APUSH Adam Norris Period 3-7 Review.

What did the 13 - 15 amendments do?

- 13 - abolished slavery; 14 - granted citizenship and equal protection; 15 - universal adult male suffrage.

What was the message of Washington's Farewell Address? Was his advice followed?

-Don't create political parties -Stay out of entangled foreign alliances The advice was not followed

Identify and explain two examples of slave rebellions between 1800 and 1848.

-John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry: John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry was an effort by slaves to take over a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia in result John Brown and his men were defeated. -Nat Turner's slave rebellion: Nat Turner's slave rebellion was an uprising that took place in Southampton, Virginia in 1831 as much as sixty-five people.

Identify and briefly explain two new technological innovations during the Market Revolution.

-The invention of interchangeable parts by Eli Whitney allowed the mass production of goods to be produced with identical parts and an increased efficiency rate. -The telegraph allowed for communication amongst the public.

Reasons for Patriot Victory in the Revolutionary War

Colonists' familiarity with the land; political and military leadership (Washington); ideological commitment (Natural Rights); Support from European Allies (France after Saratoga)

Why did Reconstruction end?

Compromise of 1877 withdrew troops from the South; The North's WANING resolve led to many in the North to no longer support Reconstruction.

What did Lincoln campaign on in the Election of 1860?

A free soil platform - non extension of slavery.

View of Tariffs

Democrats: Tended to go against them Whigs: Supported them

What was the message of the Monroe Doctrine?

In 1823 President Monroe proclaimed the United States as the protector of the Western Hemisphere and forbade European powers from colonizing in the Americas.

What were three ways abolitionists sought to achieve their goals?

Abolitionists used moral arguments such as The Liberator by William Lloyd Garrison, assisting slaves' escapes for example the Underground Railroad, and the use of violence like Bleeding-Kansas and John Brown's attack on Harpers Ferry.

Reasons for westward migration (Manifest Destiny)

Access to natural and mineral resources, economic opportunities for settlers, religious refuge (Mormons).

Bill of Rights

Added AFTER the Constitutional Convention; created to gain support of anti-Federalists; guaranteed rights of individuals

How did African Americans protect their dignity and family structures?

African Americans protected their dignity and family structure by developing surrogate families and becoming involved in abolitionist movements.

How did territorial expansion lead to debates over slavery?

After the United States defeated Mexico in the Mexican-American War the United States gained a significant amount of land which created the debates over slavery because the balance between free states and slave states needed to be maintained.

What were 5 parts of Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan? Bold the part that was the most controversial.

Alexander Hamilton's plan included: Excise tax (the tax on manufactured goods, The Bank of the United States, Funding all debt at par, take on state debts under the national government, Tariffs.

Identify and briefly explain three impacts of the Second Great Awakening?

As a result of the Second Great Awakening reform movements grew, especially abolitionism, and new branches or sects of Christianity emerged, so more people started going to church.

What is MANIFEST DESTINY?

Belief that it was America's "God-Given" right to expand from coast to coast.

Impact of the Second Great Awakening

Moral and social reforms (think abolitionism, women's rights, temperance, etc.)

What is nativism? What are examples of this during Antebellum America?

Nativism is the fear, distrust, and hatred of foreigners. In Antebellum America many people heavily discriminated against the Irish because they were Catholics and they overwhelmingly voted for democrats.

What is sharecropping?

Renting of land to former slaves - limited economic opportunities to former slaves and poor whites in the south.

Constitution

Replaced the Articles - series of compromises (Great, 3/5, Slave Trade); provided limits on federal power (separation of powers); did not address problems of slavery

What did the Supreme Court rule in Dred Scott v. Sanford?

Slaves were property, not citizens; Congress could NOT legislate slavery in the territories.

Why did the 15th amendment split the women's rights movement?

Some women advocated suffrage be extended to women as well as African American males.

What was the free soil movement?

Sought to keep slavery from expanding into newly acquired territories.

Dred Scott decision:

The Dred Scott decision contributed to the conflicts between the North and the South because many in the North became abolitionists and the the decision resulted in the Freeport Doctrine by Stephen Douglass who believed that territories don't have to enforce the decision if they did not want to.

