietnamese New Year celebration, during which the communists launched a heavy offensive against the U.S. in 1968

Supply-Side Economics

The economic theory of "Reaganomics" that emphasized cutting taxes and government spending in order to stimulate investment, productivity, and economic growth by private enterprise

supply-side economics

The economic theory of"Reaganomics" that emphasized cutting taxes and government spending in order to stimulate investment, productivity, and economic growth by private enterprise

William J. Clinton

The first "baby boomer" president who was the first Democrat elected to two full terms since Franklin Roosevelt

Underground Railroad

The informal network of people who helped runaway slaves travel from the South to the safe haven of Canada

Cumberland Road

The only major highway constructed by the federal government before the Civil War (either of the two names for the highway are acceptable)

Pentagon

The other site of direct attack by terrorists on September I l, 2001, besides the twin towers of the World Trade Center

leveraged buy-out

The purchase of one company by another using money borrowed on the expectation of selling a portion of assets after the acquisition

leveraged buy-out

The purchase of one company by another using money borrowed on the expectation of selling portion of assets after the acquisition.

exchange rates

The ratios at which the currencies of two or more countries are traded, which express their values relative to one another.

Union Party

The temporary 1864 coalition of Republicans and War Democrats that backed Lincoln's re-election

Joseph Stalin

The tough leader whose violation of agreements in Eastern Europe and Germany helped launch the Cold War

Orders in Council

These edicts from the British Government closed many non-British ports to American trade unless those vessels that wished to trade first docked at a British port and paid tax. These laws are important because angered many Americans, as it severely limited the United State's ability to trade and insulted American Sovereignty.

154. Committees of Correspondence

These started as groups of private citizens in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New York who, in 1763, began circulating information about opposition to British trade measures. The first government-organized committee appeared in Massachusetts in 1764. Other colonies created their own committees in order to exchange information and organize protests to British trade regulations.

Battle of New Orleans

This clash between British and American forces (led by Andrew Jackson), two weeks after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent marked the Americans winning a "vital" land battle. This battle made Andrew Jackson a national hero and created a great sense of nationalism in America.

Cohens v. Virginia

This court case between The Cohens and Virginia in 1821, in which the selling of illegal lottery tickets by the Cohens found them guilty by Virginia, but they appealed to the Supreme Court and John Marshall ruled that the conviction of the Cohens as guilty was valid/ This was significant because John Marshall asserted with the decision that the Supreme Court had the right to review the decisions of the state supreme courts in regards to powers of the federal government.

"war hawks"

This group of Democratic Republicans were major proponents of war with the Native Americans, the Spanish, and the British in order to strengthen America's position abroad, forcing an end to impressment, while also weakening the Native American Resistance in the west. These individuals are important because they provided a great amount of support for the War of 1812 and were major proponents of westward expansion.

Monticello

Thomas Jefferson's stately self-designed home in Virginia that became a model of American architecture

James R. Hoffa

Tough Teamster-union boss whose corrupt actions helped lead to passage of the Landrum-Griffin Act

John L. Lewis

Tough head of the United Mine Workers, whose work stoppages precipitated antistrike laws

James Buchanan

Weak Democratic president whose manipulation by proslavery forces divided his own party

pork-barrel bills

When congress votes for an unnecessary building project so that a member can get more district popularity

WAACS and WAVES

Women's units of the army and navy during World War II

Betty Friedan

Writer whose 1963 book signaled the beginnings of more extensive feminist protest

290. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

Written by David Walker advocated a bloody end to white supremacy

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

Written by Frederick Douglass

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin

Abraham Lincoln brigade

Young American volunteers who went to fight for Loyalist Spain against Franco's Spanish fascist rebels.

rebate

a rectangular groove made to hold two pieces together

effigy

a sculpture or model of a person.

9. The greatest winner in the Compromise of 1850 was a. the North. b. the South. c. the Whig party. d. the border states. e. President Millard Fillmore.

a. the North.

9. Reformer Dorothea Dix worked for the cause of a. women's right to higher education and voting. b. international peace. c. better treatment of the mentally ill. d. temperance. e. antislavery.

c. better treatment of the mentally ill.

8. Among the significant advantages the Confederacy possessed at the beginning of the Civil War was a. a stronger and more balanced economy. b. a stronger navy. c. better-trained officers and soldiers. d. a larger reserve of manpower. e. better political leadership.

c. better-trained officers and soldiers.

13. The last open debate inside the South regarding proposals to gradually abolish slavery occurred in a. southern colleges in the 1830s. b. the Southern Baptist Convention in 1850. c. the Tennessee Appalachian Mountain areas in 1840-1841. d. the Virginia state legislature in 1830-1831. e. the Texas state legislature in 1848-1850.

d. the Virginia state legislature in 1830-1831.

8. Which of the following was not among the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment? a. Disqualification from federal and state office for former Confederate officials who had violated their oaths b. Reduction in Congressional representation and Electoral College vote for states that did not let blacks vote c. Repudiation of any Confederate debts d. Citizenship and full civil rights (except voting) for former slaves e. Elimination of one senator from each southern state until Reconstruction was complete

e. Elimination of one senator from each southern state until Reconstruction was complete

1. The Jacksonian charge that John Quincy Adams won the presidency through a corrupt bargain arose because a. William Crawford threw his electoral votes to Adams in exchange for a seat in the Senate. b. members of the House of Representatives claimed that they had been bribed to vote for Adams. c. Adams ended his previous opposition to Henry Clay's American System. d. Jackson discovered that there had been vote fraud in several pro-Adams states. e. after Henry Clay threw his support to Adams, he was appointed secretary of state.

e. after Henry Clay threw his support to Adams, he was appointed secretary of state.

Hinton R. Helper

g. Southern-born author whose book attacking slavery's effects on whites aroused northern opinion

"The injuries received from France do not lessen the enormity of those heaped upon us by England.... In this 'straight betwixt two' we had an unquestionable right to select our enemy. We have given the preference to Great Britain... on account of her more flagrant wrongs."

pg. 229 Insisted the editor of Niles' Weekly Register (June 27, 1812),

12th Amendment

separation of votes for President and Vice President

Martyr

someone used as a sacrifice for a greater purpose or cause

Tweed Ring

the corrupt part of Tammany Hall in New York City, that Samuel J. Tilden, the reform governor of New York had been instrumental in overthrowing.

Bush v. Gore (2000)

(Rehnquist) The court ruled that manual recounts of presidential ballots in the Nov. 2000 election could not proceed because inconsistent evaluation standards in different counties violated the equal protection clause. In effect, the ruling meant Bush would win the election. Super controversial

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)

(Taney) The interests of the community are more important than the interests of business; the supremacy of society's interest over private interest.

"Nullies"

- nullifiers in South Carolina that fought against Unionists in 1832 to attain a 2/3 majority vote in the South Carolina legislature to nullify the existing tariff in the state

Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix

- nurses of the Union army, these two women helped transform nursing into a respected profession that could be occupied by women in the post-war era

Death and Hatred Cries Out On All Doorsteps - The Aftermath

- over 600,000 men died in action or of disease and over a million were killed or seriously wounded - direct monetary expenses: approx $15 billion along with continuing expenses, pensions, and debt - disunity, lowered ethics, bitter memories, and burning hates - nullification and secession laid to rest with the surrender at Appomattox Courthouse - Union victory inspired developments like the *English Reform Bill of 1867*, under which Britain became a true political democracy - in some ways led to the development of the United States' position as a world superpower

Resumption Act of 1875

- pledged the government to the further withdrawal of greenbacks to be redeemed in gold at face value, beginning in 1879

14. Roger Williams, Rhode Island

1635 - He left the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the only colony at that time to offer complete religious freedom.

65. Maryland Act of Toleration (Act of Religious Toleration)

1649 - Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.

Anti-ballistic missile

A defensive missile designed to intercept and destroy an offensive missile in flight

Republican Party

A new political party organized as a protest against the Kansas-Nebraska Act

totalitarianism

A political system of absolute control, in which all social, moral, and religious values and institutions are put in direct service of the state

North American Review

A: This magazine which began publication in 1815 which was the year of the triumph of New Orleans was a magazine written for intellectual United States citizens. B: This showed how a sense of American identity and nationalism arose after the War of 1812 because of how it unified the Americans.

James Monroe

A: This was the popular President of the United States from 1816 to 1824 who issued the Monroe doctrine and called his presidency "The Era of Good Feelings." B: This president was the right president for the time as he was level headed and had experience managing emotion, most of all he was not a war hero that would stimulate more movements and fighting that America couldn't handle

Impeachment

Action voted by the House of Representatives against Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase

John Wilkes Booth

An actor, planned with others for six months to abduct Lincoln at the start of the war, but they were foiled when Lincoln didn't arrive at the scheduled place. April 14, 1865, he shot Lincoln at Ford's Theatre and cried, "Sic Semper Tyrannis!" ("Thus always to tyrants!") When he jumped down onto the stage his spur caught in the American flag draped over the balcony and he fell and broke his leg. He escaped on a waiting horse and fled town. He was found several days later in a barn. He refused to come out; the barn was set on fire. Booth was shot, either by himself or a soldier.

Old Hickory

Andrew Jackson's popular nickname, signaling his toughness and strength Spoils System - The arrangement under which public offices were handed out on the basis of political support rather than qualifications

Navy

Branch of military service that Jefferson considered least threatening to liberty and most necessary to suppressing the Barbary States

William Rehnquist

Chief Justice ofthe United States who presided at the impeachment trial of President Clinton

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

English Reform Bill of 1867

English law under which Britain became a modern democracy, influenced by the Union victory in the Civil War

Oberlin

Evangelical college in Ohio that was the first institution of higher education to admit blacks and women

Brian Trust

FDR's reform-minded intellectual advisers, who conceived much of the New Deal legislation

James Buchanan Duke

Formed the American Tabacco Company, controlled 90% of the cigarette market

Home Owners' Local Corporation (HOLC)

Had authority to borrow money to refinance home mortgages and thus prevent forclosures. It lent over $3 billion to 1 million homeowners.

Economic diversification

Having an economy that is based on multiple products, not what the South had at the time

Compromise of 1877 provisions

Hayes promised to show concern for Southern interests and end Reconstruction in exchange for the Democrats accepting the fraudulent election results. He took Union troops out of the South.

Gerald Nye

Instigator of 1934 Senate hearings that castigated World War I munitions manufacturers as "merchants of death"

Eli Whitney

Inventor of a machine for extracting seeds from cotton that revolutionized the southern economy

Cyrus McCormick

Inventor of the mechanical reaper that transformed grain growing into a business

Peace Corp

Kennedy administration program that sent youthful American volunteers to work in underdeveloped countries

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

Leading U.S. group advocating American support for Britain in the fight against Hitler

Southern Strategy

Nixon's plan to win reelection by curbing the Supreme Court's judicial activism and soft-pedaling civil rights

communist-fronter

One who belongs to an ostensibly independent political, economic, or social organization that is secretly controlled by the Communist party.

Moses Austin

Original leader of American settlers in Texas who obtained a huge land grant from the Mexican government

red ink

Referring to a deficit in a financial account, with expenditures or debts larger than income or assets

Black codes

Restrictions on the freedom of former slaves, passed by Southern governments.

John C Fremont

Romantic western hero and the first Republican candidate for president

John C. Frémont

Romantic western hero and the first Republican candidate for president

Quarantine Speech

Roosevelt's 1937 speech that proposed strong U.S. measures against overseas aggressors

Court - Packing Plan

Roosevelt's highly criticized scheme for gaining Supreme Court approval of New Deal legislation

Aristocracy

Rule by the rich and noble

John Jay

Sent to London in 1794 by President Washington, his attempt to make peace with Britain failed, and ended with Britain demanding that the United States pay back all pre-Revolutionary War debts. The demand from the British caused Spain to strike a deal with the United States (that gave the Americans virtually anything they desired) in fear of an alliance forming between Britain and the United States.

Harper's Ferry, Virginia

Site of a federal arsenal where a militant abolitionist attempted to start a slave rebellion

Czechoslovakia

Small East European democracy betrayed into Hitler's hands at Munich

George McGovern

South Dakota senator whose antiwar campaign was swamped by Nixon

Free Speech Movement

Student activist protest at the University of California that criticized corporate interests and impersonal university education

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Supreme Court case in which Daniel Webster successfully argued that a state could not change the legal charter of a private college once granted

Brown V. Board of Education

Supreme Court ruling that overturned the old Plessy v. Ferguon principle that black public facilities could be "separate but equal"

Born-again

The evangelical Christian belief in a spiritual renewal or rebirth, involving a personal experience of conversion and a commitment to moral transformation

Kremlin

The extensive palace complex in Moscow that houses the Soviet (Russian) government; hence, a shorthand term for the Soviet or Russian government

Gerald Ford

The first appointed vice president and first appointed president of the United States

Dwight D. Eisenhower

The soldier who kept the nation at peace for most of his two terms and ended up warning America about the "military-industrial complex"

American Slavery As it is

Theodore Dwight Weld's powerful antislavery book

Austerlitz

This land battle between France and combined Austrian and Russian armies resulted in a French victory and French dominance of land. This French victory which granted France domination over the land led to a stalemate between France and Great Britain which resulted in them squaring off through other means, such as manipulation of America with bills such as the Orders in Council.

corner

To gain exclusive control of a commodity in order to fix its price. "The crafty pair concocted a plot in 1869 to corner the gold market."

Ulysses S. Grant

Union commander who first made his mark with victories in the West

Cornelius Vanderbilt

United States financier who accumulated great wealth from railroad and shipping businesses (1794-1877)

Jay Gould

United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892)

Andrew Carnegie

United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts (1835-1919)

Thomas Edison

United States inventor

Lewis Tapan

Wealthy NY abolitionist who helped weld and house was ransacked

land grant

a grant of public land (as to a railway or college)

10.The most significant effect of the Fugitive Slave Law, passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, was a. an end to slave escapes and the Underground Railroad. b. the extension of the Underground Railroad into Canada. c. a sharp rise in northern antislavery feeling. d. a growing determination by radical abolitionists to foment violent slave rebellions. e. growing northern hostility to radical abolitionists.

c. a sharp rise in northern antislavery feeling.

4. The Ninth and Tenth Amendments partly reversed the federalist momentum of the Constitution by declaring that a. the federal government had no power to restrict the action of local governments. b. the powers of the presidency did not extend to foreign policy. c. all rights not mentioned in the federal Constitution were retained by the states or by the people themselves. d. the Supreme Court had no power to rule in cases affecting property rights. e. the states themselves were not bound by the guarantees in the bill of rights.

c. all rights not mentioned in the federal Constitution were retained by the states or by the people themselves.

1. In 1850, over one-half of the American population was a. foreign-born. b. living west of the Mississippi River. c. under the age of thirty. d. living in cities of over 100,000 people. e. Irish or German.

c. under the age of thirty

hoary

old and trite.

William Henry Harrison

"Old Tippecanoe," who was portrayed by Whig propagandists as a hard-drinking common man of the frontier

Schechter v. U. S. (1935)

(Hughes) "the sick chicken case" Unanimously declared the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) unconstitutional on three grounds: that the act delegated legislative power to the executive; that there was a lack of constitutional authority for such legislation; and that it sought to regulate businesses that were wholly intrastate in character.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

(John Marsall) Established tribal autonomy within their boundaries. However, neither followed by Georgia nor enforced by President Jackson, who had no interest in enforcing the Court's decree. The Georgia Cherokees themselves were forcibly relocated in 1838, pursuant to a U.S. treaty, to present-day Oklahoma ("the Trail of Tears").

Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923)

(Taft) Declared unconstitutional a minimum wage law for women on the grounds that it denied women freedom of contract.

Wabash Case (Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois) (1886)

(Waite) Declared state-passed Granger laws that regulated interstate commerce unconstitutional. Severely limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce. It led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

Civil Rights Cases of 1883

(Waite) The Court held that Congress lacked the constitutional authority under the 14th Amendment to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals and organizations. Legalized segregation with regard to private property and ruled Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional.

*New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)

(Warren) A state cannot, under the First and Fourteenth Amendments, award [libel] damages to a public official for defamatory falsehood relating to his official conduct unless he proves "actual malice" - that the statement was made with knowledge of its falsity or with reckless disregard of whether it was true or false.

trust-busting

(law) government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the United States antitrust laws)

convoy

(v) To escort militarily, for purposes of protection (n) A person who does the verb

"If you of the East, who have found this war against the South, and for the negro, gratifying to your hate or profitable to your purse, will continue it...[be prepared for] eternal divorce between the West and the East." "The erection of the states watered by the Mississippi and its tributaries into an independent Republic is the talk of every other western man."

*In the southern tier of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, sympathy for the South combined with hostility to the Northeast to stimulate talk of a "Northwest Confederacy" that would itself secede from the Union and make a separate peace with the Confederacy. These sentiments were fueled by economic grievances stemming from the closure of the Mississippi River to trade, and they gained strength after Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. Warned one Ohio congressman in January 1863:* *Another Ohio congressman, giving great urgency to the Union effort to reopen the Mississippi River, declared:*

"The German and Irish millions, like the Negro, have a great deal of guano in their destiny. They are ferried over the Atlantic, and carted over America, to ditch and to drudge, to make corn cheap, and then to lie down prematurely to make a spot of green grass on the prairie."

*Regarding the exploitation of immigrant labor, Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) wrote in 1860:*

NINA

- "No Irish Need Apply" - sign used at factory gates in order to keep the Irish out of jobs as they displaced native workers

Samuel Slater

- British mechanic who became known as the "Father of the Factory System" in America - in 1791 created the first effective piece of American machinery for spinning cotton thread after escaping in disguise to America

*Mary Harris*

- aka "Mother" Jones, agitated for the Knights in the Illinois coalfields

Conflict with Mexico

- annexation of Texas in 1845 severed all diplomatic relations with Mexican govt. - Texas was also claiming that the Rio Grande was their border, Mexico claimed it was the Nueces River; Polk felt morally tied to Texas' claim - rumors that Britain would buy Mexico caused Polk to desperately send an envoy to buy California, but Mexico refused

Urban Growth in Mid-1800's

- by 1860 there were 43 cities with populations of 20,000 or more; 300 other places had over 5,000 inhabitants each - rapid urbanization consequently created various issues: : slums, inadequate policing, sewage problems, rodents, improper garbage disposal - Boston begins utilizing a sewer system in 1823, New York switches to piped-in water supply in 1842 - 1840s, rapid immigration from Europe takes place due to America's label as "the land of freedom and opportunity"

*"Birthright citizenship"* (jus soli)

- doctrine that permitted citizenship based on birthplace

*American Federation of Labor*

- federation of exclusively skilled craft unions - formed in 1886 under *Samuel Gompers*, a Jewish cigar maker who had rose up in the labor ranks quickly - consisted of an association of self-governing national unions - Gompers aimed for a *"closed shop"* in which there was all-union labor, used the walkout and the boycott to try to achieve that goal - ultimately, while the union remained sturdy it fell short of representing the entirety of the working class

The Cotton Kingdom

- following Whitney's creation of the cotton gin, the raising of cotton became highly beneficial to both the North and the South - as planters cleared more land for cotton, the Cotton Kingdom expanded westward and the harvested cotton could be processed in the North's machines - New England was the favored industrial center because: : stony soil convinced many to turn to industry : dense population provided labor and market : effective sea ports for importation and exportation : rapid rivers (Merrimack) provided energy for the machines - by 1860 over 400 million pounds of southern cotton went into thousands of mills (most of which were in New England)

"Biddle's Panic"

- in desperation Biddle called in the bank's loans in order to try to display the bank's importance by creating a minor financial crisis - number of smaller banks suffered under "Biddle's Panic" but it did not prevent Jackson from ending the bank once and for all

Force Bill

- passed by Congress in 1833 - authorized the president to use the army and navy, if necessary, to collect federal tariff duties

Wabash (1886)

- railroad managers were consolidating a monopoly over the enterprise, afterwards states tried to work against them as people began to suffer - Supreme Court decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

- state of New York attempted to grant monopoly of waterborne commerce between New York and Jersey to private org. - Marshall asserted that Constitution conferred upon Congress alone control over interstate commerce

America's Salt with Britain and Vice Versa

- the two Anglo-American wars (1776, 1812) bred strong resentment against the British - pro-British Federalists died out after the Hartford Convention, only Jacksonian Democrats were left - British magazines targeted Yankee shortcomings, and American journals responded back heatedly in 1842 - as America was a borrowing nation it often had to turn to Britain which had the financial means necessary to lend out loans - 1837 insurrection in Canada had Americans trying to support it to strike out at Britain Caroline raid of 1837 (see 17-7) - tensions rose when in 1841 British officials offered asylum to 130 Virginia slaves after they had captured an American ship, the Creole

"Rendezvous" system

- traders from St. Louis would venture out to a valley in the Rocky Mountains to exchange their manufactured goods for beaver pelts

c

12. In the campaign of 1860, the Democratic party a. tried to unite around the compromise popular sovereignty views of Stephen A. Douglas. b. campaigned on a platform of restoring the compromises of 1820 and 1850. c. split in two, with each faction nominating its own presidential candidate. d. threatened to support secession if the sectionally-based Republicans won the election. e. attempted to keep its militant fire-eating southern wing out of sight.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

Prigg v. Pennsylvania

1842 - A slave had escaped from Maryland to Pennsylvania, where a federal agent captured him and returned him to his owner. Pennsylvania indicted the agent for kidnapping under the fugitive slave laws. The Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional for bounty hunters or anyone but the owner of an escaped slave to apprehend that slave, thus weakening the fugitive slave laws.

Thirteenth Amendment

1865 - Freed all slaves, abolished slavery.

bastion

A fortified stronghold, often including earthworks or stoneworks, that guards against enemy attack.

Davie Crockett

A frontier hero, Tennessee Congressman, and teller of tall tales who died in the Texas War for Independence

acclamation

A general and unanimous action of approval or nomination by a large public body, without a vote.

231. Land Ordinance of 1785

A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Provided for the orderly surveying and distribution of land belonging to the U.S.

bazooka

A metal-tubed weapon from which armor-piercing rockets are electronically fired.

Compromise of 1850

A series of agreements between North and South that temporarily dampened the slavery controversy and led to a short-lived era of national good feelings

Sputnik

A soviet scientific achievement that set off a wave of American concern about Soviet superiority in science and education.

Gibbons v. Ogden

A: This "steamboat" court case involved an attempt by the state of New York to grant a private concern a monopoly of waterborne commerce between New York and New Jersey in 1824, and the Supreme court and John Marshall ruled that only Congress could control interstate commerce. B: This is significant because again John Marshall struck against state rights and reinforced the rights of the national government in regards to the Constitution.

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

A: This was legislation passed by an alliance of Jefferson and the Baptists that disestablished the Anglican Church in Virginia in 1786. B: This was a major victory in the fight for separation of church and state and furthered emphasized how deeply the Revolution affected the social aspects of American society.

James Fenimore Cooper

A: This writer gained international recognition in the 1820s because of the use of American scenes and themes. B: This showed how a sense of American identity and nationalism arose after the War of 1812 because of how it unified the Americans.

"You say you will not fight to free negroes. Some of them seem willing to fight for you; but, no matter. Fight you, then, exclusively to save the Union. I issued the proclamation on purpose to aid you in saving the Union."

Abraham Lincoln defended his policies toward blacks in an open letter to Democrats on August 26, 1863:

The Feminine Mystique

Betty Friedan's 1963 book that launched a revolution against the suburban "cult of domesticity" that reigned in the 1950s

Martin Luther King Jr.

Black minister whose 1955 Montgomery bus boycott made him the leader of the civil rights movement

Jim Fisk

Bold and unprincipled financier whose plot to corner the U.S. gold market nearly succeeded in 1869

William Wilberforce

Britisb guy who Wanted west indies slave emancipation and got it

William Wilberforce

British evangelical Christian reformer who in 1833 achieved the emancipation of slaves in the British West Indies

157. Boston Tea Party, 1773

British ships carrying tea sailed into Boston Harbor and refused to leave until the colonials took their tea. Boston was boycotting the tea in protest of the Tea Act and would not let the ships bring the tea ashore. Finally, on the night of December 16, 1773, colonials disguised as Indians boarded the ships and threw the tea overboard. They did so because they were afraid that Governor Hutchinson would secretly unload the tea because he owned a share in the cargo.

Proposition 13

Califomia ballot initiative of 1978 that set the stage for the "tax revolt', that Reagan rode to victory in 1980

268. Tariff of 1789

Designed to raise revenue for the federal government, resulted in a government surplus.

Hugh Johnson

Director of the NRA.

13. The brilliant American military campaign that finally captured Mexico City was commanded by General A. Stephen W. Kearny. B. John C. Frémont. C. Zachary Taylor. D. Robert E. Lee. E. Winfield Scott.

E. Winfield Scott (pg. 384, The Mastering of Mexico)

Anwar Sadat

Egyptian leader who signed the Camp David accords with Israel

Anwar Sadat

Egyptian president whose 1978 summit agreement, brokered by President Carter, brought hopes of peace with Israel

agribusiness

Farming and related activities considered as commercial enterprises, especially large corporate agricultural ventures.

Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan

Former Confederate states would be readmitted to the Union if 10% of their citizens took a loyalty oath and the state agreed to ratify the 13th Amendment which outlawed slavery. Not put into effect because Lincoln was assassinated.

"third race"

Free blacks in the South were known as this

juntic

From Latin America politics: a small armed group, usually military officers, who seize power and rule as a collective dictatorship.

"American dream"

Hope by poor people for upward social mobility by slaves

Samuel Slater

Immigrant mechanic who initiated American industrialization by setting up his cotton-spinning factory in 1791

Saddam Hussein

Iraqi dictator defeated by the United States and its allies in the Persian Gulf War

Election of 1864: candidates, parties

Lincoln ran against Democrat General McClellan. Lincoln won 212 electoral votes to 21, but the popular vote was much closer. (Lincoln had fired McClellan from his position in the war.)

Shakers

Long-lived communal religious group, founded by Mother Ann Lee, that emphasized simple living and prohibited all marriage and sexual relationships

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Massachusetts Supreme Court decision of 1842 that overturned the widespread doctrine that labor unions were illegal conspiracies in restraint of trade

"big house"

Name for the main house of plantations

Tammany Hall

New York Democratic machine organization that exemplified the growing power of Irish immigrants in American politics

General Oliver O. Howard

Service as director of the Freedmen's Bureau.

20. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America.

13. Anne Hutchinson, Antinomianism

She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.

Grant, McClellan, Sherman and Meade

Union generals in the Civil War.

279. Washington's Farewell Address

Warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliances.

Harper's Ferry

Western Virginia town where a violent abolitionist seized a federal arsenal in hopes of sparking a widespread slave rebellion

15. Controversial amendment, which passed the House but not the Senate, stipulating that slavery should be forbidden in all territory acquired from Mexico

Wilmot Proviso (pg. 388, Profit and Loss in Mexico)

8. The key tradeoff featured in the Compromise of 1877 was that a. Republicans got the presidency in exchange for the final removal of federal troops from the South. b. Democrats got the presidency in exchange for federal guarantees of black civil rights. c. Republicans got the presidency in exchange for Democratic control of the cabinet. d. Democrats got the presidency in exchange for increased immigration quotas from Ireland. e. Republicans got the presidency in exchange for permitting former Confederate officers to vote.

a. Republicans got the presidency in exchange for the final removal of federal troops from the South.

14. The northern political leader who successfully defended the Amistad slave rebels and overturned the Gag Resolution in Congress was a. congressman and former president John Quincy Adams. b. black abolitionist leader Frederick Douglass. c. Senator Daniel Webster. d. religious revivalist Theodore Dwight Weld. e. Illinois state legislator and congressman Abraham Lincoln.

a. congressman and former president John Quincy Adams.

15. The transcendentalist writers such as Emerson, Thoreau, and Fuller stressed the ideas of a. inner truth and individual self-reliance. b. political democracy and economic progress. c. personal guilt and fear of death. d. love of chivalry and return to the medieval past. e. religious tradition and social reform.

a. inner truth and individual self-reliance.

7. In the Indian Territory (Oklahoma), most of the Five Civilized Tribes a. supported the Confederacy and sent warriors to fight for it. b. supported a war for the Union but not a war against slavery. c. sent many young warriors to fight for the Union cause. d. tried to stay neutral in the "white man's war." e. used the Civil War to reassert their independence.

a. supported the Confederacy and sent warriors to fight for it.

10. One primary cause of women's subordination in nineteenth-century America was a. the cult of domesticity that sharply separated women's sphere of the home from that of men in the workplace. b. women's primary involvement in a host of causes other than that of their own rights. c. the higher ratio of females to males in many communities. d. the prohibition against women's participation in religious activities. e. the widespread belief that women were morally inferior to men.

a. the cult of domesticity that sharply separated women's sphere of the home from that of men in the workplace.

7. Industrialization was, at first, slow to arrive in America because a. there was a shortage of labor, capital, and consumers. b. low tariff rates invited foreign imports. c. the country lacked the educational system necessary to develop technology. d. the country lacked a patent system to guarantee investors the profits from new machines. e. most American consumers preferred hand-crafted goods.

a. there was a shortage of labor, capital, and consumers

13. A crucial foreign policy goal for many war hawks in the War of 1812 was the a. end of all Spanish colonization in the Americas. b. capture and annexation of Canada. c. conquest and settlement of Texas. d. destruction of the British navy. e. conquest of Spanish Florida.

b. capture and annexation of Canada.

13. President James Garfield was assassinated by a(n) a. fanatically anti-Republican Confederate veteran. b. mentally unstable disappointed office seeker. c. anticapitalist immigrant anarchist. d. corrupt gangster under federal criminal indictment. e. bitter supporter of his defeated Democratic opponent, Winfield Scott Hancock.

b. mentally unstable disappointed office seeker.

4. Jefferson was forced to reverse his strong opposition to maintaining any substantial American military because of a. growing French intervention in Santo Domingo and Louisiana. b. the plunder and blackmailing of American shipping by North African states. c. the threat to America posed by the British-French wars. d. the charge by his Federalist opponents that his dislike of the military was unpatriotic. e. the spreading Indian attacks in the West.

b. the plunder and blackmailing of American shipping by North African states.

15. The immediate effect of the Monroe Doctrine at the time it was issued was a. a rise in tension between the United States and the major European powers. b. very small. c. a close alliance between the United States and the Latin American republics. d. a series of clashes between the American and British navies. e. a declaration by Russia that it would not attempt to colonize Oregon and California.

b. very small.

