APUSH AP REVIEW 2

Andrew Mellon

"Greatest Treasury Secretary since Hamilton," imposed tax reductions from 1921-1926, reduced national debt by $10 billion

Benito Mussolini

"Il Duce", fascist leader of Italy, led the Black Shirts to march on Rome where he was established as dictator

1174. Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928

"Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless.

Korean War Leaders

"Police action" 1950-53 first proxy war North Korea- Kim il-sung South Korea- syngman Rhee

"Scarface" Al Capone

"Public Enemy Number One", initiated 6 years of gang warfare, sentenced to 11 years of federal penitentiary for income-tax evasion

W. C. Handy

"St. Louis Blues", saxophone instead of trumphet

Model T

"Tin Lizzie;" cheap, rugged, and reasonably reliable; sold successfully due to Fordism

Westmoreland quote

"We are fighting a war of attrition, the only alternative would a war of annilahation"

Ho Chi Minh

"bringer of Light" leader of communism in North Vietnam

Orville and Wilbur Wright

"the miracle at Kitty Hawk" in North Carolina, engineered a plane that stayed airborne for 12 seconds and 120 feet

Khrushchev's letters

#1 if you lift blockade we'll take down nuclear sites #2 demands that Kennedy dismantles missile base in turkey *u2 spy plane shot down over Cuba

New minimum wage

$1

George McClellan

- First Major General for Union in the Civil War - overly cautious attitude cost him from capturing Richmond, because he waited for reinforcements before striking -He was fired to be replaced by General Pope before being promoted to head general again. -He was later fired for not chasing after Robert E. Lee. - He also ran for president against Lincoln in the election of 1864.

San Francisco School Board Incident

- Racist schools segregated Chinese, Korean and Japanese students because of anti-oriental sentiment in California.

Executive Order 8802

- required employers in defense industries to make jobs available without discrimination

Fort Sumter

-1861, first battle between the confederacy and the Union -Where the Civil War essentially started. When the Union tried to resupply the fort and the South fired on the fort, the war was inevitable.

United States v. Morrison

-Commerce decision which held that parts of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 were unconstitutional because they exceeded congressional power under the Commerce Clause and under section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.

Weaknesses South

-Confederate constitution -Lacked $ -Needed european support -Had to create government and military from scratch

Advantages South

-Defensive war -Superior military leaders

Imperialism

-Europeans for years had been building empires by extending their economic and political control over various peoples -colonies are a source of raw materials and markets

German U-Boat Response

-Germany responds to British blockade by using subs -Any ship in British waters would be sunk.

Martin v. Hunter's lessee

-Judicial Review First case to establish the supremacy of the Supreme Court over the state in civil cases over federal law

Advantages North

-More people -Manufacturing -Larger and more efficient railroad system than south -Controlled navy and merchant marine -Mechanization -More money -Already established government

Results of Vietnam War

-North Vietnam must recognize the South Vietnamese government and acknowledge South Vietnam as a country -POW must be released

Militarism

-development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy -each nation wanted stronger forces than those of their potential enemies

Engel v. Vitale

-establishment clause The 1962 Supreme Court decision holding that state officials violated the First Amendment when they wrote a prayer to be recited by New York's schoolchildren.

Nationalism

-pride and devotion to interests and culture of one's own nation -leads to competitive and antagonistic rivalries among nations

Weaknesses North

-problems finding strong military leader

Zimmerman Note

-telegram intercepted from German Foreign minister to German ambassador in mexico -telegram proposed an alliance between Mexico and Germany -Americans were furious

Failures of Reconstruction

-waste and corruption. Many African Americans suffered under the corruption.

Mikhail Gorbachev

...

NATO

..., North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

outbreak of war

...declares war... A-H on Serbia Germany on Russia Germany on France later, GB on Germany (bc Belgium is invaded)

14th amendment

1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts

France's "To Do List"

1) pay insane war debt (DONE) 2) save country from economic collapse (DONE) 3) regain Alsace-Lorraine from Germany (NEED TO DO) 4) REVENGE (NEED TO DO)

Greatest tension in the Cold War

1. Khrushchev- Hungary not afraid to kill 2. Peaceful coexistence more like peaceful competition 3. America retaliates with McCarthyism

Executive Order 9066

127,000 Japanese, rounded up and taken to camps, 2/3rds of them US citizens, all property and assets taken away

Baker v. Carr

14th amendment - equal protection clause 1962 case that established the principle of one man, one vote. This decision created guidelines for drawing up congressional districts and guaranteed a more equitable system of representation to the citizens of each state

Regents of University of California v. Bakke

14th amendment - equal protection clause A 1978 Supreme Court decision holding that a state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because of their race.

Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3

14th amendment - equal protection clause the Court held that the Civil Rights Act of 1875, was unconstitutional

Reynolds v. Sims

14th amendment - equal protection clause ruled that state legislature districts had to be roughly equal in population.

Craig v. Boren

14th amendment- equal protection clause the first case in which a majority of the United States Supreme Court determined that statutory or administrative sex classifications had to be subjected to an intermediate standard of judicial review.

Accomplishments of Reconstruction

15 African Americans were elected to the House of Representatives and to the Senate. The 15th Amendment was passed. The Union League was created. Overall education of both races increased.

Guinn v. United States

15th amendment declared the grandfather clauses in the Maryland and Oklahoma constitutions to be repugnant to the Fifteenth Amendment and therefore null and void.

Smith v. Allwright

15th amendment overturned the Democratic Party's use of all-white primaries in Texas, and other states where the party used the rule.

National Voting Rights Act of 1965

15th amendment prohibits states and local governments from imposing any "voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure ... to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color

Homestead Act 1862

160 acres would be given to any settler who would farm land for 5 years. There were 80 million acres given. Free Soilers were happy; however, South did not like this.

George Washington

1789-1997 No party Washington's Farewell Address

John Adams

1797-1801 Federalist Alien and Sedition Acts

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Thomas Jefferson

1801-1809 Democratic-Republican Louisiana Purchase

James Madison

1809-1817 Democratic-Republican War of 1812

James Monroe

1817-1825 Democratic-Republican Monroe Doctrine

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819, Chief justice John Marshall limits of the US Constitution and of the authority of the federal and state govts. one side was opposed to establishment of a national bank and challenged the authority of federal govt to establish one. supreme court ruled that power of federal govt was supreme that of the states and the states couldn't interfere

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

John Quincy Adams

1825-1829 Democratic-Republican Corrupt Bargain

Andrew Jackson

1829-1837 Democratic Nullification Crisis

Nat Turner's Insurrection (Slave Revolt)

1831 - Slave uprising. A group of 60 slaves led by Nat Turner, who believed he was a divine instrument sent to free his people, killed almost 60 Whites in South Hampton, Virginia. This led to a sensational manhunt in which 100 Blacks were killed. As a result, slave states strengthened measures against slaves and became more united in their support of fugitive slave laws.

Martin Van Buren

1837-1841 Democratic Panic of 1837

William Harrison

1841-1841 Whig Shortest Presidency

John Tyler

1841-1845 Whig Annexation of Texas

James K. Polk

1845-1849 Democratic Mexican-American War

Zachary Taylor

1849-1850 Whig California Gold Rush

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881.

Millard Fillmore

1850-1853 Whig Compromise of 1850

Franklin Pierce

1853-1857 Democratic Kansas-Nebraska Act

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - This act repealed the Missouri Compromise and established a doctrine of congressional nonintervention in the territories. Popular sovereignty (vote of the people) would determine whether Kansas and Nebraska would be slave or free states

Lawrence, Kansas

1855 - Where the pro-slavery/anti-slavery war in Kansas began in earnest. Slavery men massacred dozens and burned down an abolitionist stronghold of Lawrence (Bleeding Kansas or Kansas Border War).

Sumner-Brooks Affair

1856 - Charles Sumner gave a two day speech on the Senate floor. He denounced the South for crimes against Kansas and singled out Senator Andrew Brooks of South Carolina for extra abuse. Brooks beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him.

Sumner-Brooks Affair

1856 - Charles Sumner gave a two day speech on the Senate floor. He denounced the South for crimes against Kansas and singled out Senator Andrew Brooks of South Carolina for extra abuse. Brooks beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him. Sumner was the first Republican martyr.

James Buchanan

1857-1861 Democratic Dred Scott v. Sandford

Dred Scott v. Sanford

1857; Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Harpers Ferry

1859 John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Republican Party: 1860 platform, supporter, leaders

1860 platform: free soil principles, a protective tariff. Supporters: anti-slavery, business, agriculture

Abraham Lincoln

1861-1865 Republican Emancipation Proclamation

Siege of Vicksburg

1863, 6 week siege; Union army's blockade of Vicksburg, Mississippi, that led the city to surrender during the Civil War on July 4th.

Battle of Gettysburg

1863-most disastrous event of civil war and perhaps U.S. history. Over 50,000 soldiers from north and south lost their lives. After 5 years of fighting and thousands of lives lost, in 1865 Confederate commander Robert E. Lee, surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant, commander of the Union forces. Turning point of the war.

Wade-Davis Bill, veto,

1864 - Bill declared that the Reconstruction of the South was a legislative, not executive, matter. It was an attempt to weaken the power of the president. Lincoln vetoed it. Wade-Davis Manifesto said Lincoln was acting like a dictator by vetoing.

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs.

Thirteenth Amendment

1865 - Freed all slaves, abolished slavery.

Andrew Johnson

1865-1869 Democratic Reconstruction Acts

Ex Parte Milligan

1866 - Supreme Court ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal unless the civil courts are inoperative or the region is under marshall law.

Tenure of Office Act

1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet

Secretary of State William Seward

1867 - An eager expansionist, he was the energetic supporter of the Alaskan purchase and negotiator of the deal often called "Seward's Folly" because Alaska was not fit for settlement or farming.

Reconstruction Acts

1867 - Pushed through congress over Johnson's veto, it gave radical Republicans complete military control over the South and divided the South into five military zones, each headed by a general with absolute power over his district.

Radical Reconstruction

1867, removed governments in states not ratifying 14th Amendment, made 5 military districts, state must write a new constitution, ratify 14th Amendment, and allow African Americans to vote

Ulysses S. Grant

1869-1877 Republican KKK Act

Texas v. White

1869-Argued that Texas had never seceded because there is no provision in the Constitution for a state to secede, thus Texas should still be a state and not have to undergo reconstruction. 10th Amendment.

Fifteenth Amendment

1870 constitutional amendment that guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude

Franco Prussian War

1871; French lost to Germany

Rutherford B. Hayes

1877-1881 Republican End of Reconstruction

James Garfield

1881-1881 Republican Bimetallism

Chester A. Arthur

1881-1885 Republican Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act

Grover Cleveland

1885-1889 Democratic Dawes Severalty Act

Benjamin Harrison

1889-1893 Republican Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Grover Cleveland 2

1893-1897 Democratic Plessy v. Ferguson

William McKinley

1897-1901 Republican Spanish-American War

Rough Riders, San Juan Hill

1898 - Theodore Roosevelt formed the Rough Riders (volunteers) to fight in the Spanish- American War in Cuba. They charged up San Juan Hill during the battle of Santiago. It made Roosevelt popular.

Boxer Rebellion

1900 - a secret Chinese society called the Boxers because their symbol was a fist revolted against foreigners in their midst and laid siege to foreign legislations in Beijing.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

1901 - Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama canal zone provided the canal itself remained neutral. U.S. given full control over construction and management of the canal.

Theodore Roosevelt

1901-1909 Republican Progressivism

Venezuelan Crisis

1902 - England, Germany and Italy had blockaded Venezuelan ports because Latin American countries failed to make payments on debts owed to foreign banks. U.S. invoked the Monroe Doctrine and pressured the European powers to back off.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

1903 - U.S. guaranteed the independence of the newly-created Republic of Panama.

Goethals and Gorgas

1906 - Army colonels who supervised the construction of the Panama Canal.

"Colossus of the North"

1906 - Relations between U.S. and Canada including a reciprocal trade agreement. Tight relations made the U.S. and Canada a "Colossus."

Great White Fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Root-Takahira Agreement

1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.

1183. London Naval Conference

1909 - International Naval Conference held in London to adopt an international code of conduct for naval warfare.

William H. Taft

1909-1913 Republican Dollar Diplomacy

1155. Henry Ford, the Model T, Alfred P. Sloan

1913 - Ford developed the mass-produced Model-T car, which sold at an affordable price. It pioneered the use of the assembly line. Also greatly increased his workers wages and instituted many modern concepts of regular work hours and job benefits. Sloan, an American industrialist, helped found project.

Woodrow Wilson

1913-1921 Democratic 14 Points

WWI Starts in Europe

1914

Lusitania is Sunk

1915

The Birth of a Nation

1915 black-and-white film; by D. W. Griffith; glorified the KKK during Reconstruction; defamed blacks & Northern carpetbaggers; 1st movie to play in White House; admired by Woodrow Wilson

USA enters WWI

1917

14 Points

1918

18th Amendment - Prohibition

1918

19th Amendment

1919

Treaty of Versailles

1919

1159. New Woman, Flappers

1920's - Women started wearing short skirts and bobbed hair, and had more sexual freedom. They began to abandon traditional female roles and take jobs usually reserved for men.

1164. Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey

1920's sports heros, Ruth set the baseball record of 60 home runs in one season and Dempsey was the heavyweight boxing champion.

Roaring 20s

1920-1929

Warren G. Harding

1921-1923 Republican Teapot Dome Scandal

1249. Adkins v. Children's Hospital

1923 - The hospital fired employees because it didn't want to pay them what was reqired by the minimum wage law for women and children.

Calvin Coolidge

1923-1929 Republican Roaring Twenties

Scopes Trial

1925

1250. Gitlow v. New York

1925 - Benjamin Gitlow was arrested for being a member of the Communist party. The New York court upheld the conviction.

1154. Scopes trial, Clarence Darrow, William Jennings Bryan

1925 - Prosecution of Dayton, Tennessee school teacher, John Scopes, for violation of the Butler Act, a Tennessee law forbidding public schools from teaching about evolution. Former Democratic presidential candidate, William Jennings Bryan, prosecuted the case, and the famous criminal attorney, Clarence Darrow, defended Scopes. Scopes was convicted and fined $100, but the trial started a shift of public opinion away from Fundamentalism.

Sacco and Vanzetti executed

1927

1157. The Jazz Singer

1927 - The first movie with sound, this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer, Al Jolson.

The Jazz Singer

1927; 1st "talkie;" stars Al Jolson in blackface

1182. Clark Memorandum

1928 - Under Secretary of State Reuben Clark, 286 pages were added to the Roosevelt Corollary of 1904.

Stock Market Crash

1929

Herbert Hoover

1929-1933 Republican Great Depression

FDR Elected

1932

1180. Bonus Army

1932 - Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there.

1185. Manchuria, Hoover-Stimson Doctrine

1932 - Japan's seizure of Manchuria brought this pronouncement by Hoover's Secretary of State, Henry Stimson, that the U.S. would not recognize any changes to China's territory, nor any impairment of China's sovereignty.

First New Deal

1933

1206. Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), Second AAA

1933 - The AAA offered contracts to farmers to reduce their output of designated products. It paid farmers for processing taxes on these products, and made loans to farmers who stored crops on their farms. The Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

1933-1945 Democratic New Deal

1214. Federal Housing Authorities (FHA)

1934 - Created by Congress to insure long-term, low-interest mortgages for home construction and repair.

1215. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

1934 - Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in sercurities trading.

1219. Indian Reorganization Act

1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.

Dust Bowl

1935

Second New Deal

1935

Social Security Act

1935

1233. Revenue Act

1935 - Increased income taxes on higher incomes and also increased inheritance, large gft, and capital gains taxes.

Nuremberg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.

Wagner Act

1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.

1207. Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act

1936 - The second AAA appropriated funds for soil conservation paymnets to farmers who would remove land from production.

1240. Literary Digest Poll

1936- An inaccurate poll taken on upcoming the presidential election. It over-represented the wealthy and thus erroneously predicted a Republican victory.

FDR's Court Packing Plan

1937

1247. Miller-Tydings Act

1937 - Amended anti-trust laws to allow agreements to resell products at fxed retail prices in situations involving sales of trademarked good to a company's retail dealers.

1246. Robinson-Patman Act

1937 - Amended federal anti-trust laws so as to outlaw "price discrimination," whereby companies create a monopolistic network of related suppliers and vendors who give each other more favorable prices than they do others.

Hideki Tojo

1937-1945; military leader who essentially runs Japan through WWII

1245. "Conservative Coalition" in Congress

1938 - Coalition of conservative Democrats and Republicans who united to curb further New Deal legistators. Motivated by fears of excessive federal spending and the exspansion of federal power.

1186. Mexico's nationalization of oil

1938 - Mexico nationalized oil fields along the Gulf of Mexico which had been owned by investors from the U.S., Britain, and the Netherlands because the companies refused to raise the wages of their Mexican employees.

WWII In Europe

1939 - 1945

1248. Hatch Act

1939 - Prohibited federal office holders from participating actively in political campaigns or soliciting or accepting contributions.

1227. Dust Bowl, Okies, John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath

1939 - Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath was about "Okies" from Oklahoma migrating from the Dust Bowl to California in the midst of the Depression.

Lend Lease Act

1940

Pearl Harbor

1941

1438. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

1941-42 - Interracial until 1962, when it became predominately Black, after 1964, only Blacks were allowed to join. It concentrated on organizing votes for Black candidates and political causes, successful even in states like Mississippi and Alabama.

D-Day Invasion

1942

Japanese Internment

1942

Korematsu v. United States

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor.

Battle of Leyte Gulf

1944 World War II naval battle between the United States and Japan. Largest naval engagement in history. Japanese navy was defeated.

Bretton Woods Conference (1944)

1944, (FDR) , The common name for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in New Hampshire, 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under-developed areas, and speed the economic recovery of Europe.

Serviceman's Readjustment Act (GI Bill) 1944

1944, Known as the GI bill, it provides Veterans of WWII with unemployment insurance and money for housing and college (All races)

Dropping of Atomic Bomb

1945

Potsdam Conference

1945

United Nations Formed

1945

Yalta Conference

1945

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Harry Truman

1945-1953 Democratic Korean War

Years of the Cold War

1945-1989

Marshall Plan

1947

Truman Doctrine

1947

Mendez v. Westminster School District

1947 law suits from Californian fathers whose children had been placed in separate "Mexican" schools. The case didn't make it to the supreme court, but laid groundwork

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Everson v. Board of Education

1947; The Court ruled that the New Jersey law (allowing the state to pay for busing students to parochial shcools) was constitutional; the law benefited students rather than aided a religion directly.

Berlin Airlift

1948

McCarthy List of Spies

1950

McCarran Internal Security Act

1950 - Required Communists to register and prohibited them from working for the government. Truman described it as a long step toward totalitarianism. Was a response to the onset of the Korean war. Passed over Trumans Veto.

Korean War

1950-1953

Senator Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

Dennis v. United States

1951, made it illegal to advocate or teach the overthrow of the government by force or belong to an organization with this objective. (upheld the Smith Act of 1940)

Dwight D. Eisenhower

1953-1961 Republican Nuclear Diplomacy

Brown v. Board of Education

1954

1418. Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

1432. Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

When was first Hydrogen bomb created

1954, US

Brown v. Board of Education I

1954. Overturned Plessey v Ferguson- separate but equal rejected. Unanimous, most famous.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955

Brown v. Board of Education II

1955; declared that public school officials could use "all deliberate speed" to comlpy with the court's 1954 Brown ruling.

Little Rock 9

1957

Sputnik

1957

Eisenhower Doctrine

1957 - US would interne in Middle East if any government threatened by a communist takeover asked for help

1422. Little Rock, Arkansas Crisis

1957 - Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.

1470. Domino Theory

1957 - It stated that if one country fell to Communism, it would undermine another and that one would fall, producing a domino effect.

1407. National Defense Education Act (NDEA Act)

1958 - This created a multi-million dollar loan fund for college students and granted money to states for upgrading curriculum in the sciences and foreign languages.

1402. Landrum-Griffin Act

1959 - Specially tailored to make labor officials responsible for the union's financial affairs, to prevent bully-boy tactics, ensure democratic voting practices within unions, outlaw secondary boycotts, and restrict picketing.

Bay of Pigs Fiasco

1961

Freedom Rides

1961

Berlin Wall goes up

1961 What created the tension? U2 spy incident. We are financing anti-communist side in Vietnam Details... Wall goes up overnight You could not get in or out of Berlin 45-60 3 million people cross border east-west Cold War symbol until 89

1498. Alliance for Progress

1961 - Formed by Kennedy to build up third-world nations to the point where they could manage themselves.

1489. Berlin Wall

1961 - The Soviet Union, under Nikita Khrushev, erected a wall between East and West Berlin to keep people from fleeing from the East, after Kennedy asked for an increase in defense funds to counter Soviet aggression.

John F. Kennedy

1961-1963 Democratic Cuban Missile Crisis

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962

Betty Friedan, Feminine Mystique

1963

JFK Assassination

1963

MLK March on Washington

1963

Lyndon B. Johnson

1963-1969 Democratic Civil Rights Act of 1964

Civil Rights Act

1964

Freedom Summer year

1964

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964

1452. Twenty-Fourth Amendment

1964 - It outlawed taxing voters, i.e. poll taxes, at presidential or congressional elections, as an effort to remove barriers to Black voters.

Barron v. Baltimore

the 1833 Supreme Court decision holding that the bill of rights restrained only the national government, not the states and cities.

Gitlow v. New York

the 1925 supreme court decision holding that freedoms of press and speech are "fundamental personal rights and liberties protected by the due process clause of the 14th amendment from impairment by the states" as well as by the federal government.

American Expeditionary Force

the American troops who went to help France and Great Britain win the war against Germany

1482. Miranda Decision, Escobedo Decision

1964 - Miranda held that a person arrested for a crime must be advised of his right to remain silent and to have an attorney before being questioned by the police. Escobedo held that an accused can reassert these rights at any time, even if he had previously agreed to talk to the police.

The Great Society

1964-65

1210. Civil Works Admnistration (CWA)

Hired unemployed workers to do make-shift jobs like sweeping streets. Sent men ages 18-24 to camps to work on flood control, soil conservation, and forest projects under the War Department. A small monthly payment was made to the family of each member.

Names of the 2 cities on which the atomic bombs were dropped

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Patton

His tanks "save" the 101st Airborne

Cesar Chavez

Hispanic political activist, help organize migrant farmers

Leader of North Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh

Supply trail the NV used, 2 countries it passed

Ho Chi Minh Trail, Laos and Cambodia

Atrocities

Horrible acts against innocent people, committed by the enemy

Pentagon

Houses the Department of Defense and several other government agencies in Washington

1160. Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes (1902-1967)

Hughes was a gifted writer who wrote humorous poems, stories, essays and poetry. Harlem was a center for black writers, musicians, and intellectuals.

Speech became a high point in CR

I have a Dream -MLK

Double V Campaign

Idea led by James G. Thompson during WW2, that African Americans were fighting two wars, one against the axis powers, and one against racial inequality at home

Eisenhower's farewell address

Ike voiced his concerns about the dangers of the military industrial which employed millions of Americans who had a financial stake in war-making. He said these policies could become a threat to peace

John Brown's Raid (Harper's Ferry)

In 1859, the militant abolitionist John Brown seized the US arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured and executed.

John Brown, Harper's Ferry Raid

In 1859, the militant abolitionist John Brown seized the US arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured and executed.

Alaska Purchase

In 1867 Secretary of State William Seward, signed a treaty with Russia that transferred Alaska to the United States for $7.2 million. However the American people were less than thrilled as they had become anti-expansionist.

1417. "Separate but Equal"

In 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that separate but supposedly equal facilities for Blacks and Whites were legal.

Dominican Republic

In 1905, the U.S. imposed financial restrictions upon this Caribbean nation. Part of making sure Latin America traded with the U.S. and not Europe.

Gentlemen's Agreement

In 1907 Theodore Roosevelt arranged with Japan that Japan would voluntarily restrict the emmigration of its nationals to the U.S.