Great Compromise

The Great Compromise was the combination of the Virginia and the New Jersey Plans by giving each the same amount of senators (two) and allowed the number of representatives of each state by population.

Kansas-Nebraska Act:

The Kansas-Nebraska Act contributed to tensions between the North and South by overturning the Missouri Compromise which upset the North because they thought the Missouri Compromise was working well.

What are examples of nativism faced by "Old" immigrants

The Know-Nothing Party which wanted to ban Catholics from holding office and called for tougher immigration and naturalization laws. Another example of nativism is that some store owners would not hire immigrants.

What four major events occurred in 1763? Think PEEP

The end of the 7 Years' War, The end of Salutary Neglect, Pontiac's Rebellion, Proclamation Act of 1763.

How can Daniel Shays' be seen as a contributor to the Constitution?

Daniel Shays contributed to the creation of the Constitution by proving that the Articles of Confederation was weak

What was the Compromise of 1850?

Dealt with the Mexican Cession - popular sovereignty would be used in the territory, slave trade was banned in Washington D.C., California was added as a free state, a more strict fugitive slave law was created.

Impact US acquiring the Mexican Cession

Debates over the status of slavery (Wilmot Proviso), Native Americans, and Mexicans in the newly acquired land.

What was the significance of the Northwest Land Ordinance?

Defined the process of admitting new states and the Northwest Land Ordinance outlawed slavery in Northwest states.

Interpretation of the Constitution

Democratic-Republicans Federalists

The economy should be based on:

Democratic-Republicans= Agriculture Federalists= Merchants and trade

How were people that supported each party were like

Democratic-Republicans= Commoners and middle-class Federalists= Wealthy and aristocrats

Foreign Policy

Democratic-Republicans= Pro-French Federalists= Pro-British

First National Bank

Democratic-Republicans= disliked it (it favored the rich) Federalists=favored it (would stimulate the economy and build credit)

View of the National Bank (Second BUS)

Democrats: Strongly disliked it Whigs: Favored it

Role and Power of Federal Government

Democrats: Tended to favor more power to the states Whigs: Tended to favor a strong federal government

View of Federally funded Internal Improvements

Democrats: thought the Federal Government should only fund internal improvements that would benefit more than one state. Whigs: thought that the federal government should fund internal improvements.

Provide two examples of conflicts with Native Americans during this time period.

Examples of the conflicts with Native Americans include the Sand Creek Massacre in which the Colorado militia attacked Cheyenne Indians, and they killed over one hundred. Another example of conflicts with natives is the Battle of Little BigHorn in which natives killed Colonel George Custer and his men.

Republican Motherhood

Expectation that women would instill Republican values in children and be active in families; helped increase education for women

Articles of Confederation

First governing document of US - created a WEAK central government; issues with trade - different currencies in each state, tariffs on goods traded between states

Impact of the 7 Years' War

France was removed from North America; Great Britain was in massive debt, began to consolidate control over colonies - taxes; many colonists resisted

How did the Market Revolution change the production of goods?

Goods were increasingly made outside the home. Women and men began working in factories.

American System

Henry Clay's plan to unify the American economy. Focused on a 2nd BUS, Internal Improvements, and Tariffs. The north and midwest benefitted more than the south.

How did the Union ultimately prevail in the Civil War?

Improvements in leadership and strategy (Grant and the "Anaconda Plan"), Key Victories - Gettysburg and Antietam; Greater resources - more factories and RRs, the South's infrastructure was destroyed.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

In McCulloch v. Maryland the state of Maryland deemed the Second Bank of The United States unconstitutional. The Second Bank of The United States sued Maryland and the Federal Government sided against the state of Maryland.

Identify and describe three different abolitionists.

In the 1800s there were many abolitionists including Harriet Beecher Stowe who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, Theodore Dwight Weld who wrote America Slavery As It Is, and Angelina and Sarah Grimké who advocated for the end of slavery and women's rights.