4. The proposed direct admission of California into the Union, without passing through territorial status, was dangerously controversial because a. the territory was in a condition of complete lawlessness and anarchy. b. the Mexicans were threatening renewed warfare if California joined the Union. c. California's admission as a free state would destroy the equal balance of slave and free states in the U.S. Senate. d. there was a growing movement to declare California an independent nation. e. southern California and northern California did not want to be part of the same state.

c. California's admission as a free state would destroy the equal balance of slave and free states in the U.S. Senate.

3. Andrew Jackson's strong appeal to the common people arose partly because a. Americans finally understood the ideas of the Declaration of Independence. b. many citizens were tired of the partisan fights between Republicans and Federalists. c. he had risen from the masses and reflected many of their prejudices in his personal attitudes and outlook. d. farmer and labor organizations aroused populist opposition to elitist politics. e. he was skilled at appealing to the public's evangelical religion and fervent patriotism.

c. he had risen from the masses and reflected many of their prejudices in his personal attitudes and outlook.

9. The Fifteenth Amendment provided for a. readmitting Southern states to the Union. b. full citizenship and civil rights for former slaves. c. voting rights for former slaves. d. voting rights for women. e. racial integration of public schools and public facilities.

c. voting rights for former slaves.

4. Most southern slave owners held a. over a hundred slaves. b. over fifty slaves. c. about twenty slaves. d. fewer than ten slaves. e. only one slave.

d. fewer than ten slaves.

10. One important result of President Jackson's destruction of the Bank of the United States was a. a successful economy to hand on to his successor, Van Buren. b. a sounder financial system founded upon thousands of locally controlled banks. c. the American banking system's dependence on European investment and control. d. the lack of a stable banking system to finance the era of rapid industrialization. e. Jackson's equally successful attack on the secretive and elitist Masons.

d. the lack of a stable banking system to finance the era of rapid industrialization.

15. The skeptical public finally accepted Secretary of State William Seward's purchase of Alaska partly because it a. learned that there were extensive oil deposits in the territory. b. was found to be strategically vital to American defense in the northern Pacific. c. realized that Alaska would be the last frontier after the settling of the West. d. was grateful to Russia as the only great power friendly to the Union during the Civil War. e. became entranced by the natural beauty and wildlife of the territory.

d. was grateful to Russia as the only great power friendly to the Union during the Civil War.

U2

high-flying American spy lane, whose drowning in 1960 destroyed a summit and heightened Cold War tensions

Terence Powderly

led the Knights of Labor, a skilled and unskilled union, wanted equal pay for equal work, an 8hr work day and to end child labor

nonproducers

liquor dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, bankers, and stockbrokers. viewed as by the knights of labor

pure and simple unionism

purposed by Samuel Gompers, president of the AFL; he proposed that argued that "the trade unions pure and simple are the natural organizations of the wage workers to secure their present and practical improvement and to achieve their final emancipation."

Fratricidal

relating to or denoting conflict within a single family or organization. Killing a family member.

Sir Walter Scott

writer of feudal societies that influenced south

The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution that protected individual liberties

Bill of Rights

Dred Scott

Black slave whose unsuccessful attempt to win his freedom deepened the sectional controversy

Exodusters

Blacks who left the South for Kansas and elsewhere during Reconstruction

Nikita Khrushchev

Blustery Soviet leader who frequently challenged Eisenhower with both threats and diplomacy

Allen Ginsberg

"Beat" poet of the 1950s whose hostility to materialism and "establishment" values helped lay groundwork for 1960s "counterculture"

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

(Warren) The state's refusal to appoint counsel for an indigent accused of non-capital felony violated due process clause. Held that defendants have the right to be represented by counsel in state trails and that lawyers must be provided to defendants who cannot afford to pay for them.

*Westside Community Schools v. Mergens (1990)

Ordered a school to permit students to meet on campus and discuss religion because it does not amount to a "state sponsorship of a religion"

5. Two-thousand-mile-long path along which thousands of Americans journeyed to the Willamette Valley in the 1840s

Oregon Trail (pg. 377, Oregon Fever Populates Oregon)

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), John L. Lewis

Originally formed by leaders within the AFL who wanted to expand its principles to include workers in mass produciotn industries. In 1935, they created coalation of the 8 unions comprising the AFL and the United Mine Workers of America, led by John L. Lewis. After a split within the organization in 1938, the ___ was established as a separate entity.

"the most extraordinary collection of talent, of human knowledge, that has ever been gathered together at the White House, with the possible exception of when Thomas Jefferson dined alone."

President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) once greeted a large group of Nobel Prize winners as

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival that began on the frontier and swept eastward, stirring an evangelical spirit in many areas of American life

Oligarchy

Rule by the few and elite

Joseph Stalin

Russian dictator who first helped Hitler destroy Poland before becoming a victim of Nazi aggression in 1941

Nationalists

Jiang Jieshi's (Chiang Kai-shek's) pro-American forces, which lost the Chinese civil war to Mao Zedong's (Mao Tse-tung's) communists in 1949

The four original Border States where secession failed but slavery still survived

Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware, Maryland

"snobocracy"

Negative term used by poorer southerners against the plantation owners

Declaration by President Washington in 1793 that announced America's policy with respect to the French Revolutionary wars between Britain and France

Neutrality Proclamation

Samuel Tilden

New York prosecutor of Boss Tweed who later lost in the disputed presidential election of 1876

Copperheads

Northern Democrats who openly opposed the Civil War and sympathized with the South

free-soilers

Northern antislavery politicians, like Abraham Lincoln, who rejected radical immediate abolitionism, but fought to prohibit the expansion of slavery in the western territories

Gadsden Purchase

Southwestern territory acquired by the Pierce administration to facilitate a southern transcontinental railroad

Segregation

The separation of blacks and whites, mostly in the South, in public facilities, transportation, schools, etc.

Black Baptist and African Episcopal Methodist Churches

The two largest African American denominations (church bodies) by the end of Reconstruction

Methodist, Baptist

The two religious denominations that benefited most from the evangelical revivals of the early nineteenth century

John Marshall

This Chief Justice of the Supreme court served in that capacity for nearly 30 years, handing down the ruling on many important cases such as McCulloch v. Maryland and Marbury v. Madison. The last Federalist, this Chief Justice is important because he provided a level head and moderation in times of political turmoil and experimentation, while also consistently strengthening the powers of the Federal Government.

Impeachment

To bring charges against a public official. Johnson was impeached, but was saved from being taken out of office by one vote.

hara-kiri

Traditional Japanese ritual suicide

George McClellan

Union general who repudiated his party's Copperhead platform and polled 45 percent of the popular vote in 1864

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

New York Draft Riots

Violent protests by largely Irish working class citizens against being forced to serve in a war against slavery that they opposed

Appomattox Court House

Virginia site where Lee surrendered to Grant in April 1865

John D.Rockefeller

Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.

Ford Theater

Washington site where Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865

Osama bin Laden

Wealthy Saudi Arabian exile who formed a global terrorist network that assaulted the United States

Jimmy Carter

Well-meaning president who was swamped by the 1980 Reagan landslide but later won the Nobel Peace Prize

Jimmy Carter

Well-meaning president who was swamped by the 1980 Reagan landslide but later won the Nobel Peace Prize

"Revolution" of 1800

When Thomas Jefferson was elected president in 1800, he claimed the election to be revolutionary because he was to bring back the spirit of the American Revolution to the nation; it was also momentous because the switch of power from Federalist to anti-Federalist was calm and peaceful, which was a remarkable achievement for such a young nation. Thomas Jefferson, after being elected, was supposed to restore republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and halt the decay of virtue that had set in under the Federalist presidents, however circumstances proved that stating what was wanted to be done and doing them proved more difficult than anticipated.

Chattel

When slaves are treated as property

Assassination of April 14, 1865

While sitting in his box at Ford's Theatre watching "Our American Cousin", President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth.

Thomas Reed

"The Czar" When Republicans controlled everything, he was Speaker of the House and he ran the House like his own castle. He and

Dred Scott v. Sanford

(1857) a landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held that African Americans, whether enslaved or free, could not be American citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court, and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States.

*Butler v. U.S. (1936)

(Hughes) Court declared the AAA unconstitutional; congress cannot regulate agriculture (only states can); government cannot tax one group for the benefit of another (tax on processors for farmers)

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

(Marshall) The Court determined that it could not rule on the case, as the Cherokee tribe was a "denominated domestic dependent nation." The Court determined that since the tribe was not a state, they had no jurisdiction and therefore could not rule on the case.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

(Marshall) US Constitution is "the supreme law of the land." Began the process of expanding the implicit power of the federal gov. through the necessary and proper clause. "Power to tax is the power to destroy" States cannot tax the federal gov.

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

(Warren) Began exclusionary rule. Courts cannot use evidence attained by police illegally. Strong encouragement for police to follow the law so they don't ruin their case against criminals

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

(Warren) Connecticut statute forbidding use of contraceptives violates the right of marital privacy which is within the penumbra of specific guarantees of the Bill of Rights. Ruled that the Constitution did guarantee certain zones of privacy

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

(Warren) Criminal suspect's rights include being informed of rights to counsel and to remain silent. Declared that if accused persons have not been informed of their right to remain silent, then any statements they make may not be used as evidence against them

Baker v. Carr (1962)

(Warren) Established the principle of "one person, one vote" and made such patterns of representation illegal. The Court asserted that the federal courts had the right to tell states to reapportion their districts for more equal representation.

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

(Warren) Freedom of speech held to include students wearing black armbands at school to protest the Vietnam War. Schools would need to show evidence of the possibility of substantial disruption before students' free speech at school could be limited

Engle v. Vitale (1962)

(Warren) Prayer as classroom activities in public schools prohibited by First Amendment (which was made applicable to the states under the 14th A.)

Little Englanders

- British anti-expansionists that often came into conflict with Americans over the settlement of Oregon

Grant Election of 1868

- after Johnson's failure, the notion that a good general made a good president still existed - Grant was a *greenhorn* in politics, yet after the Republican party was freed from the Union party coalition they nominated him for presidency - party's platform called for a continuation of Reconstruction of the South, but Grant in his letter of acceptance stated, *"Let us have peace"* which became his campaign slogan - Democrats formed their own nominating convention: : denounced military Reconstruction but could agree on little else : eastern delegates (wealthy) pushed for a plank promising that federal war bonds be redeemed in gold : midwestern delegates (agrarian, poor) worked for the *"Ohio Idea"* which called for redemption in *greenback* money - midwestern delegates got the platform, however the nominee, *Horatio Seymour*, repudiated the Ohio Idea - Republicans were *"waving the bloody shirt"* by reviving memories of the Civil War in order to appeal to emotion - Grant wins 214 to 80 electoral votes, however in the popular vote he only scored a majority of 300,000 (3,013,421 to 2,706,829 and ballots of *Mississippi*, *Texas*, and *Virginia* were not counted at all due to reconstruction)

The Bank Dies and the Country Suffers

- although the Bank of United States was due to expire in 1836, Jackson decided to get rid of it earlier - 1833, Jackson removes federal deposits from the bank vaults and proposes to deposit no more funds and gradually shrink existing deposits to eventually shut down the Bank - "Biddle's Panic" - death of the Bank resulted in a lurching cycle of booms and busts as surplus federal funds were placed in several dozen state institutions "pet banks" that were chosen for their pro-Jackson support - flooded the country with useless paper currency - Jackson attempts to call in Specie Circular, which creates a sudden downturn into a panic in 1837

Fighting Monopoly

- appealing to Congress, the masses managed to get the *Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890* passed : forbade combinations in restraint of trade without any distinction between "good" trusts and "bad" trusts : law was ineffective but was unexpectedly effective in curbing labor unions/combinations that were deemed to be restraining trade

*William Tecumseh Sherman*

- ardent "total war" Union general who left a burning wake in his march across the South - aim was to destroy supplies for the Confederate army and weaken the morale of the men

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

- black slave, Dred Scott, had lived with his master for five years in Illinois And wisconsin Territory - sued for freedom on basis of long residency on free soil - Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott was a black slave and thus had no rights to sue in federal courts

Union Blockade

- blockades were concentrated on the principal ports and inlets - Britain acknowledged the blockade, preventing foreign conflict - *blockade running became increasingly profitable* with the decreased availability of southern goods - leading rendezvous: *West Indies port of Nassau* - *"ultimate destination"* - doctrine that justified the taking of imports as they were supposedly destined for the Confederacy

Specie Circular

- decree that required public lands to be purchased with "hard" or metallic, money - under Jackson, suddenly ended speculative boom and created a downturn in the economy

Liberal Republicanism

- in 1872, reform-minded citizens formed the *Liberal Republican* party which urged the purification of the Washington administration and an end to military Reconstruction - in the Cincinnati nominating convention, *Horace Greeley* (a surprising candidate, editor of the New York Tribune) was nominated for the presidency - Democrats endorsed Greeley's candidacy (ironic as the editor once labeled them as traitors, slave shippers, saloon keepers, horse thieves, and idiots) yet Greeley was able to ameliorate the situation by pleading for unity

*Second Battle of Bull Run* and *Antietam*

- in August of 1862, Lee engaged the new Union general, *General John Pope*, at Bull Run, inflicting a crushing defeat on the Union army - although Lee hoped to bring the Border States out of the Union, his attempt failed - at *Antietam Creek*, the restored McClellan (informed by a dropped set of Lee's battle plans) halted Lee's invasion - Antietam proved to be one of the bloodiest conflicts in the war, Lee retired across the Potomac and McClellan was once more removed from his position of command - at the same time it was decisive as it cut off an ultimately southern victory as well as foreign intervention that had begun to grow in possibility (Union displayed unexpected military power) - additionally helped pave the way for the Emancipation Proclamation)

Of Heroes and Losers

- new Union general post-Antietam: *General A. E. Burnside* - "Burnsides Slaughter Pen" - Burnside recklessly engaged Lee in a frontal assault at Fredericksburg, Virginia, losing over 10,000 Union soldiers - new general after slaughter: *"Fighting Joe" Hooker* - at Chancellorsville, Virginia, Hooker's army was defeated by Lee's tactic of dividing the Confederate army and sending Jackson's force to flank the Union army - *Pyrrhic victory for Lee: lost Jackson in the process*

The Whigs

- party of Jackson's opponents that first emerged in the Senate with Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun - attracted support from groups disaffected by Jackson's policies (supporters of American System, southern states' righters, northern industrialists and merchants, evangelical Protestants associated with Anti-Masonic party - called for internal improvements over territorial acquisition

Anti-Masonic Party

- political organization that opposed the influence and secrecy of the Masonic order - emerged in 1832 - appealed to long-standing American suspicions of secret societies and attracted support from evangelical Protestant groups - anti-Jackson as Jackson himself was a Mason

Kansas, Built-in (Yet Awful) Popular Sovereignty

- small part of newcomers to Kansas were financed by northern abolitionists or free-soilers (see 19-4) - South was furious, attempted to assist well-armed slave owners to Kansas - both sides set up puppet governments to influence popular sovereignty (S Shawnee Mission, N Topeka) - civil was in Kansas emerged and soon was to become part of the Civil War (see 19-6)

b

14. Within two months after the election of Lincoln a. Northerners were mobilizing for a civil war. b. seven southern states had seceded and formed the Confederate States of America. c. all the slaveholding states had held conventions and passed secessionist resolutions. d. President Buchanan appealed for troops to put down the secessionist rebellion. e. the southern states had demanded a new constitutional convention to guarantee the future of slavery.

44. Pennsylvania, William Penn

1681- William Penn received a land grant from King Charles II, and used it to form a colony that would provide a haven for Quakers. His colony, Pennsylvania, allowed religious freedom.

303. XYZ Affair

1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss disputes. Three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.

Wade-Davis Bill, veto, Wade-Davis Manifesto

1864 - Bill declared that the Reconstruction of the South was a legislative, not executive, matter. It was an attempt to weaken the power of the president. Lincoln vetoed it. Wade-Davis Manifesto said Lincoln was acting like a dictator by vetoing.

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), Second AAA

1933 - The ___ offered contracts to farmers to reduce their output of designated products. It paid farmers for processing taxes on these products, and made loans to farmers who stored crops on their farms. The Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional.

Robert Dole

1996 Republican presidential nominee who was soundly defeated by Bill Clinton

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

c

2. Hinton R. Helper's The Impending Crisis of the South contended that a. the Founders had intended that slavery should eventually be eliminated. b. slavery was contrary to the religious values held by most Americans. c. slavery did great harm to the poor whites of the South. d. slavery violated the human rights of African Americans. e. wealthy plantation owners would eventually seek to enslave poor whites as well.

4. Northern boundary of Oregon territory jointly occupied with Britain, advocated by Democratic party and others as the desired line of American expansion

54 degrees 40' (pg. 376, Oregon Fever Populates Oregon)

c

8. In the Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court a. avoided controversy by ruling that the slave Dred Scott had no right to sue in federal court. b. ruled that the Kansas-Nebraska Act was unconstitutional. c. ruled that Congress could not prohibit slavery in any of the territories because slaves were private property of which owners could not be deprived. d. ruled that Dred Scott was still a slave because he had not filed suit until he had been returned to the slave state of Missouri. e. ruled that Dred Scott had to be freed because his owner had taken him into the free state of Illinois.

Lord Dunmore

A British military commander in Virginia who issued Dunmore's Proclamation in 1775, promising to free Virginia slaves who joined the British military forces. His proclamation forced the Americans to reconsider their position on not allowing slaves into the Continental Army and sparked general fear of slave uprisings in the South, leading to little Southern activism in the Revolutionary War.

sit-in

A demonstration in which people occupy a facility for a sustained period to achieve political or economic goals.

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners.

"Funding at Par"

A financial concept developed by Alexander Hamilton that stated the federal government would pay back all debts at face value and in addition would pay all accumulated interest. As this concept was put into play, the national credit bolstered, causing previously unwilling nations to loan the US money.

amnesty

A general pardon for offenses or crimes against a government. "The Republican Congress in 1872 passed a general amnesty act. . . ."

Crittenden Compromise

A last-ditch plan to save the Union by guaranteeing that slavery would be protected in territories lying south of the line of 36° 30΄

123. Paxton Boys

A mob of Pennsylvania frontiersmen led by the Paxtons who massacred a group of non-hostile Indians.

Neutrality Acts (1935, 1937)

A series of laws enacted by Congress in the mid-1930s that attempted to prevent any American involvement in future overseas wars

fraternal organization

A society of men drawn together for social purposes and sometimes to pursue other common goals. ". . . the Grand Army of the Republic [was] a politically potent fraternal organization of several hundred thousand Union veterans of the Civil War."

322. War of 1812 (1812-1814)

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.

The Regulators (p 64):

A- These poor farmers from North Carolina organized a movement against the corrupt and wealthy officials from 1776 to 1771 to democratize local government in their countries. B- The Regulators spoke for the small owners and tenants which eventually led to a mild reform of the legislation, but also an act to prevent riots and tumults.

5. Which of the following was not among the reasons why Britain strongly supported an independent Texas? A. Britain was interested in eventually incorporating Texas into the British Empire. B. British abolitionists hoped to make Texas an antislavery bastion. C. British manufacturers looked to Texas as a way to reduce their dependence on American cotton. D. A puppet Texas nation could be used to check the power of the United States. E. An independent Texas would provide a shield for European powers to re-enter the Americas and overturn the Monroe Doctrine.

A. Britain was interested in eventually incorporating Texas into the British Empire (pg. 375, The Lone Star of Texas Shines Alone)

Elba

A: This island in the Mediterranean was where Napoleon was exiled in 1814 from France. B: With Napoleon's exile, the US was forced to fight England alone and with Britain now focusing their efforts solely on the US, thousands of veteran troops poured into Canada

Land Act of 1820

A: This law authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash in 1820 B: This showed how the west needed more population and influence because of how cheap the price is to attract settlers.

Virginia Plan:

A: This was the large state plan presented to the Constitutional Convention by Edmund Randolph in 1787 that stated representation of both houses of the federal legislature would be based on population. B: Though this plan was not adopted, it led to and formed half of the three-fifths compromise (I think it should be the Great/Connecticut Compromise???) which would be used in the new government.

Charles Francis Adams

American envoy whose shrewd diplomacy helped keep Britain neutral during the Civil War

Francis Scott Key

American man who wrote the Star Spangled Banner in a ship while being held hostage by the British in 1814. Francis Scott Key wrote the song that represented America's nationalism for years to come.

Douglas MacArthur

American military commander in Korea fired by President Harry Truman

James Gadsden

American minister to Mexico in the 1850s who acquired land for the United States that would enable the building of a southern transcontinental railroad

Matthew Perry

American naval commander who opened Japan to the West in 1854

Marshall Plan

American-sponsored effort that provided substantial funds for the economic relief and recovery of Western Europe

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Americans convicted and executed for spying and passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

An Asian alliance, set up by Secretary Dulles on the model of NATO, to help support the anticommunist regime in South Vietnam

Miami Confederacy

An alliance of eight Indian tribes in defence against American expansion in the 1790's into western territories. The Miami Confederacy stood as a long-lasting conflict along the frontier, while America was encountering conflict along the sea, they had additional opposition at home - an opposition they were willing to take advantage of.

Congressman Clement L. Vallandigham

An anti-war Democrat who criticized Lincoln as a dictator, called him "King Abraham". He was arrested and exiled to the South.

warlord

An armed leader or ruler who maintains power by continually waging war, often against other similar rulers or local military leaders, without constitutional authority or legal legitimacy

Alliance for Progress

An attempt to provide American aid for democratic reform in Latin America that met with much disappointment and frustration

Know-Nothing Party

Anti-immigrant party headed by former president Millard Fillmore that competed with Republicans and Democrats in the election of 1856 (either official name or informal nickname)

Cherokee, Chickasaws

Any two of the southeastern Indian peoples who were removed to Oklahoma

Gilded Age

Appears to sparkle but beneath the surface lies corruption, crime, poverty, and disparities in wealth

2. Outbreak of fighting between American and Canadian lumberjacks over disputed Maine boundary

Aroostook War (pg. 374, Manipulating the Maine Maps, took place in 1844)

169. Battle of Bunker Hill (Breed's Hill)

At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, the British troops were based in Boston. The British army had begun to fortify the Dorchester Heights near Boston, and so the Continental Army fortified Breed's Hill, north of Boston, to counter the British plan. British general Gage led two unsuccessful attempts to take this hill, before he finally seized it with the third assault. The British suffered heavy losses and lost any hope for a quick victory against the colonies. Although the battle centered around Breed's Hill, it was mistakenly named for nearby Bunker Hill.

Yalta conference

Big Three wartime conference that later became the focus of charges that Roosevelt had "sold out" Eastern Europe to the Soviet communists

9. Rich Mexican province that Polk was determined to buy and Mexico refused to sell

California (pg. 381, Misunderstandings with Mexico)

12. Short-lived West Coast republic proclaimed by American rebels against Mexican rule just before the arrival of U.S. troops in the province

California Bear Flag Republic (pg. 384, The Mastering of Mexico)

Proposition 13

California ballot initiative of 1978 that set the stage for the "tax revolt" that Reagan rode to victory in 1980

Allen Bakke

California medical school applicant whose case led a divided Supreme Court to uphold limited forms of affirmative action for minorities

Sherman's March to the sea

Campaign through Georgia that stirred southern hatred by waging total war against the southern civilian economy and morale

Haiti

Caribbean nation where Clinton sent fwenty thousand American troops to restore ousted President Jean-Bertrand Aristide to power

1. American ship involved in supplying Canadian rebels that was sunk by British forces, sparking an international crisis between Britain and the United States

Caroline (pg. 374, A War of Words with Britain)

Malcolm X

Charismatic Black Muslim leader who promoted separatism in the early 1960s

consensus

Common or unanimous opinion. "How can this apparent paradox of political consensus and partisan fervor be explained?"

3. Antislavery Whigs who strongly opposed the annexation of Texas as a conspiracy by the slave power

Conscience Whigs (pg. 375, The Belated Texas Nuptials)

boll weevils

Conservative southem Democrats who supported Reagan's economic policies in Congress

Electoral College

Constitutional institution for choosing presidents that came under severe criticism after the 2000 popular vote winner failed to win the office

"Let every man who holds the name of America dear to him, stretch forth his hands and put this accursed thing, this Embargo from him. Be resolute, act like sons of liberty, of God, and your country; nerve your arm with vengeance against the Despot [Jefferson] who would wrest the inestimable germ of your Independence from you - and you shall be Conquerors!!!"

Context: During Jefferson's administration, the Embargo Act of 1807, passed by Congress, made it illegal to export or import foreign or American goods Non-Intercourse Act then passed in 1809 (Madison) in order to limit trade to only Britain and France because the Embargo Act was tolling too hard on America's economy Napoleon used the Macon's Bill No. 2 to France's advantage to create tensions between Britain and America Significance: New England adapted and created a strong industrial/ manufacturing based economy, however, American economy was still suffering, so Non- Intercourse Act was passed because Jefferson did not believe American economy should suffer Macon's Bill No. 2 then passed which France used to their advantage by vaguely agreeing with it, hoping that it would create tensions between the British and Americans Britain disagreed which acted as a turning point leading to the War of 1812

Clarence Thomas

Controversial Supreme Court justice who narrowly won confirmation despite charges of sexual harassment

Winston Churchill

Courageous prime minister who led Britain's lonely resistance to Hitler

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)

Court upheld a law from Missouri that prohibited public employees from performing abortions, unless the life of the mother was threatened. Some states tried to create similar laws.

Mechanical mower-reaper

Cyrus McCormick's invention that vastly increased the productivity of the American grain farmer

Robert Fulton

Developer of a folly that made rivers two-way streams of transportation

Munich Conference (1938)

European diplomatic conference in 1938, where Britain and France yielded to Hitler's demands for Czechoslovakia

depose(d); deposition

Forcibly remove from office or position.

Alexander Stephens

Former Confederate vice president whose election to Congress in 1865 infuriated northerners

James Earl Carter

Former Georgia governor whose presidency was plagued by economic difficulties and a crisis in Iran

Martin Van Buren

Former president who became the candidate of the antislavery Free Soil party in the election of 1848

Branch Davidian

Fundamentalist group whose compound in Waco, Texas, was assaulted by federal agents in 1993

Alexander Hamilton's policy of paying off all federal bonds at face value in order to strengthen the national credit

Funding At Par

Hartford Convention

Gathering of antiwar New England Federalists whose flirtation with secession stirred outrage and contributed to the death of the Federalist party

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe's powerful 1852 novel that focused on slavery's cruel effects in separating black family members from one another

Russell Conwell

He was a Revered and a staunch advocate of Social Darwinism. He helped the justification of the rich and the need to not help the poor in his "Acres of Diamonds" lecture.

31. John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

Elijah Lovejoy

Illinois editor whose death at the hands of a mob made him an abolitionist martyr

Stephen A. Douglas

Illinois politician who helped smooth over sectional conflict in 1850, but then reignited it in 1854

Black Hawk

Illinois-Wisconsin area Sauk leader who was defeated by American regulars and militia in 1832

278. Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

"We have our firesides, our comfortable habitations, our cities, our churches, and our country to defend, our rights, privileges and independence to preserve. And for these are we not justly contending? This it appears to me. Yet I hear from our pulpits, and read from our presses, that it is an unjust, a wicked, a ruinous, and unnecessary war....A house divided upon itself--and upon that foundation do our enemies build their hopes of subduing us."

In a letter to her friend Mercy Otis Warren, Abigail Adams (1744-1818) fretted that the British were taking advantage of Americans' disagreement over the War of 1812:

USS Constitution

Known as "old Ironsides" this American ship, and others like it, were increasing in use during the War of 1812 because they had heavier firepower and thicker sides. This improved ship made the Americans decided to fight a stronger naval battle than one on land because of the strength of the navy over the military.

Suspension of habeas corpus

Lincoln suspended this writ, which states that a person cannot be arrested without probable cause and must be informed of the charges against him and be given an opportunity to challenge them. Throughout the war, thousands were arrested for disloyal acts. Although the U.S. Supreme Court eventually held the suspension edict to be unconstitutional, by the time the Court acted the Civil War was nearly over.

Phillipines

Nation to which the U.S. promised independence in the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934

"The hundreds of thousands, if not millions of slaves [the act] will emancipate will come North and West and will either be competitors with our white mechanics and laborers, degrading them by competition, or they will have to be supported as paupers and criminals at the public expense."

Not everyone in the North welcomed Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, as this condemnation from the Cincinnati Enquirer reveals:

Grandfather Clause

Notorious clause in southern voting laws that exempted from literacy tests and poll taxes anyone whose ancestors had voted in 1860, thereby excluding blacks

assassination

Politically motivated murder of a public figure. " . . . he asked all those who had benefited politically by the assassination to contribute to his defense fund."

Log Cabins and Hard Cider

Popular symbols of the flamboyant but effective campaign the Whigs used to elect "poor-boy" William Henry Harrison over Martin Van Buren in 1840

Hundred Days(Emergency) Congress

Popular term for the special session of Congress in early 1933 that rapidly passed vast quantities of Roosevelt-initiated legislation and handed the president sweeping power

Silver

Precious metal that soft-money advocates demanded be coined again to compensate for the Crime of '73

"These United States of America...have astonished Europe by a new act of revolt....[I]n fostering revolutions wherever they show themselves, in regretting those which have failed, in extending a helping hand to those which seem to prosper, they lend new strength to the apostles of sedition, and reanimate the courage of every conspirator. If this flood of evil doctrines and pernicious examples should extend over the whole of America, what would become of our religious and political institutions, of the moral force of our governments, and of that conservative system, which has saved Europe from complete dissolution?"

Prince Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859), the Austrian statesman, regarded the United States as a renegade, revolutionary state. He reacted violently to the Monroe Doctrine:

Molly Maguires

Radical, secret Irish labor union of the 1860s and 1870s

Shah of Iran

Repressive pro-Western ruler whose 1979 overthrow precipitated a crisis for the United States

Don't Ask, Don't Tell

Shorthand phrase for compromise policy that emerged after Clinton's failed attempt to end ban on gays and lesbians in the military

Whigs v. Democrats

Similarities: - based upon the masses - geographical diversity of the two parties prevented emergence of purely sectional parties - social diversity prevented either party from assuming extreme or radical positions Differences: - Democrats glorified liberty of individual and guarded against privilege in government - Whigs emphasized natural harmony of society and the value of community - Democrats supported states' rights and federal restraint - Whigs were highly in favor of a renewed national bank, protective tariffs, infrastructural improvements, public schools, and moral reforms

Joint Committee on Reconstruction (Committee of Fifteen)

Six senators and nine representatives drafted the 14th Amendment and Reconstruction Acts. The purpose of the committee was to set the pace of Reconstruction. Most were radical Republicans.