Archduke of Ferdinand

In 1914, he heired to the throne of Austria-Hungary and visited Sarajevo

Central Powers

In 1914, tripple alliance became known as the ____.

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

Secretary of State John Hay, Open Door notes

September, 1899 - Hay sent imperialist nations a note asking them to offer assurance that they would respect the principle of equal trade opportunities, specifically in the China market.

Black Hand

Serbian nationalist group who wanted to separate Bosnia from Austria-Hungary to join Serbia

Sherman's March to the Sea, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Antietam, Appomattox

Major Battle sites of the Civil War. Gettysburg: 90,000 soldiers under Meade vs. 76,000 under Lee, lasted three days and the North won. Vicksberg- besieged by Grant and surrendered after six months. Antietam- bloodiest one day and a much needed victory for Lincoln. Appomattox: Lee surrendered to Grant.

Civil Rights Act

1964; banned discrimination in public accomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal

Counterculture

alternative culture helped support several ongoing causes-including the cooperative movement, environmentalism, and the fight against restriction of lifestyle choices, HIPPIES

New York Times v. Sullivan

1964; established guidelines for determining whether public officials and public figures could win damage suits for libel. To do so, individuals must prove that the defamatory statements were made w/ "actual malice" and reckless disregard for the truth

Voting Rights Act

1965

Thomas A. Edison

among others, he started motion picture in 1890s, but it became immensely popular n the early 1900s

1197. Brain trust

Many of the advisers who helped Roosevelt during his presidential candidacy continued to aid him after he entered the White House. A newspaperman once described the group as "Roosevelt's Brain Trust." They were more influential than the Cabinet.

What happened to china? When and why is it a big deal?

Maos revolution 1949 1949 2nd communist world power

1194. "Bank Holiday"

March 11, 1933 - Roosevelt closed all banks and forbade the export of gold or redemption of currency in gold.

Bloody Sunday

March 1965, 600 marchers left Selma and state troopers attacked with tear gas and clbs

Wade- Davis Bill

an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy...Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh.

Elizabeth Blackwell

first woman to receive a medical degree in US, promoted education for women in medicine

nickelodeons

five-cent theaters; first movie- The Great Train Robbery

Charles A. Lindbergh

flew solo from New York to Paris in 1927, popularized flying and boosted aviation industry

George F. Kennan

foreign policy advisor under Truman who was an expert in Soviet affairs and who came up with concept of containment

Community Services Organization (CSO)

formed in 1948 in L.A., included Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta

Ghetto

formerly the restricted quarter of many European cities in which Jews were required to live

1431. Sweatt v. Painter, 1950

Segregated law school in Texas was held to be an illegal violation of civil rights, leading to open enrollment.

Barry Goldwater

Senator of Arizona, the hero of militant conservatives, trigger happy, crazy extremist

examples of Jim Crow

Separate drinking fountains, different waiting rooks, could not eat in restaurants patronized by whites

Bruce Barton

founded advertisement, published The Man Nobody Knows (1925) - Christ was greatest adman of all time

National Woman's party

founded by Alice Paul in 1923; campaigned for an Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution

United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

founded by Marcus Garvey; promote resettlement of American blacks in their own "African homeland;" sponsored black stores and businesses

National Organization for Women

founded in 1966, backed an equal rights amendment that would explicitly guarantee women in the same legal rights as men

Nixon-Kennedy TV debates

four " debates" between Nixon and Kennedy during the 1960 presidential campaign in which the two candidates were pitted against each other in front of an estimated at 60 million or more through national TV. Nobody "won" the debates, but they once again demonstrated the importance of image over substance in the television age. Many viewers found Kennedy's glamour and vitality far more appealing than Nixon's tired and pallid appearance.

Fannie Lou Hamer

from the freedom democratic party, recalled earlier suspicions about LBJ.

war on two fronts

germany fought war on two fronts with russia and france - schlieffen plan was to get rid of france quickly and then take care of russia

Bolsheviks

led by Vladimir Lenin, it was the Russian communist party that took over the Russian government during WW1

Detente

lessening tensions with USSR

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

let Russia get out of WWI and made peace agreements between it and Germany - Russia had to give Germany large amounts of land

Americans for Democratic Action (ADA)

liberal organization that influenced Pres. Truman in his support for racial equality

Caporetto

location were Italians were positioned

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Rutherford B. Hayes

(1877-1881), "His Fraudulency". President as a result of the Compromise of 1877, he resumed gold payments, refused to expand currency, and didn't overhaul civil service as promised. Complained about treatment of blacks but did nothing to prevent it. He started an era of honesty. He played down the tariff issue. He resumed assumption of hold payments and vetoed bills to expand the currency. He was involved in the Customs House Dispute, where he dismissed Chester Arthur and Alonzo Cornell from their positions as officials of the Customs House when they refused to carry out civil service reform measures. He also passed the Band Allison Act.

Jiang Jieshi

(1887-1975) Leader of the Guomindang, or Nationalist Party in China. Fought to keep China from becoming communist, and to resist the Japanese during World War II. He lost control of China in 1949, and fled to Taiwan where he setup a rival government. Also known as Chang Kai Shek.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976. - Truman "lost China to him

Spanish Civil War

(1936-1939) Know as the "Dress Rehersal for WWII" this war was republicans vs. nationalists resulting in a victory for the nationalists.

Lend Lease Act

(1941) Ended the cash-and-carry requirement of the Neutrality Act and permitted Britain to obtain all the U.S. arms it needed on credit.

Marshall Plan

(1948) massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe; was intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domestic communist groups from riding poverty and misery to power; the plan was first announced by Secretary of State George Marshall at Harvard's commencement in June 1947

Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States

(1964) Places of public accomodation had no "right" to select guests as they saw fit, free from governmental regulation because of the Commerce Clause.

colonias/barrios

low income, impoverished communities of Mexican Americans

William Calley

low ranking soldier who was the only one convicted

Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin

marked the finale of the Red Scare; dropped a bombshell on the nation in February of 1950: Communist Party members were active in shaping policy in the State Department; overreached by launching an investigation into subversive activity in the U.S. ArmySenate voted 67 to 22 to censure McCarthy for unbecoming conduct

Operation RANCHHAND

scorched SV's croplands and defoliated half its forests in an effort to eliminate the natural cover for enemy troops movement

Rosa Parks

seamstress and a secretary for the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP and is known as the "mother of the civil rights movement." In December of 1955, Parks refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus to a white rider. She was jailed and fined $14 for the offense. This led to Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Montgomery bus boycott.

Clark Clifford

secretary of defense, wanted the south vietnamese troops to assume more of a military burden

Eugene McCarthy

senator of MN, lead to revolt against Johnson. began campaigning against Humphrey with a peace platform

Robert Kennedy

senator of NY, anti war. JFK's younger brother, who might embrace King's new program on confronting economic equality at home, assassinated

George McGovern

senator of SD, an outspoken opponent of the Vietnam War but a lackluster campaigner, won the democratic nomination

The Marshall Plan

sent relief to devastated European countries and helped to make them less susceptible to communism; the plan required that foreign-aid dollars be spent on U.S. goods and services

Wilderness Act of 1964

set aside new areas, protecting them from development. Lady Bird Johnson, the president's wife championed a commission on natural beauty

Scopes Monkey Trial

show trial debate over whether schools should teach evolution or not; John T. Scopes- defendant, Clarence Darrow- defense attorney, William Jennings Bryan- prosecutor; theology vs biology

The Southern Manifesto

signed document by southern whites calling the Brown decision an abuse of power

Pottawatomie Creek

site at which John Brown hacked five proslaveryites to pieces

Scapegoat

someone punished for the errors of others

socialists

someone who believes that people as a whole rather than private individuals should own all property and share profits from all businesses - they opposed war because they argued that the war benefited factory owners but not workers

pacifists

someone who refuses to fight in any war because they think war is evil

isolationist

someone who wants the US to stay out of world affairs

"Subterranean Homesick Blues"

song by Bob Dylan rock and roll sound with electric guitar and drums, beginning of "finger pointing songs"

Dixiecrats

southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party.

U-2 incident; Francis Gary Powers

spy plane shot down over soviet union and its pilot was captured. we denied it and said it was weather plane but soviets showed us our captain and it was akward...auto define= awkward

Berlin Blockade/ Airlift

stalin set up a blockade (to cut off west germany from east germany) so the americans sent huge planes every minute containing food clothing water and ect

bull market

stock market characterized by rising prices; occurred prior to the Stock Market Crash of 1929

island hopping

strategy used by the US in the Pacific theater, moving from island to island and eventually invading Japan

Neutrality

supporting neither side of the war

Panic of 1857

Began with the failure of the Ohio Life Insurance Company and spread to the urban east. The depression affected the industrial east and the wheat belt more than the South

Berlin blockade1948-1949

Causes: different goals with Germany Stalin doesn't like the fact that they merge Marshall aid- substantial amount of money given to west Germany Common currency

New York Times v. United States

(1971) Overturned the Justice Department's order to restrict free press in the interests of national security (the Justice Department aimed to block publication of the so-called Pentagon Papers). The ruling firmly protected freedom of the press.

1916 Republican Candidate

Charles Evan Hughes

Employment Division v. Smith

(1990) - Peyote use for religious purposes not protected if states wish to make it illegal. [Specifically, the Court ruled that Oregon could deny unemployment benefits to someone dismissed from his job for smoking peyote during a religious ceremony. Peyote smoking was illegal and the state could refuse benefits to anyone who lost their job because of illegal activity.]

Public Works Administration

(FDR) , 1935 Created for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by the Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways.

Civilian Conservation Corps

(FDR) 1933, , March 31, 1933; unemployment relief act; hired young men for reforestation programs, firefighting. flood control, spawn drainage, etc;

Yalta Conference

(FDR) 1945, want quick end to war "The Big Three" FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War, Stalin broke promise on free elections and representative govt.

Panay incident

(FDR) Dec. 12, 1937, The Panay incident was when Japan bombed a American gunboat that was trying to help Americans overseas. This greatly strained U.S-Japanese relations and pushed the U.S further away from isolationism even though Japan apologized.

Truman Doctrine

(HT) , 1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Napalm

Highly flammable chemical (jellied gasoline) dropped from US planes in firebombing attacks during the Vietnam War.

Nuremberg Trials

Highly publicized proceedings against former Nazi leaders for war crimes and crimes against humanity as part of the Allies denazification program in postwar Germany. The trials led to several executions and long prison sentences

Hinton Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South

Hinton Helper of North Carolina spoke for poor, non-slave-owning Whites in his 1857 book, which was a violent attack on slavery. It wasn't written with sympathy for Blacks, who Helper despised, but with a belief that the economic system of the South was bringing ruin on the small white farmers.

Emancipation Proclamation

September 22, 1862- Lincoln freed all slaves in the states that had seceded, after the Northern victory at the Battle of Antietam. Lincoln had no power to enforce the law.

Cuban Missile Crisis

(JFK) , , an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba

Miranda v. Arizona

*5th amendment* 1966 Supreme Court decision that sets guidelines for police questioning of accused persons to protect them against self-incrimination and to protect their right to counsel.

Election of 1864

*Abraham Lincoln - National Union George B. McClellan - Democratic

Election of 1860

*Abraham Lincoln - Republican John C. Breckinridge - Southern Democratic John Bell - Constitutional Union Stephen A. Douglas - Northern Democratic

Election of 1832

*Andrew Jackson - Democratic Henry Clay - National Republican

Election of 1828

*Andrew Jackson - Democratic John Quincy Adams - National Republican

Election of 2008

*Barack Obama - Democratic John McCain - Republican

Election of 2012

*Barack Obama - Democratic Mitt Romney - Republican

Election of 1888

*Benjamin Harrison - Republican Grover Cleveland - Democratic

Election of 1996

*Bill Clinton - Democratic Bob Dole - Republican

Election of 1992

*Bill Clinton - Democratic George H.W. Bush - Republican

Election of 1924

*Calvin Coolidge - Republican John W. Davis - Democratic

Election of 1952

*Dwight D. Eisenhower - Republican Adlai Stevenson - Democratic

Election of 1956

*Dwight D. Eisenhower - Republican Adlai Stevenson - Democratic

Election of 1936

*Franklin D. Roosevelt - Democratic Alf Landon - Republican

Election of 1932

*Franklin D. Roosevelt - Democratic Herbert Hoover - Republican

Election of 1944

*Franklin D. Roosevelt - Democratic Thomas E. Dewey - Republican

Election of 1940

*Franklin D. Roosevelt - Democratic Wendell Wilkie - Republican

Election of 1852

*Franklin Pierce - Democratic Winfield Scott - Whig

Election of 1988

*George H.W. Bush - Republican Michael Dukakis - Democratic

Election of 2000

*George W. Bush - Republican Al Gore - Democratic

Election of 2004

*George W. Bush - Republican John Kerry - Democratic

Election of 1792

*George Washington - Federalist John Adams - Federalist

Election of 1788-89

*George Washington - No Party John Adams - Federalist

Election of 1892

*Grover Cleveland - Democratic Benjamin Harrison -Republican

Election of 1884

*Grover Cleveland - Democratic James G. Blaine - Republican

Election of 1948

*Harry S. Truman - Democratic Thomas E. Dewey - Republican

Election of 1928

*Herbert Hoover - Republican Al Smith - Democratic

Election of 1856

*James Buchanan - Democratic John C. Frelmont - Republican

Election of 1880

*James Garfield - Republican Winfield Scott Hancock - Democratic

Election of 1844

*James K. Polk - Democratic Henry Clay - Whig

Election of 1808

*James Madison - Democratic Republican Charles Pinckney - Federalist

Election of 1812

*James Madison - Democratic Republican Dewitt Clinton - Federalist

Election of 1820

*James Monroe - Democratic Republican John Quincy Adams - Independent

Election of 1816

*James Monroe - Democratic Republican Rufus King - Federalist

Election of 1976

*Jimmy Carter - Democratic Gerald Ford - Republican

Election of 1796

*John Adams - Federalist Thomas Jefferson - Democratic Republican

Election of 1960

*John F. Kennedy - Democratic Richard Nixon - Republican

Election of 1824

*John Quincy Adams - Democratic Republican Andrew Jackson - Democratic Republican William H. Crawford - Democratic Republican Henry Clay - Democratic Republican

Election of 1964

*Lyndon B. Johnson - Democratic Barry Goldwater - Republican

Election of 1836

*Martin Van Buren - Democratic William Henry Harrison - Whig

Election of 1972

*Richard Nixon - Republican George McGovern - Democratic

Election of 1968

*Richard Nixon - Republican Hubert Humphrey - Democratic George Wallace - American Independent

Election of 1980

*Ronald Reagan - Republican Jimmy Carter - Democratic

Election of 1984

*Ronald Reagan - Republican Walter Mondale - Democratic

Election of 1876

*Rutherford B. Hayes - Republican Samuel J. Tilden - Democratic

Election of 1904

*Theodore Roosevelt - Republican Alton Brooks Parker - Democratic

Election of 1804

*Thomas Jefferson - Democratic Republican Charles Pinckney - Federalist

Election of 1800

*Thomas Jefferson - Democratic Republican John Adams - Federalist

Election of 1872

*Ulysses S. Grant - Republican Horace Greeley - Liberal Republican

Election of 1868

*Ulysses S. Grant - Republican Horatio Seymour - Democratic

Election of 1920

*Warren G. Harding - Republican James M. Cox - Democratic

Election of 1840

*William Henry Harrison - Whig Martin Van Buren - Democratic

Election of 1908

*William Howard Taft - Republican William Jennings Bryan - Democratic

Election of 1896

*William McKinley - Republican William Jennings Bryan - Democratic

Election of 1900

*William McKinley - Republican William Jennings Bryan - Democratic

Election of 1916

*Woodrow Wilson - Democratic Charles Evan Hughes - Republican

Election of 1912

*Woodrow Wilson - Democratic Theodore Roosevelt - Progressive William Howard Taft - Republican

Election of 1848

*Zachery Taylor - Whig Lewis Cass - Democratic

Truman executive order

- Desegregate armed forces - Desegregate employment in federal agencies

Korematsu v. US (1944)

supreme court decision that upheld as constitutional the internment of >100,000 Japanese Americans in encampments during WWII (strengthened power of government)

genocide

systematic killing of a racial or cultural group

Living Room War

television reports that citizens could watch in their own homes

Mandates

territories administered by western powers

George W. Bush

2001-2009 Republican 9/11

Margaret Sanger

feminist, led birth control movement, control population of "undersirables"

the 24th ammendment

Amendment banning poll taxes, working with the Voting Rights Act to fully allow blacks to vote for the first time since Reconstruction

Electon of 1964

Lyndon B. Johnson, Democrat Barry Goldwater, Republican

Union States

ME, VT, NH, MA, RI, CT, NJ, NY, PA, DE, OH, IN, MI, IL, WI, IA, MN, KS, OR, CA, VA, KY, MO, MD

Free states

ME, VT, NH, MA, RI, CT, NJ, NY, PA, OH, IN, MI, IL, WI, IA, MN, KS, OR, CA

Ultimatum

final set of demands

Paul Whiteman

led an all-white jazz band

Griswold v. Connecticut

1965 decision that the Constitution implicitily guarantees citizens' right to privacy. A landmark case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Constitution protected a right to privacy. The case involved a Connecticut law that prohibited the use of contraceptives. By a vote of 7-2, the Supreme Court invalidated the law on the grounds that it violated the "right to marital privacy".

Miranda v. Arizona

1966

Troops stationed by 1966, 1967, 1968

1966- 380,000 1967- 485,000 1968- 536,000

Loving v. Virginia

1967; outlawed (9-0) 17 state laws prohibiting inter-racial marriage as a violation of the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause; 30 states once had such laws; Utah repealed in 1963, Arizona repealed in in 1962, and Nevada repealed in 1959. Thurgood Marshall nominated by LBJ as the first African American justice on the U.S. Supreme Court.

MLK Assassination

1968

RFK Assassination

1968

Tet Offensive

1968

Eugene McCarthy

1968 Democratic candidate for President who ran to succeed incumbent Lyndon Baines Johnson on an anti-war platform.

1471. Tet Offensive

1968, during Tet, the Vietnam lunar new year - Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army raiding forces attacked provincial capitals throughout Vietnam, even seizing the U.S. embassy for a time. U.S. opinion began turning against the war.

Richard Nixon Presidency

1968-74

My Lai Massacre

1969

When does US and a man on moon?

1969

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District

1969 - The First Amendment, as applied through the Fourteenth, did not permit a public school to punish a student for wearing a black armband as an anti-war protest, absent any evidence that the rule was necessary to avoid substantial interference with school discipline or the rights of others.

Richard Nixon

1969-1964; Republican; Ended Vietnam War; Watergate scandal; First president to visit the Soviet Union in 1972; First president to resign

Richard Nixon

1969-1974 Republican Watergate Scandal

Kent State Massacre

1970

Pentagon Papers

1971; Nixon and McNamara's secret government documents published; revealed that the govt. had misinformed Americans about Vietnam; released by Washington Post by Dan Ellsberg

Nixon Visits China

1972

SALT Treaty and Detente

1972

Watergate Break-In

1972

OPEC Oil Embargo

1973

Roe v. Wade

1973

Paris Peace Accords

1973 peace agreement between the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Vietcong to withdraw US troops.

Buckley v. Valeo

1974 a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States upheld federal limits on campaign contributions and ruled that spending money to influence elections is a form of constitutionally protected free speech. The court also stated candidates can give unlimited amounts of money to their own campaigns.

Gerald Ford

1974-1977 Republican End of Vietnam War

Gerald Ford

1974-1977, Republican, first non elected president and VP, he pardoned Nixon

Jimmy Carter

1977-1981 Democratic Iran Hostage Crisis

Camp David Accords

1978; an agreement that said Israel would withdraw from lands gained in the Six-Day War (1967) and Israel's borders would be respected

Iranian Hostage Crisis

1979-1981

Ronald Reagan Presidency

1980-88

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989 Republican Reaganomics

Iran-Contra Affair

1987

Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier

1988 - Under the First Amendment, school officials can censor non-forum student newspapers when they can justify their decision by stating an educational purpose. However, this decision does not allow school officials to censor articles wantonly or based on personal opinion.

Berlin Wall Torn Down

1989

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services

1989 - Laws that imposed restrictions on the use of state funds, facilities and employees in performing, assisting with, or counseling on abortions are not contradictory to Roe v. Wade. Provisions requiring testing for viability after 20 weeks of pregnancy were constitutional, but those limiting abortions in the second trimester of pregnancy were unconstitutional.

George H.W. Bush

1989-1993 Republican Persian Gulf War

Persian Gulf War

1991

Bill Clinton

1993-2001 Democratic Don't Ask, Don't Tell

United States v. Lopez

1995 - The Commerce Clause of the Constitution does not give Congress the power to prohibit mere possession of a gun near a school, because gun possession by itself is not an economic activity that affects interstate commerce even indirectly.

Monitor & Marrimack

1st battle between two ironclads. Ended in a stalemate.

1st Battle Bull Run

1st major battle of the civil war also known as 1st mansassas by the south

District of Columbia v. Heller

2008 Court held that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia, and to use that firearm for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self- defense within the home.

Barack Obama

2009-present(2017) Democratic Affordable Care Act

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States

JFK

35th president (Democrat, 1961-63). Sent the Green Berets to South Vietnam

Montgomery Bus boycott how long? outcome?

381 days, Supreme court ruled bus desegregation unconstitutional

Watergate Burglary

5 men broke into campaign headquarters of DNC, wanted pics docs, demotocratic party strategy, bugged office phones, wanted to reelect Nixon

Sherman's march to Sea

60 mile swap in Georgia; Caused economic damage and psychological damage.

Somme River

60,000 British soldiers were killed/wounded in one day here

1971 % of blacks registered to vote

62%

Powell v. Alabama

6th amendment Powell was the first time the Court had reversed a state criminal conviction for a violation of a criminal procedural provision of the United States Bill of Rights.

Furman v. Georgia

8th Amendment Suspended the death penalty temporarily -needed a consistency in death penalty rulings

Henry J. Kaiser

A "miracle-man" shipbuilder, known for particularly fast construction of vessels

Gavril Princeps

A 19 year old serb that joined Unity of Death. He was determined to free Bosnia from Austria-Hungary rule.

Schenck v. United States

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.

Battle of the Bulge

A 1944-1945 battle in which Allied forces turned back the last major German offensive of World War II.

Brinkmanship

A 1956 term used by Secretary of State John Dulles to describe a policy of risking war in order to protect national interests

Brinksmanship

A 1956 term used by Secretary of State John Dulles to describe a policy of risking war in order to protect national interests

School District of Abington Township, Pennsylvania v. Schempp

A 1963 Supreme Court decision holding that a Pennsylvania law requiring Bible reading in schools violated the establishment clause of the First Amendment.

Miller v. California

A 1973 Supreme Court decision that avoided defining obscenity by holding that community standards be used to determine whether material is obscene in terms of appealing to a "prurient interest" and being "patently offensive" and lacking in value.

Texas v. Johnson

A 1989 case in which the Supreme Court struck down a law banning the burning of the American flag on the grounds that such action was symbolic speech protected by the First Amendment.

Planned Parenthood v. Casey

A 1992 case in which the Supreme Court loosened its standard for evaluating restrictions on abortion from one of "strict scrutiny" of any restraints on a "fundamental right" to one of "undue burden" that permits considerably more regulation.

Adarand Constructors v. Pena

A 1995 Supreme Court decision holding that federal programs that classify people by race, even for an ostensibly benign purpose such as expanding opportunities for minorities, should be presumed to be unconstitutional., A Supreme Court ruling that states that federal programs that classify people based on race, even to help minorities, are unconstitutional.

1495. United Nations in the Congo, 1960

A Black uprising against the Belgian colonial government in the Congo became increasingly violent with White settlers being raped and butchered. The U.N. sent in troops to try to prevent civil war.

Dred Scott Decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his 4 year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S. Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in a federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A New Deal agency created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven-U.S.-state region around the Tennessee River Valley . It created many dams that provided electricity as well as jobs.