Compromise of 1850:

In the Compromise of 1850 a stricter Fugitive Slave Act was introduced which infuriated Northerners and caused many to become abolitionists, intense debates in Congress where guns were drawn, and the Caning of Charles Sumner.

Declaration of Independence

Inspired by Common Sense and Enlightenment ideals; inspired France and countries in Latin America to experience revolutions

Where did immigrants settle?

Irish settled in northern cities, Germans settled on the frontier - worked as farmers (CINCINNATI!)

Goal of the Nativist Movement?

It was especially Anti-Catholic. The nativists hoped to limit the power and cultural influence of the immigrants (Irish and Germans).

How did Lincoln's views towards the war change over time?

Lincoln viewed the war initially as preserving the union, but eventually sought to end slavery -> Emancipation Proclamation and Gettysburg Address

Arguments to annex western lands included

Manifest Destiny and American institutions (democracy)

What was the significance of Marbury v. Madison?

Marbury v. Madison established Judicial Review (The Supreme Court is the sole interpreter of the Constitution).

What were ways abolitionists campaigned against slavery?

Moral arguments (think William Lloyd Garrison), assisting slaves' escapes (think Underground RR), using violence (think Bleeding-Kansas and Harpers Ferry).

How were Native Americans impacted as a result of westward expansion?

Natives were heavily impacted by American westward expansion. Many times natives were forced out of their homes, and they had to relocate far west, for example, the Trail of Tears; During President Jackson's presidency, the Indian Removal Act of 1830 was passed which forced Native Americans to relocate west of the Mississippi River.

What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

Overturned the MO Compromise - introduced popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska. Helped lead to the creation of the Republican Party.

Northwest Land Ordinance of 1787

Passed under Articles - banned slavery in NW territory (OH, MI, IN, etc.); created a process for admitting new states (60,000 inhabitants)

How did the government encourage westward migration?

Passing new legislation (think Homestead Act) encouraging settlers to move west, government gave land and subsidies to RR companies.

Monroe Doctrine

President Monroe's message to Europe to NOT colonize any new land in Latin America. The US would stay out of European affairs.

How did Republican Motherhood help define the role of women after the Revolutionary War?

Republican Motherhood was the new identity of women which was to ensure that children were raised properly to become good citizens and it was womens' jobs to do it.

Whigs and Democrats Disagreed over

Role and powers of the federal government, National Bank, tariffs, federally funded internal improvements (Think Henry Clay's American System)

What were ways the South resisted the 14th and 15th amendments?

Segregation - Jim Crow laws; Violence - KKK and White League; Supreme Court Decisions - Plessy v. Ferguson ("Separate but equal"); Local political tactics - poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses

How were tensions during the Jacksonian Era?

Tensions during the Jacksonian Era were high because South Carolina threatened secession if President Jackson collected the Tariff of 1832, so Henry Clay attempts to save the nation and proposes the Tariff of 1833 which states that over the next eight years tariff rates would fall by 10 percent per year.

New innovations during the Market Revolution

Textile machinery (spinning jenny), steam engines, interchangeable parts (Eli Whitney), telegraph, and agricultural inventions (cotton gin - Whitney again)

3/5 Compromise

The 3/5 Compromise stated that each slave counted as 3/5 of a person in the census.

How did the 7 Years' War impact the French?

The 7 Years' War resulted in the French removal from North American land

How did the Alien and Sedition Acts lead to debates over the power of the government?

The Alien and Sedition Acts violated the first amendment of the freedom of speech.

Why was the Articles of Confederation purposely created to be weak?

The Articles of Confederation were purposely created weak to ensure the United States government does not turn into a tyranny like Great Britain.

How did the Mexican-American War contribute to tensions between the north and south?

The Mexican-American War contributed to tensions between the north and the south by the Wilmont Proviso in which David Wilmont a democrat proposes the Wilmot Proviso in which he says any land gained from Mexico should be free of slavery. The Compromise of 1850 by Henry Clay contributed to tensions over slavery by proposing the idea of "popular sovereignty" which the people of the territories vote if slavery should be allowed or not in that state.