15th Amendment

States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race. Third of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War. First Voting Rights Amendment (with 19, 24 & 26)

Ex Parte Milligan

Supreme Court ruling that military tribunals could not try civilians when the civil courts were open

Civil Service

System of choosing federal employees on the basis of merit rather than patronage introduced by the Pendleton Act of 1883

crop-lien system

System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.

cotton kingdom

Term for the antebellum South that emphasized its economic dependence on a single staple product

What is the standard claim for the election of 1800?

That this was a time marking the peaceful turnover of the legislature away from the Federalists and the establishment of the modern political partisan system.

Compromise of 1877

The complex political agreement between Republicans and Democrats that resolved the bitterly disputed election of 1876

Wade-Davis Bill

The congressional bill of 1864 requiring 50 percent of a state's voters to take an oath of allegiance before rejoining Union; vetoed by Lincoln

ghetto

The district of a city where members of a religious or racial minority are forced to live, either by legal restriction or by informal social pressure. (Originally, enclosed Jewish districts in Europe.)

Treaty of Ghent

The document signed in 1814 that ended the War of 1812 and was basically an armistice. The Treaty of Ghent gave a significant amount of nationalism to Americans, inspiring them to build roads and have a tax for protection.

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

The first major achievement of the Nixon-Kissinger détente with the Soviet Union, which led to restrictions on defensive missile systems

War Powers Act

The law, passed in reaction to the secret Cambodia bombing, that restricted presidential use of troops overseas without congressional authorization

establishment

The ruling inner circle of a nation and its principal institutions.

Charles Sumner

The same Senator who had been caned by Brooks in 1856, sumner returned to the Senate after the outbreak of the Civil War. He was the formulator of the state suicide theory, and supporter of emancipation. He was an outspoken radical Republican involved in the impeachment of Andrew Johnson.

Oliver Hazard Perry

This American naval officer captured a British fleet on Lake Erie and made them retreat from Detroit ⇢ Britain's defeat at the Battle of the Thames (1813). Perry's victory gave the US control over Lake Erie and control over the Northwest Territory.

Alcatraz and Wounded Knee

Two historic sites seized by American Indian activists in 1970-1972 to draw public attention to Indian grievances

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

U.S. House of Representatives committee that took the lead in investigating alleged pro-communist agents such as Alger Hiss

Reuben James

U.S. destroyer sunk by German submarines off the coast of Iceland in October 1941, with the loss of over a hundred men

American Federation of Labor

a federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955

13. The original impetus for declaring the Monroe Doctrine came from a. a British proposal that America join Britain in guaranteeing the independence of the Latin American republics. b. the growing British threat to intervene in Latin America. c. the American desire to gain new territory in the Caribbean and Central America. d. the Austrian Prince Metternich's plans to establish new European colonies in the Americas. e. Spain's crushing of the new Latin American republics' independence.

a. a British proposal that America join Britain in guaranteeing the independence of the Latin American republics.

11. Most of the early abolitionists were motivated by a. a desire to send African Americans back to Africa. b. anger at the negative economic impact of slavery on poorer whites. c. a belief that slavery violated the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. d. a philosophical commitment to racial equality. e. religious feeling against the sin of slavery.

a. a desire to send African Americans back to Africa.

11.The conflict over slavery following the election of 1852 led shortly to the a. death of the Whig party. because of their attempts to swallow the Fugitive Slave Law b. death of the Democratic party. c. death of the Republican party. d. rise of the Free Soil party. e. takeover of the Whig party by proslavery elements.

a. death of the Whig party. because of their attempts to swallow the Fugitive Slave Law

The first U.S. government of the Articles of Confederation was finally approved when a. George Washington insisted that he needed a single ruling authority to deal with. b. land-rich states like Virginia and New York agreed to hand over their lands to the new government for the common benefit. c. Congress abandoned the principle that each state had one vote regardless of size. d. the economy was plunged into severe depression that required drastic action. e. Britain refused to honor the Peace of Paris by holding onto its forts in the West.

b

The ideal of republican motherhood that emerged from the American Revolution held that a. women should be rewarded politically for having helped establish the American republic b. women had a special responsibility to cultivate the civic virtues of republicanism in their children. c. the government should establish social services to help mothers raise their children. d. mothers should be granted full political and economic rights in the American republic. e. mothers had a responsibility to teach principles of equality to their daughters as well as sons.

b

3. Despite the Revolution's emphasis on human rights and equality, the Founding Fathers failed to abolish slavery because a. they saw it as necessary to maintain American power. b. they feared black rebellion if slavery was removed c. of their fear that a fight over slavery would destroy a fragile national unity. d. almost none of them believed that slavery was wrong. e. many of them felt guilty about interracial sexual liaisons with their slaves.

c

11. Achieving the right to vote encouraged southern black men to a. form a third political party as an alternative to the Democrats and Republicans. b. seek a formal apology and reparations for slavery. c. organize the Union League as a vehicle for political empowerment and self-defense. d. organize large-scale migrations out of the South to the West. e. demand that each southern state grant blacks "forty acres and a mule."

c. organize the Union League as a vehicle for political empowerment and self-defense.

12. Jefferson's Embargo Act provided that a. America would not trade with Britain until it ended impressment. b. American goods could be carried only in American ships. c. America would sell no military supplies to either warring nation, Britain or France. d. America would trade only with the neutral nations of Europe. e. America would prohibit all foreign trade.

e. America would prohibit all foreign trade.

McCulloch v. Maryland

(1819) The Court invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution, which allowed the Federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for in the Constitution's list of express powers, provided those laws are in useful furtherance of the express powers of Congress under the Constitution.

5th Amendment

Right of Accused Persons/ Indictment of Grand Jury (1) No Self-Incrimination (Miranda) (2) No Double Jeopardy (defendant cannot be tried again on the same, or similar charges) (3) No deprivation of life liberty or property without "due process of law" (fair treatment) (4) Eminent domain

2nd Amendment

Right to bear arms a well regulated miltia is neccessary to the security of a free country

Mason-Dixon

The line across the southern boundary of Pennsylvania that formed the boundary between free states and slave states in the East

exchange rate

The monetary ratio according to which one currency is convertible into another

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Law, spurred by Martin Luther King, Jr.'s march from Selma to Montgomery, that guaranteed rights originally given blacks under the Fifteenth Amendment

Robert F. Kennedy

New York senator whose anti-war campaign for the presidency was ended by an assassin's bullet in June 1968

Constitutional Union Party

Newly formed, middle-of-the-road party of elderly politicians that sought compromise in 1860, but carried only three border states

Greenback Labor Party

Soft-money third party that polled over a million votes and elected fourteen congressmen in 1878 by advocating inflation

"land butchery"

excessive land cultivation

Bland-Allison Act

government buys silver each month and mint it into coins

Saddam Hussein

lraqi dictator defeated by the United States and its allies in the Persian Gulf War

despoil

plunder

indemnity

security or protection against a loss or other financial burden. security against or exemption from legal responsibility for one's actions.a sum of money paid as compensation, especially a sum exacted by a victor in war as one condition of peace.

Sadistic

someone who enjoys inflicting pain

*Wilderness Campaign*

- 1864, in the Wilderness of Virginia, Grant engaged Lee in a series of battles to attempt to grind out victory - war of attrition - June 3, Grant ordered a frontal assault on *Cold Harbor* against Lee's defense - virtually suicide - April 1865, northern troops capture Richmond and corner Lee at *Appomattox Courthouse*

*Ulysses S. Grant* on the Western Front

- early in his military career, Grant was an unaccomplished student, later he became stationed at isolated posts in which he dabbled in alcohol, forcing him to resign due to a looming court-martial - achieved success in Tennessee by capturing *Fort Henry* and *Fort Donelson* in 1862 - secured Kentucky and opened up a gateway to Tennessee and Georgia - at *Shiloh*, Grant's attempts to capture the junction of the main Confederate railroads in Mississippi Valley were foiled although he later made a successful counterattack - *Vicksburg*, Grant's best siege which reopened Union control over the Mississippi and cut off all assistance to the South

*Pinkerton's Detective Agency*

- intelligence organization in the 1860's that often misinformed General McClellan of enemy combatants

Self-Reliance (Ralph Waldo Emerson)

- popular lecture-essay written by Ralph Waldo Emerson that emphasized the "lone-wolf" individualism taking place within the West

b

6. Congressman Preston Brooks beat Senator Charles Sumner nearly to death on the Senate floor because a. Sumner had helped to fund John Brown's violent activities in Kansas. b. Sumner had used abusive language to describe the South and a South Carolina senator. c. Sumner had personally blocked the admission of Kansas to the Union as a slave state. d. Sumner had threatened to kill Brooks if he had the opportunity. e. Democrats believed that Sumner would be a dangerous Republican candidate for president.

bracero

A Mexican farm laborer temporarily brought into the United States.

Claimed by United States as southern boundary of Texas

Rio Grande

Liberal Republicans

Short-lived third party of 1872 that attempted to curb Grant administration corruption

Popular Sovereignty

The doctrine that the issue of slavery should be decided by the residents of a territory themselves, not by the federal government

Congress of Industrial Organizations

The new union group that organized large numbers of unskilled workers with the help of the Wagner Act and the National Labor Relations Board

2. A large portion of the profits from the South's cotton growing went to a. northern traders and European cloth manufacturers. b. southern and northern slave traders. c. southern textile industrialists. d. Midwestern farmers and cattlemen. e. small cotton growers.

a. northern traders and European cloth manufacturers.

12. Andrew Johnson, Lincoln's vice-presidential running mate in 1864, was a a. Copperhead. b. War Democrat. c. conservative Republican. d. radical Republican. e. Peace Democrat.

b. War Democrat.

10. President Washington's foreign policy rested on the firm conviction that a. there should be an end to European colonialism in the Americas. b. the United States could enhance its power by mediating between warring Britain and France. c. America needed to adhere firmly to its Revolutionary alliance with France. d. America ought to enter the French-British war only if its own republican ideals were at stake. e. the United States was too militarily weak and political disunited to become involved in European wars.

e. the United States was too militarily weak and political disunited to become involved in European wars.

National LAbor Union

organized in 1866 have about 600,000 members agitated for arbitration of disputes and an 8 hour workday

stock watering

originally referring to cattle, term for the practice of railroad promoters exaggerationg the profitability of stocks in excess of its actual value

Panic of 1857

- influx of California's gold caused high inflation - Crimean War overstimulated growth of grain + further overspeculation of land and railroads - hurt the North especially while the South prevailed, however it created southern delusions that their cotton economy was stronger than northern economy - as the North's economy declined, many demanded free farms of 160 acres from the public domain : South was strongly opposed to this as slavery could not thrive on 160 acre lots, thus new territory would be occupied by many free-soilers (political balance in favor of North)

John Quincy Adams

- secretary of state for President Monroe, son of John Adams Sr. - along with Monroe contributed to the shaping of foreign policy - negotiated with Britain the Treaty of 1818, pact permitted Americans to share Newfoundland fisheries with Canadian cousins, fixed northern limits of Louisiana along the forty-ninth parallel from Minnesota to Rocky Mountains, provided for ten-year join occupation of Oregon Country without a surrender of rights or claims of either American or Britain

Hayes-Tilden Standoff (1876)

- those who were benefiting from Grant's administration urged Grant to run for a third term, however Grant was shut down by a bipartisan vote in the house of 233 to 18 - Republicans nominated *Rutherford B. Hayes* since he hailed from the potent state of Ohio (Ohio had crucial *"swing"* votes and it produced many presidential candidates) - Democrats nominated *Samuel J. Tilden*, the prosecutor of Boss Tweed - although Tilden had been polling more popular votes than Hayes, the contested Southern states of Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida remained and their electoral returns remained disputed over who would count them

Civil Rights Act

1866 - Prohibited abridgement of rights of blacks or any other citizens.

Texas v. White

1869 - Argued that Texas had never seceded because there is no provision in the Constitution for a state to secede, thus Texas should still be a state and not have to undergo reconstruction.

Treaty of Washington

1871 - Settled the Northern claims between the U.S. and Great Britain. Canada gave the U.S. permanent fishing rights to the St. Lawrence River.

Wabash case

1886 supreme court case that decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce

136. Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

sect

A separatist religious group that claims for itself exclusive knowledge of truth and a superior method of salvation over all other religious organizations.

Sedition Act of 1798 (p 100):

A-This legislation passed under John Adams in 1798 stated that it was a crime to say or write anything "false, scandalous and malicious" against the government. B-This act was still enforced even though it seemed to violate the First Amendment in the Bill of Rights about freedom of speech and the press and would anger many Americans and show how the British law of "seditious libel" was present in America.

deflation (ary)

An increase in the value of money in relation to available goods, causing prices to fall. Inflation, a decrease in the value of money in relation to goods, causes prices to rise. "It had a noticeable deflationary effect—the amount of money per capita in circulation actually decreased. . . ."

Jefferson Davis

Former United States senator who, in 1861, became the president of what called itself a new nation

Jefferson Davis

Leader whose conflict with states' rights advocates and rigid personality harmed his ability to mobilize and direct his nation's war effort

"Relief, Recovery, and Reform"

The first step in FDR's relief program was to establish the Civilian Conservation Corps in April, 1933. The chief measure designed to promote recovery was the National Industrial Recovery Act. The New Deal acts most often classified as reform measures were those designed to guarantee the rights of labor and limit the powers of businesses.

4. Grant's greatest failing in the scandals that plagued his administration was his a. refusal to turn over evidence to congressional investigators. b. toleration of corruption and his loyalty to crooked friends. c. acceptance of behind-the-scenes payments for performing his duties as president. d. use of large amounts of dirty money in his political campaigns. e. inability to distinguish innocent members of his staff from the guilty.

b. toleration of corruption and his loyalty to crooked friends.

Redeemers

Laudatory term for white southerners who worked to overthrow Reconstruction and establish Home Rule regimes in the southern states

11. Resolution offered by Congressman Abraham Lincoln demanding to know the precise location where Mexicans had allegedly shed American blood on American soil

"Spot" Resolution (pg. 382, American Blood on American (?) Soil)

Harriet Beecher Stowe

"The little woman who wrote the book that made this great war" (the Civil War)

"Twisting the British lion's tail"

- phrase for the process American politicians used to gain Irish-American support by verbally assaulting the British

U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark

(1898) a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that a child born in the United States of Chinese citizens, who had at the time a permanent domicile and residence in the United States and who were carrying on business there other than for the Chinese government, automatically became a U.S. citizen.

Schenck v. U. S. (1919)

(White) Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."

Northern Securities Co. v. U. S. (1904)

(Fuller) Re-established the authority of the federal government to fight monopolies under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.

"The wealthy class is becoming more wealthy; but the poorer class is becoming more dependent. The gulf between the employed and the employer is growing wider; social contrasts are becoming sharper; as liveried carriages appear; so do barefooted children."

*Henry George, 1879*

The Bank: A "Moneyed Monster"

- Jackson distrusted monopolistic banking and overbig businesses - national government minted gold and silver coins but did not issue paper money - paper notes printed by private banks, since their value fluctuated with the health of the bank and amount of money printed private bankers had considerable power - private institution not accountable to the people but to its elite circle of money investors

"Bounty boys"

- volunteers who would desert and volunteer elsewhere in order to earn additional financial rewards

Samuel Colt

Weapons manufacturer whose popular revolver used Whitney's system of interchangeable parts

2. Among the major sources of the tension between Britain and the United States in the 1840s was A. American involvement in Canadian rebellions and border disputes B. British support for American abolitionists C. American anger at British default on canal and railroad loans D. American intervention in the British West Indies. E. American involvement in the prohibited international slave trade

A. American involvement in Canadian rebellions and border disputes (pg. 374, A War of Words with Britain)

9. Henry Clay lost the election of 1844 to James Polk primarily because A. his attempt to straddle the Texas annexation issue lost him votes to the antislavery Liberty party in New York. B. his strong stand for expansion in Texas and Oregon raised fears of war with Britain. C. he supported lower tariffs and an independent Treasury system. D. he lacked experience in presidential politics. E. Polk persuaded voters that Clay would not aggressively seek to acquire California for the United States.

A. his attempt to straddle the Texas annexation issue lost him votes to the antislavery Liberty Party in New York (pg. 378, A Mandate (?) for Manifest Destiny)

8. The British finally agreed to concede to the United States the disputed Oregon territory between the Columbia River and the forty-ninth parallel because A. they did not really want to fight a war over territory that American settlers might overrun. B. they recognized that the Lewis and Clark expedition has established America's prior claim to the territory. C. they determined that their own harbors at Vancouver and Victoria, British Columbia, were superior to those on Puget Sound. D. the Americans had concentrated superior military and naval forces in the region E. the Hudson's Bay Company no longer considered the area economically valuable

A. they did not really want to fight a war over territory that American settlers might overrun (pg. 378, Oregon Fever Populates Oregon)

Advantages/Disadvantages of the South

A: - homefront war - only had to fight to a draw to win independence (morale boost as well) - very strong leaders such as Robert E.Lee and Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson - bred to fight since they were young D: - poor supplies - lower transportation system compared to the North - weaker economy - relied too much on cotton

James Madison:

A: A delegate from Virginia who participated in the Constitutional Convention of 1787 because of the current government failing. B: So many of Madison's ideas were used in the constitution that became came known as the "Father of the Constitution," and he also went on to draft the Bill of Rights, which appeased many anti-federalists and sped up the process of the ratification of the Constitution.

The Changes in American Politics

After the Election of 1840, it was clear that American politics had transitioned to a new age. The two main changes were: - the transition to a populist democratic style where aristocracy was looked down upon - the formation of a vigorous and durable two party system

Battle of New Orleans

Andrew Jackson's stunning victory over invading British forces that occurred after the peace Treaty of Ghent had already been signed

Free Soil Party

Antislavery political party in the election of 1848 that included moral opponents of slavery as well as white workers who disliked black competition

"We are as busy, as rich, and as fortunate in our trade as if the American war had never broken out, and our trade with the States had never been disturbed. Cotton was no King, notwithstanding the prerogatives which had been loudly claimed for him."

As the Civil War neared the end of its third year, the London Times (January 7, 1864) could boast:

Thesis:

As the nineteenth century and the Industrial Revolution bore upon the United States, the political and moral standards of the country became increasingly less upheld in order for a new age of profits and economic growth to come about.

Hamilton's policy of having the federal government pay the financial obligations of the states

Assumption

Bull Run

At Bull Run, a creek, Confederate soldiers charged Union men who were en route to besiege Richmond. Union troops fled back to Washington. Confederates didn't realize their victory in time to follow up on it. First major battle of the Civil War - both sides were ill-prepared.

Tippecanoe

Battle in 1811, where General William Henry Harrison defeated the Indian forces led by Tenskwatawa (the Prophet), brother of the charismatic Shawnee chief Tecumseh

Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Antietam, Appomattox

Battle sites of the Civil War. Gettysburg - 90,000 soldiers under Meade vs. 76,000 under Lee, lasted three days and the North won. Vicksburg - besieged by Grant and surrendered after six months. Antietam - turning point of the war and a much-needed victory for Lincoln. Appomattox - Lee surrendered to Grant.

Clara Barton

Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field.

Boll Weevils

Conservative southern Democrats who supported Reagan's economic policies in Congress

Horatio Seymour

Democrat who lost to Ulysses S. Grant in the election of 1868

Wendell Willkie

Dynamic dark horse Republican presidential nominee who attacked FDR only on domestic policy

6. Texas was finally admitted to the Union in 1844 as a result of A. the Mexican War. B. the Texans' willingness to abandon slavery. C. an agreement that Texas would eventually be divided into five smaller states. D. a compromise agreement with Britain. E. President Tyler's interpretation of the election of 1844 as a mandate to acquire Texas.

E. President Tyler's interpretation of the election of 1844 as a mandate to acquire Texas (pg. 375, The Belated Texas Nuptials) *note that Nuptials means "weddings"

Panic of 1837

Economic crisis that precipitated an economic depression and doomed the presidency of Martin Van Buren

underdeveloped

Economically and industrially deficient.

Maximillian in Mexico

European prince appointed by Napoleon III of France to lead the new government set up in Mexico. After the Civil War, the U.S. invaded and he was executed, a demonstration of the enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine to European powers.

John Quincy Adams

Former president who won the Amistad rebellious slaves' freedom and fought for the right to discuss slavery in Congress

J. Robert Oppenheimer

Former scientific director of the Manhattan Project who joined Albert Einstein in opposing development of the hydrogen bomb

Richard M. Nixon

Former vice president who staged a remarkable political comeback to win presidential election in 1968

American Anti slavery society

Garrisonian abolitionist organization, founded in 1833, that included the eloquent Wendell Phillips among its leaders

156. Tea Act

Gave the East India Company a monopoly on the trade in tea, made it illegal for the colonies to buy non-British tea, and forced the colonies to pay the tea tax of 3 cents/pound.

Lee, Jackson

General Robert E. Lee and General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson were major leaders and generals for the Confederacy. Best military leaders in the Civil War.

Excise tax

Hamiltonian economic measure repealed by Jefferson and Gallatin

Joseph R. McCarthy

Reckless and power-hungry demagogue who intimidated even President Eisenhower before his bubble burst

American System

Henry Clay's ambitious nationalistic proposal for a federal banking system, higher tariffs, and internal improvements to help develop American manufacturing and trade

Fire Eaters

Hotheaded southern agitators who pushed for southern interests and favored secession from the Union

supply side

In economics, the theory that investment incentives such as lowered federal spending and tax cuts will stimulate economic growth and increased employment.

North's advantages in the Civil War

Larger numbers of troops, superior navy, better transportation, overwhelming financial and industrial reserves to create munitions and supplies, which eventually outstripped the South's initial material advantage.

Fidel Castro

Latin American revolutionary who became economically and militarily dependent on the Soviet Union

Bretton Woods Conference

Meeting of Western Allies during World War II that established the economic structures to promote recovery and enhance FDR's vision of an "open world"

170. Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

Lame Duck

Period between Lincoln's election and his inauguration, during which the ineffectual President Buchanan passively stood by as seven states seceded

Henry Kissinger

Talented diplomatic negotiator and leading architect of détente with the Soviet Union during the Nixon and Ford administrations

Cuban Missile Crisis

Tense confrontation between Kennedy and Khrushchev that nearly led to nuclear war in October 1962

Revolution of 1800

Term applied by historians to suggest the dramatic, unprecedented change that took place when the Republican Thomas Jefferson defeated the incumbent Federalist John Adams for the presidency

Solid South

Term applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election.

Yuppies

Term for "young urban professionals" of the 1980s who flaunted their wealth through conspicuous consumer spending

Yuppies

Term for "young urban professionals" ofthe 1980s who flaunted their wealth through conspicuous consumer spending

Joseph Stalin

The Allied leader who constantly pressured the United States and Britain to open a second front against Hitler

Fort Michilimackinac

The British captured this fort early in the war (1812), which was a crucial post for the Great Lakes and a barrier between Canada and the US. The capture of Fort Michilimackinac showed Canada's and Britain's preparation and passion for the war, as in contrast to the American's lack of passion and zeal (ahahah). Another Part B: The decisive (and easy) capture of Fort Michilimackinac made the US pay more attention to the war and make a greater effort to capture the Great Lakes.

Battle of the Bulge

The December 1944 German offensive that marked Hitler's last chance to stop the Allied advance

universalism

The belief in the fundamental moral and social unity of humankind, which are held to transcend particular local cultures or beliefs.

Industrial Revolution

The transformation of manufacturing that began in Britain about 1750

USS Chesapeake

This United States naval vessel was stopped off the coast of Virginia by a British frigate, which demanded that the American ship turnover crew members claimed to be deserters; the US ship refused, was attacked, and limped back to shore. The incident involving this ship was very important, as it fanned the flames of public outrage against the warring European powers, particularly the British, and crossed the line between disrespect of America and direct aggression.

Bank of the United States:

This institution proposed by Alexander Hamilton was created by Congress in 1791 in Pennsylvania in order to print paper money and provide a sound and stable national currency. At this time paper money and a stable currency was needed because the Continental dollar was "not worth a Continental" and the bank provided it and a way to balance out financial powers.

Louisiana Purchase

This land deal with France negotiated under the Jefferson administration with Napoleon for 15 million dollars granted the United States much of the land west of the Mississippi in 1803. This deal is important for two reasons, it would enable the United States to move westward with little conflict with European powers, and it greatly strengthened the power of the Executive, setting the precedent that he could negotiate land deals with foreign powers.

Macon's Bill No. 2

This law, passed in 1810, set forth a deal for either France or Britain, who ever would take it, if either of them reopened trade with America, America would restore the Embargo against the other nation. This law is important, because it was used by Napoleon to force Britain and the United States into a war, through his convincing the Americans that they should restore the Embargo against Britain, ending American Neutrality in the current conflict between France and Britain.

160. Massachusetts Government Act

This was another of the Coercive Acts, which said that members of the Massachusetts assembly would no longer be elected, but instead would be appointed by the king. In response, the colonists elected a their own legislature which met in the interior of the colony.

Lecompton Constitution

Tricky proslavery document designed to bring Kansas into the Union; blocked by Stephen A. Douglas

The Lecompton Constitution

Tricky proslavery document designed to bring Kansas into the Union; blocked by Stephen A. Douglas

Alexander Graham Bell

United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922)

Samuel Gompers

United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)

Nat Turner

Visionary black preacher that led an uprising that slaughtered 60 virginians

Nat Turner

Visionary black preacher whose bloody slave rebellion in 1831 tightened the reins of slavery in the South

Leaves of Grass

Walt Whitman's originally shocking poetic masterpiece that embraced sexual liberation and celebrated America as a great democratic experiment

Scandal in which three French secret agents attempted to bribe U.S. diplomats, outraging the American public and causing the undeclared war with France

XYZ Affair

Eli Whitney

Yankee mechanical genius who revolutionized cotton production and created the system of interchangeable parts

Monica Lewinsky

Young White House intern whose sexual affair with President Clintorr led to his impeachment

"Old Rough and Ready"

Zachary Taylor

Pendleton Act

began a transfer of federal jobs from the patronage to the merit system

9. Regarding the French Revolution, most Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans believed that a. even the extreme violence of the Reign of Terror was regrettable but necessary. b. the overthrow of the king was necessary, but the Reign of Terror went much too far. c. the Revolution should be supported by American military aid if necessary. d. the French Revolution represented a complete distortion of American Revolutionary ideals of liberty. e. its political goals were valid but its atheistic attack on Christianity was unjustified.

c. the Revolution should be supported by American military aid if necessary.

8. The first industry to be substantially dominated by the new factory system of mass manufacturing was the a. shipbuilding industry. b. telegraph and communications industry. c. agricultural implement industry. d. iron-making industry. e. textile industry.

e. textile industry.

Postwar Federal Government Corruption

- Grant's cabinet was full of grafters and incompetents who hoped to take advantage of Grant's position - election was a godsend for Grant's in-laws in the *Dent family* who attached themselves to the public payroll - *Crédit Mobilier Scandal* (see 23-4) - *Whiskey Ring* in 1874-75 stole millions of dollars in excise-tax revenues from the Treasury - in 1876, Secretary of War *William Belknap* was forced to resign after he pocketed bribes from suppliers to Indian reservations

Election of 1828

- Jackson began campaigning right after Election of 1824 - supporters portrayed him as a stalwart champion of the common man while discrediting Adams - in 1828, mudslinging reached new lows: Adams' supporters described Jackson's mother as a prostitute, Jacksonites emphasized Adams' luxury spending - Jackson wins support of West and South, Adams wins New England and Northeast (middle states and Old Northwest were divided) - Jackson wins 178 to 83

Election of 1872

- Republicans renominated Grant while Liberal Republicans and Democrats nominated Horace Greeley - both candidates had made careers in fields other than politics and were less than qualified for high political office - Republicans denounced Greeley as being an atheist, communist, a free-lover, a vegetarian, a brown-bread eater (?????) and a cosigner of Jefferson Davis' bail bond - Democrats labeled Grant as an ignoramus, drunkard, and swindler - Grant pulled through by 266 electoral votes to 66 on Greeley's side (popular column 3,596,745 to 2,843,446) - agitation from Liberal Republicans convinced the main Republican party that cleansing had to be enacted: : Republican Congress passed a general amnesty act in 1872 that removed political restraints from all but approx. 500 former Confederate leaders : reduced high civil war tariffs and fumigated the Grant administration

Winfield Scott

- hero from the War of 1812 who later lead American forces in the invasion of Mexico City - proved to be the most distinguished general in America between 1783 and 1861

"America letters"

- letters sent back to Europe from immigrants living in America that often described the country as the "better" side of things

Note: The Continual Political Error

- nominating only candidates that were deemed "clean" of political issues in spite of their inexperience and lack of character - 19th century examples: John C. Frémont, James Buchanan - mudslinging rather than actually cultivating candidates

James K. Polk

- nominee of the Democrats in 1844, former Speaker of the House, governor of Tennessee for two terms - won the election, but was unwilling to delegate authority - took on matters himself - developed a four-point program that worked with optimal success in less than four years

Crittenden Amendments

- slavery in the territories was to be prohibited north of 36 degrees 30', but south of that would be given federal protection in all territories existing or acquired - posed popular sovereignty: future states north or south of 36 degrees 30' could come into Union with or without slavery by their choice - Lincoln rejected the amendments and compromise vanished

Revolution by Railways

- united the nation through iron and steel tracks - created a domestic market for American raw materials and manufactured goods - accelerated the post-war industrialization of America - stimulated mining and agriculture in the West - pushed for a higher urbanization of the previously rural population - increased immigration - environmental effects: : tallgrass prairies replaced by large, rectangular cornfields : grazing cattle displaced the now nearly extinct buffalo : pine forests reduced to lumber for houses and fences - major rail lines began setting *"time zones"* which became divided into 4 sections within the country - generated millionaires, *"lords of the rail"*

Capitalism Taints the Union Spirit

- when the war ended, the southern economy was in shambles, it was worse off compared to how it started: : pre: 30 percent of national wealth, post: 12 percent : pre: per capita income of the South was 2/3 of the North's, post: 2/5 : transportation systems devastated from both Union and Confederate efforts : industrial capitalism eventually supplanted the cotton capitalism following the war - the North was in control - the expansion of capitalism presented a wide array of moral and societal issues: : pursuit to maximize profit without expending heavy effort : introduction of low-grade synthetics to replace normal components of products : revocation of support for black rights : increased subjugation of blacks in the North that revived defacto slavery

Reconstruction Acts

1867 - Pushed through congress over Johnson's veto, it gave radical Republicans complete military control over the South and divided the South into five military zones, each headed by a general with absolute power over his district.