1442. March on Washington, 1963

August - 200,000 demonstrators converged on the Lincoln Memorial to hear Dr. King's speech and to celebrate Kennedy's support for the civil rights movement.

National Recovery Act

A New Deal legislation that focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the NRA.

Harry Hopkins

A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans.

Thaddeus Stevens

A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress.

Trent

A Union frigate stopped the Trent, a British steamer and abducted two Confederate ambassadors aboard it. It led to the Trent affair which almost brought the Union and UK to war before the North relented and returned the two Confederate diplomats

Battle of the Coral Sea

A battle between Japanese and American naval forces that stopped the Japanese advance on Australia.

Civil Rights Bill

A bill passed by Congress in March 1866 as a measure against the Black Codes to reinforce black rights to citizenship. It was vetoed by Johnson and was later passed as the 14th Amendment.

The Impending Crisis of the South

A book written by Hinton Helper. Helper hated both slavery and blacks and used this book to try to prove that non-slave owning whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. The non-aristocrat from N.C. had to go to the North to find a publisher that would publish his book.

Vietminh

A broad based Vietnamese nationalist coalition led by the communist Ho Chi Minh. Fought and defeated the French.

Total War

A channeling of a nation's entire resources into a war effort

Agent Orange

A chemical herbicide that U.S. forces sprayed extensively in order to kill vegetation in the Vietnamese jungle and expose Viet Cong hideouts. Agent Orange inflicted immense damage on Vietnam's natural environment and led to decades of unforeseen health problems among Vietnamese civilians and U.S. military forces.

Birth of the Republican Party

A coalition of the Free Soil Party, the Know-Nothing Party and renegade Whigs merged in 1854 to form the Republican Party, a liberal, anti-slavery party. The party's Presidential candidate, John C. Fremont, captured one-third of the popular vote in the 1856 election.

America First Committee

A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.

Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.

Laos

A country bordering Vietnam; part of the Ho Chi Minh trail ran through this country

Eisenhower Doctrine

A country could seek economic assistance from U.S.

Stalemate

A deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Crittenden Compromise proposal

A desperate, last minute measure to prevent the Civil War, introduced by John Crittenden, Senator from Kentucky, in December 1860. The bill offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36.30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves. Republicans defeated it

Oliver Wendel Holmes, Jr.

A famous justice of the Supreme Court during the early 1900s. Called the "Great Dissenter" because he spoke out against the inposition of national regulations and standards, and supported the states' rights to experiment with social legislation.

Peace Corps

A federal agency created by President Kennedy in 1961 to promote voluntary service by Americans in foreign countries. This agency provides labor power to help developing countries improve their infrastructure, health care, educational systems, and other aspects of their societies. Part of Kennedy's New Frontier vision, the organization represented an effort by postwar liberals to promote American values and influence through productive exchanges across the world.

1201. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

A federal agency which insures bank deposits, created by the Glass-Strengall Banking Reform Act of 1933.

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Impeachment

A formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

Harriet Tubman (1821-1913)

A former escaped slave, she was one of the shrewdest conductors of the underground railroad, leading 300 slaves to freedom

"Copperheads"

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War. Also known as Peace Democrats.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

A joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 which gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson the power to send troops to Vietnam WITHOUT a formal declaration of war by Congress.

the draft

A law requiring all people of certain ages to serve in the military.

Charles Sumner

A leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote

Frank Norris (1870-1902), The Octopus

A leader of the naturalism movement in literature, he believed that a novel should serve a moral purpose. Wrote The Octopus in 1901 about how railroads controlled the lives of a group of California farmers. A muckraker novel.

American Anti-Imperialist League

A league containing anti-imperialist groups; it was never strong due to differences on domestic issues. Isolationists.

14 Points

A list of terms for resolving this war and future wars

De Bow's Review

A magazine that strongly advocated the southern commercial and agricultural expansion. However, shows dependency of the South on the North: had to be printed in the North because the South had no adequate facilities, always ran ads for Northern companies, and never achieved the circulation of Northern magazines

Secretary of State Hamilton Fish

A member of the Grant administration, he was an able diplomat who peacefully settled conflicts with Great Britain through the Treaty of Washington.

Vietcong

A member of the communist guerrilla movement in Vietnam that fought the South Vietnamese government forces 1954-75 with the support of the North Vietnamese army and opposed the South Vietnamese and US forces in the Vietnam War

William Lloyd Garrison

A militant abolitionist, he became editor of the Boston publication, The Liberator, in 1831. Under his leadership, The Liberator gained national fame and notoriety due to his quotable and inflammatory language, attacking everything from slave holders to moderate abolitionists, and advocating northern secession.

The Liberator

A militantly abolitionist weekly, edited by William Lloyd Garrison from 1831 to 1865. Despite having a relatively small circulation, it achieved national notoriety due to Garrison's strong arguments.

Senator Stephen A. Douglas

A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

Lincoln Steffens (1866-1936), The Shame of the Cities

A muckraker novel concerning the poor living conditions in the cities.

David Graham Phillips, The Treason of the Senate

A muckraker novel, it publicized corruption in the Senate after doing research on government leaders.

Denmark Vesey

A mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his thirty-seven followers were hanged before the revolt started.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNNC)

A nonviolent protest group founded by Ella Baker, mostly made up of college students who participated in sit-in demonstrations all over the country.

Manchuria

A northern industrial province in China, invaded by the Japanese in 1931. From here the Japanese would launch an invasion of mainland China beginning in 1937.

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states;

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Republican Party

A party formed that was against slavery and the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It was formed in 1854. Abe Lincoln was a republican president. They wanted Kansas to be admitted as a free state, and they were against popular sovereignty to decide on the issue of slavery.

10% plan

A plan by Abraham Lincoln that would help restore the South by allowing a southern state to rejoin the union if at least 10% of it's voters swore loyalty to the union and if slavery were abolished. The plan also gave amnesty to some southerners.

appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Neutrality

A policy of supporting neither side in a war

fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition (Germany, Spain, Italy)

tenant farmers

A poor farmer who did not own land and had to live on and work the land of others, either for wages or a share of the crop they produced

lend-lease

A program under which the United States supplied U.K, USSR, China, France, and other allied nations with vast amounts of war meterial between 1941 and 1945 in return for, in the case of Britain, Military bases in New Foundland, Bermuda, and the British West Indies. It began in March 1941, nine months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. It was abruptly stopped by the Americans immediately after V-J day.

"Rosie the Riveter"

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

1445. H. Rap Brown

A proponent of Black Power, he succeeded Stokely Carmichael as head of SNCC. He was indicted by inciting riot and for arson.

1216. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), Senator Norris

A public corporation headed by a 3-member board. The TVA built 20 dams, conducted demonstration projects for farmers, and engaged in reforestation to rehabilitate the area.

Black Panther Party

A radical organization founded by college students that modeled itself after Malcolm X. The group opposed the Vietnam War and focused on protecting blacks from police violence; they also ran free breakfast programs and sickle-cell anemia testing programs.

1414. To Secure these Rights

A report by the President's Committee on Civil Rights, it was given a year after the Committee was formed, and helped pave the way for the civil rights era. It recommended that the government start an anti-lynching campaign and ensure that Blacks got to vote.

Platt Amendment

A rider to the Army Appropriations Bill of 1901, it specified the conditions under which the U.S. could intervene in Cuba's internal affairs, and provided that Cuba could not make a treaty with another nation that might impair its independence. Its provisions where later incorporated into the Cuban Constitution.

Underground Railroad

A secret, shifting network which aided slaves escaping to the North and Canada, mainly after 1840

Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)

A self-educated slave who escaped in 1838, Douglas became the best-known abolitionist speaker. He edited an anti-slavery weekly, the North Star.

Nuremberg Trials

A series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity.

The Great Society

A series of programs created by President Johnson to make America a better place at home

Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 during Illinois Senatorial campaign

A series of seven debates. The two argued the important issues of the day like popular sovereignty, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won the contested 1858 Illinois Senate seat but Lincoln's position in these debates helped him beat Douglas 2 years later in the 1860 presidential election

Gabriel Prosser (1775-1800)

A slave, he planned to revolt to make Virginia a state for Blacks. He organized about 1,000 slaves who met outside Richmond the night of August 30, 1800. They had planned to attack the city, but the roads leading to it were flooded. The attack was delayed and a slave owner found out about it. Twenty-five men were hanged, including Gabriel.

1451. Black Power

A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.

1494. Bay of Pigs, 1961

A small army of ant-Castro Cuban exiles were trained and financed by the U.S. in the hope their invasion would lead to a popular uprising to overthrow the Communist government. The invasion force landed at the Bay of Pigs in Southern Cuba, but received no popular support and were quickly wiped out by Castro's forces.

Tunnel rat

A soldier who is selected to go down a very narrow tunnel which leads to the underground tunnel system of the Viet Cong; No soldier wanted this job

Andrew Johnson (1808-1875)

A southerner from Tennessee, as VP when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first US president to be impeached, but survived the removal by only a single vote. He was a very weak president.

1229. Elanor Roosevelt

A strong first lady who supported civil rights.

Thomas Dewey

A successful governor of New York, was the Republican candidate for president in 1944, when he lost to Roosevelt

Sharecropping

A system of farming that developed in the South after the Civil War, when landowners, many of whom had formerly held slaves, lacked the cash to pay wages to farm laborers, many of whom were former slaves. The system called for dividing the crop into three shares — one for the landowner, one for the worker, and one for whoever provided seeds, fertilizer, and farm equipment.

Unity or Death

A terrorist group

Dien Bien Phu

A town of northwest Vietnam near the Laos border. The French military base here fell to Vietminh troops on May 7, 1954, after a 56-day siege, leading to the end of France's involvement in Indochina.

Korea/38th parallel

A war fought to avoid communism that divided the country into the north (communist) and the south (democratic), split by a line of division

Vietnamization`

A war policy in Vietnam initiated by Nixon in June of 1969. This strategy called for dramatic reduction of U.S. troops followed by an increased injection of S. Vietnamese troops in their place. A considerable success, this plan allowed for a drop in troops to 24,000 by 1972. . This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called "Nixon Doctrine". As applied to Vietnam, it was labeled "Vietnamization".

Protectorate

A weak country under the control and protection of a stronger country. Puerto Rico, Cuba, etc. were protectorates of the U.S.

13th amendment

Abolished Slavery

Thirty-six, thirty line

According to the Missouri Compromise of 1820, slavery was forbidden in the Louisiana territory north of the 36.30'N latitude. This was nullified by the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Act banning literacy tests and other devices that kept blacks from voting

Neutrality Act of 1935

Act that allowed nations at war to buy goods and arms in the United States if they paid cash and carried the merchandise on their own ships

Reciprocal Trade Agreement

Activated the low tariff policies of New Dealers, aimed at both relief, recover, reversed the traditional high protective tariff

Force Acts

Acts passed to promote African American voting and mainly aimed at limiting the activities of the Ku Klux Klan. Through the acts, actions committed with the intent to influence voters, prevent them from voting, or conspiring to deprive them of civil rights, including life, were made federal offenses. Thus the federal government had the power to prosecute the offenses, including calling federal juries to hear the cases.

1238. Dr. Francis Townsend

Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month.

Louis Armstrong and Eubie Blake

African American jazz artists in Harlem

Black muslims

African Americans who followed an "apocalyptic brand" of Islam, popular in northern cities

Buchanan and the Secession Crisis

After Lincoln was elected, but before he was inaugurated, seven Southern states seceded. Buchanan, the lame duck president, decided to leave the problem for Lincoln to take care of

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Compromise of 1877

After the disputed Presidential Election of 1876, Congress declared Republican Rutherford B. Hayes the winner, but Republicans promised to withdraw remaining troops from Southern states & no longer attempt to reshape Southern states; marked the end of Reconstruction as Democrats regained control of the South

Pearl Harbor

After the surprise attack on this military base, the United States joined World War 2.

Armistice

Agreement to end fighting

Dogfights

Air battles between the pilots

"Buffer" zone countries

Albania Bulgaria Poland Hungary Romania Czechoslovakia East germany

15th amendment

All US male citizens have the right to vote.

Name for alliance of England, France, and later United States and Russia

Allied Powers

Potsdam Conference (1945)

Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Operation Market Day

Allied offensive to liberate Holland and gain access to Germany. Not successful.

El Alamein

Allied victory in October 1942. Montgomery supported by U.S. tanks repelled Germans back into Tunisia. They halted German advance in North Africa.

Taft-Hartley Act (1947) "right to work laws"

Also called the Labor Management Relations Act. This act was Congress' response to the abuse of power. Outlawed closed shops; prohibited unions' unfair labor practices, and forced unions to bargain in good faith.

GI Bill of Rights

Also known as Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 gave money to veterans to study in colleges, universities, gave medical treatment, loans to buy a house or farm or start a new business

Bleeding Kansas

Also known as the Kansas Border War. Following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Ac, pro-slavery forces from Missouri, known as the Border Ruffians, crossed the border into Kansas and terrorized and murdered antislavery settlers. Antislavery sympathizers from Kansas carried out reprisal attacks, the most notorious of which was John Brown's 1856 attack on the settlement at Pottawatomie Creek. The war continued for four years before the antislavery forces won. The violence it generated helped precipitate the Civil War.

Containment

America's strategy against the Soviet Union based on ideas of George Kennan. The doctrine declared that the Soviet Union and communism were inherently expansionist and had to be stopped from spreading through both military and political pressure. It guided American foreign policy throughout most of the Cold War

William Westmoreland

American General who commanded American military operations in the Vietnam War at its peak "I see the light at the end of the tunnel"

Ngo Dinh Diem

American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. he was killed in a coup in 1963.

Tet Offensive

American efforts to suppress Vietcong, turning point of war

John Dewey (1859-1952): the school and society, "progressive education", "learning by doing"

American philosopher and educator, he led the philosophical movement called Pragmatism. Influenced by evolution, he believed that only reason and knowledge could be used to solve problems. Wanted educational reform

1161. James Weldon Johnson (1871-1938)

American poet and part of the Harlem Renaissance, he was influenced by jazz music.

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world (Harry Truman- Truman Doctrine)

Woodrow Wilson

American president during World War 1

Henry Demarest Lloyd (1847-1903), Wealth Against Commonwealth

American writer, he won fame for revealing illegal business practices in the U.S. in the late 1800's. Said many corporations put their interest above the good of the workers. Muckraker novel.

Khrushchev succeeded Stalin

Americans thought it would thaw the Cold War He advocated a peaceful coexistence

Revenue Act of 1942

An Act created to cover the war's huge cost, this provided for only about $7 billion in increased revenue, and greatly broadened the tax structure by making everyone a taxpayer.

1485. Rachel Carson, Silent Spring

An American marine biologist wrote in 1962 about her suspicion that the pesticide DDT, by entering the food chain and eventually concentrating in higher animals, caused reproductive dysfunctions. In 1973, DDT was banned in the U.S. except for use in extreme health emergencies.

Jefferson Davis

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

1421. Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968)

An Atlanta-born Baptist minister, he earned a Ph.D. at Boston University. The leader of the Civil Rights Movement and President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, he was assassinated outside his hotel room.

1434. Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968)

An Atlanta-born Baptist minister, he earned a Ph.D. at Boston University. The leader of the Civil Rights Movement and President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, he was assassinated outside his hotel room.

Elijah Lovejoy (1802-1837)

An abolitionist and editor. The press he used was attacked four times and Lovejoy was killed defending it. His death was an example of violence against abolitionists.

John Wilkes Booth

An actor, planned with others for six months to abduct Lincoln at the start of the war, but they were foiled when Lincoln didn't arrive at the scheduled place. April 14, 1865, he shot Lincoln at Ford's Theatre and cried, "Sic Semper Tyrannis!" ("Thus always to tyrants!") When he jumped down onto the stage his spur caught in the American flag draped over the balcony and he fell and broke his leg. He escaped on a waiting horse and fled town. He was found several days later in a barn. He refused to come out; the barn was set on fire. Booth was shot, either by himself or a soldier.

Central Intelligence Agency; KGB

An agency created after World War II to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad. It became involved in intrigue, conspiracy, and meddling as well.

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO. Them Communist Muh****ers

Commission

An amount paid to an employee based on a percentage of the employee's sales, OR an official document issued by a government and conferring on the recipient the rank of an officer in the armed forces

Congressman Clement L. Vallandigham

An anti-war Ohio Democrat who criticized Lincoln as a dictator, called him "King Abraham". He was arrested and exiled to the South. Went to Canada and would later become Gov. of Ohio.

1469. Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)

An area that both militaries are required to stay out of in order to create a buffer between nations. In Vietnam, a five mile wide DMZ was established between the North and South along the 17th parallel.

Great Society

An array of federal programs designed to enrich and elevate our national life, building a country that was wealthy in mind and spirit.

"Fair Deal"

An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.

Thorstien Velben, The Theory of the Leisure Class

An economist, he believed that society was always evolving, but not that the wealthiest members of society were the "fittest." Attacked the behavior of the wealthy. Muckraker novel.

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond, Virginia

An iron mill in Richmond. It was run by skilled slave labor and was among the best iron foundry in the nation. It kept the Confederacy alive until 1863 as its only supplier of cannons. It was also the major munitions supplier of the South and was directly responsible for the capitol of the Confederacy being moved to Richmond.

National Security Council - 68

An office created in 1947 to coordinate the president's foreign and military policy advisers. Its formal members are the president, vice president, secretary of state, and secretary of defense, and it is managed by the president's national security assistant.

Wendell Phillips

An orator and associate of Garrison, Phillips was an influential abolitionist lecturer.

The Grimke sisters

Angelina and Sarah Grimke wrote and lectured vigorously on reform causes such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and the abolitionist movement.

1487. Kennedy and the Steel Price Rollback

Angry at steel companies for cutting wages and increasing prices in the face of his low-inflation plan, Kennedy activated the federal government's anti-trust laws and the FBI. Awed, steel companies cut their prices back for a few days, then raised them again slowly and quietly. Kennedy "jawboned" the steel industry into overturning a price increase after having encouraged labor to lower its wage demands.

Oct. 22

Announce naval blockade

Temperance Movement

Anti-Saloon League, Women's Christian Temperance Union, motivation came from domestic violence and misuse of family income for alcohol, "Lips that touch alcohol shall not touch ours"

1476. Senator Fullbright

Anti-Vietnam War Senator from Arkansas, he was head of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. In 1966 and 1967, he held a series of hearings to air anti-war sentiments.

Jim Crow Laws

Any of the laws legalizing racial segregation of blacks and whites that were enacted in Southern states beginning in the 1880's and enforced through the 1950's.

1209. Federal emergency Relief Administation (FERA)

Appropriated $500 million for aid to the poor to be distributed by state and local government. Harry Hopkins was the leader of FERA.

Treaty of Paris

Approved by the Senate on February 6, 1898, it ended the Spanish-American War. The U.S. gained Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

Teller Amendment

April 1896 - U.S. declared Cuba free from Spain, but the Teller Amendment disclaimed any American intention to annex Cuba

Francis Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria-Hungary - heir to throne

French Indochina

Area of southeast Asia controlled by France during Imperialism. Includes Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.

Drago Doctrine

Argentine jurist, Luis Drago, proposed that European countries could not use force to collect debts owed by countries in the Americas. They could not blockade South American ports. Adopted as part of the Hague Convention in 1907.

Julius & Ethel Rosenberg

Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

John Foster Dulles

As Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine.

Secretary of War Stanton

As Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton acted as a spy for the radicals in cabinet meetings. President Johnson asked him to resign in 1867. The dismissal of Stanton let to the impeachment of Johnson because Johnson had broken the Tenure of Office Law.

Chief Justice Roger B. Taney

As chief justice, he wrote the important decision in the Dred Scott case, upholding police power of states and asserting the principle of social responsibility of private property. He was Southern and upheld the fugitive slave laws

1172. Reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

Gavrillo Princip

Assassinated Archduke, part of Black Hand, Serbian nationalist

J. W. Boothe

Assassinated Lincoln on April 14th, 1865; actor, 26.

Bull Run

At Bull Run, a creek, Confederate soldiers charged Union men who were en route to besiege Richmond. Union troops fled back to Washington. Confederates didn't realize their victory in time to follow up on it. First major battle of the Civil War - both sides were ill-prepared.

Reason for War

At the beginning of war, Lincoln said the reason for war was to preserve the union; however, after the Battle of Antietam, the reason for war changed to slavery.

1416. Korean War (1950-1953)

At the end of WW II, Korea had been divided into a northern sector occupied by the U.S.S.R. and a southern sector occupied by the U.S. who instituted a democratic government. On June 25, 1950, the North invaded the South. The United Nations created an international army, lead by the U.S. to fight for the South and China joined the war on the side of North Korea. This was the first time the United Nations had intervened militarily.

Hungarian Revolt 1956

Attempt by students and workers to liberalize the Communist regime and break off military alliance with the Soviet Union.

1461. Civil Rights Act, 1968

Attempted to provide Blacks with equal-opportunity housing.

1468. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

August, 1964 - After the U.S. Navy ship Maddux reportedly was fired on, the U.S. Congress passed this resolution which gave the president power to send troops to Vietnam to protect against further North Vietnamese aggression.

Central Powers

Austria and Germany

Name for the alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan

Axis Powers

1153. Billy Sunday (1863-1935)

Baseball player and preacher, his baseball background helped him become the most popular evangelist minister of the time. Part of the Fundamentalist revival of the 1920's.

Germany's attempt to defeat the British Royal Airforce and get Great Britain to surrender

Battle of Britain

Stalingrad

Battle where Soviet Union halted the Germans during harsh winter fighting in 1942

Nguyen Van Thieu

Became President of South Vietnam after Diem was executed

Blanche K. Bruce

Became a senator in 1874 -- the only black to be elected to a full term until Edward Brooke in 1966.

1243. Court-packing plan

Because the Supreme Court was striking down New Deal legislation, Roosevelt decided to curb the power of the Court by proposing a bill to allow the president to name a new federal judge for each who did not retire by age 70 and 1/2. At the time, 6 justices were over the age limit. Would have increased the number of justices from 9 to 15, giving FDR a majority of his own appointees on the court. The court-packing bill was not passed by Congress.

1244. Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes

Began to vote with the more liberal members in the liberal-dominated Supreme Court. In June a conservative justice retired and Roosevelt had an opportunity to make an appointment, shifting the Court's stance to support of New Deal legislation.

Return of the Panama Canal

Carter pledged to return the Panama Canal to Panama by the year 2000 and resume full diplomatic relations with China in 1979

Causes of the Cold War "bear"

Beliefs- communist vs. capitalist Events- neither side trusted each other Aims-goals-Stalin wanted huge reparations from Germany and a buffer of friendly states to protect the USSR from invasion again Resentment about history- the Soviet Union could not forget that in 1918 Britain and the usa had tried to destroy the Russian revolution. Stalin also though that they had not given him enough help in the Second World War

What went up in 1961

Berlin Wall

British commander in Northern Africa

Bernard Montgomery

Betty Friedan, Feminine Mystique

Best-selling book by feminist thinker. This work challenged women to move beyond the drudgery of suburban housewifery and helped launch what would become second-wave feminism.

Western Front

Between France + Germany

Eastern Front

Between Russia + Germany

no man's land

Between the opposing trenches

most segregated city

Birmingham, Alabama

1450. Angela Davis

Black Communist college professor affiliated with the Black Panthers, she was accused of having been involved in a murderous jail-break attempt by that organization.

Malcolm X

Black Muslim leader who focused on embracing black power rather than changing the minds of whites, and was more militant than the King-following activists.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Black church founded by Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy that became an integral part of the racial justice movement along with the NAACP

A. Phillip Randolph

Black leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, organized and almost led a march on Washington against employment inequality

1162. Marcus Garvey (1887-1940), Universal Negro Improvement Association

Black leader who advocated "black nationalism," and financial independence for Blacks, he started the "Back to Africa" movement. He believed Blacks would not get justice in mostly white nations.

Aryan

Blue eyes, blond hair, and a good stature

Adolf Hitler

Born in Austria, became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II.