What were the three parts of the Missouri Compromise? Why was it important for both the North and South to have the balance of states equal at 12?

The Missouri Compromise by Henry Clay states that Missouri is added as a slave state, Maine is added as a free state, and all future states in the Louisiana territory above 36º 30' will be free states and below 36º 30' will be slave states; this balance between the North and the South had to be maintained because the states did not want one side to have more power in congress.

Identify and define three examples of salutary neglect ending after the 7 Years War.

The Proclamation Act of 1763 prevented colonists from expanding West to avoid conflicts with Native Americans. The Stamp Act was created to tax colonists for the purpose of paying off war debt. The Declaratory Act was created to prove to colonists that Great Britain can make laws including taxes.

Slave Trade Compromise

The Slave Trade Compromise stated that the importation of slaves will end in 1808

How did the South defend slavery?

The South defended slavery by claiming that slavery was a "positive good"

What were three reasons the Patriots were successful in the Revolutionary War? Check out THIS Hamilton song that describes an important one.

The colonists won the Revolutionary War due to their familiarity with the land, foreign aid, and Military leadership.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

The court case "Gibbons v. Ogden established that only Congress can control interstate trade, not states.

What was the goal of the Seneca Falls Convention?

The goal of the Seneca Falls Convention was to discuss how women could gain the rights that men have. Eventually, women did gain the rights that men have in the 19th Amendment which was ratified in 1920, in conclusion, the women eventually achieved their goal to gain equal rights for women.

What was the goal of Henry Clay's American System? Was it successful?

The goals of Henry Clay's American System were to create a Second Bank of the United States, improve infrastructure, and create tariffs. Overall Henry Clay's American System was successful because he was able to increase tariffs, improve infrastructure, and create the Second Bank of the United States.

How did the government encourage westward expansion during the time period?

The government encouraged westward expansion by passing legislation like the Homestead Act which gave free cheap land to settlers for five years and the government gave land and subsidies to railroad companies.

What two groups immigrated in large numbers to America in the 1830s and 1840s? Where did they tend to settle?

The majority of the immigrants that came to the US were mostly Irish and German. Germans tended to settle on the frontier in the Midwest and the Northwest. The Irish tended to settle in large cities in the Northeast such as Boston and New York City.

Impact of the Supreme Court decisions of the early 1800s

The primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution (think judicial review)) and giving federal laws power over state governments (think Gibbons v. Ogden and McCulloch v. Maryland)

What was the purpose of John Brown's raid at Harpers Ferry? What was the impact of this raid?

The purpose of John Brown's raid at Harpers Ferry was to incite a massive slave rebellion to take over the armory at Harpers Ferry and rebel across the south as well as gaining more followers along the way. The raid was known as an immediate cause of the Civil War, abolitionists saw Brown as a hero, and the South saw the raid as the first attempt of many to take away slavery.

What is the purpose of the Bill of Rights? Why were they added to the Constitution?

The purpose of the Bill of Rights was to ensure that natural rights could not be taken away from individuals.

How did the South justify and defend slavery?

They claimed slavery was a positive good (John C. Calhoun).

What was the message of T-Paine's Common Sense?

Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" was to urge the colonists to break away from the tyranny of Great Britain.

What happened to the amount of Americans able to vote under Andrew Jackson's Presidency? What groups were still not able to vote?

Under Andrew Jackson's presidency the amount of Americans able to vote increased due to the elimination of property requirements for white males, but women and African Americans were not allowed to vote.

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned of entangling foreign alliances and political parties; helped inspire foreign policy until after WWII

Seneca Falls Convention

Women's Rights convention that sought greater equality (attended by men too such as Frederick Douglass)

Common Sense

Written by T-Paine, and Enlightenment thinker. Urged that it was "Common Sense" that colonies should break away from Great Britain

Missouri Compromise (Compromise of 1820)

parts: Maine was a free state, Missouri was a slave state, everything above 36'30 latitude line would be free, everything below would be slave. This applied to ONLY the Louisiana Purchase. Later overturned by the Kansas-Nebraska Act.