John Adams

A Federalist and the second president of the United States who took office in 1797 after George Washington, and campaigned against Thomas Jefferson, winning by a narrow margin because of his New England support. He continuously pushed for peace with France, realizing that war would only weaken the young United States, and also smoothed the path for the United States purchase of the Louisiana Territory in 1803.

The Impending Crisis of the South

A book by a southern writer that argued that slavery was most oppressive for poor whites

Alien and Sedition Laws

A series of laws passed in Congress in 1798 by Federalists during the anti-French frenzy, that attempted to minimize the Federalists' Jeffersonian opponents. These laws led to a violation of several Constitutional amendments (freedom of speech and freedom of the press, namely), the prosecution of many Jeffersonian editors, and the passage of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798 and 1799.

"The free men of colour in [your] city are inured to the Southern climate and would make excellent Soldiers....They must be for or against us--distrust the, and you make them your enemies, place confidence in them, and you engage them by every dear and honorable tie to the interest of the country, who extends to them equal rights and [privileges] with white men."

Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) appealed to the governor of Louisiana for helping recruiting free blacks to defend New Orleans in 1814:

Charles A. Lindbergh

Leader of the America First organization and chief spokesman for U.S. isolationism

Mao Zedong

Leader of the Chinese Communists whose revolutionary army seized power in China in 1949

Theodore Dwight Weld

Leader of the Lane Rebels who wrote the powerful antislavery work American Slavery As It Is

Henry J. Kaiser

Leading American industrialist and shipbuilder during World War II

Mason Order

Ritualistic secret societies that became the target of a momentarily powerful third party in 1832

Samuel Chase

This Supreme Court justice was impeached by Jefferson in 1804, however, the Senate was unable to produce enough votes to remove him from office. This case of Chase's impeachment set the precedent that impeachment could not be used as a weapon against Supreme Court judges as a way to sway them to agreeing with one side of an argument or another and helped establish a greater independence of the judiciary branch.

Monroe Doctrine

- 1823, President Monroe proclaims in his message to Congress on December 2 a warning to the European powers of two things: (1) era of colonization had ended in America thus the Old World governments could neither seize nor otherwise acquire more territory than they already possessed of the land and (2) the hated monarchical systems must not root themselves in the western hemisphere while the U.S. would not intervene in the wars and conflicts of Europe for independence. - did not truly block conflict from reaching American shores... British navy did - largely an expression of the post-1812 nationalism rooted in the United States

*Crédit Mobilier Scandal*

- 1872, Union Pacific railroad insiders formed the Crédit Mobilier construction company and then hired themselves at inflated prices to earn dividends as high as 348 percent - company distributed shares of its stock to key congressman to keep the scheme a secret - congressional investigation led to formal censure of two congressman and political taint to vice president of the U.S.

Blood of Classes

- 1877 also marked a new tide of class conflict in the United States - a byproduct of the depression and deflation following the Panic of 1873 - railroad workers suffered especially after presidents of the largest railroad companies cut their wages by 10 percent - revolt occurred but was shut down by federal troops after several weeks - failure exposed weakness of the labor movement - racial conflict developed, mainly focused between the *Irish* and *Chinese*, the latter of which were coming into California in order to dig up gold and build railroads - Irish demagogue, *Denis Kearney*, led attacks on Chinese people out of the reasoning that the Chinese would take up all their jobs

Oliver Hazard Perry

- American naval officer who managed to capture a British fleet on Lake Erie - "We have met the enemy and they are ours." Victory and slogan infused new life into American cause

Impeaching (But Not Removing) Johnson

- Congress in 1867 passed the *Tenure of Office Act* which required the president to secure the consent of the Senate before he was able to remove his appointees following their approval from the Senate (purpose was to keep secretary of war, *Edwin M. Stanton*, in his position) - radicals falsely accused Johnson of maintaining a harem of "dissolute women," curbing his authority and later subjected him to charges for his removal after he discharged Stanton in 1868, thereby violating the Tenure of Office Act - House conducted prosecution, attorneys for Johnson stated that he was convinced that the act was unconstitutional and had fired Stanton to put a test case before the Supreme Court - House prosecutors such as Thaddeus Stevens and Benjamin F. Butler pressed to build up a compelling case for the president's removal - radicals failed to remove Johnson by a margin of a single vote - motives behind the decision: : fears of creating a destabilizing precedent and abusing checks and balances : successor would have been radical *Ben Wade* who many moderate Republicans distrusted

Marbury v. Madison

Precedent-setting Supreme Court case in which Marshall declared part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional

William Lloyd Garrison

Published The Liberator, an emotional newspaper militantly antislavery

Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad Co. v. Minnesota (1890)

(Fuller) Found that Granger law regulations of railroads were violations of the 5th Amendment right to property.

Habeas Corpus

Constitutional protection against arbitrary arrest and imprisonment that was suspended by President Lincoln on the grounds that the Union was at risk of destruction

"Corrupt Bargin"

Contemptuous Jacksonian term for the alleged political deal by which Clay threw his support to Adams in exchange for a high cabinet office.

The Great Exhibition

Major European exposition in 1851 that provided a dazzling showcase for the American inventions of Samuel Morse, Cyrus McCormick, and Charles Goodyear

International Business Machines (IBM)

Major international corporation that symbolized the early computer and "information age"

Erie Canal

Major water transportation route financed and built by New York State after President Madison vetoed federal funding

U. S. v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895)

(Fuller) Due to a narrow interpretation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, the Court undermined the authority of the federal government to act against monopolies.

New York Times Co. v. US (1971)

(Burger) "Pentagon Papers" case decided Nixon's attempted "prior restraint" was unconstitutional interference with press freedom.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

(Burger) Certain state criminal abortion laws violate the Due Process clause of the 14th Amendment, which protects against state action the (implied) right to privacy in the Bill of Rights (9th amendment). Abortion cannot be banned in the 1st trimester (1st 3 months), states can regulate the 2nd trimester, 3rd trimester - abortion is illegal except to save the life of the mother

Texas v. Johnson (1989)

(Rehnquist) Flag burning case. State statutes against flag desecration are unconstitutional limits on freedom of speech. Symbolic speech is protected by the Constitution.

**Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)

(Rehnquist) Freedom of the press is different for students. Principals can censor school newspapers.

*Miller v. Johnson (1995)

(Rehnquist) States cannot draw congressional districts in which race is the primary consideration.

"The man who dies leaving behind him millions of available wealth, which was his to administer during life, will pass away 'unwept, unhonored, and unsung,' no matter to what uses he leaves the dross which he cannot take with him. Of such as these the public verdict will then be: 'The man who dies thus rich dies disgraced.'"

*Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) wrote in 1889:*

"The blacks eat, sleep, move, live, only by the tolerance of the whites, who hate them. The blacks own absolutely nothing but their bodies; their former masters own everything, and will sell them nothing. If a black man draws even a bucket of water from a well, he must first get the permission of a white man, his enemy....If he asks for work to earn his living, he must ask it of a white man; and the whites are determined to give him no work, except on such terms as will make him a serf and impair his liberty."

*Early in 1866 one congressman quoted a Georgian:*

"The South didn't furnish a thing on earth for that funeral but the corpse and the hole in the ground....They buried him in a New York coat and a Boston pair of shoes and a pair of breeches from Chicago and a shirt from Cincinnati, leaving him nothing to carry into the next world with him to remind him of the country in which he lived, and for which he fought for four years, but the chill of blood in his veins and the marrow in his bones."

*Henry W. Grady (1851-1889), editor of the Atlanta Constitution, urged the new South to industrialize. In a Boston speech in 1889, he described the burial in Georgia of a Confederate veteran:*

"Though slavery was abolished, the wrongs of my people were not ended. Though they were not slaves, they were not yet quite free. No man can be truly free whose liberty is dependent upon the thought, feeling, and action of others, and who has himself no means in his own hands for guarding, protecting, defending, and maintaining that liberty. yet the negro after his emancipation was precisely in this state of destitution....He was free from the individual master, but the slave of society. He had neither money, property, nor friends. He was free from the old plantation, but he had nothing but the dusty road under his feet. He was free from the old quarter that once gave him shelter, but a slave to the rains of summer and the frosts of winter. He was, in a word, literally turned loose, naked, hungry, and destitute, to the open sky."

*The remarkable ex-slave Frederick Douglass (1817?-1895) wrote in 1882:*

The South: A "New Order"

- *"Redeemers"* assumed power once more after the last Union soldiers left - blacks and poor whites forced into sharecropping and tenant farming - discriminated heavily - *"crop-lien"* system - storekeepers lent credit out to small farmers who needed food and supplies and took in return a lien on their harvests - informal separation of blacks and whites turned to systematic state-level legal codes of segregation called *Jim Crow laws* - methods of disenfranchisement: : literacy requirements : voter-registration laws : poll taxes - *Plessy v. Ferguson* (1886) (see Supreme Court Cases Quizlet)

Robber Barons: Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Morgan

- *Andrew Carnegie* integrated every phase into his steel-making operation, giving rise to *"vertical integration"* which combined every phase of manufacturing into one organization (made supplies more reliable, controlled quality, eliminated middlemen's fees) - *"horizontal integration"*: allying with competitors to monopolize a given market - *John D. Rockefeller* used *"trust"*: stockholders in various smaller oil companies assigned stock to the board of directors of Rockefeller's *Standard Oil Company* (1870), the company then consolidated and concerted operations of the previously competing companies - *J.P. Morgan* took advantage of the 1890's depression after businessmen were driven to him due to cutthroat competition, Morgan then consolidated rival enterprises and ensured his power by placing officers of his banking syndicate amongst other various boards of directors - they came to be known as *"interlocking directorates"*

Panic of 1819

- 1819, economic panic descends upon America - deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and overcrowded pesthouses - greatest cause was overspeculation in frontier lands - Bank of United State's decision to foreclose mortgages on countless farms births a negative relationship between debtors and Bank - Poor classes were burdened and their troubles lead to support for Jacksonian democracy

Divorce Bill

- 1837 bill that would "divorce" the government from banking altogether and establish an independent treasury

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

- 1848 treaty that established the American title to Texas and the area stretching westward to Oregon and California - increased America's total expanse by about one-third

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

- New Hampshire state legislate sought to change the charter of Dartmouth College (originally chartered by King George III in 1769) - Daniel Webster argued on behalf of the college using heavy eloquence - Marshall ruled that the original charter must stand as it was a contract and the Constitution protected contracts against state encroachments - safeguarded business enterprise from domination by the state governments but also set a negative precedent of chartered corporations escaping necessary public control

Robert J. Walker

- Secretary of the Treasury during the Polk administration that helped organize the Walker Tariff

Accession of "Tyler Too"

- William Henry Harrison was a figurehead more than anything in the 1840's - Daniel Webster, SoS, and Henry Clay, the "uncrowned king" of the Whigs, were the real forces behind the Whig party - Harrison contracted pneumonia and much to the chagrin of Webster and Clay was succeeded by John Tyler - Tyler was a Virginian of the old school - too attached to principle - Although Whig, Tyler was practically against every idea of the majority Whig group (they were pro-bank, pro-protective tariff, and pro-internal improvements)

Lincoln Bypasses the Law to Protect Law and Order

- actions taken to preserve the Union: : blockade on the South : arbitrary increase in the size of the Federal army : directed secretary of the Treasury to advance $2 million without appropriation or security to three private citizens for military purposes : suspension of the writ of habeas corpus so that anti-Unionists could be arrested : "supervised" voting in the Border States

John Brown

- adamant abolitionist who led the raid against Harper's Ferry as well as the attack at Pottawatomie Creek on proslaveryites - Harper's Ferry entailed a capturing of the federal arsenal and an attempt to have the black population in the region rise up against their masters (failed) - although convicted of treason and murder, to fellow abolitionists he was a martyr

Tariff of 1828

- aka "Tariff of Abominations" - 1824, tariff had risen higher but wool industry still requested a higher barrier - Jacksonites promoted a high-tariff bill, expecting to be defeated, in order to sully the administration of Adams - passed in 1828 and Jackson inherited it - outrageous rates led Old South to believe it was being discriminated against as they were selling cotton in an unprotected market but being forced to buy manufactured goods in a heavily protected market

Tariff of 1833 (Compromise)

- brought about by Henry Clay in order to prevent Jackson from gaining new respect for putting down South Carolina - would gradually reduce Tariff of 1832 by 10 percent over a period of eight years

*"Right of blood tie"* (jus sanguinis)

- doctrine that based citizenship on the parents' nationality

Judicial Nationalism

- nationalism became reflected in Supreme Court itself - one group of John Marshall's decisions bolstered power of the fed. at expense of states - McCulloch v. Maryland: Maryland attempted to destroy a branch of Bank of United States by imposing tax on its notes, however, John Marshall declared the bank constitutional by invoking Hamiltonian doctrine of implied powers - "the power to tax involves the power to destroy" and "power to create implies a power to preserve" - Loose construction fully formulated: "Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the Constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are constitutional."

"Scabs"

- strikebreakers hired by employers of manufacturing businesses with the intent of ruining the efforts of workers protesting against the harsh work conditions

Beliefs in Secession

- the crime of the North was their tipping of the political balance once held in the past - southerners dismayed by triumph of the new sectional Republican party - southerners supported secession because they believed their decision would go unopposed since the North did not have the will nor ability to fight - supposedly : additionally, southerners believed the North still depended heavily on southern cotton and markets - to cast away their "vassalage" to the North

Farmer West

- trans-Allegheny region (particularly Ohio-Indian-Illinois) was becoming nation's breadbasket - pioneers planted corn and the early staple market items became hog feed or corn-based distilled liquor - new inventors: : John Deere, 1837, created a steel plow that broke through the rough western soil : Cyrus McCormick, 1830s, created a mechanical mower-reaper - subsistence farming gave way to production for the market

"Drifters"

- wandering workers who shifted from town to town to work menial jobs

a

1. Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin a. was strongly rooted in religiously based antislavery sentiments. b. argued that nonslaveholding whites suffered the most from slavery. c. helped northerners understand that southerners disliked the cruelty of slavery. d. was based on Stowe's extensive personal experience with slavery in the Deep South. e. portrayed black slaves as seething with anger and potential violence.

1. Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

a

5. The fanatical abolitionist John Brown made his first entry into violent antislavery politics by a. killing five proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas. b. organizing a slave rebellion in Missouri. c. leading an armed raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. d. organizing an armed militia of blacks and whites to conduct escaped slaves to Canada. e. soliciting funds from abolitionists intellectuals in Massachusetts to finance a slave revolt.

concentration camp

A place of confinement for prisoners or others a government considers dangerous undesirable.

Union Pacific Railroad

A railroad that started in Omaha, and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

A: This 1819 New Hampshire court case was the quarrel over whether the state had the right to remove the charter made by Dartmouth College with King George III B: By ruling in favor of the college in upholding the charter, the Supreme Court established the idea that as long as a charter does not propose encroachment against the state, the document was fine

Cumberland Road

A: This federal attempt at connecting Maryland to Illinois began in 1811. B: This was significant because it was evidence of the large westward expansion happening during the time and nationalism because of how the road was made by the federal government.

Tallmadge amendment

A: This law said that no more slaves should be brought into Missouri and also provided for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already there. B: This caused many southerners who favored westward expansion to view the amendment as an ominous threat to sectional balance because of how the population and wealth of the North was catching up to the South's

Hartford Convention

A: This meeting between the anti-Federalist New England states to discuss their grievances, seek redress for their wrongs,and demand financial assistance from washington to compensate lost trade, proposed constitutional amendments requiring a ⅔ vote on embargoes, new states, or war declared, but they were too late to enact their plans because the War of 1812 had just ended. B: This was the death dirge of the Federalist party because they were ridiculed for wanting their own concerns and troubles when they should've been uniting with the nation for the war cause, and it was part of the start of sectionalism between the North and the South.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery. First of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War (1865-70)

superpower

One of the two overwhelmingly dominant international powers after World War II—the United States and the Soviet Union.

Nuremberg Trials

Allied-organized judicial tribunal that convicted and executed top Nazi leaders for war crimes.

Oil Embargo

Arab-sponsored restriction on energy exports after the 1973 Arab-Israeli war

Burned-Over District

Area of western New York state where frequent, fervent religious revivals produced intense religious controversies and numerous new sects

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of an abolitionist novel that portrayed the separation of slave families by auction

14. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ending the Mexican War provided for A. a return to the status quo that had existed before the war. B. the eventual American acquisition of all of Mexico. C. American acquisition of about half of Mexico and payment of several million dollars in compensation. D. the acquisition of California and joint U.S.-Mexican control of Arizona and New Mexico. E. American guarantees of fair treatment for the Mexican citizens annexed by the United States.

C. American acquisition of about half of Mexico and payment of several million dollars in compensation (pg. 384, Fighting Mexico for Peace)

John. F. Kennedy

Charismatic president whose brief administration experienced domestic stalemate and foreign confrontations with communism

Lend-Lease Act

Controversial 1941 law that made America the arsenal of democracy by providing supposedly temporary military material assistance to Britain

Minstrel Shows

Popular nineteenth-century musical entertainments that featured white actors and singers with painted black faces

Greenbacks

Popular term for the paper currency that was issued by the wartime Union government to help finance the war

Crédit Mobilier

Corrupt construction company whose bribes and payoffs to congressmen and others created a major Grant administration scandal

Cotton versus Wheat

Cotton was a cash crop and could be sold for large amounts of money. Wheat was mainly raised to feed farmers and their animals. The North had to choose which to grow.

Congressional author of resolution forbidding slavery in territory acquired from Mexico

David Wilmot

Mr. Madison's War

Derisive Federalist name for the War of 1812 that blamed it on the Republican president

7. Manifest Destiny represented the widespread nineteenth-century American belief that A. Americans were destined to uphold democracy and freedom. B. the irrepressible conflict over slavery was destined to result in a Civil War. C. Mexico was destined to be acquired by the United States. D. the American Indians were doomed to disappear as white settlement advanced. E. God had destined the United States to expand across the whole North American continent.

E. God had destined the United States to expand across the whole North American continent (although D. did occur as Manifest Destiny took place, remember that humans like to euphemize things) (pg. 378, A Mandate (?) for Manifest Destiny)

Keynesian economics (By John Maynard Keynes)

Economic theory of British economist who held that governments should run deliberate deficits to aid the economy in times of depression

Capitalism

Economy that is controlled by private owners for profit

Corazon Aquino

Filipino leader who ousted dictator Marcos with American backing in 1986 revolt

Monitor and the Merrimac

First engagement ever between two iron-clad naval vessels. The two ships battled in a portion of the Cheasepeake Bay known as Hampton Roads for five hours on March 9, 1862, ending in a draw. Monitor - Union. Merrimac - Confederacy. Historians use the name of the original ship Merrimac on whose hull the Southern ironclad was constructed, even though the official Confederate name for their ship was the CSS Virginia.

Sherman Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

186. Benedict Arnold

He had been a Colonel in the Connecticut militia at the outbreak of the Revolution and soon became a General in the Continental Army. He won key victories for the colonies in the battles in upstate New York in 1777, and was instrumental in General Gates victory over the British at Saratoga. After becoming Commander of Philadelphia in 1778, he went heavily into debt, and in 1780, he was caught plotting to surrender the key Hudson River fortress of West Point to the British in exchange for a commission in the royal army. He is the most famous traitor in American history.

148. Crispus Attucks (1723-1770)

He was one of the colonials involved in the Boston Massacre, and when the shooting started, he was the first to die. He became a martyr.

A. Philip Randolph

Head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters whose threatened march on Washington opened job opportunities for blacks during World War II

30. Headright system

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Boss Tweed

Heavyweight New York political boss whose widespread fraud landed him in jail in 1871

Clara Barton

Helped transform nursing into a respected profession during the Civil War

Charles Beard

Historian of the 20th century who refuted the common view of the motives of the signers of the Constitution, claiming that the Founders were not neutral and placed their economic ideals in the Constitution He promoted the idea that the Founders were driven by the need to create strong central government to protect their economic interests, opening the way for the change of public view and the criticism of his ideas.

Roscoe Conkling

Imperious New York senator and leader of the Stalwart faction of Republicans

Devaluation

In economics, steps taken to reduce the purchasing power of a given unit of currency in relation to foreign currencies

unilateral

In politics, concerning a policy or action undertaken by only one nation.

167. Second Continental Congress

It met in 1776 and drafted and signed the Declaration of Independence, which justified the Revolutionary War and declared that the colonies should be independent of Britain.

Gold Clause Act, 1935

It voided any clause in past or future contracts requiring payment in gold. It was enacted to help enforce 1933 legislation discontinuing the gold standard and outlawing circulation of gold coin.

Henry Clay

Jackson's rival for the presidency in 1832, who failed to save the Bank of the United States

110. King George's War (1744-1748)

Land squabble between France and Britain. France tried to retake Nova Scotia (which it had lost to Britain in Queen Anne's War). The war ended with a treaty restoring the status quo, so that Britain kept Nova Scotia).

Works Progress Administration

Large federal employment program, established in 1935 under Harry Hopkins, that provided jobs in areas from road building to art

Cuba

Latin American nation where a 1959 communist revolution ousted a US backed dictator

Union League

Leading black political organization during Reconstruction

Stephen A. Douglas

Leading northern Democrat whose presidential hopes fell victim to the conflict over slavery

Sally Tompkins

Leading organizer of medical services for the South, who was made a captain in the Confederate army for her efforts

William Lloyd Garrison

Leading radical abolitionist who burned the Constitution as "a covenant with death and an agreement with hell"

Deism

Liberal religious belief, held by many of the Founders such as Paine, Jefferson, and Franklin, that stressed rationalism and moral behavior rather than Christian revelation while retaining belief in a Supreme Being

132. Stamp Act

March 22, 1765 - British legislation passed as part of Prime Minister Grenville's revenue measures which required that all legal or official documents used in the colonies, such as wills, deeds and contracts, had to be written on special, stamped British paper. It was so unpopular in the colonies that it caused riots, and most of the stamped paper sent to the colonies from Britain was burned by angry mobs. Because of this opposition, and the decline in British imports caused by the non- importation movement, London merchants convinced Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act in 1766.

140. Quartering Act

March 24, 1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

Gilded Age

Mark Twain's sarcastic name for the post-Civil War era, which emphasized its atmosphere of greed and corruption

234. Shay's Rebellion

Occurred in the winter of 1786-7 under the Articles of Confederation. Poor, indebted landowners in Massachusetts blocked access to courts and prevented the government from arresting or repossessing the property of those in debt. The federal government was too weak to help Boston remove the rebels, a sign that the Articles of Confederation weren't working effectively.

Security and Exchange Commission

New Deal agency established to provide a public watchdog against deception and fraud in stock trading

Beecher's Bibles

Nickname for rifles paid for by New England abolitionists and brought to Kansas by antislavery pioneers

Vietnamization

Nixon's policy of withdrawing American troops from Vietnam while providing aid for the South Vietnamese to fight the war

Spiro Agnew

Nixon's tough-talking conservative vice president, who was forced to resign in 1973 for taking bribes and kickbacks

vouchers

Officially granted certificates for benefits of a particular kind, redeemable by a designated agency or service provider.

Mulatto

Offspring of blacks and whites

The territory north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River that came to be governed by the Confederation's acts of 1785 and 1787

Old Northwest

Feudal

Old medieval European society that the rich Southerners mimicked

139. Declaratory Act, 1766

Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed, the Act declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures.

solidarity

Polish labor union crushed by the communist-imposed martial-law regime in 1983

Ronald Reagan

Political darling of Republican conservatives who won landslide election victories in 1980 and 1984

Greenback Labor Party

Political party that farmers sought refuge in at first, combined inflationary appeal of earlier Greenabackers w/ program for improving labor

Whigs

Political party that favored a more activist government, high tariffs, internal improvements, and moral reforms

"swing around the circle"

President Andrew Johnson's angry, disastrous political trip attacking Congress in the campaign of 1866

Al Gore

President Clinton's loyal vice president who won the most popular votes but lost the election of 2000

Thomas E. Dewey

Republican presidential nominee in 1944 who failed in his effort to deny FDR a fourth term

Thomas J. Jackson

Robert E. Lee's brilliant military assistant for much of the Civil War whose nickname symbolized his strength and determination

Cohens v. Virginia (1821)

Ruled that a state court's decision is subject to review by the U.S. Supreme Court

Sandinistas

Ruling leftist party of Nicaragua fiercely opposed by the Reagan administration

Election of 1876: Hayes and Tilden

Rutherford B. Hayes - liberal Republican, Civil War general, he received only 165 electoral votes. Samuel J. Tilden - Democrat, received 264,000 more popular votes that Hayes, and 184 of the 185 electoral votes needed to win. 20 electoral votes were disputed, and an electoral commission decided that Hayes was the winner - fraud was suspected.

Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas

Scene of militant abolitionist John Brown's massacre of proslavery men in 1856

Harpers Ferry, Virginia

Site of a federal arsenal where a militant abolitionist attempted to start a slave rebellion

Montgomery, Alabama

Site of a federal arsenal where a militant abolitionist attempted to start a slave rebellion

Hawaii

Site of a naval base where Japan launched a devastating surprise attack on the United States

Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village (New York City)

Site of an off-duty police raid in 1969 that spurred gay and lesbian activism

Northern blockade

Starting in 1862, the North began to blockade the Southern coast in an attempt to force the South to surrender. The Southern coast was so long that it could not be completely blockaded.

19th Amendment

States cannot deny the right to vote based on gender

Norman Schwartzkopf

Successful commander of American forces in the First Persian Gulf War

Nicholas Biddle

Talented but high-handed bank president who fought a bitter losing battle with the president of the United States

271. Excise taxes

Taxes placed on manufactured products. The excise tax on whiskey helped raise revenue for Hamilton's program.

Suez Canal

The British-and-French-owned waterway whose nationalization by Egyptian Presidnet Nasser triggered a major Middle East crisis

270. National debt, state debt, foreign debt

The U.S.'s national debt included domestic debt owed to soldiers and others who had not yet been paid for their Revolutionary War services, plus foreign debt to other countries which had helped the U.S. The federal government also assumed all the debts incurred by the states during the war. Hamilton's program paid off these debts.

38th parallel

The dividing line between North and South Korea, across which the fighting between communists and the United Nations forces ebbed and flowed during the Korean War.

Marxism

The doctrine of Karl Marx, advocated or follow by worldwide communists parties and by some democratic socialists

laissez-faire

The doctrine of noninterference, especially by the government, in matters of economics or business (literally, "leave alone"). "[The new president was] a staunch apostle of the hands-off creed of laissez-faire. . . ."

The Lane Rebels

The group of theology students, led by Theodore Dwight Weld, who were expelled from their seminary for abolitionist activity and later became leading preachers of the anti-slavery gospel

*Eschobedo v. Illinois (1964)

The justices ruled that an accused person has a right to have a lawyer present during questioning by police

division

The major unit of military organization, usually consisting of about 3,000 to 10,000 soldiers, into which most modern armies are organized

Clermont

The name of Robert Fulton's first steamship that sailed up the Hudson River in 1807

welfare state

The political system, typical of modern industrial societies, in which government assume responsibility for the economic well-being of its citizens by providing social benefits.

Benjamin Wade

The president pro tempore of the Senate who hoped to become president of the United States after Johnson's impeachment conviction

Attorney general

The presidentially appointed head of the Department of Justice and chief legal officer of the federal government

peaceful coexistence

The principle or policy that communists and noncommunists—specifically, the United States and the Soviet Union—ought to live together without trying to dominate or destroy each other.

Bloody Shirt

The symbol of the Republican political tactic of attacking Democrats with reminders of the Civil War

Pasha of Tripoli

This North African Ruler, accustomed to hefty tributes from the European Nations, informally declared war against the infant United States by cutting down the flagstaff at the US consulate in 1801. This Ruler is important because he forced the pacifist hand of Jefferson into entering armed conflict in defense of mercantile interest, causing a recognition among many Americans that a capable military, while perhaps a danger to republican values, was necessary to defend the nation's interests.

Tecumseh (and Tenskwatawa ("The Prophet"))

This Shawnee Indian attempted to end the colonists attacks on Indian tribes by promoting the creation of an Indian Confederacy and promoting the refusal of the "white man's" ways which included drinking and textile-type clothing. Although his attempt failed, he inspired Indian unity and cultural renewal through his refusal of the "white man's" ways, and, after this failed attempt, went to join the British army to fight the Americans most notably in the Battle of the Thames.

Trafalgar

This naval battle occurred off the coast of Spain between the UK and combined French and Spanish forces in 1805, in which the English established domination of the Sea. This battle is important because it made England the undisputed ruler of the sea which caused great distress for American Shipping interests who were forced to go through Britain in attempts to trade with the rest of Europe.

Chiang Kai-shek

U.S. ally who resisted Japanese advances in China during World War II

Philippines

U.S.-owned Pacific archipelago seized by Japan in the early months of World War II

paramilitary

Unauthorized or voluntary groups that employ military organization, methods, and equipment outside the official military system of command and organization.

US Sanitary Commision

Union agency organized by Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell and others to provide field hospitals, supplies, and nurses to U.S. soldiers.

**Rostker v. Goldberg (1981)

Upheld the decision of Congress to exclude women from the military draft

8. Reduced tariff law sponsored by President Polk's secretary of the Treasury that produced substantial revenue and bolstered the U.S. economy

Walker Tariff of 1846 (pg. 379, Polk the Purposeful)

Franklin Pierce

Weak Democratic president whose pro-southern cabinet pushed aggressive expansionist schemes

"The chief place in the supreme tribunal of the Union will no longer be filled by a man whose political doctrines led him always...to strengthen government at the expense of the people."

When Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall died, a New York newspaper rejoiced:

Credit Mobilier

a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

plutocracy

a political system governed by the wealthy people

company town

a town or city in which most or all real estate, buildings (both residential and commercial), utilities, hospitals, small businesses such as grocery stores and gas stations, and other necessities or luxuries of life within its borders are owned by a single company.