Allies

Britain, France, Russia and eventually the U.S

Allies

Britain, Russia, and France

Sir David Lloyd George

British Prime Minister

Lusitania

British ship

Tobruk

British stronghold in Mediterranean Theater (North Africa).

Lusitania

British submarine that was bombed by German torpedoes

Zimmerman Note

Brits intercept note from Germans about bribing Mexico; Brits tell the united states about it and we begin to hate Germany

Panama Canal

Buit to make passage between Atlantic and Pacific oceans easier and faster.

Countries Stalin took over

Bulgaria, Czech, Hungary

Watergate

Burglars came into democratic headquarters installing listening tapes

Election of 1852: end of the Whig party

By this time the Whig party was so weakened that the Democrats swept Franklin Pierce into office by a huge margin. Eventually the Whigs became part of the new Republican party

Bay of Pigs

CIA plot in 1961 to over- throw Fidel Castro by training Cuban exiles to invade and supporting them with American air power. The mission failed and became a public relations disaster early in John F. Kennedy's presidency..

Compromise of 1850: provisions, impact

Called for the admission of California as a free state, organizing Utah and New Mexico without restrictions on slavery, adjustment of the Texas/New Mexico border, abolition of slave trade in District of Columbia, and tougher fugitive slave laws. Its passage was hailed as a solution to the threat of national division.

Concentration camp

Camp where political prisoners or prisoners of war are confined (usually under harsh conditions)

Sarajevo

Capital of Bosnia

Saigon

Captial of South Vietnam, capture of this city marks the conclusion of the civil war in 1975 - it is later re-named Ho Chi Minh City

Cuba

Caribbean Island ruled by Fulgencio Batista and then Fidel Castro; the Soviet Union kept missiles here causing increased tension during the Cold War.

1960

Castro and Khrushchev sign a trade agreement

1481. "Impeach Earl Warren"

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Earl Warren used the Court's authority to support civil rights and individual liberties. He authored Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas and Roe v. Wade decisions. His liberal attitudes led conservative groups to brand him a communist and lobby for his impeachment.

Northern part of this country was occupied by Japan in 1937

China

Jiang Jieshi

Chinese nationalist leader that was against Mao; supported by the US; loss to Mao, so he and his followers fled to Taiwan

Iron Curtain

Churchill coined this term as a division between the Western sphere of influence and the Soviet sphere of influence

The "Big Three"

Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin; leaders who met between 1943 and 1945 to coordinate attacks on Germany and Japan, and later to discuss plans for postwar Europe and settlement of Germany. After the war, their armies occupied Germany, each with a separate zone, although governed as a single economic unit.

Battle of Antietam

Civil War battle in which the North succeeded in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties. Emancipation Proclamation came out of this war.

Pan-Slavism

Claiming all Slavic-People shared a common nationality

Senator Henry Clay's support for the passage of the Compromise of 1850 (1777-1852)

Clay helped heal the North/South rift by aiding passage of the Compromise of 1850, which served to delay the Civil War

Operation Overlord

Code name for the Allied invasion of Europe at Normandy on June 6, 1944; also known as D-Day

Manhattan Project

Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States.

Revanchism

Comes from revanche, the french word for revenge. Applies to a country who wants to recapture lost territories, etc.

Robert E. Lee

Commander of the Confederate Army

Chester Nimitz

Commander of the U.S. navy in the Pacific

David Farragut

Commander of the union navy, captured new orleans. led to the union control of the Mississippi River.

Eisenhower

Commanding General of the European Theater & D-Day

Fair Employment Practices Commision

Commission to enforce E.O. 8022, although it was not very effective

Presidential Committee on Civil Rights

Committee created by Pres. Truman on executive power to investigate and promote the civil rights cause

Commodore Perry and Japan

Commodore Matthew Perry went to Japan to open trade between it and the US. In 1853, his armed squadron anchored in Tokyo Bay, where the Japanese were so impressed that they signed the Treaty of Kanagania in 1854, which opened Japanese ports to American trade.

1449. Black Muslims

Common name for the Nation of Islam, a religion that encouraged separatism from White society. They claimed the "White Devil" was the chief source of evil in the world.

Senator Robert Taft

Commonly known as "Mr. Republican," he led the Republican party to reduce the size and the power of the federal government, to decrease taxes, to block Truman's liberal goals.

Domino theory

Communism will reign is one Asian country falls to it "Domino effect"

Russia (type of government)

Communist

Bolshevik

Communist Party of the Soviet Union; "red Russia"

Cuba

Communist leader Fidel Castro. 1959 Cuba becomes communist

Fidel Castro

Communist leader of Cuba

Warsaw Pact

Communist poweds

Civil Rights opponents charged with that racial integration was

Communistic

1178. Hawley-Smoot Tariff, 1930

Congressional compromise serving special interest, it raised duties on agricultural and manufactured imports. It may have contributed to the spread of the international depression.

Army-McCarthy hearings

Congressional hearings called by Senator Joseph McCarthy to accuse members of the army of communist ties. In this widely televised spec- tacle, McCarthy finally went too far for public approval. The hearings exposed the Senator's extremism and led to his eventual disgrace.

Interstate Highway Act

Congressional legislation that established the Interstate Commerce Commission, compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools. Railroads quickly became adept at using the Act to achieve their own ends, but the Act gave the government an important means to regulate big business.

Cotton versus Wheat

Cotton was a Southern cash crop and could be sold for large amounts of money. Wheat was mainly raised to feed farmers and their animals. The North grew most of the wheat in the newly settled Midwestern states.

Poland

Country Hitler and Stalin agreed to divide between them after they signed a nonagression pact with each other

Near v. Minnesota

Court ruling that rejected prior restraint on any publications

1423. Civil Rights Act, 1957

Created by the U.S. Commission of Civil Rights and the Civil Rights division of the Justice Department.

1179. Reconstruction Finance Corporation, RFC

Created in 1932 to make loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads, it was intended to provide emergency funds to help businesses overcome the effects of the Depression. It was later used to finance wartime projects during WW II.

1208. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Created in April 1933. Within 4 months, 1300 CCC camps were in operation and 300,000 men between ages 18 and 25 worked for the reconstruction of cities. More than 2.5 million men lived and/or worked in CCC camps.

1199. Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, 1933

Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insures the accounts of depositors of its member banks. It outlawed banks investing in the stock market.

1223. National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

Created to insure fairness in labor-managment relations and the mediate employers' desputes with unions.

Fidel Castro

Cuban dictator who caused a revolution and denounced the Yankee imperialists and began to expropriate valuable American properties in pursuing a land-distribution program. He also ordered further wholesale confiscations of Yankee property and in effect made his left-wing dictatorship an economic and military satellite of Moscow, to the Kremlin's delighted surprise

June 6, 1944

D Day land and sea invasion of Normandy. Largest amphibious landing to date.

Senator Daniel Webster's support for Compromise of 1850

Daniel Webster, a Northerner and opposed to slavery, spoke before Congress on March 7, 1850. During this speech, he envisioned that the legacy of the fugitive slave laws would be to divide the nation over the issue of slavery.

Jefferson Davis, Alexander Stephens

Davis was chosen as president of the Confederacy in 1861. Stephens was vice-president.

1455. De Facto, De Jure segregation

De Facto means "it is that way because it just is," and De Jure means that there are rules and laws behind it. In 1965, President Johnson said that getting rid of De Jure segregation was not enough.

Christmas Bombings

Dec, 1972 the heaviest bombardment in history, by B-52 planes pounded military and civilian targets in NV around clock

Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

Teheran Conference

December, 1943 - A meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace.

1433. Montgomery Bus Boycott

December, 1955 - In Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat for a White man as required by city ordinance. It started the Civil Rights Movement and an almost nation-wide bus boycott lasting 11 months.

1420. Rosa Parks, Montgomery Bus Boycott

December, 1955 - In Montgomery, Alabama, she refused to give up her bus seat for a White man as required by city ordinance. It started the Civil Rights Movement and an almost nation-wide bus boycott lasting 11 months.

1426. West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 1942

Decided that a state can require student to salute the flag in school.

National Black Political Agenda

Declaration from the 1972 black political convention that called for national health insurance, community control of schools and elimination of the death penalty

four freedoms

Declared by President FDR; 1. Freedom of speech and expression; 2. Freedom of every person to worship in his own way; 3. Freedom from want; 4. Freedom from fear

Election 1960

Dem: JFK Rep: Richard Nixon Winner: JFK

Election 1948

Dem: Truman Rep: Thomas Dewey Progressive: Henry Wallace Winner: Truman

1239. Election of 1936: candidates, issues

Democrat - Franklin D. Roosevelt, Rebublican - Governor Alfred Landon, Union Party - William Lemke Issues were the New Deal (which Landon criticized as unconstitutional laws), a balanced budget, and low taxes. Roosevelt carried all states but Maine and Vermont.

Election of 1856: Republican Party, Know-Nothing Party

Democrat - James Buchanan (won by a narrow margin). Republican - John Fremont. Know-Nothing Party and Whig - Millard Fillmore. First election for the Republican Party. Know-Nothings opposed immigration and Catholic influence. They answered questions from outsiders about the party by saying "I know nothing".

1190. Election of 1932: candidates, issues

Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget.

Election of 1948

Democrat Truman wins "fair deal" Dewey republican predicted to win

Jimmy Carter

Democrat president who served 1977 to 1981; he capitalized on being a "Washington outsider," and therefore untainted by the supposed corruption of D.C.; was highly concerned for human rights

Election 1856

Democrats nominated Buchanan, Republicans nominated Fremont, and Know-Nothings chose Fillmore. Buchanan won due to his support of popular sovereignty

War Democrats

Democrats who supported the war and Lincoln. Examples include Andrew Johnson and Edwin Stanton.

Baby Boom

Demographic explosion from births to returning soldiers and others who had put off starting families during the war. This large generation of new Americans forced the expansion of many institutions such as schools and universities

Escalation in 1965

Deployment of American ground troops in Vietnam, Intensification of bombings on NV

Executive Order 9834

Designed to root out communist influence in government

Berlin blockade

Details: 11 months long All railroads and roads closed Dried eggs, potatoes. 4 hours of electricity May, 1949 Stalin reopened borders

Insular cases

Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens.

General Alfred von Schlieffen

Devised a strategy to avoid war on Germany's two fronts

Sectionalism

Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South, and West). This can lead to conflict.

1443. Medgar Evers

Director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks, he was murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan.

1205. Hugh Johnson

Director of the NRA.

Walter Reed

Discovered that the mosquito transmitted yellow fever and developed a cure. Yellow fever was the leading cause of death of American troops in the Spanish-American War.

Imperialism

Domination by one country of another country or region

Commander of UN forces in Korea

Douglas MacArthur

Confederate Constitution

Drafted 1861; similar to the Articles of Confederation; guaranteed sovereignty of the Confederate states & prohibited the Confederate Congress from enacting protective tariffs & from supporting internal improvements; specifically sanctioned slavery; president had 6-year terms; line-item veto

Chicago Burlington & Quincy Railway v. Chicago

Due Process Clause -14th amendment incorporated the takings clause of the 5th Amendment into the due process clause of the 14th Amendment by requiring states to provide just compensation for seizing private property.

War Production Board

During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

"Iron Curtain"

During the Cold War, the dividing line between Western Europe under democracies and the Soviet controlled regions of Eastern Europe under communism.

Beechers' Bibles

During the Kansas border war, the New England Emigrant Aid Society sent rifles at the instigation of fervid abolitionists like the preacher Henry Beecher. These rifles became known as "Beecher's Bibles".

Freeport Doctrine

During the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Douglas said in his Freeport Doctrine that Congress couldn't force a territory to become a slave state against its will. In other words, it allowed Douglas to balance popular sovereignty against the Dred Scott Case which seemed to indicate that all of USA had to be slave territory

Nixon Doctrine

During the Vietnam War, the Nixon Doctrine was created. It stated that the United States would honor its exisiting defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops.

John Foster Dulles

Dwight Eisenhower's Secretary of State who believed in changing the containment strategy to one that more directly engaged the Soviet Union and attempted to roll back communist influence around the world

Presidents during the War

Dwight Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, Nixon,

1187. Ambassador Morrow

Dwight Whitney Morrow served as the U.S. Ambassador to Mexico from 1927 to 1930, during the Mexican-American diplomatic crisis.

Election 1952 winner

Dwight. Eisenhower, Republican

Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives

Early 1900's writer who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. Muckraker novel.

3 Theaters of War

Eastern theater- east of Appalachian mountains Western theater- west of Appalachian mountains Transmississippi- land across (west) mississippi river

Edwin Stanton

Edwin Stanton was an attorney and politician during the nineteenth century, American Civil War era. Stanton was the Secretary of War during the Lincoln Administration and helped organize the North's assets and bring the Union to a victory. Edwin Stanton worked under Abraham Lincoln until Lincoln's assassination and then worked under Andrew Johnson. Because Stanton went against some of Johnson's policies, Johnson tried to get him out of office. When people heard that Andrew Johnson wanted to get rid of Stanton they impeached him.

1408. "Military-Industrial Complex"

Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

Aguinaldo, Philippine Insurrection

Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964) led a Filipino insurrection against the Spanish in 1896 and assisted the U.S. invasion. He served as leader of the provisional government but was removed by the U.S. because he wanted to make the Philippines independent before the U.S. felt it was ready for independence.

Hirohito

Emperor of Japan during WWII

Fugitive Slave Law

Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, which irritated the South to no end. The 1850 law was tougher and aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.

1410. Fair Employment Practices Committee

Enacted by executive order 8802 on June 25, 1941 to prohibit discrimination in the armed forces.

Election of 1876

Ended reconstruction because neither candidate had an electoral majority. Hayes was elected, and then ended reconstruction as he secretly promised. Rutherford Hayes v Tilden

Leader of the Afrika Korps troops in Northern Africa

Erwin Rommel

1488. Peace Corps., Vista

Established by Congress in September, 1961 under Kennedy, dedicated Americans volunteered to go to about 50 third-world countries and show the impoverished people how to improve their lives.

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Established by the Civil Rights Act to enforce the ban on job descrimination

Significance a of Korean War

Established our involvement in the world Permanent military buildup We never declared war against North Korea We don't use the bomb

1176. Depression as an international event

Europe owed money. Germany had to pay, but did not have the money.

Emperor Maximillian in Mexico

European prince appointed by Napoleon III of France to lead the new government in Mexico. After the Civil War, the US invaded and he was executed, a demonstration of the Monroe Doctrine to European powers.

"King Cotton"

Expression used by Southern authors and orators before the Civil War to indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry, and that the North needed the South's cotton. In a speech to the Senate in 1858, James Hammond declared, "You daren't make war against cotton! ...Cotton is king!".

Who did Johnson want to emulate?

FDR

1231. Deficit spending

FDR's admnistration was based on this concept. It involved stimulating consumer buying power, business enterprise, and ultimately employment by pouring billions of dollars of federal money into the economy even if the government didn't have the funds, and had to borrow money.

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Good Neighbor policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

court packing scheme

FDR's plan to "pack" the Supreme Court with supporters to keep his New Deal programs from being declared unconstitutional

Executive Order 8802

FDR's response to A. Phillip Randolph's threat to lead a protest on Washington, prohibited racial discrimination in defense industries.

Yalta Conference (1945)

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

1975

Fall of Saigon, South Vietnam fell into Communism

John Brown

Fanatical abolitionist who killed five at Pottawatomie Creek, seized the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry in western Virginia, and was hanged and became a martyr.

Italy (type of government)

Fascism

Civil Rights Act (1964)

Federal law that banned racial discrimination in public facilities and strengthened the federal government's power to fight segregation in schools. Title VII of the act prohibited employers from discriminating based on race in their hiring practices, and empowered the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to regulate fair employment.

The Ottoman Turkey

Felt threatened by new nations on its borders

Ultimatum

Final set off demands

Slaughter house cases

First Supreme Court cases for the 14th amendment -amendment relatively new at the time -privileges and immunities clause

Monitor and the Merrimac

First engagement ever between two iron-clad naval vessels. The two ships battled in a portion of the Chesapeake Bay known as Hampton Roads for five hours on March 9th, 1862, ending in a draw. Monitor- Union. Merrimac-Confederacy. Historians use the name of the original ship Merrimac on whose hull the Southern ironclad was constructed, even though the official Confederate name for their ship was the CSS Virginia.

Tehran Conference

First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war

Aletta Jacobs

First women doctor in the Netherlands argued that if women had the right to vote, there would be no war.

1169. Five Powers Treaty, Four Powers Treaty, Nine Powers Treaty

Five Powers Treaty: Signed as part of the Washington Naval Conference, U.S., Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy set a ten year suspension of construction of large ships and set quotas for the number of ships each country could build. Four Powers Treaty: U.S., Japan, Britain, and France agreed to respect each others possessions in the Pacific. Nine Powers Treaty: Reaffirmed the Open Door Policy in China.

1444. Adam Clayton Powell

Flamboyant Congressman from Harlem and chairman of the House and Labor Committee, he was elected to the House of Representatives in 1968, but removed from office for alleged misuse of funds.

Free Soil Party

Formed in 1847-1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

1234. Liberty League

Formed in 1934 by conservatives to defend business interests and promote the open shop.

American GI Forum

Formed in 1948, protested poor treatment of Mexican American veterans/soldiers

Lincoln's ten percent plan

Former Confederate states would be readmitted to the Union if 10% of their citizens took a loyalty oath and the state agreed to ratify the 13th Amendment which outlawed slavery. Not put into effect because Lincoln was assassinated.

Alexander Stephens

Former vice president of the Confederacy, who claimed a seat in Congress during reconstruction under Johnson. Congress denied him and other Confederates seats in Congress

Senator John C. Calhoun's opposition to the Compromise of 1850

Formerly Jackson's vice-president, later a South Carolina senator. He said the North should grant the South's demands and keep quiet about slavery to keep the peace. He was a spokesman for the South and states' rights

Berlin Wall

Fortified and guarded barrier between East and West Berlin erected on orders from Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in 1961 to stop the flow of people to the West. Until its destruction in 1989, it served as a vivid symbol of the divide between the communist and capitalist worlds.

1436. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Founded in 1909 to improve living conditions for inner city Blacks, evolved into a national organization dedicated to establishing equal legal rights for Blacks.

1203. National Industrial Recovery Administration (NIRA)

Founded in 1933 to carry out the plans of the National Industry Recovery Act to fight depression. It established code authorities for each branch of industry or buisness. The code authorities set the lowest prices that could be charged, the lowest wages that could be paid, and the standards of quality that must be observed.

Vietnam was part of what European empire

France

Triple Entente

France, Great Britain, Russia

1188. Good Neighbor Policy

Franklin Roosevelt described his foreign policy as that of a "good neighbor." The phrase came to be used to describe the U.S. attitude toward the countries of Latin America. Under Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor Policy," the U.S. took the lead in promoting good will among these nations.

Georges Clemencaeau (TIGER)

French Leader (Names Tiger for firece war policy)

1466. Geneva Conference, 1954

French wanted out of Vietnam , the agreement signed by Ho Chi Minh France divided Vietnam on the 17th parallel, confining Minh's government to the North. In the South, an independent government was headed by Diem.

Entente Cordial

Friendly understanding

Detente

From the French for "reduced tension," the period of Cold War thawing when the United States and the Soviet Union negotiated reduced armament treaties under Presidents Nixon, Ford, and Carter. As a policy prescription, it marked a departure from the policies of proportional response, mutually assured destruction, and containment that had defined the earlier years of the Cold War.

Whose model of resistance did CR advocate

Gandhi

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Gave Johnson the freedom to conduct operations in Vietnam as he saw fit

G.I Joe

General Issue

Lee, Jackson

General Robert E. Lee and General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson were major leaders and generals for the Confederacy. Best military leaders in the Civil War.

Capture of Atlanta

General Sherman seized the city after the South put General Hood in charge. Hood fled to the city after being pounded by the North and lost over 20,000 troops. This enables Lincoln to win since it was so close to the election.

Marshal Plan

George Marshal the US secretary of state saw Europe as very important to the USA, he saw the best way to keep them out of communism is to help restore their countries in 1947, June, and he proposed a plan to provide massive economic aid to Europe

Marshall plan

George Marshall Money to rebuild Europe If we don't rebuild Stalin will rebuild

Arthur Zimmermann

German Foreign Minister

U-Boats

German Submarine used in World War I and World War 2

U-BOATS

German Submarines that did tremendous damage

Dresden

German city ferociously firebombed by the Allies from February 13 to 15, 1945

Schlieffen Plan

German plan for holding against Russia, combined with a quick drive through Belgium to Paris

The Final Solution

German plan to wipe all Jews from Europe

Unterseeboot

German submarine

u-boats

German submarines that enforced the blockade around Great Britain, which became unrestricted submarine warfare

Poison Gas Warfare

Germans used poison gas as a weapon, in retaliation allies used gas as well.

Triple Alliance

Germany formed the ____ with Austria-Hungary and Italy.

Battle of Verdun

Germany vs. France; 11 months; 500,000 deaths

The Schlieffen Plan

Germany's plan to invade France through Belgium

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, bulgaria, ottoman empire (not sure if we need to know ottoman empire)

1441. "I have a dream" speech

Given August 1963 from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

"Fortunate Sons"

Glorias Emerson's grim reports portrayed the war as a class based effort in which poor and disproportionally non-white troops fought and died so that the rich man, with draft exempt "fortune sons"

Militarism

Glorification of war

Election of 1964

Goldwater fought very gard against Johnson and his policies. Johnson beat Goldwater very easily, but Goldwater's campaign technique lead future republicans to victory

Shoddy Goods

Goods sold during war time (or otherwise) to make a profit without regards for the consumer. The goods were not up to product standards and fell apart or spoiled before its time.

Impact of watergate

Got Nixon to resign and Gerald Ford takes over

Orval Faubus

Governor of Arkansas who mobilized the National Guard to prevent the "Little Rock Nine" from enrolling in Central High School

Name of his agenda

Great Society

Truman Doctrine helped 2 countires

Greece, Turkey

League of Nations

Guaranteed peace for the future

Vietnam war was

Guerrilla warfare

1213. Home Owners' Local Corporation (HOLC)

Had authority to borrow money to refinance home mortgages and thus prevent forclosures. It lent over $3 billion to 1 million homeowners.

Example of persecution of the Jews

Had to wear the star of David

Langston Hughes

Harlem poet, The Weary Blues (1926)

William T. Sherman

He commanded the Union army in Tennessee. In September of 1864 his troops captured Atlanta, Georgia. He then headed to take Savannah. This was his famous "march to the sea.". His troops burned barns and houses, and destroyed the countryside.

George F. Kennan

He created the containment doctrine that avoided an expansionary Russia

Why was Johnsons push contradictory

He pushed for Civil rights but he was a southerner who opposed it before

John Bell

He was a moderate and wanted the union to stay together. After Southern states seceded from the Union, he urged the middle states to join the North.

William H. Seward

He was secretary of state under Johnson and Lincoln. He helped purchase Alaska as well as creating a secret police force.

1412. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma

He wrote this to increase White awareness of the awful discrimination against Blacks.

Vo Nguyen Giap

Head of NVA (North Vietnam)

1435. Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Headed by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., a coalition of churches and Christians organizations who met to discuss civil rights.

1237. Father Charles Coughlin

Headed the National Union for Social Justice. Began as a religious radio broadcaster, but turned to politics and finance and attracted an audiance of millions from many faiths. Promoted inflationary currency, anti-sematism.

Father Coughlin

Headed the National Union for Social Justice. Began as a religious radio broadcaster, but turned to politics and finance and attracted an audiance of millions from many faiths. Promoted inflationary currency, anti-sematism.

1437. Urban League

Helping Blacks to find jobs and homes, it was founded in 1966 and was a social service agency providing facts about discrimination.

1465. Dien Bien Phu

In 1946, war broke out between communist insurgents in North Vietnam, called the Viet Minh, and the French Colonial government. In the spring of 1954, the Viet Minh surrounded and destroyed the primary French fortress in North Vietnam at Dien Bien Phu. The defeat was so disastrous for the French that they decided to withdraw from Vietnam.