8. Under the terms of the Compromise of 1850 a. California was admitted to the Union as a free state, and the issue of slavery in Utah and New Mexico territories would be left up to popular sovereignty. b. California was admitted as a free state, and Utah and New Mexico as slave states. c. California, Utah, and New Mexico were kept as territories but with slavery prohibited. d. New Mexico and Texas were admitted as slave states and Utah and California as free states. e. the South and North agreed that the number of slave and free states should remain equal.

a. California was admitted to the Union as a free state, and the issue of slavery in Utah and New Mexico territories would be left up to popular sovereignty

9. Which of the following was not among the changes that affected African Americans in the South after federal troops were withdrawn in the Compromise of 1877? a. The forced relocation of black farmers to the Kansas and Oklahoma dust bowl b. The imposition of literacy requirements and poll taxes to prevent black voting c. The development of the tenant farming and share-cropping systems d. The introduction of legal systems of racial segregation e. The rise of mob lynching as a means of suppressing blacks who challenged the racial system

a. The forced relocation of black farmers to the Kansas and Oklahoma dust bowl

15. President Madison's primary goal in asking Congress to declare war against Britain in 1812 was to a. restore confidence in America's republican experiment by fighting against British disrespect for American rights. b. halt Tecumseh's successful Indian revolt and alliance with the British. c. conquer Canada and incorporate it into the United States. d. end the British practice of impressing American seamen into the British navy. e. reinforce the Republican party's patriotism and undermine Federalist power in New England.

a. restore confidence in America's republican experiment by fighting against British disrespect for American rights.

The opponents of the Constitution who argued against creating such a strong central government

antifederalists

Attempts to establish strong governments in post-Revolutionary America were seriously hindered by the a. lack of strong leadership available in the new nation. b. revolutionary ideology that preached natural rights and suspicion of all governmental authority. c. hostility of the clergy toward the idea of separation of church and state. d. fear that a strong government would suppress economic development. e. seizure of power by dangerous demagogues like Daniel Shays.

b

2. Which of the following was not among the factors that made John Quincy Adams's presidency a political failure? a. Adams's attempts to treat Indians fairly. b. Adams's involvement with corrupt machine deals and politicians. c. Adams's stubborn and prickly personality. d. Adams's support for national roads, a national university, and an astronomical observatory. e. Adams's hostility to western land speculation and unlimited expansionism.

b. Adams's involvement with corrupt machine deals and politicians.

15. As the Democratic Party nominee in 1864, General George McClellan a. denounced Lincoln as a traitor and called for an immediate end to the war. b. repudiated the Copperhead platform that called for a negotiated settlement with the Confederacy. c. indicated that, if elected president, he would take personal command of all Union armies. d. called for waging a total war against the civilian population in the South. e. effectively attacked Lincoln's constant turnover of top Union generals.

b. repudiated the Copperhead platform that called for a negotiated settlement with the Confederacy.

11. In the 1790s, the powerful Miami Indians led by Little Turtle battled with the U.S. Army for control of a. Lake Erie and Lake Huron. b. the Ohio territory. c. Kentucky. d. hunting rights west of the Appalachians. e. Florida.

b. the Ohio territory.

9. Lee's primary goal in invading the North in the summer of 1863 was to a. capture major Northern cities like Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. b. deflect attention from "Stonewall" Jackson's movements against Washington. c. strengthen the Northern peace movement and encourage foreign intervention in the war. d. cut off Northern supply lines and damage the Union's economic foundations. e. drive through to Canada and thus split the North in two.

c. strengthen the Northern peace movement and encourage foreign intervention in the war.

13. Lincoln's election victory in 1864 was sealed by Union military successes at a. Gettysburg, Antietam, and Vicksburg. b. the Wilderness, Lookout Mountain, and Appomattox. c. Bull Run, the Peninsula, and Fredericksburg. d. Mobile, Atlanta, and the Shenandoah Valley. e. Chancellorsville, the Wilderness, and Cold Harbor.

d. Mobile, Atlanta, and the Shenandoah Valley.

James J. Hill

railroad entrepreneur who built and operated the Great Northern Railroad from St. Paul, Minnesota to Everett, Washington; without any federal grants or subsidies, the Great Northern Railroad made money by shipping goods to Asia, GNR became the most successful transcontinental railroad and the only one that wasn't eventually forced into bankruptcy

"Lane Rebels"

spread out across old northwest preaching antislavery gospel

Status (Sociology)

status describes the position a person occupies in a particular setting

conciliate

stop (someone) from being angry or discontented; placate; pacify.

Spoils system

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

Chester A. Arthur

took over from garfield, changed from stalwart to halfbreed passed pendleton

Fletcher v. Peck

(1810) The first case in which the Supreme Court ruled a state law unconstitutional, the decision also helped create a growing precedent for the sanctity of legal contracts, and hinted that Native Americans did not hold title to their own lands.

Gibbons v. Ogden

(1824) a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

(1832) The ruling was that the Supreme Court does not have original jurisdiction to hear a suit brought by the nation in question because it is not a "foreign State" within the meaning of Article III.

Worcester v. Georgia

(1832) was a case in which the United States Supreme Court vacated the conviction of a man and held that the state criminal statute that prohibited non-Native Americans from being present on Native American lands without a license from the state was unconstitutional.

Civil Rights Cases

(1883) The Court held that Congress lacked the constitutional authority under the enforcement provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals and organizations, rather than state and local governments.

Plessy v. Ferguson

(1896) a landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal".

"We claim exactly the same rights, privileges and immunities as are enjoyed by white men - we ask nothing more and will be content with nothing less....The law no longer knows white nor black, but simply men, and consequently we are entitled to ride in public conveyances, hold office, sit on juries and do everything else which we have in the past been prevented from doing solely on the ground of color."

*At a constitutional convention in Alabama, freed people affirmed their rights in the following declaration:*

"We believe you are not familiar with the description of the Ku Klux Klans riding nightly over the country, going from county to county, and in the county towns, spreading terror wherever they go by robbing, whipping, ravishing, and killing our people without provocation, compelling colored people to break the ice and bathe in the chilly waters of the Kentucky River The [state] legislature has adjourned. They refused to enact any laws to suppress Ku-Klux disorder. We regard them [the Ku-Kluxers] as now being licensed to continue their dark and bloody deeds under cover of the dark night. They refuse to allow us to testify in the state courts where a white man is concerned. We find their deeds are perpetrated only upon colored men and white Republicans. We also find that for our services to the government and our race we have become the special object of hatred and persecution at the hands of the Democratic Party. Our people are driven from their homes in great numbers, having no redress only [except] the United States court, which is in many cases unable to reach them."

*The following excerpt is part of a heartrending appeal to Congress in 1871 by a group of Kentucky blacks:*

"Look at this, all of you. And hear me swear that I will cut off this right arm of mine before I will ever work for or demand the ballot for the negro and not the women."

*The prominent suffragist and abolitionist Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906) was outraged over the proposed exclusion of women from the Fourteenth Amendment. In a conversation with her former male allies Wendell Phillips and Theodore Tilton, she reportedly held out her arm and declared:*

Four More Transcontinental Railroads in the 19th Century

- *Northern Pacific Railroad*: Lake Superior to Puget Sound, 1883 - *The Atchison*: Topeka to Santa Fe, 1884 - *Southern Pacific*: New Orleans to San Francisco, 1884 - *Great Northern*: Duluth to Seattle, 1893 : created by *James J. Hill*, a Canadian-American known as the greatest railroad builder of all, believed that the prosperity of the railroad depended on the prosperity of the area it served, helped improve agricultural practices for farmers in the areas he built in : however, pioneer builders suffered from overoptimism and often found themselves building "useless" railroads (ended in bankruptcy)

The Industrial Revolution and Why America Was So Late

- 1750, group of British inventors create a series of machines for the mass production of textiles, ushered in the Industrial Revolution - gradually began to spread out from Britain but it did not reach America until a few generations because... : land was cheap in America and as a result people preferred their acres to enclosed factories : scarce labor until the influx of immigrants during the 1840's : lack of ability to produce reasonably cheap, high-quality goods that could compete with European products : British held a monopoly over textile machinery and Parliament enacted laws that restricted their spread

Independent Treasury Bill

- 1840 legislation that held that by establishing an independent treasury the government would retain government funds in the US Treasury and its subtreasuries, independently of the national banking systems

Charles Dickens

- British author who wrote aggressively against Americans since he was being denied royalties by the absence of an American copyright law

The Five Civilized Tribes

- Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles - collective term for the Indian tribes that abandoned their seminomadic life to adopt the ways of the whites - 1808, Cherokee National Council legislated a legal code and in 1827 adopted a written constitution that provided for executive, legislative, and judicial branches of govt. - some Cherokees became cotton planters that even held slaves

Cohens v. Virginia (1821)

- Cohens found guilty by Virginia courts of illegally selling lottery tickets - conviction of Cohens upheld however Marshall asserted right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in all questions involving powers of fed. thus taking away from state rights

Dethroning King Cotton

- Confederacy relied on the prospect of foreign intervention given their "control" over cotton - although Europe's ruling classes were sympathetic to the South's cause, the masses of the working class in Britain and France raised resistance (Uncle Tom's Cabin) in support of the North (influenced European governments' decisions to abstain from intervention) - the productivity of cotton prior to the Civil War piled up surpluses in British warehouses, reducing the need for trade between the two powers - "cotton famine" was offset in Britain through foreign imports of foodstuffs, limited but still ongoing importation of cotton from America, and the growing cotton industry in land holdings controlled by the British Empire (Egypt and India) - additionally, as the production of cotton decreased, wheat and corn production increased in the North: : British suffered bad harvests and America happened to have the cheapest and most abundant supply of crops

Confederacy, War, Political Troubles, Oh No!

- Confederate constitution had to borrow heavily from the original Constitution - fatal flaw: built from secession, it could not deny further secession to the states within the Confederacy - Jefferson Davis proved to be mostly uncompromising, many states of the Confederacy seemed to be at odds with one another and unification was virtually nonexistent - on the other hand, while Lincoln faced many troubles as well, he was tactful and a man of charitable governance

Alabama Conflict

- Confederate states had built commerce-raiders in Britain - vessels not considered warships as they were not armed in the British shipyards - one of these ships, the Alabama, was used to attack Union merchant ships along European and eastern waters - eventually destroyed but the issue still remained and negotiations had to be established to throw off British support of the construction of the naval raiders

The Bank War of 1832

- Daniel Webster and Henry Clay presented to Congress a bill that would renew the Bank's charter - Clay had pushed for the renewal in order to make it an election issue in 1832 so as to put Jackson in a tight situation - campaign ensued between Clay and Jackson, new party emerges the Anti-Masonic Party - novelty: calling of national nominating conventions to name candidates of each running party and adoption of formal platforms - despite Clay's numerous advantages (mostly stemming from the Bank), Jackson wins 219 to 49 electoral votes (Jacksonian wave sweeps over West and South and even to the northeast)

Election of 1860 - The Tipping Point

- Democrats met in Charleston, South Carolina with Douglas leading candidate, however, "fire-eaters" regarded him as a traitor (Lecompton Constitution and Freeport Doctine) and walked out - Democrats split, while former Whigs and Know-Nothings formed their own convention to create two more candidates: John C. Breckinridge and John Bell, respectively - Republican platform held appeal for many nonsouthern groups: : northern manufacturers - protective tariff : immigrants - no abridgment of rights : Northwest - Pacific railroad : West - internal improvements at federal expense : farmers - free homesteads from public domains - Lincoln won against Douglas after many verbal exchanges

Dred Scott Conflict

- Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) *see other Quizlet for details* - majority of the Court decreed that since a slave was private property, they could be taken into any territory and legally held there in slavery - additionally ruled that the Missouri Compromise of 1820 had been unconstitutional all along - furthered division between South and North as the case essentially ignored northern desires

Inky Phenomenona

- Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1852 - "God wrote it," reminder of the Second Great Awakening and its evangelical crusades - several hundred thousand copies published in the first year, millions in totals, convinced many that slavery was a great evil - influenced many figures in the North, ex: youths in the 1850s that later became the Boys in Blue during the Civil War (if you can alter the sapling, you change the entire tree), as well as those abroad in Britain and France

Era of Good Feelings

- James Monroe becomes nominated for president in 1816 by Republicans - chose to continue the so-called Virginia dynasty - political field left to Republicans - one-party rule - Monroe undertook a goodwill tour that furthered emerging nationalism - EoGF used to describe the describe administrations of Monroe - misnomer as issues of tariff, the bank, internal improvements, sale of public lands began to trouble the nation - sectionalism crystallizing, conflict over slavery begins to show once more

War on Mexico

- January 1846, Polk ordered four thousand men lead by General Zachary Taylor to march from the Nueces River to the Rio Grande near Mexican forces - when no fight between the two occurred, Polk proposed to ask Congress to declare war on the claims of: : Mexico had unpaid claims : Mexico had rejected the envoy's offer - April 1846, Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande and attacked General Taylor and with this, Congress waged war (shedding of "American blood upon the *American* soil") - both sides were edging for a fight, as they both believed the other side was the aggressor

The Scene Before Reconstruction

- Jefferson David and his "conspirators" were imprisoned but were later released as it seemed no Virginia jury would convict them - rich cities such as Charleston and Richmond - in ruins - economy was at a halt as banks and businesses closed their doors due to inflation and factories were destroyed - transportation system broken down and agriculture crippled (planter aristocrats were temporarily facing poverty and were still defiant towards the North)

Johnson v. Republicans

- Johnson vetoed a bill that would extend the life of the Freedmen's Bureau - Republicans retaliated by passing the *Civil Rights Bill* in March of 1866 which extended the privilege of American citizenship to blacks (vetoed by Johnson, but overruled by Republicans) - Civil Rights Bill formed basis for the *Fourteenth Amendment*: : conferred civil rights onto freed blacks : reduced proportionately the representation of a state in Congress and in the Electoral College if it denied blacks the ballot : disqualified former Confederates from federal and state offices : guaranteed the federal debt, while repudiating all Confederate debts - in attempting to garner support and discredit the Republicans, Johnson delivered a series of speeches that ended up hurting him instead: *Swing Around the Circle* (helped his opposition get votes by discrediting himself)

Blood at *Gettysburg*

- Lee prepared to invade Pennsylvania following his victory in Virginia, ANOTHER UNION GENERAL TAKES UP THE MANTLE: *George G. Meade* - Meade stationed his army atop a low ridge flanking a shallow valley near Gettysburg, allowing the Union army to fight Lee's army to a stand still - failure of *Pickett's charge* broke the Confederacy - at the same time, a Confederate delegation had been moving towards Norfolk, Virginia to combine with Lee's army and end the war in their favor, however Lincoln denied their access and the Union army achieved victory - after the battle, Lincoln delivered his *Gettysburg Address*

Battle at Bull Run

- Lincoln concluded that an attack on the smaller Confederate force at *Bull Run* would bolster Union superiority and perhaps lead to the capture of Richmond - on July 21, 1861, the Unions were at first winning until "Stonewall" Jackson stood his ground allowing for Confederate reinforcements to arrive - consequences: : victory was worse than defeat for the South in that it inflated overconfidence (enlistments dropped and deserters increased) : defeat was better for the Union as it prepared them for a long war ahead

Plans for Reconstruction

- Lincoln's *"10 percent" Reconstruction Plan* (1863): : state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of its voters in the election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance and pledged to abide by emancipation : erection of a state government - fears of a restored planter aristocracy to power urged Republicans to create the *Wade-Davis Bill*: : required 50 percent of a state's voters take oath of allegiance : enforced higher safeguards for emancipation : *"pocket-vetoed"* by Lincoln - beginnings of Republican factions - minorities and radicals in determining the South's fate - May of 1865, Johnson issues his own Reconstruction plan: : recognized several of Lincoln's 10 percent governments : called for special state conventions which were required to repeal ordinances of secession, repudiate all Confederate debts, and ratify Thirteenth Amendment : began to fail as Johnson began handing out numerous pardons to disenfranchised aristocrats who quickly formed "new" governments

The Problem of Secession

- Lincoln's inaugural address was bound to reconciliation, asserting that no conflict would occur unless the South provoked it - yet as secession was taking place, numerous issues came into development: : how would the national debt be shared? : how should the joint territories be split? : resolution to Fugitive Slave law?

Panic of 1837

- Main Causes: : rampant speculation prompted by mania of get-rich-quickism : Bank War and Specie Circular : failed harvests : foreign economic distresses - Effects: : American banks collapsed by the hundreds along with the federal funds they held : Commodity prices dropped, sales of public lands fell off, customs revenues became diminished : High unemployment

Military Reconstruction

- March 2, 1867, Congress passes the *Reconstruction Act*: : divided the South into 5 military districts that were each led and controlled by Union military personnel : temporarily disenfranchised tens of thousands of former Confederates - white Southerners resented the requirement that their constitutions grant full suffrage for former adult male slaves, yet this extension of rights did not extend much else to blacks (education and land) - radical Republicans worried that the state legislatures would indirectly revoke suffrage for blacks once they were readmitted, propelling them to pass the *Fifteenth Amendment* in 1869 (ratified in 1870) - by 1870, all of the Southern states had reorganized their governments, Union soldiers remained until the *"radical"* regimes were in place however when the federal troops left they quickly turned to *"Home Rule"* regimes (Democratic South)

The *Peninsula Campaign*

- McClellan's trek towards the capital of Richmond along the waterborne approach at the western base of a peninsula formed by the James and York Rivers - after capturing Yorktown, McClellan reached Richmond, however Lincoln had diverted reinforcements to chase General Jackson which stalled McClellan's forces - *Seven Days' Battles* (see 21-7)

The Border States

- Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, later West Virginia - this collection of slave-holding states held more than half of the white population of the Confederacy - Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri would double manufacturing capacity as well as increase the supply of horses and mules if they seceded - Kentucky held the all-too-important Ohio River as well as a majority of the Confederacy's grain, gunpowder, and iron

Election of 1864

- Republicans joined with War Democrats to form a temporary *Union party* - nominees: Lincoln for the Union party and McClellan for the Democrats (Peace) - at first the war was going badly and Lincoln faced imminent replacement, however as a successive string of victories came in the pressure subsided - *"bayonet vote,"* Union soldiers were furloughed home to support Lincoln with votes - Lincoln won 212 to 21 electoral votes against McClellan

*Seven Days' Battles*

- Robert E. Lee's counterattack on McClellan which lasted from June 26 to July 2 of 1862 - Confederates drove McClellan's forces back to the sea ending their Peninsula Campaign - led to the decommission of McClellan - ironically made sure the war would endure until slavery was uprooted

*Emancipation Proclamation*

- September 23, 1862, with the halting of Lee's offensive Lincoln turned to issuing the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation (announced on 1863 that the president would issue a final proclamation) - declared that the slaves in the Confederate states still in rebellion were "forever free" - *did not formally free slaves by law* - where he could free slaves he would not (disunion) and where he would he could not (Confederate states) - galvanized the do-it-yourself liberation of slaves and strengthened the Union moral cause (foreshadowed the end of slavery and removed the chance of a negotiated settlement) - public reactions became divided, abolitionists felt it was too moderate, the *"Butternut"* regions and the Border States felt it was too extreme - desertions and political opposition increased (Franklin Pierce and others denied the notion of emancipation and Union soldiers resented fighting for a cause they did not sign up for)

The Aftermath of An Aftermath

- South resented upending of their social and racial system, political empowerment of blacks, and federal intervention in their local affairs, yet rebellion ended in a softer state than it supposedly should have - Republicans, in dealing with the matter of reconstruction, acted from a mixture of *idealism* and *political expediency* - however, this yielded half-and-half consequences: Reconstruction conferred limited benefits for blacks and extinguished the Republican party in the South - the moderate efforts enacted failed to address grievances against blacks as well as the degree to which Southern whites would fight to preserve racial dominance - in the North, spreading indifference to the problems of African Americans occurred

The African American Role in Reconstruction

- Southern black men began to organize politically - primary vehicle: the *Union League*: : freed men turned the league into a network of political clubs that educated members in civic duties and campaigned for Republican candidates : expanded into the construction of black churches and schools, representation of black grievances, and enlistment of militias to protect black communities from white retaliation - roles of African American women: : attended parades and rallies in black communities : helped assemble mass meetings in the black churches : monitored proceedings in constitutional conventions held in the South - roles of African American delegates: : held the greatest amount of political authority among black communities : worked with whites to form new state constitutions : between 1868 and 1876, fourteen black congressman and two black senators, *Hiram Revels* and *Blanche K. Bruce*, had served : in state governments blacks worked as lieutenant governors and representatives; within local governments blacks worked as mayors, magistrates, sheriffs, and justices

*David G. Farragut*

- Union naval commander who in the spring of 1862 captured New Orleans with the assistance of a Union land force

Election of 1840

- Van Buren renominated by the Democrats - Whigs united behind William Henry Harrison - Whigs published no official platform in order to try to sweep Harrison into office through his "hero" identity - after a Democratic editor attacked Harrison as an old farmer who should be content with a pension, a log cabin, and a barrel of hard cider the Whigs turned this around to their favor and portrayed Harrison as the poor farmer driving out the spoilsmen of Jackson - Harrison took both the popular vote and the electoral vote (234 to 60) with no real issue debated

Credit and the National Banking System

- Washington Treasury began issuing greenbacked paper money - value became determined by the nation's credit as gold as inadequate - inflation began withering away the value of currency for holders - borrowing emerged and greatly increased the influx of revenue for the federal Treasury except it had to be marketed through Jay Cooke and Company (the company received a commission of three-eighths of 1 percent of all sales) - in 1863, Congress authorized the creation of the National Banking System: : designed to establish a standard bank-note currency : banks that joined the system could buy government bonds and issue paper money backed by them

*Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882*

- act passed by Congress that prohibited any further immigration from China

Texas: What it Holds for Europe

- as Mexico did not recognize Texan independence, Texas was constantly on the verge of being reconquered - Texas was forced to look for help from Britain and France and in 1839 and 1840 they concluded treaties with France, Holland, and Belgium - Benefits of an Independent Texas for B. and F.: : would check southward expansion of America and could be turned against America : would allow British abolitionists to incite slave revolts in the South : was a potentially important free-trade area as the United States could not be breached with its protective tariffs : could be used to derive massive cotton yields and dissolve the dependence on American fiber

Aroostook War

- as a defensive measure against the Americans, Britain became determined to build a westward road running from Halifax to Quebec, but it ran through disputed territory - in the Aroostook River Valley, fights between lumberjacks of Maine and Canada and the British occurred due to claims over the land - as conflict deepened, the London Foreign Office decided to send Lord Ashburton to work negotiations with Daniel Webster - resolved by: : America would retain 7,000 square miles of the 12,000 square miles of wilderness disputed : Britain would get less land but would receive the desired Halifax-Quebec route - overlooked bonus was given to the U.S. as the U.S.-Canadian boundary was extended farther west, giving America the Mesabi iron ore of Minnesota

*Gospel of Wealth*

- as robber barons dominated the American economy, belief systems in social class difference began to take a turn to religion and natural law - Andrew Carnegie believed that the wealthy had to prove themselves morally responsible according to a "Gospel of Wealth" - wide-open capitalism was heavily reliant on the survival-of-the-fittest theories of *Herbert Spencer* and *William Graham Sumner* - these thinkers stressed the rigidity of natural law, claiming a belief in the natural selection of these millionaires - self-justification of wealth increased contempt for the poor, many argued against this including *Reverend Russell Conwell* whose *"Acre of Diamonds"* lecture made him rich after multiple deliveries - many monopolists also defended themselves using the clause in the Constitution that gave Congress sole jurisdiction over interstate commerce

The Growing West

- between 1791 and 1819 nine frontier states joined the Union of thirteen (admitted alternately, free or slave) - the prospect of moving west and new lands for cultivation increased number of immigrants and eager farmers - as "butternuts" (Southerners) and "Yankees" (Northerners) began to settle west, their ideals and movements began to clash - southerners wished to leave behind the world they used to live in, northerners wished to recreate it, religion also divided them based on how ministers should be - although politically weak, the region was met with many large developments (highways to improve routes to Ohio Valley, first use of steamboat on western waters)

The German Forty-Eighters

- between 1830 and 1860 over a million and a half German immigrants landed in America - refugees from the failed democratic revolutions of 1848 who strongly advocated for the ideals of democracy - unlike the Irish, held a modest amount of material wealth that helped them move West (Wisconsin) - adhered to isolationist traditions and stayed far away from the north-eastern cities - Conestoga wagon, Kentucky rifle, Christmas tree - examples of German contributions to American culture - supported public schools (kindergarten) and the arts - strong opponents of slavery and became ardent enemies of the institution in the years leading up to the Civil War

Andrew Johnson

- born to poverty in North Carolina, never attended school but apprenticed to a tailor at age ten, later taught himself to read and was taught to write and do simple arithmetic through his wife - became active in politics in Tennessee, impassioned champion of poor whites against aristocrats, attracted attention from the North by choosing not to secede with his state - became nominee for vice president since Lincoln's Union party needed support from War Democrats - *"A Southerner who did not understand the North, a Tennessean who had earned the distrust of the South, a Democrat who had never been accepted by the Republicans, a president who had never been elected to the office..."*

Moving West

- by 1850, still half of Americans were under the age of 30 and eager to move out west - life on the western frontier was harsh and miserable: : poor meals and supplies : sub-par housing : above all, loneliness : pioneers often ill-informed, superstitious, provincial, and individualistic - as pioneers consumed the land in the tobacco regions, they moved west, changing the environment as they went (deprived lands, endangering of various species such as the bison)

ALASKAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

- by 1867, Russians were inclined to sell the land of *Alaska*: : if war occurred between Russia and Britain, the latter country was likely to take the province away : Alaska was becoming a growing economic liability and was thus better off with another country, especially one that could act as a barrier against Britain - Secretary of State William Seward signed a treaty that opened the purchase at $7.2 million - despite criticism and reluctance towards the decision from Congress and the public, Alaska was rumored to have an abundance of resources

Railroads in the New Industry

- by 1900, miles of railroad had grown to 192,556 miles - transcontinental railroad construction was initially risky due to possibility of profit loss in thinly populated regions (discouraged private investors as well) - in 1862, Congress began advancing money loans to two favored cross-continent companies as well as donating large tracts of land for the tracks (railroad companies began controlling the land until 1887 when *Pres. Grover Cleveland* ended the practice of withholding land) - government began receiving benefits such as long-term preferential rates for postal service and military traffic - granting land = cheap way of subsidizing a desired transportation system - had both pros and cons for villages: : frontier villages that intersected with the rails became cities : bypassed villages became *"ghost towns"*

Election of 1844

- candidates: James K. Polk (D) and Henry Clay (W) - became part of an expression of Manifest Destiny - Clay bargained away his chances at victory by suggesting in a series of letters that while he personally favored annexing Texas, he also favored postponement - this alienated the anti-slavery supporters he had and he lost the vote of New York State which would have otherwise earned him the presidency - upon victory, the Democrats proclaimed they had received a mandate from the voters to take Texas but as the results were so close, this proved to divide the country further

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

- college originally chartered by King George III in 1769 - New Hampshire sought to change charter - appealed and Daniel Webster argued on behalf of Dartmouth - Marshall ruled that the charter would stand as it was a contract - safeguarded business enterprises from domination by state governments but set the negative precedent enabling private corporations

The Laborious Efforts Against Labor Unions

- corporations installed a new depersonalized system that removed individuality and conscience from the work place, machines grew to displace employees, and the marketing and judicial system became more beneficial to the employer thus allowing it to be used against wage earners (also included methods like the *"lockout"* and *"ironclad oaths"* or *"yellow-dog contracts"*) - after recurrent strikes, the middle-class became deaf towards the outcries of the workers

Resistance Against the Railroad Monarchs

- depression of 1870s convinced farmers that they had to protest against being "railroaded" into bankruptcy - *Wabash Case* (see corresponding Quizlet) - *Interstate Commerce Act of 1887* prohibited rebates and pools and required railroads to publish their rates openly : forbade unfair discrimination against shippers : outlawed price differences in short hauls over long ones over the same line : set up the *Interstate Commerce Commission* to enforce the legislation - corporation lawyer *Richard Olney* believed that the new commission could be manipulated by the railroads, making it a guise of resistance (ICC was not a popular victory for opponents of corporate wealth) - ICC helped stabilize conflict within the existing business system

Challenging Stephen Douglas: Honest Abe

- despite impoverished origins, Lincoln's political career skyrocketed after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act appeared - challenged Douglas to a series of joint debates in 1858, most famous of which happened in Freeport, Illinois - at Freeport, Lincoln posed the question of who would prevail, the Court or the people if the people of a territory should vote slavery down - "Freeport Doctrine" (see 19-16) - Douglas won the seat in the Senate due to his widespread appeal of popular sovereignty, however Lincoln emerged as a new Republican political contender

Dominion of Canada

- due to violent southern actions against Union cities from Canada, sentiments against England grew, especially from the Irish-American population - small invasions of Canada took place which urged Canadians to blame the U.S. for violating neutrality - this influenced the development of the country's independence as the British Parliament established the Dominion of Canada in 1867 in order to reinforce the country against possibly violent contingencies

Democratic Divison

- during the war the Democrats divided into two factions: *"War Democrats"* (Lincoln-supporting) and *"Peace Democrats"* (anti-Lincoln) - within the latter group there were the *Copperheads*, those who openly obstructed the war through attacks against the draft, against Lincoln, and against emancipation - notable Copperhead from Ohio: *Clement L. Vallandigham* who publicly demanded an end to war, later exiled to the Confederacy after which he ran for the governorship of Ohio on foreign soil

A Hard Money Economy

- early 1870s, debtors turned to *silver* for relief but Treasury unrealistically maintained that an ounce of silver was only worth a sixteenth of an ounce of gold despite open market prices for silver being higher - silver miners stopped offering the metal for sale to the federal mints and Congress was forced to drop the coinage of silver dollars in 1873 - after new silver was discovered later in the 1870s, production went up and forced silver prices down (*"Crime of '73"*) - Westerners joined with debtors to demand for the coinage of more silver (another scheme for inflation) - Treasury utilized *"contraction"* (see 23-11) to resist the inflation scheme - hard-money policy helped elect a Democratic House of Representatives in 1874 and in 1878 helped create the *Greenback Labor* party

Battle of New Orleans

- eight-thousand British veterans against Jackson's motley gathering of 7,000 sailors, regulars, pirates, Frenchmen, and militia - British naively launched frontal assault, lose over 2,000 to the Americans' 70 - Jackson made a hero even though Treaty at Ghent had been signed 2 weeks prior - unleashed strong wave of nationalism and self-confidence in America - Royal Navy threw naval blockade on American coast along with raiding parties

Compromise of 1877

- election deadlock broken by the *Electoral Count Act* which set up an electoral commission consisting of fifteen men selected from the Senate, the House, and the Supreme Court - Senate and House met in February 1877, after referring the disputed returns to the electoral commission the Republican returns were to be accepted due to a partisan vote of eight Republicans to seven Democrats - Democrats at first outraged, but reluctantly accepted conditions if federal troops were withdrawn from Louisiana and South Carolina - Republicans assured that Democrats would have opportunities to receive patronage from the president - violent deadlock averted by sacrificed the commitment to racial equality - *Civil Rights Act of 1875* - last attempt at commitment, supposedly guaranteed equal accommodations in public places and prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection

Central Pacific Railroad

- established in Sacramento, California - *Big Four*: four farseeing men who were the chief financial backers of the enterprise, included *Leland Stanford* and *Collis P. Huntington*, operated through two construction companies but were able to come off clean by not involving themselves in the bribery of congressmen - Sierra Nevada produced a large barrier against construction, slowed down the pace of creating more tracks - in 1869, the two tracks finally met with one another (Union and Central) at *Ogden, Utah* - transcontinental railroad connected the west to the Union and facilitated trade with Asia, incited great growth in the West

Eve of the 1864 Election

- factions within Lincoln's party and organizations pressured Lincoln's presidency - of exceptional distinction was secretary of the Treasury, *Salmon Chase*, and the *Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War* which was composed of radical Republicans who resented the expansion of presidential power during wartime - Northern Democrats proved to be the most dangerous grouping as they could defect and destroy loyalties (see 21-29)

Women and the Economy

- factory jobs gave women more economic independence - industry undermined the efforts of farm women and girls, as factories could produce goods at greater quantities with faster rates - long days and hours, little pay, poor food, poor conditions - majority of workingwomen were single, this reduced the size of families significantly - women began to grow increasingly independent in their decision-making (see "domestic feminism") - as a consequence, families began to be more child-centered and an emphasis on independent individuals began to take place

America's Railroads

- first railroad created in the U.S. in 1828, by 1860 thirty thousand miles of track - initially, a great deal of problems plagued the trains as well as opposition mainly from canal backers - as improvements began to take place, America began to back the soon-to-be colossal enterprise

Second Industrial Era

- following the war, the nation began to exploit bountiful natural resources throughout the country such as coal, oil, and iron - massive immigration helped contribute to the fruitfulness of industries such as steel - after the Civil War, techniques of mass production were being developed and more patents were being issued - *Alexander Graham Bell* developed the *telephone* in 1876 (helped bring women into workforce as telephone operators) - *Thomas Alva Edison*, tinkerer and worker rather than pure scientist, helped develop phonograph, the mimeograph, the dictaphone, and the moving picture : 1879, perfects the electric lightbulb

The *Ku Klux Klan*

- founded in 1866, secret organization of Southern whites who resorted to violent measures against "radical" rule - used scare tactics and force to prevent blacks and white "carpetbaggers" from supporting regimes in the polls - atrocities committed in the name of "keeping blacks in their place" - bandits and cutthroats found refuge in the organization - outraged by these acts, Congress passed the *Force Acts* of 1870 and 1871 which used federal forces to counter the organization - however, forms of white resistance prevailed nonetheless throughout the South and the wholesale disfranchisement of blacks took hold especially in the 1890s (literacy tests)

The Southern Secession

- four days after Lincoln's election, the SC state legislature met at Charleston to vote on secession (unanimously passed) - six other southern states joined them: Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas - met at Montgomery, Alabama to create a government known as the Confederate States of America with Jefferson Davis as their president

*Contraction*

- gold stocks are accumulated against the appointed day for resumption of metallic-money payments while greenbacks are reduced - deflationary effect: decreased amount of money per capita in circulation - effects: : worsened impact of depression : restored government's credit rating : brought greenbacks up to full face value

Rise of Jacksonian Era

- illusion of national consensus in Era of Good Feelings shattered by Panic of 1819 and Missouri Compromise of 1820 - Vigorous political conflict was now celebrated as necessary for the health of democracy - New political parties and campaigning strategies emerged (Democrats and Whigs, banners, badges, parades, general public appeal) - rise of voter participation to 78 percent by 1840

George Canning

- in 1823 this British foreign secretary approached the American minister in London with a proposition united United States and Britain under a joint declaration renouncing their interest in acquiring Latin-American territory. In turn, the European despots would not interfere in the Latin American republics. - British feared that Americans would one day seize Spanish territory in Americas

Origins of the Oil Industry, the Fall, and its Revival

- in 1859, the first oil well, *"Drake's Folly"*, in Pennsylvania sprung up - *kerosene* became the first major product of the new oil industry and it soon replaced whale oil due to its effectiveness (becoming America's fourth most valuable export in the 1870s) - however, after Edison's electric lightbulb, kerosene lamps soon became obsolete - in 1900, the advent of gasoline-burning internal combustion engines for automobiles revived the oil industry once more and Rockefeller soon utilized its usefulness with his Standard Oil Company

Trent Affair

- in 1861, a Union warship in the seas north of Cuba stopped a British mail ship, the Trent, and removed two Confederate diplomats bound for Europe - tensions rose between the Union and Britain, as the latter country began preparing to attack from Canada - London Foreign Office prepared an ultimatum demanding surrender of prisoners and an apology, however slow communication gave room for the reduction of the crisis - Lincoln reluctantly released the diplomats at the end of the affair

Conscription

- in 1863, volunteering had decreased significantly as more people began to realize the effects of war - at the same time Congress passed a federal conscription law on a nationwide scale: : could pay to be substituted for $300 (derisive "three-hundred-dollar men") : if payment could not be made, to arms it was... - draft was especially hated in the democratic strongholds of the North and riots began to emerge over its enactment - "bounty boys" (see 20-23)

Patronage Conflict of the Gilded Age

- infighting over patronage occurred within Republican party in 1870s and 1880s: : *"Stalwart"* faction led by *Roscoe Conkling*, a U.S. senator from New York, swapped jobs for votes : *Half-Breeds*, led by *James G. Blaine* (Maine) held conflict with Stalwarts over who would dish out the spoils : stalemated each other, deadlocked the party

Travelin' to Oregon

- initially Oregon Country was claimed by four nations: Spain, Russia, Britain, US - Spain ceded its claims to US in Florida Treaty of 1819, Russia retreated by the treaties of 1824 and 1825 - presence of American missionaries and settlers helped lay the US claim to Oregon Country - in the early 1840's, "Oregon fever" struck hundreds of pioneers, multiplying the population of Americans in the Willamette Valley and creating a disproportionate ratio of Americans to Britons - issue of Oregon became more involved in the presidential election of 1844 but was overshadowed by the question of annexing Texas

*National Labor Union*

- labor unions were given a boost by the Civil War in that due to the deaths it caused it generated a premium on labor and mounting costs of living promoted unionization - *National Labor Union*: 1866, one of the largest labor unions consisting of skilled, unskilled, and farmers that lasted for 6 years, excluded Chinese and made minimal efforts to include women and blacks : agitated for the arbitration of industrial disputes and the eight-hour workday, won the latter : depression of the 1870s essentially killed the organization

"Corrupt Bargain" of 1824

- last of the old-style elections in 1824 - four candidates: James Monroe, JQA, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson - Andrew Jackson had polled almost as many popular votes as his next two rivals but failed to gain the majority of the electoral votes - House of Representatives had to choose between top 3, eliminated Clay, however Clay would preside over the chamber as Speaker of the House - Clay used his influence to ensure that the election would go to Adams (Clay hated Jackson, polar opposites) - the public outcry showed that change would take place as the old election system was now condemned for being elitist and subversive of democracy

Laws of "free incorporation"

- laws first passed in New York in 1848 that allowed businessmen to create corporations without applying for individual charters

Saving the Border States and the Native American Role

- like Andrew Jackson, Abraham Lincoln dissolved the restrictions to the executive branch set by the Constitution in the name of safeguarding the country - aiming to prevent the Border States from seceding, Lincoln enacted various measures for this purpose: : declared martial law in Maryland as it threatened to cut off Washington from the North : declared publicly that his goals were not to free the blacks to appeal to southern interests while insisting on saving the Union at all costs - In the west, many of the Five Civilized Tribes sided with the Confederacy (Cherokee owned slaves) and the Confederate government took on federal payments to the tribes and invited the Native Americans as delegates to the congress - Additionally, some tribes deviated from this path and sided with the Union, but after the war they were forced onto reservations or killed off

Polk's Four-Point Program

- lowered tariff, (Walker Tariff of 1846) reduced the average rates of the 1842 tariff from 32 percent to 25 percent - proved to be successful because it was followed by boom times and heavy imports - restoration of the independent treasury - acquisition of California - settlement of the Oregon dispute

Postwar Economic Corruption

- millionaire partners, *"Jubilee Jim" Fisk* and *Jay Gould*, concoct a plot in 1869 to corner the gold market: : on *"Black Friday"*, the two kept increasing the price on gold by bidding for it pushing honest businessmen to the wall : bubble broke when Treasury was compelled to release gold - *Tweed Ring* in New York: : led by "Boss" Tweed, this political machine organization used bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to milk as much as $200 million : honest citizens coerced into silence, protesters had tax assessments raised : fell after the New York Times published evidence of their corruption in 1871, *Thomas Nast* (cartoonist) pilloried Tweed after rejecting a bribe : Tweed prosecuted by New York attorney *Samuel J. Tilden*

Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South

- moderate Republicans and some radicals had hesitated to give suffrage to the freed men - Fourteenth Amendment had fallen short of guaranteeing the right to vote - most Northern states before ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment withheld the ballot from the black minorities - advent of former slaves holding office offended former masters who criticized the white allies, labeling them *"scalawags"* (Southerners, mostly former Unionists and Whigs) and *"carpetbaggers"* (supposedly sleazy Northerners who had packed their possessions into a carpetbag suitcase after the war and had come South to seek personal power and profit, reality: former Union soldiers and businessman who hoped to modernize the *"New South"*) - radical regimes: : passed much desirable legislation and introduced needed reforms (public schools, tax systems streamlined, public works, property rights guaranteed to women) : graft (corrupt acquisition of funds) often pervaded these regime governments

George Catlin

- painter who was among the first Americans to advocate for the preservation of nature as national policy - 1832, observed Sioux Indians slaughtering buffalo to trade the tongues for whiskey, Catlin feared for the preservation of Indians and buffalo and proposed the creation of a national park

Age of Industry: The South

- plantation system had degenerated into a system of sharecroppers and tenants - by 1880s, southern agriculture received a boost through machine-made cigarettes which made tobacco consumption higher - *James Buchanan Duke* took advantage of this by mass producing his own brand and by 1890 had absorbed his competitors into the *American Tobacco Company*, later donated to Trinity College which changed its name to Duke University - industrialists attempted to industrialize the South, one prominent speaker, *Henry W. Grady*, tirelessly worked to exhort Southerners into competing with the North - obstacles to Southern industry: : paper barrier of regional rate-setting systems imposed by the northern dominated railroad interests which attempted to prevent the development of a substantial industrial base : *"Pittsburgh plus"* pricing system which had steel lords from Pittsburgh pressure railroads into charging additional shipping rates on the Birmingham steel of the South - by 1880, northern capital began erecting cotton mills in the South (for cheap labor) away from New England, bringing a slight industrial bearing to the South

Contrasting Views in Economics

- poor *"cheap-money"* supporters wanted to have more money in circulation so that it would be cheaper and, hence, rising prices and easier-to-pay debts - the creditors *"hard-money"* supporters wanted to have less money in circulation to that the loaned money would not be repaid in depreciated dollars (deflation)

"Famine Irish"

- poor, young Irish immigrants that were sent to the Americas in the mid-1840's to try to earn wages to pay the fares for family members back home - transitioned to urban life as they often did not have the wealth to move out west, ended up suffering under prejudice and terrible conditions in the cities (New York) - however, given their aptitude for politics they soon involved themselves in the political machines and earned numerous privileges that established them as important figures in politics

Know-Nothing Party (Order of the Star-Spangled Banner)

- precedent formed in 1849 - party that fervently supported antiforeignism and worked to combat the growing immigration and Roman-Catholic doctrine

Blacks Battle Bondage

- proclamation also opened up opportunity for Lincoln to enlist blacks militarily - by war's end, 180,000 blacks served in Union army (slave states and free-soil combined) and two Massachusetts regiments had been formed largely through the efforts of Frederick Douglass - service offered the chance to prove manhood and to strengthen citizenship claims (did not do them much good in the end) - however, casualties were high and in one instance at *Fort Pillow, Tennessee* several black soldiers were massacred even after surrendering - *pride, prejudice, and principle* prevented the Confederacy from enlisting slaves until it was already too late - in the Confederate States, slaves were being used for labor battalions, however they were able to hinder the military cause through both direct (strikes, open defiance, *spies/"intelligent contraband"*) and indirect (necessity of *"home guards"*) methods

*Knights of Labor*

- replaced the National Labor Union when it fell, started as a secret society in 1869 to forestall reprisals by employers - sought to include workers in "one big union", included skilled and unskilled, men and women, whites and underprivileged blacks (excluded "nonproducers" such as gamblers, lawyers and bankers) - led by *Terence V. Powderly*, the Knights campaigned for economic and social reform as well as safety and health : successfully won a number of strikes for the eight-hour day - however, the organization began to fell apart when it unsuccessfully staged several May Day strikes in 1886, half of which failed : *Haymarket Square* - labor disorders broke out in Chicago, police force called in to take care of the protest, however in the midst of things a dynamite bomb was thrown into the mass of people, killing/injuring many :: 8 anarchists were found and charged for conspiracy (5 sentenced to death, 3 imprisoned) :: agitation for clemency ensued and the new governor of Illinois, *John P. Altgeld*, pardoned the three survivors to the dismay and praise of the public : incident had the public associate the Knights with the anarchists, ruining the organization : inclusion of skilled and unskilled laborers worked against the Knights as the former soon gained a superior bargaining position that they did not wish to relinquish (ended up deserting and forming another labor union)

*The Gilded Age* Politics

- sarcastic name given to the three-decade-long post-Civil War era (Mark Twain) - political equilibrium was shaky, House of Reps. had a new majority party switched 6 times in the 11 sessions between 1869 and 1891 - Democrats and Republicans mostly agreed on questions like the tariff and civil-service reform however competition was extremely high between the two - paradox of political consensus and partisan fervor explained: *sharp ethnic and cultural differences in the membership of the two parties* : distinctions of style and tone : religious sentiment : Republicans adhered to creeds that traced lineages to Puritanism, stressed strict codes of personal morality, *believed that government should have a role that regulates both economic and moral affairs of society* : Democrats were predominantly Lutherans and Roman Catholics, adhered to toleration of differences in an imperfect world, *believed that government efforts should not impose a single moral standard on the entire society* - predominant party control: : Democrats - *South and northern industrial cities, immigrants, political machines* : Republicans - Midwest, rural and small-town Northeast, freedmen in the South, *Grand Army of the Republic* (Star Wars??? ...No? Aww... see 23-14) - vitality of both parties: *patronage*

How the Iron and Steel Rails Corrupt

- schemes and scandals became more refined (Jay Gould was the most adept) - "stock watering": railroad stock promoters inflated claims about a line's assets and then sold stocks far higher than it's actual value - public often suffered while the railroad titans competed with one another (threats towards citizens, bribed judges and legislatures, employed lobbyists, elected supporters reminiscent of the spoils system) - railroad managers began to enter defensive alliances to protect profits after having been pressed to make returns on investments - earliest form of combination: *"pool"*, agreement to divide business in a given area and share the profits

Impact of Industrial Revolution

- standard of living rose sharply as American workers began experiencing more benefits and comforts than any other industrial nation - urbanization rose and more cities came about as well as factories which demanded an increase to immigration for cheap labor - early Jeffersonian ideals gave way to industrialization and business - impact on women: : new inventions brought about new ways for women to get involved in economic and social opportunities : middle-class women began experiencing delayed marriages and smaller families - accentuated class division with the introduction of robber barons and an oligarchy of money - transformed the nation into a nation of wage-earners - increased pressures for foreign trade as the industrial machine kicked in

Steel is King

- steel was a scarce commodity during the time of Lincoln, but following the revival of the *Bessemer process* (which had cold air blown on red-hot iron which caused the metal to ignite due to the carbon thus eliminating impurities) steel began to take up a new role of dominance in *"heavy industry"* - *Andrew Carnegie*, highly charismatic Scotsman who quickly rose through the ladder of success with his character, took up the steel business in Pittsburgh with high-class associates and soon controlled a fourth of the nation's Bessemer steel - by 1900, Carnegie had grown tired of his business and was decided upon selling his holdings while Morgan began delving in the manufacturing of steel pipe tubing with Carnegie threatening to invade the business - Morgan ended up buying out Carnegie for over $400 million dollars and soon (with Carnegie's holdings and others) created the *United States Steel Corporation* in 1901 while Carnegie turned to philanthropic deeds with his accumulated wealth

The Whig Platform and the Tyler Reaction

- strongly nationalistic, outlined financial measures that would heighten the power of the national govt. once more - passed a law which would end the independent treasury system which Tyler signed off on - (see 17-3) Clay attempted to pass a bill for a "Fiscal Bank" but was vetoed by Tyler - while Democrats were ecstatic, opponents of Tyler condemned him by pinning him onto various issues engulfing the country such as the wave of influenza - John Tyler was formally expelled from the Whig party by a caucus of Whig congressman

Congressional Reconstruction

- the South turned to former Confederate leaders to lead them once more in Congress, however the Republicans denied them - pressing issue to the Republicans was the fact that the slaves now represented a full representative, with this congressional power the South could tear down the acts and developments created by the Republicans to promote their own power

Fort Sumter

- the seceding states seized national arsenals and properties within their borders leaving Fort Sumter as one of the only nationally-controlled forts in the South - sending troops to reinforce the poorly garrisoned fort would only provoke conflict so Lincoln decided upon provisioning the garrison rather than reinforcing it - South regarded this as aggression and on April 12, 1861 fired upon the fort and forced its surrender (no losses incurred) - North was divided between those who wished to reprimand the South and those who wished to see it go in peace (Winfield Scott was of the latter group), but South Carolina's actions against Fort Sumter helped to unify northern sentiment and raise Union soldiers against the South

How the Mexican War Affects the Civil War

- the war campaigns provided experience for many officers who would later become leading general such as Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant - since the navy helped blockade Mexican ports, a new academy at Annapolis was established by George Bancroft in 1846 - Marine Corps won new prestige - revived the slavery issue as abolitionists criticized the Mexican conflict as one that was provoked by the southern "slavocracy" - Wilmot Proviso (see 17-31)

Thomas Macdonough

- thirty-year-old American naval commander who commanded a small fleet against the invading British at Plattsburgh - heroic victory of Plattsburgh forced British to retreat, saved upper New York, prevented further New England disaffection and possible division of the Union

Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)

- victory for the labor unions during a time of labor protests when the Supreme Court ruled that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies provided that their methods were "honorable and peaceful"

Economic Boom in the North

- while the South staggered under "runaway inflation" from the lack of customs duties (blockade), a high increase in taxes and levies, and an injurious production of blue-backed paper money, the North prospered in war time - new protective tariffs increased the creation of factories - Civil War created a millionaire class for the first time - increase in economic corruption - dishonesty and cutting of corners to produce profits with minimal effort - new machinery like the sewing machine enabled economic expansion - existing mechanical reapers allowed more soldiers, more food, more surpluses, and eventually more resources outside of the country - discovery of petroleum deposits in 1859 led to the birth of a new petroleum industry - women often took up the jobs of husbands who had gone off to war

Negligence Towards Women

- women played a prominent role in prewar abolitionist movement, to many the struggle for black freedom and women's rights were one and the same - *Women's Loyal League* had petitioned for Congress to pass a constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery - after the war, women were neglected by the Fourteenth Amendment, which granted suffrage solely to males

The Impending Crisis of the South

- written by Hinton R. Helper, nonaristocratic white from North Carolina - attempted to prove by an array of statistics that indirectly the non-slaveholding whites suffered the most from slavery - fed the flames of war by embittering relations between supportive Northerners and fearful Southerners

a

13. During the campaign of 1860, Abraham Lincoln and the Republican party a. opposed the expansion of slavery but did not threaten to attack slavery in the South. b. waged a national campaign to win votes in the South as well as the Midwest and the Northeast. c. promised, if elected, to seek peaceful, compensated abolition of slavery in the South. d. were forced to be cautious about limiting the expansion of slavery because of Stephen A. Douglas's threats to support secession. e. focused entirely on the slavery question.

e

4. As submitted to Congress, the Lecompton Constitution was designed to a. bring Kansas into the Union as a free state. b. bring Kansas into the Union as a slave state and Nebraska as a free state. c. prohibit both antislavery New Englanders or proslavery Missourians from interference in Kansas politics. d. insure that the future of slavery would be determined according to Douglas's principle of popular sovereignty. e. bring Kansas into the Union, while making it impossible to prohibit slavery there.

e

9. The financial and economic collapse of 1857 increased northern anger at the South's refusal to support a. banking regulation and development of a sound paper currency. b. a transcontinental railroad and transatlantic telegraph. c. publicly supported state universities. d. the admission of any more free states into the Union. e. higher tariffs and free western homesteads for farmers.

"A poor woman yesterday applied to a merchant in Carey Street to purchase a barrel of flour. The price he demanded was $70. 'My God!' exclaimed she, 'how can I pay such prices? I have seven children; what shall I do?' 'I don't know, madam,' said he coolly, 'unless you eat your children.'"

A contemporary (October 22, 1863) Richmond diary portrays the ruinous effects of inflation:

Federalist Paper #10

A document written in 1787 by James Madison that is part of the collection of Federalist Papers, that argues that the purpose of government is to maintain peace between factions, which stem from "the various and unequal distribution of property." This document helped to soothe Anti-federalist fears about the Constitution and pushed for the ratification of the Constitution; it also shows the economic interests of the Founders and shows how they want to protect these interests.

Alexander Hamilton

A key figure in America's financial and economic system, he established the Bank of America, bolstered the national credit, assumed the state's debts, and began to impose tariffs on foreign trade. His "funding at par" idea (that the government would pay off its debts at face value, plus interest) made the nation's national credit shoot up, and in turn convinced previously unwilling nations to lend money to this new, young country.

Sedition Act of 1798

A law passed in 1798 in America passed by Federalist-controlled congress, the law made it illegal to say any statements to the government that were "false, scandalous, and malicious." This was the federalist's sneaky method to keep them in power, because this law meant that no one could criticise them without going to jail.

lien

A legal claim by a lender or another party on a borrower's property as a guarantee against repayment, and prohibiting any sale of the property. " . . . storekeepers extended credit to small farmers for food and supplies and in return took a lien on their harvest."

"it was 'dam fulishness' trying to 'lick shurmin.' He had been getting 'nuthin but hell & lots uv it' ever since he saw the 'dam yanks,' and he was 'tirde uv it.' He would head for home now, but his old horse was 'plaid out.' If the 'dam yankees' had not got there yet, it would be a 'dam wunder.' They were thicker than 'lise on a hen and a dam site ornerier.'"

A letter picked up on a dead Confederate in north Carolina and addressed to his "deer sister" concluded that:

232. Northwest Ordinance, 1787

A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Set up the framework of a government for the Northwest territory. The Ordinance provided that the Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the Territory, and set 60,000 as the minimum population for statehood.

Secretary of State Hamilton Fish

A member of the Grant administration, he was an able diplomat who peacefully settled conflicts with Great Britain through the Treaty of Washington.

John Marshall

A. This Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, known as the last Federalist served in that capacity for over 30 years. B. He is important due to his continued support of Federalist policies and his incessant increase of the powers of the federal government, through rulings in cases such as McCulloch v. Maryland.

Federalist Papers

A: A masterly series of articles designed as propaganda, written by James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton, and put in the New York Newspaper in the period after the drafting of the Constitution. B: These essays helped critically sway New York, one of the four last states that had yet to ratify the constitution, into ratifying the document.

"Blue Light" Federalists

A: Derogatory term for Federalists who were believed to have supported the British navy during the War of 1812 by signalling warnings to the ships about blockade runners. B: The actions of these "Blue Light" Federalists portrayed a dividing fear about fighting the war against the British as many benefited from the trade and interaction with Britain rather than without and were thus willing to take up desperate measures to maintain the state of such affairs.

Thomas Macdonough

A: Naval officer who rose to fame by defeating British navy in the Battle of Lake Champlain in the War of 1812. B: The victory at Lake Champlain was important because it gave control of the lake which was vital in stopping British supply lines thus being a major factor of American victory.

Henry Clay

A: Speaker of the House and former warhawk in Congress who with his brilliant speaking and reasoning, helped establish many epochal developments like the Missouri Compromise and the American System. B: Clay helped allocate power to positions of the U.S. such as the House representative, his oratory and achievements also soon went on to promote unity between government and sections of the people, driving the heart of nationalism into the creation of roads and canals.

Bladensburg

A: This battle in the War of 1812 ended in American loss and allowed the British to burn the buildings of D.C. B. While the burnings did turn out to be cumbersome, they did not have strategic advantages, making this victory purely a boost in morale.

William Henry Harrison

A: This governor of Indiana Territory, gathered an army and advanced on Tecumseh's headquarters at the junction of the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers in present-day Indiana. B: This battle made Harrison a national hero, but more importantly drove Tecumseh into an alliance with the British that caused him to fight fiercely against the Americans in the War of 1812

Missouri Compromise

Agreement between the the anti-slavery and pro-slavery states, proposed by Henry Clay in 1820, that all states in the Louisiana Territory and Maine were free states except for Missouri. Caused tensions between the Southern and Northern states on the issue of slavery that hadn't been talked about, the South was scared that since the central government did this one thing with outlawing slavery, they could and would do it to their states.

The cabinet office in Washington's administration headed by a brilliant young West Indian immigrant who distrusted the people

Alexander Hamilton

158. Coercive Acts / Intolerable Acts / Repressive Acts

All of these names refer to the same acts, passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party, and which included the Boston Port Act, which shut down Boston Harbor; the Massachusetts Government Act, which disbanded the Boston Assembly (but it soon reinstated itself); the Quartering Act, which required the colony to provide provisions for British soldiers; and the Administration of Justice Act, which removed the power of colonial courts to arrest royal officers.

"We called to them, tried to tell them there was no danger, called them to stop, implored them to stand. We called them cowards, denounced them in the most offensive terms, put out our heavy revolvers, and threatened to shoot them, but all in vain; a cruel, crazy, mad, hopeless panic possessed them, and communicated to everybody about in front and rear. The heat was awful, although now about six; the men were exhausted - their mouths gaped, their lips cracked and blackened with powder of the cartridges they had bitten off in battle, their eyes staring in frenzy; no mortal ever saw such a mass of ghastly wretches."

An observer behind the Union lines described the Federal troops; pell-mell retreat from the battlefield at Bull Run:

Bill of Rights

An official document written by James Madison in 1791 that was meant to amend the Constitution, and specified many of the rights of both people and the government. The Bill of Rights was written as a compromise to appease the Anti-Federalists, who were afraid of the national government having too much power.

Whiskey Rebellion

An uprising of farmers in the western frontier region that began in 1791 and protested the Whiskey Tax through violence and rebellion. President Washington smashed the rebellion, and this was met with approval from the people and demonstrated the new government's willingness to suppress resistance.

Shays's Rebellion

An uprising with led by Daniel Shay, an American veteran, in the summer of 1786 in Massachusetts due to farmers not being satisfied with the legislatures. The rebellion added to the skepticism the rich had about those who they believe are less than them and thus affected how the Constitution was written, because the argument of not being able to trust the commoner was a well-concerned issue during the convention.

The Know-Nothings

Anti-immigrant party headed by former president Millard Fillmore that competed with Republicans and Democrats in the election of 1856 (either official name or informal nickname)

Ngo Dinh Diem

Anticommunist leader who set up a pro-American government to block Ho Chi Minh's expected takeover of all Vietnam

10. The direct cause of the Mexican War was A. American refusal to pay Mexican claims for damages caused by the Texas war for independence B. Mexico's refusal to sell California to the United States. C. Mexican support for the antislavery movement in Texas. D. American determination to conquer and annex northern Mexico. E. Mexican anger at American discrimination against Latinos in Texas.

B. Mexico's refusal to sell California to the United States (pg. 382, American Blood on American (?) Soil)

193. Yorktown, Lord Cornwallis

Because of their lack of success in suppressing the Revolution in the northern colonies, in early 1780 the British switched their strategy and undertook a series of campaigns through the southern colonies. This strategy was equally unsuccessful, and the British decided to return to their main headquarters in New York City. While marching from Virginia to New York, British commander Lord Cornwallis became trapped in Yorktown on the Chesapeake Bay. His troops fortified the town and waited for reinforcements. The French navy, led by DeGrasse, blocked their escape. After a series of battles, Cornwallis surrendered to the Continental Army on October 19, 1781, which ended all major fighting in the Revolutionary War.

Andrew Johnson

Born a poor white southerner, he became the white South's champion against radical Reconstruction

Wendell Phillips "abolition's golden trumpet"

Boston patrician who ate no sugar and wore no cotton and of high principle

"Never before, perhaps, since the institution of civil government, did the same harmony, the same absence of party spirit, the same national feeling, pervade a community. The result is too consoling to dispute too nicely about the cause."

Boston's Columbian Centinel was not the only newspaper to regard President Monroe's early months as the Era of Good Feelings. Washington's National Intelligencer observed in july 1817,

127. Molasses Act, 1733

British legislation which had taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar which the colonies imported from countries other than Britain and her colonies. The act angered the New England colonies, which imported a lot of molasses from the Caribbean as part of the Triangular Trade. The British had difficulty enforcing the tax; most colonial merchants did not pay it.

75. Molasses Act, 1733

British legislation which taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar which the colonies imported from countries other than Britain and her colonies. The act angered the New England colonies, which imported a lot of molasses from the Caribbean as part of the Triangular Trade. The British had difficulty enforcing the tax; most colonial merchants ignored it.

115. William Pitt (1708-1778)

British secretary of state during the French and Indian War. He brought the British/colonial army under tight British control and started drafting colonists, which led to riots.

"If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it."

Context: Jefferson's inaugural address in 1801 elected first anti-federalist president after defeating John Adams Kept much of the government framework established by the previous Federalist presidents except scrapped the excise taxes established by Hamilton Significance: election marked the peaceful transition from Federalist rule to Democratic-Republican rule Federalist power declined which led to an increase in disunity among the Democratic-republicans without the dislike of the Federalists to hold them together disunity among Democratic-Republicans eventually led to the establishment of political parties and how they are today and the usage of federalist ideas by Jefferson also showed how two different parties could exist and share ideas

"It is the case of a guardian, investing the money of his ward in purchasing an important adjacent territory; and saying to him when of age, I did this for your good; I pretend to no right to bind you; you may disavow me, and I must get out of the scrap as I can; I thought it my duty to risk myself for you."