1429. Dennis v. U.S., 1951

In 1948, the Attorney General indicted two key Communist leaders for violation of the Smith Act of 1940 which prohibited conspiring to teach violent overthrow of the government. They were convicted in a 6-2 decision and their appeal was rejected.

Berlin Blockade

In 1948, the Soviets choked off all rail and highway access to Berlin, hoping to starve out the residents and gain the territory

1404. AFL-CIO merger

In 1955 at a New York City Convention, these two once-rival organizations decided to put aside their differences and unite. Had a total membership of over 15 million.

1447. Stokely Carmichael

In 1966, as chair of SNCC, he called to assert Black Power. Supporting the Black Panthers, he was against integration.

1419. Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993)

In 1967, appointed the first Black Supreme Court Justice, he had led that NAACP's legal defense fund and had argued the Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas case before the Supreme Court.

1458. Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993)

In 1967, appointed the first Black Supreme Court Justice, he had led that NAACP's legal defense fund and had argued the Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas case before the Supreme Court.

1454. Kerner Commission on Civil Disorders

In 1968, this commission, chaired by Otto Kerner, decided that the race riots were due to the formation of two different American cultures: inner-city Blacks and suburban Whites.

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Democratic Convention riots

In Chicago in 1968; where Democratic delegates gathered to nominate Vice-president Hubert Humphrey. The hall was protected with barbed wire and police officers to keep the protesters away.

Purchase of Alaska

In December, 1866, the U.S. offered to take Alaska from Russia. Russia was eager to give it up, as the fur resources had been exhausted, and, expecting friction with Great Britain, they preferred to see defenseless Alaska in U.S. hands. Called "Seward's Folly" and "Seward's Icebox", the purchase was made in 1867 for $7,200,000 and gave the U.S. Alaska's resources of fish, timber, oil and gold.

Verdun

In France

1415. Desegregation of the Armed Forces, 1948

In July, Truman issued an executive order establishing a policy of racial equality in the Armed Forces "be put into effect as rapidly as possible." He also created a committee to ensure its implementation.

Lincoln's "House Divided" speech

In his acceptance speech for his nomination to the Senate in June, 1858, Lincoln paraphrased from the Bible: "A house divided against itself cannot stand." He continued, "I do not believe this government can continue half slave and half free, I do not expect the Union to be dissolved - I do not expect the house to fall - but I do believe it will cease to be divided."

1232. Monetary policy, fiscal policy

In monetary policy, government manipulates the nation's money supply to control inflation and depression. In fiscal policy, the government uses taxing and spending programs (including deficit spending) to control inflation and depression.

Czechoslovakia

In order to appease Hitler England and France gave him control of this country.

V.I Lenin

In power, he promised to pull tropps out of the war. Later signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Extraterritoriality

In the 1920's, China wated an end to the exemption of foreigners accused of crimes from China's legal jurisdiction.

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education

In this 1971 Supreme Court Decision, the court ruled that, even though the schools in the district worked out to be only minimally integrated because of the full black or white neighborhood, the schools had to be intergraded based on the percentage of blacks in the whole district, meaning that blacks had to be bussed over great distances to integrate schools that naturally sat in all white neighborhoods. This cause a great push-back from middle America, who saw the end of the neighborhood school

1457. Robert Weaver (b. 1907)

Influential Black economist, he served in the Department of the Interior and was Secretary of Housing and Urban Affairs under Lyndon B. Johnson, becoming the first Black Cabinet official in the U.S.

Office of Price Administration

Instituted in 1942, in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration, froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program

Office of Price Administration

Instituted in 1942, this agency was in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration. The OPA froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program for items such as gas, oil, butter, meat, sugar, coffee and shoes in order to support the war effort and prevent inflation.

Nationalism

Intense feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Escalation

Intensity of war increasing

ICBM

Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles, long-range nuclear missiles capable of being fired at targets on the other side of the globe. The reason behind the Cuban Missile Crisis -- Russia was threatening the U.S. by building launch sites for ICBM's in Cuba.

United Nations

International body formed in 1945 to bring nations into dialogue in hopes of preventing further world wars. Much like the former League of Nations in ambition, the UN was more realistic in recognizing the authority of the Big Five Powers in keeping peace in the world. Thus, it guaranteed veto power to all permanent members of its Security Council—Britain, China, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States

House Committee on Un- American Activities (HUAC)

Investigatory body established in 1938 to root out "subversion." Sought to expose communist influence in American government and society, in particular through the trial of Alger Hiss

Nickname for buffer zone

Iron curtain Churchill first to use the phrase. Fulton speech- Fulton university

Malcolm X

Islamic, initially denounced the civil rights movement, wanted to be separate from whites

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862; it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

1424. Civil Rights Act, 1960

It gave the Federal Courts the power to register Black voters and provided for voting referees who served wherever there was racial discrimination in voting, making sure Whites did not try to stop Blacks from voting.

Communist China

It had become a communist power and interfered in the Vietnam War on the Soviet Side

1200. Gold Clause Act, 1935

It voided any clause in past or future contracts requiring payment in gold. It was enacted to help enforce 1933 legislation discontinuing the gold standard and outlawing circulation of gold coin.

CIA

It was opened by the National Security Act and was begun to coordinate the government's foreign fact gathering

Guglielmo Marconi

Italian; invented wireless telegraphy used excessively for long-range communication during World War I

Triple Alliance

Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary

Marcus Garvey

Jamaican political leader, founded the United Negro Improvment Association (UNIA), convicted of mail fraud and deported by government, movement later led to founding of Nation of Islam (Black Muslim) Movement

Casablanca Conference

Jan. 14-23, 1943 - FDR and Chruchill met in Morocco to settle the future strategy of the Allies following the success of the North African campaign. They decided to launch an attack on Italy through Sicily before initiating an invasion into France over the English Channel. Also announced that the Allies would accept nothing less than Germany's unconditional surrender to end the war.

1479. Paris Accord, 1973

January 7, 1973 - U.S. signed a peace treaty with North Vietnam and began withdrawing troops. On April 25, 1975, South Vietnam was taken over by North Vietnam, in violation of the treaty.

Russo-Japanese War, Treaty of Portsmouth

Japan had attacked the Russian Pacific fleet over Russia's refusal to withdraw its troops from Mancharia after the Boxer Rebellion (1904-1905) War fought mainly in Korea. Japan victorious, the U.S. mediated the end of the war. Negotiating the treaty in the U.S. increased U.S. prestige. Roosevelt received a Nobel Peace Prize for the mediation.

"December 7, 1941... a date that will live in infamy" is in reference to what event?

Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

Kamikaze

Japanese tactic of crashing piloted planes into Allied ships in the hopes of causing enough damage to sink them. Death before Dishonor.

Internment Camps

Japanese-Americans were sent to these places during World War 2 so they could be watched by the government.

People targeted by the Nazis

Jews, Gypsies, Communists, intellectuals, handicapped, elderly, homosexuals, and anti-Nazis

Segregation also known as

Jim Crow

Pottawatomie Massacre

John Brown led a part of six in Kansas that killed 5 pro-slavery men, hacking them to death with broadswords and axes. The helped make the Kansas border war (Bleeding Kansas) a national issue.

War on Poverty

Johnson's declaration to end poverty while in office

Berlin Airlift

Joint effort by the US and Britian to fly food and supplies into W Berlin after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city

John Spargo, The Bitter Cry of the Children

Journalist and novelist, he wrote of the unfair treatment of children used as child labor. Stressed better education, better schools and teachers. A muckraker novel.

"Muckrakers"

Journalists who searched for and publicized real or alleged acts of corruption of public officials, businessmen, etc. Name coined by Teddy Roosevelt in 1906.

Helsinki accords

July 1975 Ford joined other leaders in Helsinki Finland to sign agreements to legitimize the Soviet holdings following WWII. Outlined boundaries for Poland and other Eastern European countries. Also guaranteed basic human rights to Soviet controlled countries

Potsdam Conference

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Suez Crisis

July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power

1218. National Youth Association (NYA)

June 1935 - Established as part of the WPA to provide part-time jobs for high school and college students to enable them to stay in school and to help young adults not in school find jobs.

1224. Fair Labor Standards Act, maxium hours and minimum wage

June 1938 - Set maximum hours at 40 hours a week and minimum wage at 20 cents an hour (gradually rose to 40 cents).

1411. Detroit race riots

June 25, 1943 - Outright racial war broke out between Blacks and Whites and the government did not send help.

When did N. Korea invade South?

June 25, 1950

1184. Hoover Moratorium

June 30, 1931 - Acting on President Hoover's advice, the Allies suspended Germany's reparation payments for one year.

D-Day

June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

D-Day

June 6, 1944 - US invasion of France at the beaches of Normandy, largest sea invasion in history

November22, 1963

Kennedy Assassinated in Dallas by Lee Harvey Oswald

1496. "Flexible Response"

Kennedy abandoned Eisenhower's theory of massive nuclear war in favor of a military that could respond flexibly to any situation at any time, in different ways.

1480. Election of 1960: issues, candidates, "Missile gap"

Kennedy, the Democrat, won 303 electoral votes, Nixon, the Republican, won 219 electoral votes, Byrd, the Independent, won 15 electoral votes. Kennedy and Nixon split the popular vote almost 50/50, with Kennedy winning by 118,000. The issues were discussed in televised debates. The "Missile gap" referred to the U.S. military claim that the U.S.S.R. had more nuclear missiles that the U.S., creating a "gap" in U.S. defensive capabilities.

1472. Kent State Incident, Jackson State Incident

Kent State: May 4, 1970 - National Guardsmen opened fire on a group of students protesting the Vietnam War. Jackson State: Police opened fire in a dormitory.

Hay-Herran Treaty

Kept the purchase price of the canal strip in Panama the same but enlarged the area from 6 to 10 miles.

Oct. 23

Khrushchev accuses America of piracy 20 Russian ships to cuba

Oct. 28

Khrushchev agreed blockade lifted and missiles dismantled

Results of Cuban missile crisis

Khrushchev respect goes down Kennedy's respect for up China breaks away from soviets

Leader N. Korea

Kim Il Sung

GI Bill of Rights

Known officially as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act, this law helped returning World War II soldiers reintegrate into civilian life by securing loans to buy homes and farms and set up small businesses and by making tuition and stipends available for them to attend college and job training programs. The Act was also intended to cushion the blow of 15 million returning servicemen on the employment market and to nurture the postwar economy

1st proxy war against Soviets

Korean War

Dolores Huerta

Laborer activist worked with Cesar Chavez to form UNW

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Landmark Supreme Court decision that forbade states from barring abortion by citing a woman's constitutional right to privacy. Seen as a victory for feminism and civil liberties by some, the decision provoked a strong counter-reaction by opponents to abortion, galvanizing the Pro-Life movement

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

Landmark Supreme Court decision that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and abolished racial segregation in public schools. The Court reasoned that "separate" was inherently "unequal," rejecting the foundation of the Jim Crow system of racial segregation in the South. This deci- sion was the first major step toward the legal end of racial discrimination and a major accomplishment for the Civil Rights Movement

Zeppelins

Large balloons to bomb the English Coast

South's advantages in the Civil War

Large land areas with long coasts, could afford to lose battles, and could export cotton for money. They were fighting a defensive war and only needed to keep the North out of their states to win. Also had the nation's best military leaders, and most of the existing military equipment and supplies

North's advantages in the Civil War

Larger numbers of troops, superior navy, better transportation, overwhelming financial and industrial reserves to create munitions and supplies, which eventually outstripped the South's initial material advantage

Auschwitz

Largest death camp. Located in Poland

Great War

Largest war in history

Battle of the Bulge

Last major offensive of the European Theater. Germany trying to keep Allies out.

1440. Sit-ins, freedom rides

Late 1950's, early 1960's, these were nonviolent demonstrations and marches that challenged segregation laws, often braving attacks by angry White mobs.

Sputnik

Launched 1957 first satellite into space

Clara Barton

Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field.

War Powers Act (1973)

Law passed by Congress limiting the President's ability to wage war without Congressional approval. The act required the President to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing troops to a foreign conflict. An important consequence of the Vietnam War, this piece of legislation sought to reduce the President's unilateral authority in military matters.

War Powers Act

Law that repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. Any president was now required to notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops and had to gain congressional approval to keep troops deployed for more than 90 days.

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Grant, McClellan, Sherman and Meade

Lead Union generals in the Civil War.

Hitler

Leader of Germany during WWII

Churchill

Leader of Great Britain during WWII

Mussolini

Leader of Italy during WWII

Cesar Chavez

Leader of Mexican American civil rights movement, and the United Farm Workers (UFW)

US. Grant

Leader of Northern Army during Civil War - Later becomes president

Stalin

Leader of Russia during WWII

1403. Jimmy Hoffa

Leader of the teamster's union, he was anti-AFL/CIO. He threatened to defeat for reelection an Congressman who dared to vote for a tough labor law.

1448. Black Panthers

Led by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton, they believed that racism was an inherent part of the U.S. capitalist society and were militant, self-styled revolutionaries for Black Power.

Appomattox Court House

Lee surrenders to grant in 1865; basically ends war.

Voting Rights Act (1965)

Legislation pushed through Congress by President Johnson that prohibited ballot-denying tactics, such as literary tests and intimidation. The act was a successor to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and sought to make racial disenfranchisement explicitly illegal.

Enabled the U.S. to "loan" weapons and other war supplies to the Allies while still remaining neutral

Lend Lease Act

1166. Lansing-Ishii Agreement, 1917

Lessened the tension in the feuds between the U.S. and Japan by recognizing Japan's sphere of influence in China in exchange for Japan's continued recognition of the Open Door policy in China.

Lansing-Ishii Agreement, 1917

Lessened the tension in the feuds between the U.S. and Japan by recognizing Japan's sphere of influence in China in exchange for Japan's continued recognition of the Open Door policy in China.

1189. Norris-LaGuardia (Anti-Injunction) Act, 1932

Liberal Republicans, Feorelo LaGuardia and George Norris cosponsored the Norris-LaGuardia Federal Anti-Injunction Act, which protected the rights of striking workers, by severely restricting the federal courts' power to issue injunctions against strikes and other union activities.

Copperheads

Lincoln believed that anti-war Northern Democrats harbored traitorous ideas and he labeled them "Copperheads", poisonous snakes waiting to get him.

Election of 1864: candidates, parties

Lincoln ran against Democrat General McClellan. Lincoln won 212 electoral votes to 21, but the popular vote was much closer. Lincoln was "saved" by the capture of Atlanta which helped in the north. (Lincoln had fired McCllelan from his position in the war.)

Suspension of habeas corpus

Lincoln suspended this writ, which states that a person cannot be arrested without probable cause and must be informed of the charges against him and be given an opportunity to challenge them. Throughout the war, thousands were arrested for disloyal acts. Although the U.S. Supreme Court eventually held the suspension edict to be unconstitutional, by the time the Court acted the Civil War was nearly over.

Election 1864

Lincoln vs. McClellan, Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he's elected, citizens of North are sick of war so many vote for McClellan, Lincoln wins.

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

1163. Charles Lindbergh (1902-1974), Spirit of St. Louis

Lindbergh flew his airplane, the Spirit of St. Louis, across the Atlantic in the first transatlantic solo flight.

38th Parallel

Line that divided Korea - Soviet Union occupied the north and United States occupied the south, during the Cold War.

1425. Literacy tests, grandfather clause, poll taxes, White primaries

Literacy tests: Voters had to prove basic literacy to be entitled to vote. Because of poor schools, Blacks were often prevented from voting. Grandfather clause: Said that a person could vote only if their grandfather had been registered to vote, which disqualified Blacks whose grandparents had been slaves. Poll taxes and White primaries were other methods used to keep Blacks from voting.

Huey Long

Louisianna Senator who opposed FDR's New Deal and came up with a , "Share the Wealth" wants to give $5k to all families ,was later assasinated

26th Amendment

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 because it was unfair that those eligible for draft were not eligible to vote

Takes over after Kennedy

Lyndon B. Johnso

1960 VP

Lyndon B. Johnson

becomes president after Kennedy

Lyndon B. Johnson

1198. Emergency Banking Relief Act, 1933

March 6, 1933 - FDR ordered a bank holiday. Many banks were failing because they had too little capital, made too many planning errors, and had poor management. The Emergency Banking Relief Act provided for government inspection, which restored public confidence in the banks.

1195. Hundred Days

March 9, 1933 - At Roosevelt's request, Congress began a special session to review recovery and reform laws submitted by the President for Congressional approval. It actually lasted only 99 days.

Hundred Days

March 9, 1933 - At Roosevelt's request, Congress began a special session to review recovery and reform laws submitted by the President for Congressional approval. It actually lasted only 99 days.

1474. My Lai, Lt. Calley

March, 1968 - An American unit destroyed the village of My Lai, killing many women and children. The incident was not revealed to the public until 20 months later. Lt. Calley, who led the patrol, was convicted of murder and sentenced to 10 years for killing 20 people.

1477. Bombing of Laos and Cambodia

March, 1969 - U.S. bombed North Vietnamese positions in Cambodia and Laos. Technically illegal because Cambodia and Laos were neutral, but done because North Vietnam was itself illegally moving its troops through those areas. Not learned of by the American public until July, 1973.

1965(1st)

Marines

Fall of Saigon

Marked the end of the Vietnam War in April, 1975. North Vietnamese invaded South Vietnam and captured the capital of Saigon, renaming it Ho Chi Minh City.

Leader of CR

Martin Luther King Jr.

Mary McLeod Bethune

Mary McLeod Bethune was a leader in the struggle for women's and black equality. She founded a school for black students that eventually became Bethune-Cookman University. She also served as an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Rolling Thunder

Massive bombing campaign on NV

"Losing Ground"

Massive gov. expedentures associated with Johnson's initiatives, encouraged anti-social behavior. people abandoned the goals of marrying, settling down, and seeking jobs that would raise their income. created gov deficits and slowed economic growth, were the main criticisms of the "Great Society"

Marshall Plan

Massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe, intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domes- tic communist groups from riding poverty and misery to power. The plan was first announced by Secretary of State George Marshall at Harvard's commencement in June 1947

1222. Wagner Act

May 1935 - Replaced Section 7A of the NIRA. It reaffirmed labor's right to unionize, prohibited unfair labor practices, and created the National Labor Relations Board.

1217. Rural Electrificaion Committee (REA)

May 1936 - Created to provide loans and WPA labor to electric cooperatives to build lines into rural areas not served by private companies.

Works Progress Administration

May 6, 1935- Began under Hoover and continued under Roosevelt but was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Provided jobs and income to the unemplyed but couldn't work more than 30 hours a week. It built many public buildings and roads, and as well operated a large arts project.

1405. Alaska, Hawaii

McKinley had purchased Alaska in 1867 for nine cents an acre and it was admitted to the Union in 1959. Alaska had great natural resources, including gold and oil reserves. Hawaii became the 50th state in 1959.

2 healthcares under Johnson

Medicare- elderly Mediaid- poor paid

3 Main fronts of WWII

Mediterranean (North Africa), Europe, and the Pacific

North Africa & Italy

Mediterranean Theater fighting took place here.

braceros

Mexican workers that were brought to America to work when so many men and women were gone from home during World War II that there weren't enough workers.

MANIA

Militarism Alliances Nationalism Imperialism Assassination

NATO

Military alliance of Western European powers and the United States and Canada established in 1949 to defend against the com- mon threat from the Soviet Union, marking a giant stride forward for European unity and American internationalism

Benjamin Butler

Military mayor of New Orleans during the Civil War, South hated because of the tactics he used/ called the "Beast"

Vietnamization

Military strategy launched by Richard Nixon in 1969. The plan reduced the number of American combat troops in Vietnam and left more of the fighting to the South Vietnamese, who were supplied with American armor, tanks, and weaponry.

Charles Francis Adams

Minister to Great Britain during the Civil War, he wanted to keep Britain from entering the war on the side of the South. Son of John Q. Adams.

freedom rides

Mixed-race buses that were organized by CORE, faced violence from the Ku Klux Klan

Samuel F.B. Morse

Morse developed a working telegraph which improved communications

1156. Cecil B. DeMille (1881-1959)

Motion picture producer and director, he was famous for Biblical films and epic movies.

Detroit

Motorcar Capital of America

John Breckenridge (1821-1875)

Nominated by pro-slavers who had seceded from the Democratic convention, he was strongly for slavery and states' rights.

1175. Causes of the depression

Much debt, stock prices spiralling up, over-production and under-consuming - the stock market crashed. Germany's default on reparations caused European bank failures, which spread to the U.S.

MAD

Mutually assured destruction

Ho Chi Minh

NV Leader, charismatic and lead a war of attrition against us

1165. Twenty-One Demands

Name for Japan's demands to the U.S., including its threat to close China to European and American trade. Resolved by the 1917 Lansing-Ishii Agreement, a treaty which tried to settle differences between the U.S. and Japan.

1464. Viet Cong

Name given to the guerilla fighters on the Communist side. The North Vietnamese Army (NVA) were regular troops.

1181. "Hooverville"

Name given to the makeshift shanty towns built in vacant lots during the Depression.

Nuremberg Trials

Name of war crimes trials which began in November 1945

Sojourner Truth

Name used by Isabelle Baumfree, one of the best-known abolitionists of her day. She was the first black woman orator to speak out against slavery. "Ain't I A Woman"

1152. Leopold and Loeb case

Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb were convicted of killing a young boy, Bobby Franks, in Chicago just to see if they could get away with it. Defended by Clarence Darrow, they got life imprisonment. Both geniuses, they had decided to commit the perfect murder. The first use of the insanity defense in court.

Leading exponent of black nationalism

Nation of Islam

NASA

National Aeronautic and Space Administration - 1958; to get US back in running with the Soviets in space race

NASA

National Air and Space Museum Space race

1192. Wickersham Commission

National Law Enforcement Commission, so named after its chair, George Wickersham, it was a national commission on law observance and enforcement created by Hoover in 1929. Its 1930 report recommended the repeal of Prohibition.

NOW

National Organization for Women, bringing omen into full participation in American society

Henry Kissinger

National Security Advisor and Secretary of State during the Nixon Administration, he was responsible for negotiating an end to the Yom Kippur War as well as the Treaty of Paris that led to a ceasefire in Vietnam in 1973

NSC-68

National Security Council recommendation to quadruple defense spending and rapidly expand peace-time armed forces to address Cold War tensions. It reflected a new militarization of American foreign policy but the huge costs of rearmament were not expected to interfere with what seemed like the limitless possibilities of postwar prosperity

McGeogre Bundy

National Security advisor, predicted inevitable defeat unless the US greatly increased military role.

NSC-68

National Securtiy Council memo #68 US "strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 yrs- progess of war development (nuclear)

Battle of Midway

Naval victory for the Allies that forced the Japanese fleet to go on the defensive

Germany (type of government)

Nazism

England & France involvement

Neither countries recognized the South as a formal country,w hich caused the South's economy to suffer.

Napoleon III

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and elected emperor of France from 1852-1870, he invaded Mexico when the Mexican government couldn't repay loans from French bankers. He sent in an army and set up a new government under Maximillian. He refused Lincoln's request that France withdraw. After the Civil War, the U.S. sent an army to enforce the request and Napoleon withdrew.

Leader of South Vietnam

Ngo Dinh Diem

Hanoi Hilton

Nickname for most well-known POW camp in North Vietnam; prisoners were treated brutally and tortured

The Big Three

Nickname of the leaders for the Allies

1151. Sacco and Vanzetti case

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

Kristallnacht?

Night of broken glass

Stalins Successor

Nikita Khrushev

The Little Rock Nine

Nine black students who attended Central High School in Little Rock, AK, under the Eisenhower-ordered protection of federal troops

1st president to go to China

Nixon

Election of 1968

Nixon against Humphrey, different running platforms. Wallace the independent gave them a run for their money. Nixon beat Humphrey in a landslide

Christmas Bombing

Nixon last attempt to win in Vietnam

Cambodia/Laos

Nixon's "secret war" in Vietnam as he continued to bomb communist targets in the neighboring countries of Cambodia and Laos after major American troop withdrawals in 1973.