Context: Louisiana Purchase was made in 1803 during Jefferson's administration and was sold to America for $15 million by Napoleon Jefferson believed this was against the Constitution (strict construction), however was convinced it was a good bargain by the senate and through further thinking The Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the size of the US Significance: Created a need for westward (Louisiana and Oregon territory) exploration by Lewis and Clark (1804-1806) allowed more land for Jefferson's spread of democracy and the creation of more states more states led to increased tensions between the North and South over states entering as slave or free states

"The Constitution is either a superior paramount law, unchangeable by ordinary means, or it is on a level with ordinary legislative acts, and like other acts, is alterable when the legislature shall please to alter it. "If the former part of the alternative be true, then a legislative act contrary to the constitution is not law; if the latter part be true, then written constitutions are absurd attempts on the part of the people, to limit a power in its own nature illimitable... "It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is.... "If, then, the courts are to regard the Constitution, and the Constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature, the Constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they are both applicable."

Context: court case in 1803 in which justice of the peace, William Marbury (appointed under John Adams) was under risk of losing his job because of decisions made by James Madison Marbury based his argument off of a clause in the Judiciary Act of 1789 which Marshall deemed as unconstitutional John Marshall was the chief justice who had been appointed by John Adams; he was known as the "last federalist" and during his 30 years as chief justice helped bring more federalist ideals into the court system Significance: Marshall declared the clause unconstitutional and stated that the Supreme Court should have overarching power over the verdict of court cases this case led to the establishment of "judicial review" in which the Supreme Court has the right to declare a verdict unconstitutional (unlike what Jefferson's Kentucky wanted in allowing that decision to be made by the state) Marshall's case ultimately lead to an increase in national government power and a decrease in state government power

"the Bible would be cast into a bonfire, our holy worship changed into a dance of [French] Jacobin phrensy, our wives and daughters dishonored, and our sons converted into the disciples of Voltaire and the dragoons of Marat."

Context: This is a quote from the president of Yale College, Timothy Dwight, during the Election of 1800 stating the evil that was to be expected if Jefferson became president. This quote shows the fears that the Federalists had against an anti-Federalist president, and reflects the rumors spread about Jefferson. This fear lead to one of the first "whispering campaigns" of the nation, which would shape how political rivalry would be up to the present day. Significance: This demonstrates the nation's sensitivity to the protection of rights (freedom of religion, for instance) and the avoidance of an overpowering monarchy. The failure of the Federalists to stop Jefferson from getting elected resulted in their eventual decline. With there being no party for the Democratic-Republicans to unite against, the party began to split as well, which would eventually morph into the two major, official political parties.

"I have this morning witnessed one of the most interesting scenes a free people can ever witness. The changes of administration, which in every government and in every age have most generally been epochs of confusion, villainy and bloodshed, in this our happy country take place without any species of distraction, or disorder."

Context: This is an excerpt from a letter written by a Philadelphia woman describing her pride and joy at President Jefferson's inauguration in 1801. Her comparison of the peaceful exchange of power in the US to the bloody exchange of power in other countries demonstrates the revolutionary aspect of the "Revolution." Though Jefferson was now in power, he catered to the beliefs of the Federalist party's beliefs and for the most part, did not enact drastic changes. Significance: The pride in America during the inauguration created an air of nationalism and a revivance of democratic ideals, as that was what Jefferson was preaching at the time. The Revolution of 1800 demonstrated America's success at democracy and her success at being an independent nation. Jefferson catering to the Federalists led to unification in the US.

Dred Scott v Sanford

Controversial Supreme Court ruling that blacks had no civil or human rights and that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the territories

262. Judiciary Act, 1789

Created the federal court system, allowed the president to create federal courts and to appoint judges.

Battle of Midway

Crucial naval battle of June 1942, in which U.S. Admiral Chester Nimitz blocked the Japanese attempt to conquer a strategic island near Hawaii

4. During the early 1840s, Texas maintained its independence by A. waging constant small-scale wars with Mexico B. refusing to sign treaties with any outside powers C. relying on the military power of the United States D. establishing friendly relations with Britain and other European powers E. declaring absolute neutrality in the conflicts between the United States, Britain, and Mexico

D. establishing friendly relations with Britain and other European powers (pg. 375, The Lone Star of Texas Shines Alone)

11. President Polk was especially determined that the United States must acquire San Francisco from Mexico because A. it was the most strategic fort on the entire Pacific Coast. B. it was the home of most of the American settlers in Mexican California. C. the discovery of gold in California meant that San Francisco would be the gateway to the gold fields. D. the harbor of San Francisco Bay was considered the crucial gateway to the entire Pacific Ocean. E. the Franciscan Catholic missionaries there were using it as a base to counteract American Protestant missions in Oregon.

D. the harbor of San Francisco Bay was considered the crucial gateway to the entire Pacific Ocean (pg. 381, Misunderstandings with Mexico)

carpetbaggers

Derogatory term for Northerners who came to the South during Reconstruction and sometimes took part in Republican state governments

Muller v. Oregon (1908)

(Fuller) First case to use the "Brandeis brief"; recognized a 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

(Marshall) The decision stems from the Yazoo land cases, 1803, and upholds the sanctity of contracts.

"In their delirium of greed the managers of our transportation systems disregard both private right and the public welfare. Today they will combine and bankrupt their weak rivals, and by the expenditure of a trifling sum possess themselves of properties which cost the outlay of millions. Tomorrow they will capitalize their booty for five times the cost, issue their bonds, and proceed to levy tariffs upon the people to pay dividends upon the fraud."

*In 1892 James Baird Weaver (1833-1912), nominee of the Populists, wrote regarding the railroad magnates:*

3. The Aroostook War involved a A. battle between American and French fishermen over Newfoundland fishing rights B. conflict over fugitive slaves escaping across the Canadian border C. battle between British and American sailors over impressment D. battle between Americans and Mexicans over the western boundary of Louisiana E. battle between American and Canadian lumberjacks over the northern Maine boundary.

E. battle between American and Canadian lumberjacks over the northern Maine boundary (pg. 374, Manipulating the Maine Maps)

John Foster Dulles

Eisenhower's tough-talking secretary of state who wanted to "roll back" communism

Rachel Carson

Environmental writer whose book Silent Spring helped encourage laws like the Clean Water Act and the Endangered Species Act

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slave and great black abolitionist who fought to end slavery through political action

Munn v. Illinois (1877)

Established that states may regulate privately owned businesses in the public's interest. Upheld Granger Laws that regulated railroads

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

Matching (Section Separator)

1 - 15 (No page #)

Benjamin Harrison

23rd President; Republican, poor leader, introduced the McKinley Tariff and increased federal spending to a billion dollars

e

3. Southerners were especially enraged by abolitionists' funding of antislavery settlers in Kansas because a. proslavery settlers from Missouri could not receive the same kind of funding. b. such sponsored settlement would make a mockery of Douglas's popular sovereignty doctrine. c. the settlers included fanatical and violent abolitionists like John Brown. d. most ordinary westward-moving pioneers would be sympathetic to slavery. e. Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska had seemed to imply that Kansas would become a slave state.

Ho Chi Minh

A Vietnamese nationalist and communist whose defeat of the French led to calls for American military intervention in Vietnam

130. Non-importation

A movement under which the colonies agreed to stop importing goods from Britain in order to protest the Stamp Act.

Confederate States of America

A new nation that proclaimed its independence in Montgomery, Alabama, in February 1861

Clash between Canadians and Americans over disputed timber country

Aroostook War

The body of advisers to the president, not mentioned in the Constitution, that George Washington established as an important part of the new federal government

Cabinet

Manassas or First Bull Run

First major battle of the Civil War, in which untrained Northern troops and civilian picnickers fled back to Washington (either battle name acceptable)

11. Congregational Church

Founded by separatists (Pilgrims) who felt that the Church of England retained too many Roman Catholic beliefs and practices.

67. Huguenots

French Protestants. The Edict of Nantes (1598) freed them from persecution in France, but when that was revoked in the late 1700s, hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled to other countries, including America.

8th Amendment

Government cannot inflict cruel and unusual punishment or excessive bail. Meaning of "cruel" based on "evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society." Categorical bans on death penalty: juveniles, retarded, non-murder crimes...

176. Thomas Jefferson

He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.

William Graham Sumner

He was an advocate of Social Darwinism claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. He, like many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor.

Leader of Senate Whigs and unsuccessful presidential candidate against Polk in 1844

Henry Clay

Moby Dick

Herman Melville's great but commercially unsuccessful novel about Captain Ahab's obsessive pursuit of a white whale

North American Review

Highly intellectual magazine that reflected the post-1815 spirit of American nationalism

192. Major battles: Saratoga, Valley Forge

In 1777, British General John Burgoyne attacked southward from Canada along the Hudson Valley in New York, hoping to link up with General Howe in New York City, thereby cutting the colonies in half. Burgoyne was defeated by American General Horatio Gates on October 17, 1777, at the Battle of Saratoga, surrendering the entire British Army of the North. Valley Forge was not a battle; it was the site where the Continental Army camped during the winter of 1777- '78, after its defeats at the Battles of the Brandywine and Germantown. The Continental Army suffered further casualties at Valley Forge due to cold and disease. Washington chose the site because it allowed him to defend the Continental Congress if necessary, which was then meeting in York, Pennsylvania after the British capture of Philadelphia.

Pearl Harbor

Major American Pacific naval base devastated in a surprise attack in December 1941

Napoleon III

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and elected emperor of France from 1852-1870, he invaded Mexico when the Mexican government couldn't repay loans from French bankers. He sent in an army and set up a new government under Maximillian. He refused Lincoln's request that France withdraw. After the Civil War, the U.S. sent an army to enforce the request and Napoleon withdrew.

DeWitt Clinton

New York governor who built the Erie Canal

Daniel Webster

Northern spokesman whose support for the Compromise of 1850 earned him the hatred of abolitionists

Know-Nothing Party

Popular nickname of the secretive, nativist American Party that gained considerable, temporary success in the 1850s by attacking immigrants and Catholics

interlocking directorate

Practice where a single person is part of the boards of multiple companies

Henry Ward Beecher

Preacher-abolitionist who funded weapons for antislavery pioneers in Kansas

55. Benjamin Franklin

Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.

civil service

Referring to regular employment by government according to a standardized system of job descriptions, merit qualifications, pay, and promotion, as distinct from political appointees who receive positions based on affiliation and party loyalty. "Congress also moved to reduce high Civil War tariffs and to fumigate the Grant administration with mild civil service reform."

logistical

Relating to the organization and movement of substantial quantities of people and material in connection with some defined objective

logistical

Relating to the organization and movement of substantial quantities of people and material in connection with some defined objective.

Evangelical Protestants

Religious believers, originally attracted to the Anti-Masonic party and then to the Whigs, who sought to use political power for moral and religious reform

"I would demand explanations from Spain and France, categorically, at once. I would seek explanations from Great Britain and Russia....And, if satisfactory explanations are not received from Spain and France...would convene Congress and declare war against them."

Secretary of State William H. Seward (1801-1872) entertained the dangerous idea that if the North picked a fight with one or more European nations, the South would once more really around the flag. On April Fools' Day, 1861, he submitted to Lincoln a memorandum:

Higher Law

Senator William Seward's doctrine that slavery should be excluded from the territories because it was contrary to a divine morality standing above even the Constitution

Emancipation Proclamation

September 22, 1862 - Lincoln freed all slaves in the states that had seceded, after the Northern victory at the Battle of Antietam. Lincoln had no power to enforce the law.

McKinley Tariff

Sky-high Republican tariff of 1890 that caused widespread anger among farmers in the Midwest and the South

Amistad

Slave ship that slaves took over and we're freed by the supreme court

Napoleon III

Slippery French dictator who ignored the Monroe Doctrine by intervening in Mexican politics

sheikdom

Small, traditional tribal territory ruled by a sheik, an hereditary Arab chieftain.

Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)

State Supreme Court decision. Declared that labor unions were lawful organizations and that the strike was a lawful weapon. First time any state had ruled unions legal. (National status - Wagner Act 1935)

Conquered territory theory

Stated that conquered Southern states weren't part of the Union, but were instead conquered territory, which the North could deal with however they like.

Border states

States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.

Freeport Doctrine

Stephen Douglas's assertion in the Lincoln-Douglas debates that, despite the Dred Scott decision, the people of a territory could block slavery by refusing to pass legislation enforcing it

Students for a Democratic Society

Student organization that moved from non-violent protest to underground terrorism within a few years

Civilian Conservation Corps

The early New Deal agency that worked to solve the problems of unemployment and conservation by employing youth in reforestation and other beneficial tasks

What innovations did the election of 1800 bring?

The election did bring about the idea of modern political schemes to gain voters (largely because of Aaron Burr) like door-to-door campaigning and the idea of spreading negative propaganda about your opponent.

nuclear proliferation

The spreading of nuclear weapons to nations that have not previously had them.

"The most frightened man on that gloomy day...was the Secretary of War [Stanton]. He was at times almost frantic....The Merrimack, he said, would destroy every vessel in the service, could lay every city on the coast under contribution, could take Fortress Monroe....Likely the first movement of the Merrimack would be to come up the Potomac and disperse congress, destroy the Capitol and public buildings."

When news reached Washington that the Merrimack had sunk two wooden Yankee warships with ridiculous ease, President Lincoln, much "excited," summoned his advisers. Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles (1802-1878) recorded:

"I prefer the troubled sea of war, demanded by the honor and independence of this country, with all its calamities and desolation, to the tranquil and putrescent pool of ignominious peace."

When the war hawks won control of the House of Representatives, they elevated to the Speakership thirty-four-year-old Henry Clay of Kentucky (1777-1852), the eloquent and magnetic "Harry of the West." Clamoring for war, he thundered,

Zachary Taylor

Whig president who nearly destroyed the Compromise of 1850 before he died in office

John Dean

White House lawyer whose dramatic charges against Nixon were validated by the Watergate tapes

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacist organization that created a reign of terror against blacks until it was largely suppressed by federal troops

Ku Klux Klan

White-supremacist group formed by six former Conferedate officers after the Civil War. Name is essentially Greek for "Circle of Friends". Group eventually turned to terrorist attacks on blacks. The original Klan was disbanded in 1869, but was later resurrected by white supremacists in 1915.

Cotton gin

Whitney's invention that enhanced cotton production and gave new life to black slavery

American Slavery as It Is

Written by Theodore Dwight Weld influenced Uncle Tom's Cabin

10. The response to the Civil War in Europe was a. almost unanimous support for the North. b. support for the South among the upper classes and for the North among the working classes. c. almost unanimous support for the South. d. support for the South in France and Spain and for the North in Britain and Germany. e. support for the North in the large cities and for the South in rural areas.

b. support for the South among the upper classes and for the North among the working classes.

3. The Bill of Rights is the name given to provisions whose actual legal form consists of a. an executive proclamation of President George Washington. b. Article II, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution. c. a set of rulings issued by the Supreme Court. d. the first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States. e. the common law rights inherited from the English Magna Carta.

d. the first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States.

Anti-federalists generally found their greatest support among a. residents of small states like Delaware and New Jersey. b. the commercial areas of the eastern seaboard. c. former Loyalists and others who disliked American Revolutionary ideals. d. the wealthy and well-educated. e. the poorer debtors and farmers.

e

14. Prominent leaders of the Whig party included a. Martin Van Buren and John C. Calhoun. b. David Crockett and Nicholas Biddle. c. Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison. d. Stephen Austin and Sam Houston. e. Henry Clay and Daniel Webster.

e. Henry Clay and Daniel Webster.

15. One major effect of industrialization was a/an a. increasing economic equality among all citizens. b. strengthening of the family as an economic unit. c. increasingly stable labor force. d. rise in ethnic tensions. e. rise in the gap between rich and poor.

e. rise in the gap between rich and poor.

Harry S Truman

Inconspicuous former senator from Missouri who was suddenly catapulted to national and world leadership on April 12, 1945

Neoconservatives

Influential group of intellectuals led by Irving Kristol and Norman Podhoretz who provided key ideas for the "Reagan Revolution"

Neoconservatives

Influential group ofintellectuals led by lrving Kristol and Norman Podhoretz who provided key ideas for the "Reagan Revolution"

Theodore Dwight Weld

Inspired by Finny, part of Lane Theological Seminary, part of Lane Rebels, wrote pamphlet American Slavery as it Is

Elias Howe

Inventor of a machine that revolutionized the ready-made clothing industry

Tehran

Iranian capital where Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met to plan D-Day in coordination with Russian strategy against Hitler in the East

Act Abu Ghraib

Iraqi prison where alleged American abuse of lraqi prisoners inflamed anti American sentiment in Iraq and beyond

Denis Kearney

Irish-born leader of the anti-Chinese movement in California

Laird Rams

Ironclad warships that were kept out of Confederate hands by Minister Adams's stern protests to the British government

293. Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

Embargo

Jefferson's policy of forbidding the shipment of any goods in or out of the United States

109. War of Jenkin's Ear (1739-1743)

Land squabble between Britain and Spain over Georgia and trading rights. Battles took place in the Caribbean and on the Florida/Georgia border. The name comes from a British captain named Jenkin, whose ear was cut off by the Spanish.

Saddam Hussein

Long time lraqi dictator who was overthrown by invading American armies in 2003

6. The widespread American belief that God had ordained the United States to occupy all the territory of North America

Manifest Destiny (pg. 378, A Mandate (?) for Manifest Destiny)

Tennessee Valley Authority

New Deal agency that aroused strong conservative criticism by producing low-cost electrical power while providing full employment, soil conservation, and low cost housing to an entire region

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

New Deal farm agency that attempted to raise prices by paying farmers to reduce their production of crops and animals

Social Security Act

New Deal program that financed old-age pensions, unemployment insurance, and other forms of income assistance

Wendell Phillips

New England patrician and Garrison follower whose eloquent attacks on slavery earned him the title "abolition's golden trumpet"

The small-state plan proposed to the Constitutional Convention by which every state would have completely equal representation in a unicameral legislature

New Jersey Plan

Millard Fillmore

New Yorker who supported and signed the Compromise of 1850 after he suddenly became president that same year

Sit-ins and Freedom Rides (non-violent protest)

New civil rights technique developed in the 1960s to desegregate lunch counters and other public facilities in the South

United Nations

New international organization that experienced some early successes in diplomatic and cultural areas but failed in areas like atomic arms control

Thomas Nast

Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.

Détente

Nixon-Ford-Kissinger policy of seeking relaxed tensions with the Soviet Union through trade and arms limitation

4th Amendment

No "unreasonable" searches and seizures without a warrant or probable cause that a search will produce evidence of a crime; Exclusionary Rule.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Non-violent black leader whose advocacy of peaceful change came under attack from militants after 1965

Iceland

North Atlantic nation near whose waters U.S. destroyers came under Nazi submarine attack

Hiram R. Revels

North Carolina free black, he became a senator in 1870.

Federalists

Once-prominent political party that effectively died by 1820

Northwestern territory in dispute between Britain and United States, subject of Manifest Destiny rhetoric in 1844

Oregon

American Liberty League

Organization of wealthy Republicans and conservative Democrats whose attacks on the New Deal caused Roosevelt to denounce them as economic royalists in the campaign of 1936

Samuel F.B. Morse

Painter turned inventor who developed the first reliable system for instant communication across distance

269. Bank of the U.S.

Part of Hamilton's Plan, it would save the government's surplus money until it was needed.

126. Sugar Act, 1764

Part of Prime Minister Grenville's revenue program, the act replaced the Molasses Act of 1733, and actually lowered the tax on sugar and molasses (which the New England colonies imported to make rum as part of the triangular trade) from 6 cents to 3 cents a barrel, but for the first time adopted provisions that would insure that the tax was strictly enforced; created the vice-admiralty courts; and made it illegal for the colonies to buy goods from non-British Caribbean colonies.

"Until death or distance..."

Part of black marriage vows that demonstrated the frequency of family splitting

59. Jonathan Edwards

Part of the Great Awakening, Edwards gave gripping sermons about sin and the torments of Hell.

Liberal Republicans

Party formed in 1872 (split from the ranks of the Republican Party) which argued that the Reconstruction task was complete and should be set aside. Significantly dampered further Reconstructionist efforts.

Rush-Bagot Treaty

Post-War of 1812 treaty between Britain and the United States that limited the naval arms race on the Great Lakes

10th Amendment

Powers not expressly given to federal government by the Constitution are reserved to states or the people. Also known as "reserved powers amendment" or "states' rights amendment"

Title IX

Provision of the 1972 Education Amendments that prohibited gender discrimination and opened sports and other arenas to women

15. Covenant theology

Puritan teachings emphasized the biblical covenants: God's covenants with Adam and with Noah, the covenant of grace between God and man through Christ.

"spot resolutions"

Resolutions made by Lincoln to detail the exact spots where American blood was spilled on American land

3rd Amendment

Restricts quartering of troops in private homes.

"Tariff of Abominations"

Scornful southern term for the high Tariff of 1828

Law passed by Federalists during the undeclared French war that made it a criminal offense to criticize or defame government officials, including the president

Sedition Act

Ancient Order of Hibernians

Semisecret Irish organization that became a benevolent society aiding Irish immigrants in America

Bull Run

Site of two important Civil War battles, the first a Union defeat in very early days of the war

Era of Good Feelings

Starting in 1816, the period of peace between the two political parties during James Monroe's first term as president. Wasn't really an "Era of Good Feelings" because of the Panic of 1819 and the rising conflict between the North and South because of slavery, but it marked the true beginning of American nationalism and industry.

"crime of '73"

The Fourth Coinage Act was enacted by the United States Congress in 1873 and embraced the gold standard and de-monetized silver. U.S. set the specie standard in gold and not silver, upsetting miners who referred to it as a crime

17. Half-way Covenant

The Half-way Covenant applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.

"I don't like Americans; I never did, and never shall like them....I have no wish to eat with them, drink with them, deal with, or consort with them in any way; but let me tell the whole truth, nor fight with them, were it not for the laurels to be acquired, by overcoming an enemy so brave, determined, and alert, and in every way so worthy of one's steel, as they have always proved."

The War of 1812 won a new respect for America among many Britons. Michael Scott, a young lieutenant in the British navy, wrote,

7. Church of England (Anglican Church)

The national church of England, founded by King Henry VIII. It included both Roman Catholic and Protestant ideas.

Balance of payments

The net ratio, expressed as a positive or negative sum, of a nation's exports in relation to its imports

genocide

The systematic extermination or killing of an entire people.

Sacajawea

This Shoshoni Indian acted as an interpreter for Lewis and Clark through the Louisiana Territory and into the Oregon Territory during their 1805- 1806 expedition. She acted as a symbol of peace between the Native American tribes that Lewis and Clark encountered helped to subdue the tensions that might have arisen between the explorers and Indians.

McCulloch v. Maryland

This court case between McCulloch and Maryland involved Maryland trying to destroy a branch of the Bank of the United States by taxing its notes, and it was declared unconstitutional by John Marshall in 1819. This decision is significant because it gave the doctrine of "loose construction", in which the government does what it needs to do to act for the people's benefit and shaped federal constitutional policy.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

This former slave led a rebellion in 1803 on the Island of Santo Domingo which ended the last vestiges of French power in the Caribbean. This ex-slave and revolutionary is important because the rebellion he led against French rule in Santo Domingo made the Louisiana territory of little value to Napoleon as he could no longer use the territory as the breadbasket of France's New World Empire; concerning these events Napoleon is famously quoted as having said, "Damn sugar, damn coffee, damn colonies!"

Hermann Goering

Top Nazi official who committed suicide after being convicted in war-crimes trials

Pentagon Papers

Top-secret documents, published by The New York Times in 1971, that showed the blunders and deceptions that led the United States into the Vietnam War

In the new Northwest territories, six-mile by six-mile square areas consisting of thirty-six sections, one of which was set aside for public schools

Townships

Ulysses S. Grant

U.S. president 1873-1877. Military hero of the Civil War, he led a corrupt administration, consisting of friends and relatives. Although Grant was personally a very honest and moral man, his administration was considered the most corrupt the U.S. had had at that time.

8. One major consequence of the outlawing of the international slave trade by Britain and the United States was a. a boom in slave trading inside the United States. b. a complete end to the importation of any slaves from Africa into the United States. c. a decline in the growth of the American slave population. d. slave owners' growing support for black family life so that natural reproduction would increase. e. a movement to end the domestic U.S. slave trade as well.

a. a boom in slave trading inside the United States.

8. The thousands of black soldiers in the Union Army a. added a powerful new weapon to the antislavery dimension of the Union cause. b. were largely prevented from participating in combat. c. were enlisted primarily to compensate for the military advantage that the South enjoyed because of slavery. d. saw relatively little direct military action during the war. e. were enthusiastic but relatively ineffective in combat.

a. added a powerful new weapon to the antislavery dimension of the Union cause.

13. The new regional division of labor created by improved transportation meant that the South specialized in a. cotton, the West in grain and livestock, and the East in manufacturing b. manufacturing, the West in transportation, and the East in grain and livestock. c. cotton, the West in manufacturing, and the East in finance. d. grain and livestock, the West in cotton, and the East in transportation. e. manufacturing, the West in cotton, and the East in communications.

a. cotton, the West in grain and livestock, and the East in manufacturing

8. In promoting his policy of Indian removal, President Andrew Jackson a. defied rulings of the U.S. Supreme Court that favored the Cherokees. b. admitted that the action would destroy Native American culture and society. c. acted against the advice of his cabinet and his military commanders in the Southeast. d. tried to split the Cherokees apart from their allies such as the Creeks and Seminoles. e. was convinced that the Indians would better thrive in Oklahoma.

a. defied rulings of the U.S. Supreme Court that favored the Cherokees.

6. In contrast to radical Republicans, moderate Republicans generally a. favored states' rights and opposed direct federal involvement in individuals' lives. b. favored the use of federal power to alter the Southern economic system. c. favored emancipation but opposed the Fourteenth Amendment. d. favored returning the Southern states to the Union without significant Reconstruction. e. supported policies favorable to poor southern whites as well as blacks.

a. favored states' rights and opposed direct federal involvement in individuals' lives.

7. Besides putting the South under the rule of federal soldiers, the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 required that all the reconstructed southern states must a. give blacks the vote as a condition of readmission to the Union. b. give blacks and carpetbaggers majority control of Southern legislatures. c. provide former slaves with land and education at state expense. d. try former Confederate officials and military officers for treason. e. effectively suppress the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist groups.

a. give blacks the vote as a condition of readmission to the Union.

15.Lincoln rejected the proposed Crittenden Compromise primarily because a. it left open the possibility that slavery could expand south into Mexico, Central America, or the Caribbean. b. it permitted the further extension of slavery north of the line of 36° 30΄. c. it represented essentially the continuation of Douglas's popular sovereignty doctrine. d. the Supreme Court would probably have ruled it unconstitutional. e. it would have restored a permanent equal balance of slave and free states within the Union.

a. it left open the possibility that slavery could expand south into Mexico, Central America, or the Caribbean.

11. Besides the hostility and ridicule it suffered from most men, the pre-Civil War women's movement failed to make large gains because a. it was overshadowed by the larger and seemingly more urgent antislavery movement. b. women were unable to establish any effective organization to advance their cause. c. several prominent feminist leaders were caught up in personal and sexual scandals. d. it became bogged down in pursuing trivial issues like changing women's fashions. e. most ordinary women could not see any advantage to gaining equal rights.

a. it was overshadowed by the larger and seemingly more urgent antislavery movement.

3. After the failed Peninsula Campaign, Lincoln and the Union turned to a a. new strategy based on total war against the Confederacy. b. new strategy based on an invasion through the mountains of western Virginia and Tennessee. c. strategy of defensive warfare designed to protect Washington, D.C. d. reliance on the navy rather than the army to win the war. e. strategy based on encouraging political divisions within the South.

a. new strategy based on total war against the Confederacy.

4. Lincoln at first declared that the war was being fought a. only to save the Union and not to free the slaves. b. in order to end slavery everywhere except the Border States. c. in order to restore the Missouri Compromise. d. only to punish South Carolina for firing on Fort Sumter. e. only to restore federal control over the forts and arsenals in the South.

a. only to save the Union and not to free the slaves.

13. During the campaign of 1860, Abraham Lincoln and the Republican party a. opposed the expansion of slavery but did not threaten to attack slavery in the South. b. waged a national campaign to win votes in the South as well as the Midwest and the Northeast. c. promised, if elected, to seek peaceful, compensated abolition of slavery in the South. d. were forced to be cautious about limiting the expansion of slavery because of Stephen A. Douglas's threats to support secession. e. focused entirely on the slavery question.

a. opposed the expansion of slavery but did not threaten to attack slavery in the South.

15. By the 1850s, most northerners could be described as a. opposed to slavery but also hostile to immediate abolitionists. b. fervently in favor of immediate abolition. c. sympathetic to white southern arguments in defense of slavery. d. eager to let the slaveholding South break apart the Union. e. hostile to the slave trade but tolerant of slavery.

a. opposed to slavery but also hostile to immediate abolitionists.

14. Besides creating a pan-Indian military alliance against white expansion, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa (the Prophet) urged American Indians to a. resist the whites' culture and alcohol and revive traditional Indian cultures. b. demonstrate their legal ownership of the lands that whites were intruding upon. c. adopt the whites' culture and technology as a way of resisting their further expansion. d. declare independence and form an alliance with Spain. e. abandon their tribes and develop a single Indian language and government.

a. resist the whites' culture and alcohol and revive traditional Indian cultures.

9. Besides admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, the Missouri Compromise provided that a. slavery would not be permitted anywhere in the Louisiana Purchase territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri, except in Missouri itself. b. the number of proslavery and antislavery members of the House of Representatives would be kept permanently equal. c. the international slave trade would be permanently ended. d. slavery would be gradually ended in the District of Columbia. e. the United States would promote the settlement of free blacks in Liberia.

a. slavery would not be permitted anywhere in the Louisiana Purchase territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri, except in Missouri itself.

6. The deep disagreement between Hamilton and Jefferson over the proposed Bank of the United States was over whether a. the Constitution granted the federal government the power to establish such a bank. b. it would be economically wise to create a bank-guaranteed national currency. c. the bank should be under the control of the federal government or the states. d. such a Bank violated the Bill of Rights. e. the Bank should be a private institution or an agency of the federal government.

a. the Constitution granted the federal government the power to establish such a bank.

7. Besides their practice of polygamy, the Mormons aroused hostility from many Americans because of a. their cooperative economic practices that ran contrary to American economic individualism. b. their efforts to convert members of other denominations to Mormonism. c. their populous settlement in Utah , which posed the threat of a breakaway republic in the West. d. their practice of baptizing the dead without the permission of living relatives. e. the political ambitions of their leaders Joseph Smith and Brigham Young.

a. their cooperative economic practices that ran contrary to American economic individualism.