"peace with honor"

Nixon's perception in war

Election 1972

Nixon- Republican George McGovern- Democrat John Hospers- Libertarian Winner: Nixon

NATO

North Atlantic treaty organization

Hiram R. Revels

North Carolina free black, he became a senator in 1870.

NVA

North Vietnamese Army

1463. Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969)

North Vietnamese leader who had lead the resistance against the Japanese during WW II and at the end of the war had led the uprising against the French Colonial government. He had traveled in Europe, was an ardent Communist, and became President of the North Vietnamese government established after the French withdrawal. Often called the George Washington of North Vietnam.

Viet Cong

North Vietnamese sympathizers who fought against the US using guerilla tactics

Gulf of Tonkin

North Vietnamese torpedo boats fired on American destroyer(Maddox)

1462. Geography: North and South Vietnam

North and South Vietnam were split at the 17th parallel. North Vietnam is bordered by the Gulf of Tonkin on the east and Laos on the west. South Vietnam is bordered by Laos and Cambodia on the west. West of Laos and Cambodia lays Thailand.

racial discrimination also in

North and West

Vietcong

North vietnamese

What type of song is John Brown's body?

Northern

What type of song is When John Comes Marching Home?

Northern

Operation Torch

Nov 1942, American forces landed in Morocco and Algeria, trapped the German & Italian armies between them and the British, forcing German and Italian troops to surrender.

1220. Recognition of the U.S.S.R.

November 1933 - In an effort to open trade with Russia, mutual recognition was negotiated. The financial results were disappointing.

1493. Lee Harvey Oswald, Warren Commission

November, 22, 1963 - Oswald shot Kennedy from a Dallas book depository building, and was later himself killed by Jack Ruby. Chief Justice Earl Warren ruled that they both acted alone.

1963

Nuclear test ban treaty Crisis is the " start of the end"

Bataan "Death March"

Occurred in Philippines when the Japanese invaded the island, forcing 76,000 U.S. and Filipino soldiers to surrender; 10,000 died in the forced march to prison camps

1406. Sputnik

October, 1957 - The first artificial satellite sent into space, launched by the Soviets.

1491. Trade Expansion Act, 1962

October, 1962 - The Act gave the President the power to reduce tariffs in order to promote trade. Kennedy could lower some tariffs by as much as 50%, and, in some cases, he could eliminate them.

1467. National Liberation Front (NLF)

Official title of the Viet Cong. Created in 1960, they lead an uprising against Diem's repressive regime in the South.

Kent State

Ohio University where National Guardsmen opened fire on students protesting the Vietnam War on May 4,1970, wounding nine and killing four.

1242. Social Security Act

One of the most important features of the Second New Deal established a retirement for persons over 65 funded by a tax on wages paid equally by employee and employer.

1446. Malcom X

One-time pimp and street hustler, converted to a Black Muslim while in prison. At first urged Blacks to seize their freedom by any means necessary, but later changed position and advocated racial harmony. He was assassinated in February, 1965.

Letters continued...

Only reply to letter #1

Eugene Connor

Ordered police to meet marchers with orce

Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)

Organization for Japanese rights, filed lawsuits for lost property, challenged Alien Land Law, and lobbied Congress to allow Japanese to become full citizens

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Organization formed by MLK in 1957; Aimed to mobilize the vast power of the black churches on behalf of black rights; Trained and tested African Americans for ability to remain calm so they could participate nonviolently in marches and "sit ins"

Mexican American Political Association (MAPA)

Organization that mobilized support for JFK and worked to elect Mexican American officials

Young Lords Organization (YLO)

Puerto Rican activist group that was inspired by the Black Panthers, worked to improve rights and living conditions of Puerto Ricans in New York and other cities.

1439. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Organized in the fall of 1960 by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. as a student civil rights movement inspired by sit-ins, it challenged the status quo and walked the back roads of Mississippi and Georgia to encourage Blacks to resist segregation and to register to vote.

1225. Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), John L. Lewis

Originally formed by leaders within the AFL who wanted to expand its principles to include workers in mass produciotn industries. In 1935, they created coalation of the 8 unions comprising the AFL and the United Mine Workers of America, led by John L. Lewis. After a split within the organization in 1938, the CIO was established as a separate entity.

Little Rock Central High

Orval Faubus, the governor of Arkansas, mobilized the The National Guard to prevent nine black students from enrolling in Little Rock's Central High School. Confronted with a direct challenge to federal authority, Eisenhower sent troops to escort the children to their classes. The showdown at Little rock was a replay of nineteenth- century confrontations over "states' rights," and forced a reluctant eisenhower administration to assert the supremacy of federal power.

1428. Smith v. Allwright, 1944

Outlawed White primaries held by the Democratic Party, in violation of the 15th Amendment.

Battle of the Coral Sea

Pacific battle where the U.S. stopped the Japanese advance for the first time

Iwo Jima & Okinawa

Pacific islands where American and Japanese casualties were staggeringly high

Where did jewish people go after WWII

Palestine

1473. Daniel Ellsberg, Pentagon Papers

Papers were part of a top-secret government study on the Vietnam War and said that the U.S. government had lied to the citizens of the U.S. and the world about its intentions in Vietnam.

Most Favored Nation Clause

Part of RTA Act in 1834, allowed a nation to make a special agreement with another nation and give them a preferential low tariff rate.

The Hague

Part of the Netherlands that set up the world court to settle disputes between nations

the Three R's

Part of the New Deal; Relief, Recovery, Reform. Relief for immediate fixes (mostly for citizens), recovery to make the economy healthier, and reform for prevention

Republicans

Party that supported Lincoln and the Union. Mostly Northern states against slavery.

1193. Twenty-First Amendment

Passed February, 1933 to repeal the 18th Amendment (Prohibition). Congress legalized light beer. Took effect December, 1933. Based on recommendation of the Wickersham Commission that Prohibition had lead to a vast increase in crime.

1460. Voting Rights Act, 1965

Passed by Congress in 1965, it allowed for supervisors to register Blacks to vote in places where they had not been allowed to vote before.

National Security Act (1947)

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

Passed under the leadership of Pres. Johnson, outlawed discrimination on the basis of sex, race, religion, or nationality. Also guaranteed access to public accommodations and schools

Reparations

Payments for war damages

Nonmilitary initiatives JFK created

Peace Corps, Space exploration

rationing

People in the United States were not allowed to buy unlimited amounts of gas, coffee, and other items. This term is called what?

Concentration Camps

People who opposed the Nazi government were sent to these locations to be watched, and punished by the government.

The Korean War

Phase 1- June 1950 North Korea invades South Korea Phase 2- united nation troops push back to Chinese borders Leader- MacArthur Phase 3- china gets in- MacArthur asks to have bomb used- pushed behind 38 parallel- Truman says no and sends in troops Phase 4- Truman fires MacArthur Phase 5- 1964 a truce is claimed and Truman claims victory in the name of containment

John T. Scopes

Physical Education teacher who was a biology substitute, accused of teaching evolution, "Monkey Trial"

Marshall plan

Plan is economic aid for any European country U.S. Provide aid to all European nations

Containment Policy

Policy introduced by Harry S. Truman after WWII that said the duty of the U.S. was to stop the spread of Totalitarianism (implying Communism); Defined the foreign policy for the period after WWII until the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989

1490. Common Market

Popular name for the European Economic Community established in 1951 to encourage greater economic cooperation between the countries of Western Europe and to lower tariffs on trade between its members.

1177. Fordney-McCumber Tariff, 1922

Pushed by Congress in 1922, it raised tariff rates.

1173. Dawes Plan, Young Plan

Post-WW I depression in Germany left it unable to pay reparation and Germany defaulted on its payments in 1923. In 1924, U.S. Vice President Charles Dawes formulated a plan to allow Germany to make its reparation payments in annual installments. This plan was renegotiated and modified in 1929 by U.S. financier Owen Young.

Mobilized

Prepared its military forces for war

Domino Theory

President Eisenhower's theory that if Vietnam fell to the Communists other countries would also soon fall to the Communists: like dominoes. Therefore, it was important to keep Vietnam from falling to the Communists

1499. Dominican Republic, 1965

President Johnson sent 20,000 American troops to the island to keep a leftist government from coming to power.

New Frontier

President Kennedy's nickname for his domestic policy agenda. Buoyed by youthful optimism, the program included proposals for the Peace Corps and efforts to improve education and health care.

Great Society

President Lyndon Johnson's term for his domestic policy agenda. Billed as a successor to the New Deal, this aimed to extend the postwar prosperity to all people in American society by promoting civil rights and fighting poverty. Its programs included the War on Poverty, which expanded the Social Security system by creating Medicare and Medicaid to provide health care for the aged and the poor. Johnson also signed laws protecting consumers and empowering community organizations to combat poverty at grassroots levels.

Nixon Doctrine

President Nixon's plan for "peace with honor" in Vietnam. It stated that the United States would honor its existing defense commitments but, in the future, countries would have to fight their own wars

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixon's strategy for ending U.S involvement in the Vietnam War; involved a gradual withdrawal of American troops and allowing the South Vietnamese to fight for themselves.

Fair Deal Program

President Truman's extensive social program introduced in his 1949 message to Congress. Republicans and Southern Democrats kept much of his vision from being enacted, except for raising the minimum wage, providing for more public housing, and extending old-age insurance to many more beneficiaries under the Social Security Act

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's extensive social program introduced in his 1949 message to Congress. Republicans and Southern Democrats kept much of his vision from being enacted, except for raising the minimum wage, providing for more public housing, and extending old-age insurance to many more beneficiaries under the Social Security Act

1500. Salvador Allende

President of Chile from 1970 to 1973, a member of the Socialist Party, he attempted to institute a number of democratic reforms in Chilean politics. He was overthrown and assassinated in 1973 during a military coup lead by General Augusto Pinochet.

Ton Duc Thang

President of North Vietnam after Ho Chi Minh died in 1969

1409. Philip Randolph

President of the Brotherhood of Car Porters and a Black labor leader, in 1941 he arranged a march on Washington to end racial discrimination.

Roosevelt

President of the US during almost all of WWII

Gerald Ford

President of the United States who was appointed vice president when Spiro Agnew resigned in the fall of 1973. He succeeded to the presidency upon Nixon's resignation in August 1974 and focused his brief administration on containing inflation and reviving public faith in the presidency. He was defeated narrowly by Jimmy Carter in 1976

Woodrow Wilson

President who asked congress to declare war on Germany

Tojo

Prime Minister of Japan during WWII

Otto von Bismarck

Prime Minister of Prussia, and later Germany - master manipulator, wanted to unify Germany so he caused a war

The buck stops here!

Problems are resolved here. "A lot of people try to pass problems to other people. At my desk, however, the buck stops here."

New England Emigrant Aid Company

Promoted anti-slavery migration to Kansas. The movement encouraged 2600 people to move.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

Promoted unions and labor rights, esp. for Mexican Americans in the 1930's and 40's

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Protest organization founded by the Fellowship of Reconciliation, inspired Americans to join the civil rights movement and adopted nonviolent disobedience

Montgomery bus boycott

Protest, sparked by Rosa Parks's defiant refusal to move to the back of the bus, by black Alabamians against segregated seating on city buses. The bus boycott lasted from December 1, 1955, until December 26, 1956, and became one of the foundational moments of the Civil Rights Movement. It led to the rise of Martin Luther King, Jr., and ultimately to a Supreme Court decision opposing segregated busing

National Banking Act 1863

Provided Union with a uniform currency.

1221. Section 7A of the NRA

Provided that workers had the right to join unions and to bargain collectively.

Public opinion on war

Public would see the carnage on TV, and in 1965 they formed activist groups to protest

1492. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 1963

Reacting to Soviet nuclear tests, this treaty was signed on August 5, 1963 and prohibited nuclear testing undersea, in air and in space. Only underground testing was permitted. It was signed by all major powers except France and China.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Recovery: (AAA); May 12, 1933; restricted crop production to reduce crop surplus; goal was to reduce surplus to raise value of crops; farmers paid subsidies by federal government; declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in US vs Butler on January 6, 1936

Spheres of influence

Region in which political and economic control is exerted by on European nation to the exclusion of all others. Spheres of influence appeared primarily in the East, and also in Africa.

Election of 1860: candidates, parties, issues

Republican - Abraham Lincoln. Democrat - Stephen A. Douglas, John C. Breckenridge. Constitutional Union - John Bell. Issues were slavery in the territories (Lincoln opposed adding any new slave states).

"bloody shirt"

Republican campaign tactic that blamed the Democrats for the Civil War; it was used successfully in campaigns from 1868 to 1876 to keep Democrats out of public office, especially the presidency.

Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy

Republican senator who accused hundreds of Democrats as being Communists, His philosophy flourished in the seething Cold War atmosphere of suspicion and fear, Red-hunter who was the most ruthless and did the most damage to American traditions of fair play and free speech, Removed from the Senate when he attacked the the US Army

Election of 1900: candidates, issues

Republican, William McKinley defeated Democrate, Williams Bryan. The issue was imperialism.

1456. White Backlash

Resistance to Black demands led by "law and order" advocates whose real purpose was to oppose integration.

Black Codes

Restrictions on the freedom of former slaves, passed by Southern governments.

Berlin blockade

Results: Cold War got worse East- the German Democratic Republic/ west- federal republic of germany NATO and the Warsaw Pact created

Nobel Peace Prize

Rewarded each year to those individuals who work advanced the cause of peace. Alfred Nobel made this.

Election 1968

Richard Nixon- Republican Hubert Humphery- Democrat George Wallace- American Independent Winner: Nixon

Capitals of Confederacy

Richmond, VA Danville, VA Montgomery, AL

JFK's Sec. of Defense

Robert McNamara

Sec. Defense

Robert McNamara

Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy

Roosevelt said, "walk softly and carry a big stick." In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen. It was his foreign policy in Latin America.

destroyers for bases deal

Roosevelt's compromise for helping Britain as he could not sell Britain US destroyers without defying the Neutrality Act; Britain received 50 old but still serviceable US destroyers in exchange for giving the US the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean.

Frances Perkins

Roosevelt's secretary of labor (1993-1945); the first woman to serve as a federal Cabinet officer, she had a great influence on many New Deal programs, most significantly the Social Security Act.

1949

Russia developed the atomic bomb

Battle of Tannenburg

Russia loses to Germany

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition

Battle of Tannenburg

Russian troops suffered one of worst defeat at this war

New left

SDS( students for a democratic society)

KNOW WHICH COUNTRY IS IN WHICH ALLIANCE

STUDY MAP!!!!!!!

appeasement

Satisfying the demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability.

Pentagon Papers

Secret U.S. government report detailing early planning and policy decisions regarding the Vietnam War under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson. Leaked to the New York Times in 1971, it revealed instances of governmental secrecy, lies, and incompetence in the prosecution of the war

Henry Stimson

Secretary of War during War World II who trained 12 million soldiers and airmen, the purchase and transportation to battlefields of 30 percent of the nation's industrial output and agreed to the building of the atomic bomb and the decision to use it.

Elihu Root

Secretary of War under Roosevelt, he reorganized and monderized the U.S. Army. Later served as ambassador for the U.S. and won the 1912 Nobel Peace Prize.

Harold Ickes

Secretary of the interior who headed the Public Works Administration, which aimed at long-range recovery by spending over $4 billion on some 34,000 projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways

Watergate (1974)

Series of scandals that resulted in President Richard Nixon's resignation amid calls for his impeachment. The episode sprang from a failed burglary attempt at Democratic party headquarters in Washington's Watergate Hotel during the 1972 election.

Oct. 16

Sets up excomm

new terms in Feminist movement and goals

Sexism,male chauvinism, and they wanted child care, equal pay, and reproduction rights

Kate Millet awareness

Sexual Politics

Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935), Women and Economics

She urged women to work outside the home to gain economic independence. Attacked the traditional role of homemaker for women.

Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe

She wrote the abolitionist book, Uncle Tom's Cabin. It helped to crystalize the rift between the North and South. It has been called the greatest American propaganda novel ever written, and helped to bring about the Civil War.

The Italian Campaign

Sicily, Salerno, Anzio

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Signed this with Germany ending Russian participation in WW1

Guadalcanal

Site of the US's first invasion of Japanese-held territory. August 1942. Protecting Australia and New Zealand. Horrendous losses on both sides.

Fort Sumter

Site of the opening engagement of the Civil War. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina had seceded from the Union, and had demanded that all federal property in the state be surrendered to state authorities. Major Robert Anderson concentrated his units at Fort Sumter, and, when Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861, Sumter was one of only two forts in the South still under Union control. Learning that Lincoln planned to send supplies to reinforce the fort, on April 11, 1861, Confederate General Beauregard demanded Anderson's surrender, which was refused. On April 12, 1861, the Confederate Army began bombarding the fort, which surrendered on April 14, 1861. Congress declared war on the Confederacy the next day.

Thurgood Marshall

Skilled attorney and first black supreme court justice, argued most of the NAACP's important cases

What type of song is The Drinking Gourd?

Slave

What type of song is the Hammer Song?

Slave

William Faulkner

Soldier's Pay (1926) - bitter war novel, The Sound and the Fury (1929) and As I Lay Dying (1930)

1241. Second New Deal

Some thought the first New Deal (legislation passed in 1933) did too much and created a big deficit, while others, mostly the elderly, thought it did not do enough. Most of the 1933 legislation was ineffective in stopping the Depression, which led F. D. R. to propose a second series of initiatives in 1935, referred to the Second New Deal.

ARVN

South Vietnamese Army

How battles named

South- nearest town North- nearest body of water

What type of song is Dixie?

Southern

What type of song is Goober Peas?

Southern

1413. Rural South vs. Urban North

Southern communities were more rural and Northern communities more urban.

Ideological struggle

Soviet and eastern bloc nations (iron curtain)- goal was to spread world wide communism US and western democracies- goals was the containment of communism and the collapse of the communist world (George Keenan)

What was spotted in Cuba in 1962

Soviet built bases with missiles

Sputnik

Soviet satellite first launched into Earth orbit on October 4, 1957. This scientific achievement marked the first time human beings had put a man-made object into orbit and pushed the USSR noticeably ahead of the United States in the Space Race.

Berlin Crisis

Soviets tried to remove the Allies from Berlin by cutting off access to the city

What happened to post war Germany?

Split into west and easy Germany Each of the four got a section. Berlin surrounded by soviet zone

Propaganda

Spreading of ideas to promote a cause or damage an opposing cause

Cuban missile crisis

Standoff between John F. Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in October 1962 over Soviet plans to install nuclear weapons in Cuba. Although the crisis was ultimately settled in America's favor and represented a foreign policy triumph for Kennedy, it brought the world's superpowers perilously close to the brink of nuclear confrontation.

Northern Blockade

Starting in 1862, the North began to blockade the Southern coast in an attempt to force the South to surrender. The Southern coast was so long that it could not be completely blockaded. (Part of the Anaconda Plan).

Border states

States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri. They were slave states, but remained part of the Union throughout the war

SALT II

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty agreement between Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and American president Jimmy Carter. Despite an accord to limit weapons between the two leaders, the agreement was ultimately scuttled in the U.S. Senate following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979.

SALT I

Strategic Arms Limiting Treaty, first step in ending Cold war arms race

Levittown

Suburban communities with mass-produced tract houses built in the New York and Philadelphia metropolitan areas in the 1950s by William Levitt and Sons. Typically inhabited by white middle-class people who fled the cities in search of homes to buy for their growing families

Ho Chi Minh Trail

Supply route from North Vietnam to Viet Cong in South Vietnam

Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Chadha

Supreme Court case (1983); Congress had passed an immigration statute, and the President had signed it into law. It granted an administrative agency certain powers, but also included a provision for a legislative veto that allows either the Senate or the House to overrule administrative decisions with a simple majority vote. The veto did not require a presidential signature in order to be effective. The Supreme Court declared the Act to be unconstitutional because the Constitution requires Presidential approval before an act of Congress can become law, moreover, both Houses of Congress must pass a bill before it is presented to the President.

Dred Scott Decision

Supreme Court decision that deemed the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, declared slaves to be "property" that could not be removed without due process (Fifth Amendment).

1430. Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company v. Sawyer, 1952

Supreme Court decision which restricted the powers of the president and the executive branch.

McLaurin v. Oklahoma 1950

Supreme court case ruling that universities could not segregate their black students from other students

Smith v. Allwright 1944

Supreme court case ruling that white primaries were unconstitutional, led by Marshall

Brown v. Board of Education 1954

Supreme court ruling, as led by Marshall, that the separate but equal doctrine was not applicable to schools and that public schools would be immediately integrated. Culmination of the NAACP's legal strategy

Tet Offensive

Surprise attack by NVA and Viet Cong on major cities in the South during a Vietnamese holiday; military victory for US, but political victory for V.C; was the turning point in the war. 1968

Alfred Nobel

Swedish inventor of dynamite, came to regret the military us of his invention

Whittaker Chambers

TIME magazine editor and former communist. Confessed to spying for the Soviet Union during the 1930's. Named fellow spies, some of them in Roosevelt's cabinet.

Austin Peay

TN govenor; March 21, 1925 signed Butler bill

Butler Act

TN law prohibiting teaching of evolution in schools; unsuccessfully challenged by the Scopes Monkey trial; repealed in 1967

Confederate States

TX, LA, AR, MS, AL, TN, GA, FL, SC, NC, VA

Slave states

TX, LA, AR, MS, AL, TN, GA, SC, FL, NC, VA (WV), MD, KY, MO, DE

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Tantamount to a congressional declaration of war and cited it as a legal authorization for subsequent military action in Vietnam.

Kitchen debate

Televised exchange in 1959 between Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and American Vice President Richard Nixon. Meeting at the American National Exhibition in Moscow, the two leaders sparred over the relative merits of capitalist consumer culture versus Soviet state planning. Nixon won applause for his staunch defense of American capitalism, helping lead him to the Republican nomination for president in 1960

Solid South

Term applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election.

Black Hand

Terrorist group by Bosnian Servs

1486. New Frontier

The "new" liberal and civil rights ideas advocated by Kennedy, in contrast to Eisenhower's conservative view.

Marbury v. Madison

The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789).

Mapp v. Ohio

The 1961 Supreme Court decision ruling that the *Fourth Amendment's* protection against unreasonable searches and seizures must be extended to the states as well as to the federal government.; *due process clause*

Gideon v. Wainwright

The 1963 Supreme Court decision holding that anyone accused of a felony where imprisonment may be imposed, however poor he or she might be, has a right to a lawyer.

Wesberry v. Sanders

The 1964 case in which the Supreme Court invalidated unequal congressional districts, saying that all legislative districts must contain about equal numbers of people. The ruling is popularly known as the principle of one person, one vote.

Lemon v. Kurtzman

The 1971 Supreme Court decision that established that aid to church-related schools must (1) have a secular legislative purpose; (2) have a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion; and (3) not foster excessive government entanglement with religion.

American/Know Nothing Party

a former political party active in the 1850s to keep power out of the hands of immigrants and Roman Catholics (called nativists)

Roe v. Wade

The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester.

United States v. Nixon

The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of executive priveledge was implicit in the Constitution but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions

Gregg v. Georgia

The 1976 Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of the death penalty, stating, "It is an extreme sanction, suitable to the most extreme of crimes." The court did not, therefore, believe that the death sentence constitutes cruel and unusual punishment.

Iranian hostage crisis

The 444 days, from November 1979 to January 1981, in which American embassy workers were held captive by Iranian revolutionaries. The Iranian Revolution began in January 1979 when young Muslim fundamentalists overthrew the oppressive regime of the American-backed shah, forcing him into exile. Deeming the United States "the Great Satan," these revolutionaries triggered an energy crisis by cutting off Iranian oil. The hostage crisis began when revolutionaries stormed the American embassy, demanding that the United States return the shah to Iran for trial. The episode was marked by botched diplomacy and failed rescue attempts by the Carter Administration. After permanently damaging relations between the two countries, the crisis ended with the hostages' release the day Ronald Reagan became president, January 20, 1981

Cold War

The 45-year-long diplomatic tension between the United States and the Soviet Union that divided much of the world into polarized camps, capitalist against communist. Most of the international conflicts during that period, particularly in the developing world, can be traced to the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union

Alabama

The Alabama was a British-made vessel which fought for the Confederacy, destroying over 60 Northern ships in 22 months,

"Powder Keg of Europe"

The Balkans

1230. Keynesian Economics

The British economist John Maynard Keynes believed that the government could pull the economy out of a depression by increasing government spending, thus creating jobs and increasing consumer buying power.

"cash-and-carry" plan

The Cash and Carry plan allowed nations at war to purchase munitions if they paid cash and transported the goods on non-American ships.

1475. Hanoi, Haiphong

The Declaration of Independence by the Vietnamese was proclaimed in Hanoi on September 2, 1945. Haiphong is Hanoi's harbor.

HUAC

The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda,

Panama Revolution

The Isthmus of Panama had been part of Columbia. U.S. tried to negotiate with Columbia to build the Panama Canal. Columbia refused, so U.S. encouraged Panama to revolt. Example of Big Stick diplomacy.

Laird Rams

The Laird rams were ships specifically designed to break blockades; the English prevented them from being sold by a British manufacturer to the South after vocal union protests.

Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini

The Muslim religious leader who dominated the 1979 Iranian revolution

1204. National Recovery Administration, "The Blue Eagle"

The NRA Blue Eagle was a symbol Hugh Johnson devised to generate enthusiasm for the NRA codes. Employers who accepted the provisions of NRA could display it in their windows. The symbol showed up everywhere, along with the NRA slogan "We Do Our Part."

Financing of the war effort by North and South

The North was much richer than the South, and financed the war through loans, treasury notes, taxes and duties on imported goods. The South had financial problems because they printed their Confederate notes without backing them with gold or silver.

1167. Versailles Conference, Versailles Treaty

The Palace of Versailles was the site of the signing of the peace treaty that ended WW I on June 28, 1919. Victorious Allies imposed punitive reparations on Germany.

Cordell Hull

The Secretary of State who believed that trade was a two-way street, that a nation can sell abroad only as it buys abroad, that tariff barriers choke off foreign trade, and that trade wars beget shooting wars. He was one of the main contributors to the reciprocal trade policy of the New Dealers.

1236. Huey Long, Share the Wealth, Gerald K. Smith

The Share the Wealth society was founded in 1934 by Senator Huey Long of Louisiana. He called for the confiscation of all fortunes over $5 million and a 100% tax on annual incomes over $1 million. He was assassinated in 1935 and his successor Gerald K. Smith lacked the ability to be a strong head of the society.

The unreconstructed South

The South's infrastructure had been destroyed - manufacturing had almost ceased. Few banks were solvent and in some areas starvation was imminent. General Sherman had virtually destroyed large areas on his "march to the sea".

1497. Cuban Missile Crisis, 1963

The Soviet Union was secretly building nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba, which could have been used for a sneak-attack on the U.S. The U.S. blockaded Cuba until the U.S.S.R. agreed to dismantle the missile silos.

1483. Baker v. Carr, 1962

The Supreme Court declared that the principle of "one person, one vote" must be following at both state and national levels. The decision required that districts be redrawn so the each representative represented the same number of people.

1484. Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963

The Supreme Court held that all defendants in serious criminal cases are entitled to legal counsel, so the state must appoint a free attorney to represent defendants who are too poor to afford one.

Red River Campaign

Union leaders wanted to invade northeastern Texas from Louisiana along the red river. Didn't succeed. There were 2 battles before this: Battle of Pleasant Hill and Battle of Mansfield.

Army-McCarthy Hearings

The Trials in which Senator McCarthey accused the U.S. Army of harboring possible communists.These trials were one of the first televised trials in America, and helped show America Senator McCarthey's irresponsibility and meanness.

Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Cuba

The U.S. acquired these territories from Spain through the Treaty of Paris (1898), which ended the Spanish-American War.

1168. Washington Disarmament Conference, 1921-1922

The U.S. and nine other countries discussed limits on naval armaments. They felt that a naval arms race had contributed to the start of WW I. They created quotas for different classes of ships that could be built by each country based on its economic power and size of existing navies.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

The United States dropped the atomic bomb on these two cities helping to end World War 2.

Japan

The United States dropped two atomic bombs on which Axis nation to end World War 2?

women

The United States needed a lot of help during World War 2 in factories and need these people to work in factories to build weapons.

Iwo Jima and Okinawa

The United States took over these two islands and planned to invade the island of Japan.

1212. Works Progress Administration (WPA), Harold Hopkins, Federal Arts Project

The WPA started in May 1935 and was headed by Harold Hopkins. It employed people for 30 hours a week (so it could hire all the unemployed). The Federal Arts Project had unemployed artists painting murals in public buildings; actors, musicians, and dancers performing in poor neighborhood; and writers compiling guide books and local histories.

"Double V" campaign

The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain "a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad."

National Defense Education Act 1958

The act that was passed in response to Sputnik; it provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

Gen. Douglas MacArthur

The allied commander that carried out his program for the democratization of Japan, introducing a constitution that allowed for the denouncement of militarism, the introduction of women's equality, and the introduction of a western-style government

Berlin Blockade

The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift.

Freedman's Bureau

The bureau's focus was to provide food, medical care, administer justice, manage abandoned and confiscated property, regulate labor, and establish schools.

1202. National Industry Recovery Act (NIRA)

The chief measure to promote recovery was the NIRA. It set up the National Recovery Adminstration and set prices, wages, work hours, and production for each industry. Based on theory that regulation of the economy would allow industries to return to full production, thereby leading to full employment and a return of prosperity.

Ho Chi Minh City

The city that replaced Saigon after it fell communist

Popular Sovereignty

The doctrine that stated that the people of a territory had the right to decide their own laws by voting. In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, popular sovereignty would decide whether a territory allowed slavery.

Conscription

The draft

1478. Vietnamization

The effort to build up South Vietnamese troops while withdrawing American troops, it was an attempt to turn the war over to the Vietnamese.

Sunbelt

The fifteen-state crescent through the American South and Southwest that experienced terrific population and productivity expansion during World War II and particularly in the decades after the war, eclipsing the old industrial Northeast (the "Frost belt")

Potsdam Conference

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

Fletcher v. Peck

The first case in which the Supreme Court ruled a state law unconstitutional, the decision also helped create a growing precedent for the sanctity of legal contracts, and hinted that Native Americans did not hold title to their own lands -Judicial review

1196. "Relief, recovery, reform"

The first step in FDR's relief program was to establish the Civilian Conservation Corps in April, 1933. The chief measure designed to promote recovery was the National Industrial Recovery Act. The New Deal acts most often classified as reform measures were those designed to guarantee the rights of labor and limit the powers of businesses.

Zoot Suit Riots

The harassment of Mexican youth by American sailors during WWII.

1171. World Court

The judicial arm of the League of Nations, supported by several presidents.

Henry Kissinger

The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; Secretary of State during Nixon's presidency (1970s).

Abolitionism

The militant effort to do away with slavery. It had its roots in the North in the 1700s. It became a major issue in the 1830s and dominated politics after 1840. Congress became a battleground between pro and anti-slavery forces from the 1830's to the Civil War. Some major abolitionists include Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, Grimke Sisters, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Harriet Tubman, William Lloyd Garrison, etc.

Bataan Death March

The name for the 65 mile march endured by U.S. and Filipino prisoners after the surrenders at the Bataan Peninsula and Corregidor

Black Hand

The name of the terrorist group

1228. Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins

The nation's first woman cabinet member.

Conscription draft riots

The poor were drafter disproportionately, and in New York in 1863, they rioted, killing at least 73 people, including many blacks who they blamed for their plight.

Lecompton Constitution

The pro-slavery constitution suggested for Kansas' admission to the union. It was rejected after widespread Southern cheating forced a revote but created bitterness on part of the South.

Ostend Manifesto

The recommendation that the US offer Spain $20 million for Cuba. It was not carried through in part because the North feared Cuba would become another slave state

Civil Rights Act of 1964

against job discrimination, also prohibited racial discrimination in all public accommodations, such as hotels

Charles Sumner

The same senator who had been caned by Brooks in 1856. Sumner returned to the Senate after the outbreak of the civil war. He was the formulator of the state suicide theory, and supporter of emancipation. He was an outspoken radical republican involved in the impeachment of Andrew Johnson.

Manhattan Project

The secret research project that developed the Atomic Bomb

Quarantine speech

The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.

1226. Sit-down strikes

The strikers occupied the workplace to prevent any production.

"McCarthyism"

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

McCarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

"Hawks and Doves"

The war at home was between the people that supported the war and those who wanted peace.

Keynesian economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

Ida Tarbell (1857-1944), History of the Standard Oil Company

This 1904 book exposed the monpolistic practices of the Standard Oil Company. Strengthened the movement for outlawing monopolies. A muckraker novel.

John McCain

This Republican senator was a prisoner of war during the Vietnam War

F. Scott Fitzgerald

This Side of Paradise (1920), The Great Gatsby (1925)

Battle of the Bulge

This battle was the last time that Hitler attacked the Allied forces.

Gibbons v. Ogden

This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights. -Congress has the right to regulate commerce

African-Americans

This group of people had racial-barriers removed during World War 2 and were not discriminated against in the government.

Japanese

This group of people were sent to internment camps during World War 2 in the United States.

1459. Civil Rights Act of 1964, Public Accommodations Section of the Act

This portion of the Act stated that public accommodations could not be segregated and that nobody could be denied access to public accommodation on the basis of race.

Massachusetts 54th

This regiment was one of the first official black units in the United States armed forces led by white officers, they earned honor and respect for fighting even after sustaining heavy losses

anti-semitic

This term describes when someone does not like Jewish people.

1211. Public Works Administration (PWA), Harold Ickes

Under Secertary of the Interior Harold Ickes, the PWA distributed $3.3 billion to state and local governments for building schools, highways, hospitals, ect.

Armistice

agreement to end fighting

U-2 incident

This took place under Eisenhower's administration just before the "summit conference" in Paris scheduled for May 1960. The American U-2 spy plane was shot down over Russia. Eisenhower was forced to step up and assume personal responsibility for the incident. Francis Gary Powers was the pilot who was captured by the Russians, but later returned. The incident kept Khrushchev from meeting with Eisenhower.

Normandy

This was the city in France where the United States landed during D-Day.

Manhattan Project

This was the code name given to the development of the atomic bomb.

Jewish

This was the main target of Hitler's hate during the Holocaust. 6 million of these people were killed.

aryan

This was the name of Hitler's master race who had blond hair, blue eyes, and an athletic build.

V-E Day

This was the name of the day that the United States celebrated the end of fighting in Europe.

V-J Day

This was the name of the day the the United States celebrated the end of the fighting in Japan.

Kristallnacht

This was the name of the night that Jewish stores, synagogues, and possessions were destroyed. Over 400 million dollars of damage was done on this day.

final soluation

This was the nickname that Hitler gave his plan to kill all Jewish and unwanted people in Europe.

Reason for interning Japanese-Americans in concentration camps in America

Thought Japanese-Americans were spying and sending information back to Japan.

Battle of Cold Harbor

Thousands of Union soldiers were killed or wounded in a hopeless frontal assault against the fortified troops of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee. However, Grant was once again able to pull off to the left and continue south to Petersburg. Known as Grant's worst mistake.

Democracy, efficiency, pragmatism

Three characteristics that the U.S. felt made them superior to other countries. Many U.S. cities in the 1900 to 1920 instituted modern "scientific" political systems, such as the use of professional city managers, to replace inefficient traditional machine politics. The U.S. tried to spread there ideas abroad.

1170. 5-3-1 ration

Tonnage ratio of the construction of large ships, it meant that Britain could only have 1 ship for every 3 ships in Japan, and Japan could only have 3 ships for every 5 ships in the U.S. Britain, U.S. and Japan agreed to dismantle some existing vessels to meet the ratio.

Sherman's March to the Sea

Total War against civilians, burned homes and crops. Burned Atlanta and captured Savannah for Christmas present for Lincoln who had long sough such good news. Burned Columbia, SC before capturing the last Confederate rabble army at Fayetteville, (Bennent Place)

Bastonge

Town around which the Battle of the Bulge is fought.

SALT

Treaty signed in 1972 by the United States and the Soviet Union to slow the nuclear arms race

Paris Accords (1973 Peace Agreement)

Treaty that ended American involvement in Vietnam

pre-war alliances

Triple Alliance Triple Entente Great Britain and Belgium Russia and Serbia

Foreign policy for next 50 years

Truman doctrine Make an investment to contain communism Truman doctrine is containment Stop soviets from growing anymore

Battle of Gallipoli

Turkish troops tied down trapped allies on beaches

Oct. 26

Turns ships around. Khrushchev sends two letters

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Two american citizens convicted of leaking atomic data to Moscow and were executed in peacetime for espionage

Battle of Midway

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.

Roosevelt Corollary

U.S. would act as international policemen. An addition to the Monroe Doctrine.

Oct 14, 1962

U2 spy plane takes a photo of Cuban nuclear bomb site Excomm- Kennedy- meet on the issue of Cuba

Peace Democrats

US Democrats who didn't support the war and hoped to reunite the states through negotiation. Also known as "Copperheads"

President Ford

US President during the Fall of Saigon

President Carter

US President who pardoned the draft dodgers and let them back into America without being arrested

President Johnson

US President who took a major role in escalating the Vietnam War and was the first president to send troops

Lyndon Baines Johnson

US Prez who increased US involvement in Vietnam using the Domino Theory as justification; lost popularity at home because of his inability to bring about an end to the war. Did not run again in 1968.

1235. Coalition of the Democratic Party: Blacks, unions, intellectuals, big city machines, South

Union took an active role providing campaign funds and votes. Blacks had traditionally been Republican but 3/4 had shifted to the Democratic party. Roosevelt still recieved strong support from ethnic whites in big cities and Midwestern farmers.

Allied Powers

United Kingdom, France, Portugal, Italy, Belgium, Monte-Negro, Serbia, Greece, Romania, Russia

1427. Korematsu v. U.S., 1944

Upheld the U.S. government's decision to put Japanese-Americans in internment camps during World War II.

Code Talkers

Used the Naviho Indian language

1158. Rudolph Valentino (1895-1926), Charlie Chaplin

Valentino, a romantic leading man, was one of the most popular dramatic stars of silent films. Chaplin was a popular star of silent slap-stick comedies.

Lyndon Johnson

Vice president of JFK, assumed the presidency in 1963 after Kennedy was assinated

V-E Day

Victory in Europe

Dr. Sigmund Freud

Viennese physician, believed nervous and emotional illnesses came from sexual repression

Tet Offensive

Viet Cong attack on key South Vietnamese cities, including Saigon; revealed to Americans that the war was not ending soon; sparked anti-war sentiment

My Lai Incident

Village in South Vietnam where more than 300 unarmed civilians, including women and children, were massacred by US troops in May 1968.

Harry F. Byrd

Virginia senator who reacted strongly to the Brown ruling, calling it totalitarian in the name of socialism and communism

Franco-Prussian War

War between France and Prussia and was the real cause of WW1 and WW2 - Prussia wins

U.S.S. Oregon

Warship involved in Spanish-American blockade in Cuba in 1898. Went from Cuba to the Philippines by going around the Southern tip of South America. Showed that we need a better route between the Atlantic and the Pacific.

bracero

Wartime agreement between the United States and Mexico to import farm workers to meet a perceived manpower shortage; the agreement was in effect from 1941 to 1947.

1401. St Lawrence Seaway

Waterway to connect Great Lakes on the U.S./Canadian border to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence River, it allowed better shipping and transportation, and improved international relations and trade.

1453. Watts, Detroit race riots

Watts: August, 1965, the riot began due to the arrest of a Black by a White and resulted in 34 dead, 800 injured, 3500 arrested and $140,000,000 in damages. Detroit: July, 1967, the army was called in to restore order in race riots that resulted in 43 dead and $200,000,000 in damages.

1960

We cut trade to Cuba Cuba nationalizes all us companies Bay of pigs- Kennedy's most embarrassing moments After: Castro asks Russia and Russia public-ally offer military aid to cuba

Theodore Weld (1802-1895)

Weld was devoted to the abolitionism movement. He advised the breakaway anti-slavery Whigs in Congress and his anonymous tract "American Slavery as It Is" (1839) was the inspiration for Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Harry S. Truman

What American president made the decision to drop two atomic bombs on Japan to end World War 2?

D-Day

What battle allowed the allies to enter the nation of France and was the turning point of the Western Front?

Midway

What battle in the Pacific was the turning point of the war after 4 Japanese aircraft carries were destroyed and the Japanese code was cracked?

Stalingrad

What battle stopped the Germans in the Soviet Union and proved to be the turning point on the Eastern Front?

Midway

What major battle is labeled with the number 1?

Stalingrad

What major battle is labeled with the number 1?

Battle of the Bulge

What major battle is labeled with the number 2?

Iwo Jima and Okinawa

What major battle is labeled with the number 2?

D-Day

What major battle is labeled with the number 3?

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

What major battle is labeled with the number 3?

El Alamein

What major battle is labeled with the number 4?

Pearl Harbor

What major battle is labeled with the number 4?

June 6, 1944

When did D-Day also known as Operation Overlord take place?

Bao Dai

When the French occupied Vietnam, he was appointed as the leader of a new government because he was a member of the Vietnamese royal family; really was a French puppet leader

December 7, 1941

When was Pearl Harbor unexpectedly attacked by the Empire of Japan?

U2 spy incident

When? 1960 Who? Col. Francis Gary powers' plane was shot down over soviet airspace Khrushchev demand an apology and admit we were spying Eisenhower will not apologize or admit

Assassination of April 1865

While sitting in his box at Ford's Theatre watching "Our American Cousin", President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth.

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacy organization that intimidated blacks out of their newly found liberties

Japan

allied with Britain; used war as an excuse to seize outpost in Pacific and China

Ku Klux Klan

White-supremacist group formed by six former Confederate officers after the Civil War. Name is greek for "Circle of Friends". Group eventually reverted to terrorist attacks on blacks. The original clan was disbanded in 1869, but was later resurrected by white supremacists in 1915.

Northern segregation

Whites lived in suburbs while blacks in "ghettos"

commander of American troops

William Westmoreland

"Peace without victory."

Wilson's idea which opposed punishing the defeated powers

Republican Legislation passed in Congress after Southerners left: banking, tariff, homestead, transcontinental railroad.

With no Southerners to vote them down, the Northern Congressman passed all the bills they wanted to. Led to the industrial revolution in America.

WACS, WAVES and WASPs

Women in army, air and navy corps, doing emergency service, and nursing

James Buchanon

Won the Presidential election of 1856; he was a Democrat who believed each state should decided slavery or free for themselves; :He won ALL southern States! (except Maryland)

1916 Democratic Candidate

Woodrow Wilson

Dorothea Dix

Worked for prison reforms, created special institution for mentally ill, campaigned for better conditions in mental hospitals. During the Civil War, was the head of nurses.

Austria-Hungary

Worried it might foster rebellion amoung its people

Hollywood 10

Writers and directors who went to jail refusing to testify

1191. Twentieth Amendment

Written by George Norris and also called the "Lame Duck Amendment," it changed the inauguration date from March 4 to January 20 for president and vice president, and to January 3 for senators and representatives. It also said Congress must assemble at least once a year.

Ralph Nader

Wrote "Unsafe at Any Speed" expose about auto safety protect the right to safety in a workplace, to a healthy environment and safe consumer products

counter culture

YAF(young americans for freedom)

Berlin Airlift

Year-long mission of flying food and supplies to blockaded West Berliners, whom the Soviet Union cut off from access to the West in the first major crisis of the Cold War

Emmett Till

Young black boy who was brutally murdered after being seen talking to a white woman in a store. His killers were found innocent in court, and once safe from prosecution, admitted to the crime.

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee

Youth organization founded by southern black students in 1960 to promote civil rights. Drawing on its members youthful energies, SNCC in its early years coordinated demonstrations, sit-ins, and voter registration drives.

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Geneva Accords

a 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956 17th parallel

Roth v. United States

a 1957 Supreme Court decision ruling that obscenity is not within the area of constitutionally protected speech or press.

the Lusitania

a British passenger ship torpedoed by a u-boat on May 7, 1915, killing 128 Americans among 1200 passengers

Operation Rolling Thunder

a US bombing campaign began in 1965 and authorized by President Johnson. This tactical movement relentlessly bombed Vietcong-occupied land, destroying the landscape of hundreds of miles of land. However, the intricate and enormously large network of tunnels the guerrilla soldiers had built were largely unharmed, and it failed to stop the Vietcong from continuing to press on.

Bush v. Gore

a United States Supreme Court case heard on December 11, 2000. In a per curiam opinion, by a vote of 7-2, the Court held that the Florida Supreme Court's scheme for recounting ballots was unconstitutional, and by a vote of 5-4, the Court held that no alternative scheme could be established within the time limits established by Florida Legislature.[1]. The per curiam opinion was argued on the basis of Equal Protection.

Freedom Summer

a coalition of civil rights groups were enlisting young volunteers for a voter registration campaign in Mississippi for blacks, usually kids around college age

Family Assistance Plan

a complex package of different programs, would replace most welfare measures, including the controversial aid to families w/dependent children, was abandoned

Daniel Ellsberg

a dissident member of the national security bureaucracy, leaked to the press a top-secret history of US involvement in the Vietnam War

George C. Marshall

a former chief of staff and Secretary of State that was denounced by McCarthy as a communist

Atomic Energy Commission

a former executive agency (from 1946 to 1974) that was responsible for research into atomic energy and its peacetime uses in the United States

Entente Cordiale

a friendly understanding

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

a joint resolution by Congress which gave President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia

draft

a law requiring people of a certain age to serve in the military

The 14 points

a list of terms in order to resolve present and future wars

Henry Cabot Lodge

a man who wanted to keep the united states out of the league of nations in order to keep the US out of future war

Fourteen Points

a peace plan made by Wilson in January 1918 before the war ended which was ment to prevent international problems from causing another war - included having a League of Nations, ending secret agreements, freedom of the seas, free trade, a limit on arms, and support for national self-determination

isolationism

a policy of avoiding political or military involvement with other countries

Eisenhower's "New Look" Foreign Policy

a policy of nuclear deterrence, it gave priority to inexpensive nuclear weapons while reducing the funding for the other military forces to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits at the same time.

unrestricted submarine warfare

a policy that the Germans announced in January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters

Pan Slavism

a powerful form of nationalism=all Slavic people shared a common nationality

Union League of America

a pro-Union organization that that freedmen turned into a network of political clubs that educated members and campaigned for Rep. candidates. Also built black churches and schools , representing black grievances and offering protection against retaliation from whites.

Alger Hiss

a prominent ex-New Dealer and a distinguished member of the "eastern establishment" that was accused of being a communist agent and had to face the House UnAmerican Activities Committee

Taft-Hartley Act

a rollback of several pro-union provisions of the 1935 National Labor Relations Act. The secondary boycott and the union shop, labor rights that workers had fought hard for, were eventually dismantled by the Republican Party

Pacific Railway Act 1862

a series of acts of Congress that promoted the construction of the transcontinental railroad in the United States through authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies.