Shays' Rebellion contributed greatly to the movement for a new constitution by a. revealing that Revolutionary War veterans like Shays wanted a more powerful federal government. b. raising the fear of anarchy and disorder among wealthy conservatives. c. raising the prospect of British or French interference in American domestic affairs. d. showing that state legislatures could effectively resist the demands of radical farmers. e. proving that America needed a stronger military to crush domestic rebellions.

b

3. Lincoln's original plan for Reconstruction in 1863 was that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when a. it repealed its original secession act and withdrew its soldiers from the Confederate Army. b. 10 percent of its voters took an oath of allegiance to the Union and pledged to abide by emancipation. c. it formally adopted a plan guaranteeing black political and economic rights. d. it ratified the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution. e. it barred from office and punished those who had voted for secession or served in the Confederate government.

b. 10 percent of its voters took an oath of allegiance to the Union and pledged to abide by emancipation.

3. Which of the following was not characteristic of the Second Great Awakening? a. Enormous revival gatherings, over several days, featuring famous evangelical preachers b. A movement to overcome denominational divisions through a united Christian church c. The spilling over of religious fervor into missionary activity and social reform d. The prominent role of women in sustaining the mission of the evangelical churches e. An intense focus on emotional, personal conversion and a democratic spiritual equality

b. A movement to overcome denominational divisions through a united Christian church

13. The United States became involved in an undeclared war with France in 1797 because of a. fierce American opposition to the concessions of Jay's Treaty. b. American anger at attempted French bribery of American diplomats in the XYZ Affair. c. French interference with American shipping and freedom of the seas. d. President Adams's sympathy with Britain and hostility to Revolutionary France. e. France's refusal to sell New Orleans and Louisiana.

b. American anger at attempted French bribery of American diplomats in the XYZ Affair.

11. Which of the following was not among the consequences of the Louisiana Purchase? a. The geographical and scientific discoveries of the Lewis and Clark expedition b. The weakening of the power of the presidency in foreign affairs c. The precedent of incorporating foreign territory and populations into the United States through peaceful purchase d. The pursuit of isolationism as America's primary foreign policy outlook e. The opportunity of westward expansion and growth of the United States as a great power

b. The weakening of the power of the presidency in foreign affairs

3. The four states that joined the Confederacy only after Lincoln's call for troops to suppress the rebellion in April 1861 were a. Florida, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma. b. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. c. Missouri, Maryland, Kentucky, and Delaware. d. South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, and Mississippi. e. Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, and North Carolina.

b. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina.

11. One of the key components of the sectional Missouri Compromise negotiated by Henry Clay was a. a guarantee that there would always be an equal number of slave and free states. b. a congressional prohibition on slavery in the Louisiana territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri. c. the admission of Missouri as a slave state and Iowa as a free state. d. a guarantee that no new slave territories could be added to the United States. e. prohibition of the international slave trade and restrictions on slave trading with the United States.

b. a congressional prohibition on slavery in the Louisiana territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri.

6. One significant international consequence of the War of 1812 was a. a growth of good relations between the United States and Britain. b. a growth of Canadian patriotism and nationalism. c. the spread of American ideals of liberty to much of western Europe. d. increased American attention to the threat of attack from European nations. e. an American turn toward seeking continental European allies such as France or Prussia.

b. a growth of Canadian patriotism and nationalism.

1. A key addition to the new federal government that had been demanded by many critics of the Constitution and others in the ratifying states was a. a cabinet to advise the president. b. a written bill of rights to guarantee liberty. c. a supreme court. d. federal assumption of state debts. e. a federal district where the capital would be located.

b. a written bill of rights to guarantee liberty.

1. By 1840, cotton had become central to the whole American economy because a. the United States was still largely an agricultural nation. b. cotton exports provided much of the capital that fueled American economic growth. c. the North became the largest market for southern cotton production. d. western expansion depended on continually increasing the acreage devoted to cotton. e. northern agricultural products like wheat and corn could not be grown for a profit.

b. cotton exports provided much of the capital that fueled American economic growth.

15. Northern women made particular advances during the Civil War by a. advocating the right to vote for both African Americans and women. b. entering industrial employment and providing medical aid for soldiers on both sides. c. pushing for women to take up noncombatant roles in the military. d. upholding the feminine ideals of peace and reconciliation. e. operating farms and shops while their men were away fighting the war.

b. entering industrial employment and providing medical aid for soldiers on both sides.

Hamilton's first financial policies were intended to a. finance the new government through the sale of western lands. b. fund the national debt and to have the federal government assume the debts owed by the states. c. repudiate the debts accumulated by the government of the Articles of Confederation. d. insure that low federal taxes would spur economic growth. e. guarantee that the dollar would become a sound and respected international currency.

b. fund the national debt and to have the federal government assume the debts owed by the states.

1. A major effect of the First Battle of Bull Run was to a. convince the North that it would not be that difficult to conquer Richmond. b. increase the South's already dangerous overconfidence. c. demonstrate the superiority of Southern volunteer soldiers over Northern draftees. d. cause a wave of new Southern enlistments in the army. e. lead Lincoln to consider abandoning Washington and moving the government elsewhere.

b. increase the South's already dangerous overconfidence.

7. Some southeastern Indian tribes like the Cherokees were notable for their a. effectiveness in warfare against encroaching whites. b. odevelopment of effective agricultural, educational, and political institutions. c. success in persuading President Jackson to support their cause. d. adherence to traditional Native American cultural and religious values. e. consistent opposition to slavery and racism.

b. odevelopment of effective agricultural, educational, and political institutions.

14.The Gadsden Purchase was fundamentally designed to a. enable the United States to guarantee control of California. b. permit the construction of a transcontinental railroad along a southern route. c. block Mexican raids into Arizona and New Mexico. d. serve the political interests of Senator Stephen Douglas. e. divert attention from the Pierce administration's secret plan to seize Cuba.

b. permit the construction of a transcontinental railroad along a southern route.

3. The Credit Mobilier scandal involved a. the abuse of federal loans intended for urban development. b. railroad corporation fraud and the subsequent bribery of congressmen to cover it up. c. Secretary of War Belknap's fraudulent sale of contracts to supply Indian reservations. d. the attempt of insiders to gain control of New York's gold and stock markets. e. illegal gifts and loans to members of President Grant's White House staff.

b. railroad corporation fraud and the subsequent bribery of congressmen to cover it up.

14.Within two months after the election of Lincoln a. Northerners were mobilizing for a civil war. b. seven southern states had seceded and formed the Confederate States of America. c. all the slaveholding states had held conventions and passed secessionist resolutions. d. President Buchanan appealed for troops to put down the secessionist rebellion. e. the southern states had demanded a new constitutional convention to guarantee the future of slavery.

b. seven southern states had seceded and formed the Confederate States of America.

9. Jefferson military policy and budgets were centered on a. a large naval force that could compete with the British navy. b. several hundred small gunboats that could protect American shores without provoking international wars. c. a strong system of forts along the coast and across the frontier West. d. effectively training and equipping the state militias so they could be called into service if needed. e. expanding the military academy at West Point and developing a substantial corps of professionally trained officers.

b. several hundred small gunboats that could protect American shores without provoking international wars.

8. The Whiskey Rebellion proved to be most significant in the long run because it a. showed that the tariff was a more effective producer of revenue than the excise tax. b. showed that the new federal government would use force if necessary to uphold its authority. c. demonstrated that the American military could suppress a powerful domestic rebellion. d. showed the strength of continuing anti-federalist hostility to the new constitutional government. e. showed that Americans would not tolerate federal taxation of their alcohol, tobacco, and firearms.

b. showed that the new federal government would use force if necessary to uphold its authority.

10. Women's-rights leaders opposed the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments because a. they objected to racial integration in the women's movement. b. the amendments granted citizenship and voting rights to black and white men but not to women. c. they favored passage of the Equal Rights Amendment first. d. most of them were Democrats who would be hurt by the amendments. e. they feared interracial sex and marriage.

b. the amendments granted citizenship and voting rights to black and white men but not to women.

10.The crucial Freeport Question that Lincoln demanded that Douglas answer during their debates was whether a.secession from the Union was legal. b.the people of a territory could prohibit slavery in light of the Dred Scott decision. c.Illinois should continue to prohibit slavery. d.Kansas should be admitted to the Union as a slave or a free state. e.Douglas still supported the brutal Fugitive Slave Law as part of the Compromise of 1850.

b.the people of a territory could prohibit slavery in light of the Dred Scott decision.

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 provided that a. the states should retain permanent control of their western lands. b. money from the sale of western lands should be used to promote manufacturing. c. after sufficient population growth, western territories could be organized and then join the union as states. d. the settlers in the Northwest could vote on whether or not they should have slavery. e. the Old Northwest states should have permanent access to the Great Lakes water.

c

5. The two leading sources of European immigration to America in the 1840s and 1850s were a. France and Italy. b. Germany and France. c. Germany and Ireland. d. Ireland and Norway. e. Britain and the Netherlands.

c. Germany and Ireland

12.Southerners seeking to expand the territory of slavery undertook filibustering military expeditions to acquire a. Canada and Alaska. b. Venezuela and Colombia. c. Nicaragua and Cuba. d. Hawaii and Samoa. e. northern Mexico.

c. Nicaragua and Cuba.

14. The Knickerbocker Group of American writers included a. Henry David Thoreau, Thomas Jefferson, and Susan B. Anthony. b. George Bancroft, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Herman Melville. c. Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and William Cullen Bryant. d. Walt Whitman, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Edgar Allan Poe. e. Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edith Wharton, and Henry James

c. Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and William Cullen Bryant.

1. Which of the following was not among the critical questions that faced the United States during Reconstruction? a. Would the president, Congress, or the states direct Reconstruction? b. How would liberated blacks manage as free men and women? c. Would the South be granted some kind of regional autonomy short of independence? d. How would the economically and socially devastated South be rebuilt? e. How would the southern states be reintegrated into the Union?

c. Would the South be granted some kind of regional autonomy short of independence?

2. In the election of 1848, the response of the Whig and Democratic parties to the rising controversy over slavery was a. a strong pro slavery stance by the Democrats and a strong antislavery stance by the Whigs. b. to attack the sectional divisiveness of the anti slavery Free Soil party. c. an attempt to ignore the issue by shoving it out of sight. d. to permit each individual candidate to take his own stand on the issue. e. to promise to seek a sectional compromise no matter which party won the presidency.

c. an attempt to ignore the issue by shoving it out of sight.

14. Sherman's march "from Atlanta to the sea" was especially notable for its a. tactical brilliance against Confederate cavalry forces. b. effective use of public relations to turn Southern sympathies against the Confederacy. c. brutal use of total war tactics of destruction and pillaging against Southern civilian populations. d. impact in inspiring Northern public opinion to turn against slavery. e. commitment to emancipate slaves and bring them into the Union army.

c. brutal use of total war tactics of destruction and pillaging against Southern civilian populations.

1. Financiers Jim Fisk and Jay Gould involved the Grant administration in a corrupt scheme to a. skim funds from the Bureau of Indian Affairs. b. sell watered railroad stock at artificially high prices. c. corner the gold market. d. bribe congressmen in exchange for federal land grants. e. provide federal subsidies for bankrupt Wall Street stockbrokers.

c. corner the gold market.

12. The radical Reconstruction regimes in the Southern states a. took away white Southerners' civil rights and voting rights. b. consisted almost entirely of blacks. c. established public education and adopted many needed reforms. d. were largely the pawns of white northern carpetbaggers. e. were almost one hundred percent honest and free from corruption.

c. established public education and adopted many needed reforms.

4. One political development that demonstrated the power of the new popular democratic movement in politics was a. the rise of the caucus system of presidential nominations. b. the use of party loyalty as the primary qualification for appointing people to public office. c. extensive public speaking tours by presidential candidates. d. the strong support for public schools and a national university. e. the vigorous campaign to abolish the electoral college.

c. extensive public speaking tours by presidential candidates.

8. The Republicans' failure to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase established the principle that a. the deliberations of Supreme Court justices were absolutely confidential. b. presidents could appoint but not remove Supreme Court justices. c. impeachment should not be used as a political weapon to overturn Supreme Court decisions. d. the constitutional power of impeachment was almost impossible to carry out. e. the Supreme Court was one of three equal branches of the federal government.

c. impeachment should not be used as a political weapon to overturn Supreme Court decisions.

6. Many nineteenth-century Americans feared and distrusted Roman Catholicism because a. American Catholics had been Loyalists during the American Revolution. b. French-Canadian Catholics were largely poor and uneducated. c. it was seen as a strange foreign religion under total control of an authoritarian pope. d. they disliked the Catholic belief in the Virgin Mary as the mother of Jesus. e. they saw Catholic monasteries and convents buying up choice western lands.

c. it was seen as a strange foreign religion under a total authoritarian pope.

1. The greatest American military successes of the War of 1812 came in the a. land invasions of Canada. b. Chesapeake campaign fought around Washington and Baltimore. c. naval battles on the Great Lakes and elsewhere. d. defense of Fort Michilimackinac on Lake Michigan e. raids on British forces in North Africa.

c. naval battles on the Great Lakes and elsewhere.

2. Hinton R. Helper's The Impending Crisis of the South contended that a. the Founders had intended that slavery should eventually be eliminated. b. slavery was contrary to the religious values held by most Americans. c. slavery did great harm to the poor whites of the South. d. slavery violated the human rights of African Americans. e. wealthy plantation owners would eventually seek to enslave poor whites as well.

c. slavery did great harm to the poor whites of the South.

12. In the campaign of 1860, the Democratic party a. tried to unite around the compromise popular sovereignty views of Stephen A. Douglas. b. campaigned on a platform of restoring the compromises of 1820 and 1850. c. split in two, with each faction nominating its own presidential candidate. d. threatened to support secession if the sectionally-based Republicans won the election. e. attempted to keep its militant fire-eating southern wing out of sight.

c. split in two, with each faction nominating its own presidential candidate.

11. The South's weapon of King Cotton failed to draw Britain into the war on the side of the Confederacy because a. the British discovered that they could substitute flax and wool for cotton. b. the British proved able to grow sufficient cotton in their own land. c. the British found sufficient cotton from previous stockpiles and from new sources like Egypt and India. d. the threat of war with France distracted British attention for several years. e. Confederate smugglers evaded the Union blockade and delivered sufficient cotton supplies to Britain.

c. the British found sufficient cotton from previous stockpiles and from new sources like Egypt and India.

4. Evangelical preachers like Charles Grandison Finney linked personal religious conversion to a. the construction of large church buildings throughout the Midwest. b. the expansion of American political power across the North American continent. c. the Christian reform of social problems in order to build the Kingdom of God on earth. d. the organization of effective economic development and industrialization. e. a call for Christians to withdraw from worldly materialism and politics.

c. the Christian reform of social problems in order to build the Kingdom of God on earth.

7. Although greatly weakened after Jefferson's election, the Federalist party's philosophy continued to have great influence through a. the propaganda efforts of Federalist agitators. b. the Federalist control of the U.S. Senate. c. the Federalist Supreme Court rulings of John Marshall. d. Federalist sympathies within the U.S. army and navy. e. Federalist teachers and textbooks in the public schools.

c. the Federalist Supreme Court rulings of John Marshall.

7. The election of 1856 was most noteworthy for a. Democrat James Buchanan's surprisingly easy victory over John Frémont. b. the support immigrants and Catholics gave to the American party. c. the dramatic rise of the Republican party. d. the absence of the slavery issue from the campaign. e. the strong showing of former president Millard Fillmore as the American party candidate.

c. the dramatic rise of the Republican party.

2. Boss Tweed's widespread corruption was finally brought to a halt by a. federal prosecutors who uncovered the theft. b. outraged citizens who rebelled against the waste of public money. c. the journalistic exposés of the New York Times and cartoonist Thomas Nast. d. Tweed's political opponents in New York City. e. bank officials who disclosed Tweed's illegal financial maneuvers.

c. the journalistic exposés of the New York Times and cartoonist Thomas Nast.

1. The most revolutionary development in the critical election of 1800 turned out to be a. the nasty campaign smears against Jefferson. b. Jefferson's radical proposals for overturning the existing political system. c. the peaceful transition of power from one political party to its opponent. d. the electoral stalemate between Jefferson and his running mate, Burr. e. the massive grass-roots mobilization of voters by Jefferson's Republican Party.

c. the peaceful transition of power from one political party to its opponent.

6. Senator Daniel Webster's fundamental view regarding the issue of slavery expansion into the West was that a. Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in the territories. b. new slave and free states should always be admitted in pairs so as to preserve the sectional balance. c. there was no need to legislate because climate and geography guaranteed that plantation slavery could not exist in the West. d. slavery should be prohibited in the West but that the South could expand slavery into Central America and the Caribbean. e. the South should be permitted to expand slavery if it abandoned its demand for a Fugitive Slave Law.

c. there was no need to legislate because climate and geography guaranteed that plantation slavery could not exist in the West.

12. Andrew Jackson's invasion of Florida led to permanent acquisition of that territory after a. President Monroe ordered him to seize all Spanish military posts in the area. b. the United States declared its rights under the Monroe Doctrine. c. President Monroe's cabinet endorsed Jackson's action and declared war on Spain. d. Secretary of State Adams pressured Spain to cede the area to the United States. e. Spain agreed to trade Florida in exchange for American guarantees of Spanish ownership of California.

d. Secretary of State Adams pressured Spain to cede the area to the United States.

10. A major change affecting the American family in the early nineteenth century was a. the rise of an organized feminist movement. b. the movement of most women into the work force. c. increased conflict between parents and children over moral questions. d. a decline in the average number of children per household. e. the growing opposition to families' use of children as economic assets.

d. a decline in the average number of children per household.

6. Under the surface of the South's strong opposition to the Tariff of Abominations was a. a desire to develop its own textile industry. b. competition between southern cotton growers and midwestern grain farmers. c. a strong preference for British manufactured goods over American-produced goods. d. a fear of growing federal power that might interfere with slavery. e. a belief that the high tariff would foster immigration and urbanization.

d. a fear of growing federal power that might interfere with slavery.

2. The firing on Fort Sumter had the effect of a. pushing ten other states to join South Carolina in seceding from the Union. b. causing Lincoln to declare a war to free the slaves. c. strengthening many Northerners' view that the South should be allowed to secede. d. arousing enthusiastic Northern support for a war to put down the South's rebellion. e. making the North aware that the Civil War would be long and costly.

d. arousing enthusiastic Northern support for a war to put down the South's rebellion.

12. Many of the American utopian experiments of the early nineteenth century focused on all of the following except for a. communal economics and alternative sexual arrangements. b. temperance and diet reforms. c. advanced scientific and technological ways of producing and consuming. d. developing small-business enterprises and advanced marketing techniques. e. doctrines of reincarnation and transcendental meditation.

d. developing small-business enterprises and advanced marketing techniques.

2. The primary weakness of General George McClellan as a military commander was his a. inability to gain the support of his troops. b. tendency to rush into battle with inadequate plans and preparation. c. lack of confidence in his own abilities. d. excessive caution and reluctance to use his troops in battle. e. tendency to rely on artillery and cavalry rather infantry troops.

d. excessive caution and reluctance to use his troops in battle.

11. The great railroad strike of 1877 revealed the a. growing strength of American labor unions. b. refusal of the U.S. federal government to intervene in private labor disputes. c. ability of American workers to cooperate across ethnic and racial lines. d. growing threat of class warfare in response to the economic depression of the mid-1870s. e. American economy's capacity to find alternatives to railroad transportation.

d. growing threat of class warfare in response to the economic depression of the mid-1870s.

15. The real significance of William Henry Harrison's victory in the election of 1840 was that it a. constituted a sharp repudiation of Andrew Jackson and Jacksonianism. b. brought a fresh new face to American presidential politics. c. showed that the Whigs could win with a candidate other than Henry Clay. d. showed that the Whigs could practice the new mass democratic politics as successfully as the Democrats. e. showed that the public wanted serious debates as well as noisy "hoopla" in presidential politics.

d. showed that the Whigs could practice the new mass democratic politics as successfully as the Democrats.

15. The Federalists essentially believed that a. most governmental power should be retained by the states or by the people themselves. b. the federal government should provide no special aid to private business. c. the common people could, if educated, participate in government affairs. d. the United States should have a powerful central government controlled by the wealthy and well educated. e. the United States should isolate itself from Europe and turn toward westward expansion.

d. the United States should have a powerful central government controlled by the wealthy and well educated.

4. The terms of the Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812 provided that a. there would be a buffer Indian state between the United States and Canada. b. Britain would stop the impressment of American sailors. c. the United States would acquire western Florida in exchange for guaranteeing British control of Canada. d. the two sides would stop fighting and return to the status quo before the war. e. both the United States and Britain would guarantee the independence of Canada.

d. the two sides would stop fighting and return to the status quo before the war.

3. Southerners were especially enraged by abolitionists' funding of antislavery settlers in Kansas because a. proslavery settlers from Missouri could not receive the same kind of funding. b. such sponsored settlement would make a mockery of Douglas's popular sovereignty doctrine. c. the settlers included fanatical and violent abolitionists like John Brown. d. most ordinary westward-moving pioneers would be sympathetic to slavery. e. Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska had seemed to imply that Kansas would become a slave state.

e. Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska had seemed to imply that Kansas would become a slave state.

2. The influential Founder and member of Congress who personally wrote the Bill of Rights was a. George Washington. b. Thomas Jefferson. c. John Marshall. d. Alexander Hamilton. e. James Madison.

e. James Madison

2. Two denominations that became the dominant faiths among the common people of the West and South were a. Episcopalians and Unitarians. b. Congregationalists and Presbyterians. c. Quakers and Seventh Day Adventists d. Lutherans and Catholics. e. Methodists and Baptists.

e. Methodists and Baptists.

2. Two prominent American military heroes during the War of 1812 were a. Tecumseh and Henry Clay. b. James Madison and Stephen Decatur. c. Thomas Macdonough and Francis Scott Key. d. Isaac Brock and John Quincy Adams. e. Oliver Hazard Perry and Andrew Jackson.

e. Oliver Hazard Perry and Andrew Jackson.

3. Americans came to look on their spectacular western wilderness areas especially as a. opportunities for imperialistic expansionism. b. a potential location for industrial development. c. a potential attraction for tourists from abroad. d. the sacred home of American Indian tribes. e. a distinctive and inspirational feature of American national identity.

e. a distinctive and inspirational feature of American national identity.

14. The radical Republicans' impeachment of President Andrew Johnson resulted in a. Johnson's acceptance of the radicals' Reconstruction plan. b. a revision in the impeachment clause of the Constitution to make such an action more difficult. c. Johnson's conviction on the charge of violating the Tenure of Office Act. d. Johnson's resignation and appointment of Ulysses Grant as his successor. e. a failure to convict and remove Johnson from the presidency by a margin of only one vote.

e. a failure to convict and remove Johnson from the presidency by a margin of only one vote.

6. The major effect of the growing slavery controversy on the churches was a. a major missionary effort directed at converting African American slaves. b. the organization of the churches to lobby for the abolition of slavery. c. an agreement to keep political issues like slavery out of the religious area. d. a prohibition on slaveowning by clergy. e. a split of Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians into separate northern and southern churches.

e. a split of Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians into separate northern and southern churches.

6. The term Butternut region refers to the a. mountain areas of the South that remained loyal to the Union. b. Border States, especially Kentucky and Missouri, that contained large numbers of Confederate supporters. c. areas of the upper Midwest that supplied a large portion of the committed Union volunteers. d. areas of southern Pennsylvania and New York that supported the war but hated the draft. e. areas of southern Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois that opposed an antislavery war.

e. areas of southern Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois that opposed an antislavery war.

5. The depression of the 1870s led to increasing demands for a. a new federally controlled Bank of the United States. b. federal programs to create jobs for the unemployed. c. restoration of sound money by backing all paper currency with gold. d. stronger regulation of the banking system. e. inflation of the money supply by issuing more paper or silver currency.

e. inflation of the money supply by issuing more paper or silver currency.

13. Lincoln argued that his assertion of sweeping executive powers and suspension of certain civil liberties was justified because a. he was confident that Congress and the Supreme Court would approve his actions. b. the South had committed even larger violations of the Constitution. c. during wartime, a president has unlimited power over the civilian population. d. he had plainly stated that he would take such steps during his campaign for the presidency. e. it was necessary to set aside small provisions of the Constitution in order to save the Union.

e. it was necessary to set aside small provisions of the Constitution in order to save the Union.

12. The greatest economic and political impact of New York's Erie Canal was to a. make upstate New York the new center of American agriculture. b. delay the development of railroads by several decades. c. tie the agricultural Midwest by trade to the Northeast rather than to the South. d. enable southern cotton to reach New England without ocean transport. e. make the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers the primary paths of inland transportation.

e. make the Ohio and Mississippi River the primary paths of inland transportation.

5. Andrew Jackson's fundamental approach during the South Carolina nullification crisis was to a. acknowledge the injustice of the high Tariff of Abominations and seek to lower it. b. seek to strengthen South Carolina unionists while politically isolating the nullifiers. c. join hands with Henry Clay in attempting to find a compromise solution. d. attempt to change the focus of attention from the tariff to slavery. e. mobilize a sizable military force and threaten to hang the nullifiers.

e. mobilize a sizable military force and threaten to hang the nullifiers.

13.The primary goal of the Treaty of Kanagawa , which Commodore Matthew Perry signed with Japan in 1854, was a. establishing a balance of power in East Asia. b. opening Japan to American missionaries. c. guaranteeing the territorial integrity of China. d. establishing American naval bases in Hawaii and Okinawa. e. opening Japan to American trade.

e. opening Japan to American trade.

7. The political effects of the Emancipation Proclamation were to a. bolster public support for the war and the Republican party. b. increase conflict between Lincoln and the radical wing of the Republican party. c. turn the Democratic party from support of the war toward favoring recognition of the Confederacy. d. weaken support for the Union among British and French public opinion. e. strengthen the North's moral cause but weaken the Lincoln administration in the Border States and parts of the North.

e. strengthen the North's moral cause but weaken the Lincoln administration in the Border States and parts of the North.

12. The U.S. minister in London warned that the United States would declare war against Britain if a. the British navy did not help to sink the Confederate raider Alabama. b. Confederate agents continued to use Canada as a safe base for raids into the North. c. the British did not withdraw their support for French intervention in Mexico. d. the British aristocracy continued to express public support for the Confederacy. e. the British government delivered the Laird ram warships it had built to the Confederacy.

e. the British government delivered the Laird ram warships it had built to the Confederacy.

The first American political parties developed primarily because of a. the sectional division over slavery. b. the Founders' belief that organized political opposition was a necessary part of good government. c. the antifederalists' continuing hostility to the legitimacy of the new federal Constitution. d. patriotic opposition to foreign intervention in American domestic affairs. e. the opposition of Thomas Jefferson and his followers to Hamilton's financial policies and enhancement of federal government power.

e. the opposition of Thomas Jefferson and his followers to Hamilton's financial policies and enhancement of federal government power.

1. Popular sovereignty was the idea that a. the government of each new territory should be elected by the people. b. the American public should have a popular vote on whether to admit states with or without slavery. c. presidential candidates should be nominated by popular primaries rather than party conventions. d. the United States should assume popular control of the territory acquired from Mexico. e. the people of a territory should determine for themselves whether or not to permit slavery.

e. the people of a territory should determine for themselves whether or not to permit slavery.

10. In the case of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, John Marshall's Supreme Court held that a. the Supreme Court had the power to decide on the constitutionality of state laws. b. private colleges, and not the state, had the right to set rules and regulations for their students and faculty. c. only Congress and not the states could regulate interstate commerce. d. only the federal government and not the states could charter educational and other nonprofit institutions. e. the states could not violate the charter of a private, nonprofit corporation like Dartmouth College once it had been granted.

e. the states could not violate the charter of a private, nonprofit corporation like Dartmouth College once it had been granted.

5. Jefferson's greatest concern about purchasing Louisiana was a. whether it was in America's interest to acquire such a vast territory. b. whether the cost was excessive for his frugal, small-government philosophy. c. how the existing French residents of Louisiana could be assimilated into the United States. d. how to defend and govern the territory once it was part of the United States. e. whether the purchase was permissible under the Constitution.

e. whether the purchase was permissible under the Constitution.

"Ohio Idea"

wealthy eastern delegate demanded a prmoise that federal war bonds be released in gold, even though many were proclaimed with greenbucks. but the poorer western delagates wanted this. it called for redemption of greenbucks. debt burdened democrats this hoped to keep more money and keep interests rates lower

capital goods

buildings, machinery, tools, and other goods that provide productive services over a period of time.

Cordell Hull

FDR's secretary of state, who promoted reciprocal trade agreements, especially with Latin America

Harriet Tubman

Famous conductor on the Underground Railroad who rescued more than three hundred slaves from bondage

Freedmen's Bureau

Federal agency that greatly assisted blacks educationally but failed in other aid efforts

A masterly series of pro-Constitution articles printed in New York by Jay, Madison, and Hamilton

Federalist Papers

Newt Gingrich

Fiery Republican Speaker of the House who led his party to great victory in 1994 but resigned after Republican losses in 1998

JP Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

National Banking System

Financial institution set up by the wartime federal government to sell war bonds and issue a stable paper currency

"The Old Three Hundred"

- the first American settlers of the colony in Texas as established by Stephen Austin

Grover Cleveland

First Democratic president since the Civil War; defender of laissez-faire economics and low tariffs

James Meredith

First black student admitted to the University of Mississippi, shot during a civil rights march in 1966

John C. Calhoun

Former vice president, leader of South Carolina nullifiers, and bitter enemy of Andrew Jackson

Henry A. Wallace

Former vice-president of the U. S. whose 1948 campaign as a pro-Soviet liberal split the Democratic Party

Four Main Questions to Address

- How would the South be rebuilt? - How would liberated blacks fare as free men and women? - How would the Southern states be once more integrated into the Union? - Who would direct the process of Reconstruction?

*"Exodusters"*

- exodus of 25,000 blacks from Louisiana, Texas, and Mississippi headed towards Kansas after emancipation

Boston Associates

- group of fifteen Boston families that were formed in one of the earliest investment capital companies - dominated textile, railroad, insurance, and banking business of Massachusetts

Trent

A British ship from which two Confederate diplomats were forcibly removed by the U.S. Navy, creating a major crisis between London and Washington

The Loyal Nine (p 66):

A- A political group in Boston composed of merchants, distillers, shipowners, and master craftsmen, who opposed the Stamp Act and the tyranny of the upper classes. B- These men burned authorities houses and created social unrest towards the Stamp Act that led to fears among the colonial elites of class revolt.

Alacrity

brisk and cheerful readiness.

Lyman Beecher

presided over Lane Theological Seminary