Attrition

a slow wear-down process

"Over There"

a song sung by soldiers going into battle and to bring up American spirit, written by George M. Cohan in 1917

World Bank

a specialized agency of the UN that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation, it was created at the Bretton Woods conference for the purpose of rebuilding a war-torn world

"Rolling Thunder"

a sustained campaign of bombing in NV

bureaucracy

a system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials

Zimmerman telegram

a telegram fron the German secretary to a German minister in Mexico telling him to urge Mexico to attach the US if the US declared war on Germany, and Germany woud help Mexico win back its lost land in the states

Domino theory

a theory stating that if one country came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow

Treaty of Versailles

a treaty between the Allies and Germany which forced Germany to take full blame for the war, pay $300 billion ($75 billion today) of reparations, limit its size of army, forced it to give Alsace-Lorraine back to France, and made it give up its overseas colonies to the control of France and Britain

Indemnity

a war debt - in this case, the French war debt from Franco-Prussian war (5 billion gold francs) - also in this case, the german war debt for WWI

State's Rights Democratic Party

a.k.a. Dixiecrats, southern democrats who, in reaction to Truman's activism for black rights, split off and supported Strom Thurmond

Prohibition

abolition of alcohol; supported by churches and women; authorized by the 18th Amendment (1919), ratified Volstead Act; hard liquor & home brew (bathtub gin) popular; "noble experiment;" positives- bank savings increased, absenteeism in industry decreased; negatives- crime; ended with the 21st Amendment (1933)

Lindbergh Law

after kidnapping of Charles A. Lindbergh's infant son; interstate abductin in certain circumstances=death-penalty offense

the "blank check"

after the assassination of the Archduke, Germany tells A-H that they have a blank check, meaning A-H can declare war on Serbia and do anything they want with Germany's support

"Search and Destroy" missions

against communist forces 50,000 military personnel, basically went to enemy places and destroyed everything and everyone

George Kennan

an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers.

George Kennan

an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers. Diplomat in Russia

Harlem Hell Fighters

an American army unit which consisted of African Americans, and was attached to the French Army

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

SEATO

an Asian alliance set up by secretary Dulles on the model of NATO to help support the anti-communist regime in South Vietnam

selective service act

an act that required all men fron 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

National Security Council (NSC)

an advisory body established by the National Security Act of 1947 that also created the Department of Defense and Central Intelligence Agency

armistice

an agreement to stop fighting

"Peculiar Institution"

another name for slavery

William Jennings Bryan

ardent Presbyterian Fundamentalist; prosecutor in the Scopes Monkey Trial; died 5 days after trial

British Blockade

as war continues Britain uses naval strength to blockade German coast to prevent weapons and other military supplies from getting through to Germany

Gavrilo Princip

assassinated Ferdinand

Pearl Harbor

attack in Hawaii that caused the US to join WWII (Dec. 7 1941)

Gasoline Age

automobile industry created thousands of jobs (glass, highway construction, etc.), petroleum business prospered

stock market

became like gambling, bought stocks "on margin" - small down payments

Mellonites

believed high taxed discouraged business & brought smaller net return to Treasury

John Dewey

believed in "learning by doing" and "education for life", formed the foundation of the progressive education

No Man' Land

between the opposing forces

Conditions in Germany which contributed to Hitler's rise

bitterness over previous defeat, resentment over term os Treaty of Versailles,"war guilt", reparations, severe economic depression, and extreme patriotism of the people

Harlem

black community of NYC; contained 100,000 African-American residents in the 1920s; vibrant, creative culture

Harlem Rennaissance

black culture; argued for a "New Negro"- full citizen & social equal to whites

Liberty Bonds

bonds bought by Americans which lent their money to the government to pay for the war (they raised $21 billion, which is more than half of what was spent in total)

CREEP

campaign org separate from the republican party, with the ironic acronym of CREEP, secretly raised millions of dollars, much of it from illegal contributions

New Orleans occupation

captured by NORTH- David Farragut. He joind with Butler's army and sailed Union ships ascending and descending the MS river- narrowing it between Vicksburg, MS and Port HUdson, LA. This affected trade and was early in the war.

reparations

cash payments for losses suffered during the war

Tet Offensive

caught US military off guard and ill prepared to take advantage of enemy losses. serious psychological defeat for the US, because it undercut Johnson's claims about an imminent win

Herbert Hoover

chosen to be head of Food Administration and relied on cooperation rather than force - food will win the war!

Hiroshima

city in Japan that had over 100k deaths from the first dropping of an atomic weapon

Black work

cleaning cooking, in the back

Manhattan Project

code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II

John J. Pershing

commanded the AEF, and also, in 1916, sent American troops into Mexico to hunt down Francisco "Pancho" Villa

Cambodia's Khmer Rouge

communist guerrilla force in Cambodia, became a well-disciplined army. came to power and in a murderous attempt to eliminate potential dissent.

How did Soviets use American racism against America

compared the South's treatment of blacks to Nazi's treatment of Jews

Imperialism

competition for land

Triple Entente (Allies)

consisted of France, Britain and Russia

Triple Alliance (Central Powers)

consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

coordinating urban revitalization programs

Office of Economic Opportunity

created by Congress to coordinate a multi-part program, that would give everyone the equal chance to live in decency and dignity

NSC

created by the National Security Act it was designed to advise the president on security matters

Bureau of the Budget

created in 1921; designed to prevent extravagant appropriations

Henry Ford

created the Model T and built an empire from his mechanical genius, concerned about impact of drinking on labor productivity

Medicaid

culminated efforts begun during the New and Fair deals

Robert S. McNamara

defense secretary under President Kennedy who pushed the strategy of "flexible response"; began to doubt the Vietnam War and was eased out of the cabinet

Hubert Humphrey

democratic presidential nominee

Schlieffen Plan

designed by General Alfred von Schlieffenand used to avoid a two-front war against France in the west and Russia to the east

General William Westmoreland

directed the US effort in Vietnam, recommended moving his troops out of their enclaves and sending them on "search and destroy" missions

Influenza

disease that killed more than 20 million after WWI

VISTA

domestic version of the peace corps; provided low-wage jobs for young people, authorized the creation of federally funded social programs

Fordism

economically effective methods of mass-production; assembly-line production; standardized mechanical parts

Volstead Act

enacted to reinforce 18th Amendment; government regulation of alcohol

Johnson's Greatest motivation

end poverty

Glass-Steagall Act

established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and included banking reforms, some of which were designed to control speculation

speakeasy

establishment that illegally sold alcohol during Prohibition

Ku Klux Klan

extremist ultraconservative uprising against diversity; pro-white, pro-"native" American, pro-Protestant

Militarism

glorification for military

War Production Board

government agency that decided which companies would make war materials and how to distribute raw materials

Equal Rights Amendment

guarantee women the same legal rights as men

The 14th Ammendment

guaranteed equal protection for blacks

Social Security Act

guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

The 15th Ammendment

guaranteed voting rights for blacks

Wilson's War Message to Congress

he asked congress to declare war on Germany because they were killing innocent people, and they've disturbed the peace of the people in the US - the world must be made safe for democracy

Sinclair Lewis

heavy-drinking journalist, Main Street (1920), Babbit (1922)

Jack Dempsey

heavyweight boxer champion, knocked out Georges Carpentier

Archduke Ferdinand

heir to Austrian throne

The Central Intelligence Agency

helped to overthrow Iran's premier after he seized control of British oil properties

Gutzon Borglum

high ranking Kansmen,famous for carvings at Stone Mountain and Mount Rushmore

Joseph ("Joe") King Oliver

his band was the first important black jazz ensemble

George H. ("Babe") Ruth

home-run hero for the Yankees

Atrocity

horrible acts against innocent people

Darwinism

idea that all living organisms developed through evolution

Security Council

important part of the United Nations it has to maintain international peace and security, it takes care of the establishment of peacekeeping organizations, the establishment of international sanctions, and the authorization of military action

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

in 1921 convicted of murder of Massachusetts paymaster and his guard, executed in 1927 by electrocution

1st Russian Revolution

in March 1917, the Czar is overthrown and the Provisional government is established, which is democratic

League of Nations

included 40 nations; no fighting ( is now called the United Nations)

Securities and Exchange

independent agency which holds primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry, the nation's stock and options exchanges; regulates stock market

Malcolm X

inspired by the militant black nationalists in the Nation of Islam; changed his surname to advertise his lost African identity in white America; a brilliant and charismatic preacher who trumpeted black separatism; inspired the militant Black Panther party

"Johnson" Treatment

intimidate people into supporting what he wanted

Alfred Nobel

inventor of dynamite

Frederick W. Taylor

inventor; engineer; known for mastering the efficiency of stopwatch techniques; "Father of Scientific Management"

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

investigate Communist influence in labor unions and New Deal agencies

Nye Committee

investigated arms manufacturers and bankers of World War I. Claimed they had caused America's entry into WWI. Public opinion pushed Congress to pass the Neutrality Acts to keep us out of WWII.

Otto von Bismarck

knew France wanted revenge against Germany; wouldn't attack without the help of Italy and Austria

My Lai Massacre

lead by Calley, entered into the small hamlet of My Lai and shot more than 200 people. mostly women and children were killed, became public in 1969

Black Power Movement

lead by Malcolm X, popularly know as the black muslims, used violence to get their point across

Lt. William Calley

lead the My Lai massacre was charged

Phyllis Shlafly

leader of the "stop era" conservative women

Dwight D. Eisenhower

leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in D-Day invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School

Flexible response

military strategy under Kennedy which called for the development of an array of military "options" that could be precisely matched to the gravity of the crisis at hand; resulted in increased spending on military and a bolstering of the Special Forces (Green Berets)

blitzkrieg

military strategy used by Germany in WWII, "lightning war"

NLF

mounted surprise attacks through south vietnam

"Killing Field"

murdered more than 1 million cambodians

Enola Gay

name of the PLANE that dropped the first atomic bomb

Fat Man

name of the SECOND atomic bomb, dropped on Nagasaki

Kent State incident

national guard troops fired on demonstrators and killed 4 students

Medicare

nationally funded medical coverage for the elderly and for low income citizens.

"red scare" (1919-1920)

nationwide crusade against the radical left-wing

Japanese Internment

nearly 120,000 Japanese put to live in specific areas due to fear of them being enemies

Diplomacy

negotiation between nations

VE Day

nickname for the end of the war in Europe

VJ Day

nickname for the end of the war in the Pacific

William Dean Howells

nicknamed "The Dean of American Literature" editor of the Atlantic Monthly

How did Rosa Parks challenge Jim Crow

not giving up her seat to white man

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman

Fundamentalism

old-time relgious extremism; anti-evolution

RFK's assassination

on June 4 just after midnight was shot in a Los Angeles Hotel

Greece

one of the counties that was helped by the Truman Doctrine in order to avoid it falling to the communist powers

Earth Day

one-day "happening" which featured art, music, and countercultural theatre-aimed to raise awareness about environmental degradation and popularize the science of ecology

jazz

originally New Orleans black music; W.C. Handy's "St. Louis Blues;" later industry spawned all-white bands

Hollywood

originally used for anti-German propaganda; movie capital of the world; silent films, "talkies," color films; actors more famous & larger salary than political leaders; vulgarity; American mainstream

Title VII

outlawed discrimination of employment because of race, religion, origin, and sex

24th amendment

outlawed poll taxing

War on Poverty

part of President Johnson's Great Society program; it expanded the Social Security system by creating Medicare and Medicaid to provide health care for the aged and the poor

Reparation

payment for war damage

Loyalty-Security Program

permit officials to investigate any employee of the federal government

Eugene O'Neill

playwright, Freudian notions of sex, Strange Interlude (1928)

the Arabic Pledge

pledge issued by Germany after Arabic ship was sunk (2 americans dead), which promises that no more passenger ships will be sunk without warming and without providing for rescue of passengers - pledged on Sept. 1, 1915

the Sussex Pledge

pledge issued by Germany to try to only target passenger ships, to only sink ships after it has been confirmed that the ship was carrying war goods of weapons and to make sure all passengers and crew were safely evacuated

T.S. Eliot

poet, influenced by Ezra Pound, "The Waste Land" (1922)

Robert Frost

poet, wrote about New England

George Wallace

political right, a southern democrat who ran for president as a 3rd party candidate in 1968. against civil rights, focused on counterculture, and the anti-war movement

Henry Kissinger

political scientist from Harvard, became Nixon's national security advisor and turned the NSC into the most powerful shaper of US foreign policy within the gov.

Brinkmanship

practice of pursuing a dangerous policy to the limits before stopping

Nikita Khrushchev

premier of Russia during the race to get satellites into space between Russia and the United States. He used many propaganda techniques to try to fool the world of Russia's intentions. President's Eisenhower and Kennedy dealt with his communist tricks in Berlin and Cuba.

Mobilize

preparing forces for war

"Cold War liberalism"

preserved the core programs of the New Deal welfare state, developed the containment policy to oppose Soviet influence throughout the world, and fought so-called "subversives" at home

Harry S Truman

president during the beginning of the Cold War that enforced containment and a fair deal

Dwight D. Eisenhower

president from 1953-1961; General during WW2

Lyndon B. Johnson

president who assumed the presidency after Kennedy's assassination in 1963l; his domestic policy included the program of Great Society, the War on Poverty, and civil rights legislation; he escalated of the Vietnam war

Truman

president who took over after FDR, decided to drop the atomic bomb

Richard Nixon

presidential nominee, who was promising to restore "law and order"

Nationalism

pride for one's country

Clarence Darrow

prominent evolution supporter; "Abandon Faith;" embrace new scientific ideas

Community Action Program

promised greater political power to grassroot activists, authorized citizen working through neighborhood orgs, to design community based projects that could be financed by Washington

Environmental Protection Agency

protected the environment and enforced environmental laws

Economic Opportunity Act 1964

provided free nursery schools to disadvantaged pre schoolers, VISTA( Volunteers in service to America)

Treaty of Versailles

put full blame of Germany for starting the war

appeasement

putting up with an agressor to keep peace; Britain and France did not stop Germany from conquering areas

How did JFK respond to Soviet bases in Cuba

quarantine all offensive military equipment

Immigration Act of 1924

quotas cut from 3% to 2%; marked the end of virtually unrestricted immigration; no Japanese immigrants; Canadians and Latin Americans exempt

Bob Dylan

reclusive singer-songwriter who spurred the revival of acoustic folk music during the early 1960's became one such figure after his music went electric

NSC-68

recommending the development of a hydrogen bomb, increasing U.S. conventional forces, establishing a strong system of alliances, and increasing taxes in order to finance defense building

Muhammad Ali

refused to be drafted and lost his Heavyweight title

Loyalty oaths

required of many groups of teachers, especially teachers, to avoid communists infiltrating the American system

Conscription

required young men to be ready for military of other services-"the Draft"

Clean Air Act 1970

requirement for higher smokestacks for factories, for example, moved pollutants higher into the atmosphere, where they produced a dangerous by-product, "acid rain". Cleared smog cities

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

restricted incoming European immigrants to a definite quota, 3% of the people of their nationality already living in the US

Roe vs. Wade

ruled that a state law making abortion a criminal offense violated a woman's right to privacy

Russian Revolution

russia

Ho Chi Minh

the Vietnamese leader who believed in Asian nationalism and anti-colonialism in his country. He was trying to get rid of the French colonial rule in Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh's beliefs were discouraged by the Cold War and he became increasingly communist. He led the North Vietnamese against the U.S. and the South Vietnamese. He was the American enemy in Vietnam.

Total War

the channeling of an entire nation's resources into a war effort

Joseph Stalin

the communist leader of the Soviet Union that instigated the Berlin Blockade

Battle of the Somme

the deadliest battle of WWI

November 11, 1918

the end of world war 1

Spanish Flu

the flu epidemic which spread in 1918, right after the end of WWI and killed over half a million Americans and over 30 million people in the world

League of Nations

the fourteenth point in Wilson's peace plan which called for a general association of nations, whose jobs would be to protect the independence of all countries

black power

the idea that blacks should strengthen their own economic and social communities rather than depending on the "good intentions" of whites for peace

military-industrial complex

the interconnection of corporate influence of political policy in the interest of producing armaments for global warfare

the Big Four

the leaders of the most important Allied nations - Woodrow Wilson (US), David Lloyd George (GB), Georges Clemenceau (France), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

Little Boy

the name of the FIRST atomic bomb, dropped on Hiroshima

epidemic

the rapid spread of a contagious disease among large numbers of people

sovereignty

the right of a nation to govern itself, and the ability of a state to govern its territory, free from control of its internal affairs by other states

self-determination

the right of national groups to have their own territory and forms of government

propaganda

the spreading of ideas that help a cause or hurt an opposing cause - each side waged a propaganda war in the US by picturing the other as savage beasts who kiled innocent civilians

Propaganda

the spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage a cause

Ho Chi Minh Trail

the trail that north vietnamese funneled supplies into SV

Human rights

they were granted to the people of the Soviet Satellite Nations in the Helsinki Accords

gangsterism

thrived during Prohibition; bootlegging, prostitution, gambling, narcotics; "protection money"

abdicate

to give up power or step down

Khrushev

took over after Stalin, wasn't an intellectual, not strong guy, he came from peasants, brilliant man that survived the ruthlessness of Stalin; He understood that he needed the support of the people; He took money from the industry and military and put it in consumer goods

The Pentagon Papers

top secret 7,000 page history of US involvement in the Vietnam War

Warsaw Pact

treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania

The New Left

tried to distance its politics from those of the democratic party and that the old communist inspired left

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

twelve nations agreed that an armed attack against one of them would be considered an attack against all of them

Trenches

two parallel systems of deep, rat infested trenches crossed France

My Lai Massacre

us troops executed nearly 500 people (men, women, children) in My Lai

eugenics

use power of the state to improve racial, genetic, or biological health of community; Adolf Hitler, Theordore Roosevelt, Charles Van Hise

McCarran Internal Security Bill National Security Act

vetoed by Truman, it authorized the president to arrest and detain suspicious people during an "internal security emergency."

casualties

victims of war - the dead and injured

Students for a Democratic Society

wanted to create the "new left"

Ernest Hemingway

war writer, witnessed Italian front, The Sun Aslo Rises (1926), A Farewell to Arms (1929)

The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

was created in 1954 to complement the NATO alliance in Europe

Richard M. Nixon

was elected president in 1968 and 1972, representing the Republican party. He was responsible for getting the United States out of the Vietnam War by using "Vietnamization," which was the withdrawal of 540,000 troops from South Vietnam over an extended period. He was responsible for the "Nixon Doctrine" saying the U.S. would not supply American troops for foreign wars, and he took the United States off the gold standard also. He was involved in détente, which was a way to create eased relations between the United States and the communist countries of Moscow and Beijing. One of the most distinct factors relating to Nixon was that he was the first president to ever resign due to the Watergate scandal. He resigned on August 8, 1974.

Vladimir Lenin

was the leader of the Bolsheviks, who were responsible for the communist revolution

Poison Gas

weapons used in the war; killed thousands

War of Attrition

wear sown the enemy by killing small groups of people, until they finally decide they are sick of it and give up

Russian Civil War

when "white" anticommunists fought the "red" communists to decide how Russia would be governed

The Red Scare

when Americans were afraid of a communist revolution in America - when they followed A. Mitchell Palmer in apprehending suspected communists

British Blockade

when Britain blockaded Germany's ports so nothing could get in or out

First Battle of the Marne

when GB and France together beat Germany

"race to the sea"

when GB and France together went against Germany to build trenches around each other, which ended up extending straight out to the sea, to see which army could outflank the other (neither did)

trench warfare

when GB and France vs. Germany dug trenches to live/fight from for protection during the race to the sea

German "Peace Offensive"

when German troops gathered together near Amiens for an all-out attack on the Allies, which they hoped would be the final push to end the war, but the British troops camped there held on as they were pounded by canons, lasted 2 weeks and germans moved on - then, they tried another place and German troops got through Allied lines along the Aisne river and reached the Marne river - this is when American troops entered the war

2nd Russian Revolution

when Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks took over the Russian democratic government and turned Russia into a communist nation - in October/november 1917

America's "unknown war"

when Wilson got involved in the Russian civil war by sending money to help the "white" anticommunists and also sending American troops to Russia to try and help overthrow the communist revolution

Miranda Warning

when arresting officers recite your rights to you.1

stalemate

when neither side is winning - both sides losing

the "Great Migration"

when people from other parts of the country migrated north to fill the jobs of the men who had gone to war - factory jobs - many African Americans migrated for the jobs

Stagflation

when unemployment rises, prices should remain constant or even decline, yet both unemployment and inflation were rising. economists coined the term to describe this puzzling, unprecedented convergence

Woodrow Wilson

white supremacist, showed Birth of a Nation

Holocaust

wholesale destruction of life, especially by fire

"flapper"

women of the new generation; wore hair short, bobbed dresses, etc; search for independence

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

Rachel Carson

wrote "Silent SPring" raised concerns that the pesticides used in agriculture, especially DDT, threatened bird populations

Betty Friedan

wrote Domestic Mystic, she persuaded women that they need to work outside home

John F. Kennedy

youngest president and first Catholic president ever elected; won the 1960 presidential election against Nixon; during his presidency, he sent the Green Beret (Marines) to Vietnam and helped develop the Peace Corps; his foreign policy was Flexible Response and his domestic program was the New Frontier; he was assassinated on November 22, 1963

Ronald Reagan

​ 40th President of the US. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed his own form of economics, the trickle-down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.

Perestroika

​ An economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union. Intended to increase automation and labor efficiency but it led eventually to the end of central planning in the Russian economy.

William Clinton

​ First baby boomer president and the second U.S. president to be impeached and acquitted

"Solidarity"

​ Polish labor union crushed by the communist-imposed martial-law regime in 1983

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI or "Star Wars")

​ Reagan's proposed space-based nuclear defense system

George W. Bush

​ Republican nominee in the election of 2000. He was the eldest son of George H. W. Bush. Many people found him to be reckless and more of a divider rather than a uniter. He challenged research on global warming, didn't support abortions, limited research on embryonic stem cells, and allowed Vice President Cheney to hammer out his administration's energy policy behind closed doors.

Grenada

​ Ronald Reagan dispatched a heavy- fire- power invasion force to this island, where a military coup had killed the prime minister and brought Marxists to power; Americans captured the island quickly demonstrating Reagan's determination to assert the dominance of the US in the Caribbean

Panama

​ Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000

Nicaragua

​ The United States intervened in this country in 1911 and sent marines when a civil war broke out in 1912 to protect American interests under Taft's dollar diplomacy. The marines remained in this country until 1933

Sandy Day O'Connor

​ The first woman to be in the Supreme Court. Appointed by Ronald Regan; she was an Associate Justice from 1981 until 2006

Saddam Hussein

​ Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction.

Glastnost

​ a policy that called for increased openness and transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

​ established free trade zone between Canada, United States and Mexico, net gain in jobs due to opening of Mexican markets

"Sandinistas"

​ rebel group in Nicaragua who set out to oust the long term dictator of Nicaragua

"Contra" Rebels

​ rebels in Nicaragua backed by Reagan to fight the Sandinistas; tied to Iran Contra affairs

Iran-Contra Affair

​ scandal that erupted during the Reagan administration when it was revealed that US government agents had secretly sold arms to Iran in order to raise money to fund anti- communist "Contra" forces in Nicaragua. Those acts directly contravened an ongoing US trade embargo with Iran as well as federal legislation limiting aid to the Contras. Several Reagan administration officials were convicted of federal crimes as results

George H.W. Bush

​ the 42nd president of the United States, previously being Ronald Reagan's vice-president. His policies and ideals derived heavily from his predecessor and were built on them. He was a well-to-do oil tycoon before devoting himself to the public. He served as a congressman, emissary to China, ambassador to the UN, director of the CIA, and vice president before becoming president.

Oliver North

​ the National Security Council aid convicted of obstructing Congress in the terrorist-money-for-rebel-aid scandal

Mikhail Gorbachev

​ the Soviet leader that was installed as chairman of the Soviet Communist Party in March 1985. He was amicable, energetic, and most of all committed to reforming the Soviet Union. He championed two policies: glasnost and perestroika. These measures would promote "openness" and "restructuring" of the economy. These measures, however, required that the Cold War be put to an end. His cooperation with Ronald Reagan has earned the two leaders great praises.

Operation Desert Storm

​ the United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours; code name for the liberation of Kuwait during the Perisan Gulf War of 1991

World Trade Organization (WTO)

​International trade organization that prompted strong protests from anti-global trade forces in Seattle, Washington in 1999

"Supply-side" economic theory

​The economic theory of "Reaganomics" that emphasized cutting taxes and government spending in order to stimulate investment, productivity, and economic growth by private enterprise

"Supply-side" economics ("Reaganomics")

​The federal economic policies of the Reagan administration; these policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.