APUSH Ch 1-4

Great Awakening Setting? What was it a sign of? What did it compromise?

- Setting: Halfway Covenant, cotton Mather (set up by Puritan church leaders) - Is a sign of spiritual compromise - Compromise in standards of what was required in order to have ones children baptized

Spanish Armada: What was it? What did it do? What happened in 1588? <-- Because of this what happened?

- Spanish Navy - Kept other European powers from establishing a foothold in the New World -1588 = English navy defeated the Armada - made French and English colonization of North America easier

What did GR spark?

- Sparked rebellions by protestant colonists

NFW of SS Significance?

- Started because of what English wanted - Ended up being a Creek takeover mission

Barbados: What was primary export? What did their arrival in the New World do?

- Sugar - Marked beginning of slave era in colonies

Mercantilism: Define. What was the take on colonies importance? Based on this view of the colonies what does it explain about the British? What were the North American colonies seen as/valued to the British?

- Theory that believed in favorable balance of trade (more export than imports = more $$$$$) - colonies were seen as important for the economic purpose of them - Due to the economic purpose of the colonies, Britain thought that its West Indies colonies that produced sugar and other valuables were more important than its North American colonies - North American colonies seen mainly as markets for British and West Indies goods, also valued for raw material sources

African slaves: Why were they good? were they easier or harder than natives? Where was majority of slave trade directed?

- they didn't know land as well so they couldn't escape easily, - easier; easier to spot and easier to control - majority = Caribbean and South America

What did indentured servants get? and what did this enable? What ended up happening to most indentured servants?

- they received a small piece of property with their freedom - enabled them to survive & vote - very hard work, most died

Pilgrims: Who were they? What did they do? <--Why was this important?

- they were travelers on the Mayflower - signed an agreement (Mayflower Compact) establishing a political body and basic legal system for the colony - Important because created legal authority and an assembly

What was the "starving time" & where did it happen? What would survivors do?

- things were so bad during a winter that 90% of colonists died, some even resorted to cannibalism - Survivors abandoned the colony, but then ran into an English ship with supplies and settlers - Jamestown = location

French settling: What were priests trying to do? (what religion were they). What did they hope to find? What was their impact on the natives(treatment)?

- trying to convert ppl to Roman Catholicism - Priests were Jesuit - Hoped to find resources, gold, and a shortcut to Asia - less impact on native vs English and Spanish treatment

King William's War: Define. (What was another name? who was it against? Where was it?)

- war against French and Natives on the Canadian border in the colonies

Wars of Extermination: What were they? Who launched them?

- wars to get rid of Natives - launched by English

Great Awakening George Whitfield? What was he? Did he have his own church?

- was a traveling preacher - doesn't have a home church - was invited by other ministers to come preach at their churches

House of Burgesses: When was it established? Who established it? How did voting work?

-1619 - Virginia - Any property-holding, white male could vote

Pequot war, Year? What were their goals? Who was Mason and what did he do?

-1636-38 - Goals; monopolize trade on Connecticut river; wanted to become dominate tribe in the area; wanted to block further English expansion - Pequot's outnumbered the allies - Mason (head of malitiac in conneticut) his soldiers and Indians circled around the fire(malitia only had about 90, but they had help of other Indian tribes) set fire to Indians dwellings (listen to recording) - had been dominant tribe;but remaining Pequot's were given over as slaves; Pequot tribe removed from existence

Sir Walter Raleigh: What did he do & for what country?

- he sponsored a settlement on Roanoke Island - for England

Pueblo People Where were they from?

- the desert southwest

What is the Bering Strait?

- the submerged bridge because it got hotter

How is it believed Native Americans got here?

- they are the decedents of migrants who traveled from Asia to North America

Battle of Quebec How was Quebec taken? What was Quebec's importance to France? What did Royal Navy do?

- Sailed down St. Lawrence river and took Quebec - Heart of France's American Empire - Royal navy prevented French from sending reinforcements

Colonial governments: What did every colony have & what were they dependent on?

- governor - Legislatures - Bicameral legislatures

What did the encomiendia system do? What was it?

- granted colonists authority over a specified number of natives - granted by the crown

Pontiac & Proc. Significance: Rebellion successful? What did both sides have to do? Proc. Successful Why or Why not?

- Rebellion was successful - they did both have to agree to terms - Proclamation was not successful - colonists didn't listen to it

Paxton & Reg. Who were Regulators? What did they try to do?

- Regulators- group of landowning vigilantes - Tried to suppress outlaw bands of whites that were stealing their cattle and other property

What was Winthrop's famous sermon? What did it urge? What was a "City Upon a Hill"?

- " A Model of Christian Charity" - Urged all colonists to become a "city upon a hill" - model for other to look up to

John Rolfe: What ways was he notable? What did this do?

- 1) Married Powhatan's Daughter Pocahontas - briefly eased the tensions btwn the native and English Settlers - 2) Pioneered the practice of growing tobacco, a cash crop

Edict of Nantes: Year? What did it do?

- 1598 - provided religious tolerance for Huguenots

Navigation Acts: !!Years passed btwn!!? what did they require of the colonists? How would non-english goods be imported? What did they prohibit? !!!What were they thought to establish!!!?

- 1651-73 - required colonists to buy goods only from England; sell certain product only TO England - non-enlgish goods required to be imported via english ports and then a duty would be paid on these items - prohibited colonies form manufacturing a number of goods that England already produced - thought establish wide-spread control over colonies

Scots-Irish Migration Year? Migrated to where? Attracted by what?

- 1683 -They migrated to the mid-Atlantic colonies They were attracted by: o Ample fertile land o Religious freedom o Longer growing season - Quaker vision of "peaceable kingdom" attracted people

Native fighting in the War of Spanish Succession (NFW of SS) Year? Significance? Reason? Who was pitted against who?

- 1702-13 -First significant battle in North America -Pitted Britain against France and Spain -War reason = English wanted to secure foothold in Carolinas

Scots-Irish Migration Where did the first migrants go? Where did they settle mainly?

- 1710 in Boston - Settled primarily in New Hampshire

Scots-Irish Migration Where did they start going in 1720? Why?

- 1720 most going to Philadelphia o Liked religious tolerance there - Went to Pennsylvania for cheap land

Stono Rebellion !!!!Year!!!!? Significance? Who instigated it & how?

- 1739 - largest slave uprising -Gov of Spanish colony of Florida instigated revolt o Promised freedom to fugitive slaves

French and Indian War (F&I War): When was the fighting? Who was fighting on both sides? What was the reason for fighting? (what did george do & want)

- 1754-60 - Indians on both - George washington fire first shots in the war - wanted to encourage French to leave their Ohio River Valley settlements cuz they were settling there too

Battle of Quebec !!!!!!Year!!!? What were Anglo-American forces doing? What did they force french to do?

- 1759 - Anglo-American forces moved from one triumph to the next - Forced French to abandon forts

Treaty of Paris Year? What did it confirm? What did it grant Britain?

- 1763 - Confirmed Britain's triumph - Granted Britain sovereignty over half of North America - Including French Canada, and all French territory east of Mississippi River and Spanish Florida

Paxton Boys & Regulators Year? Who were Paxton boys? What did they do?

- 1763-67 - Paxton Boys - Massacred 20 members of Conestoga tribe

Stono Rebellion How many slaves involved? Who was war with (country wise)? What was result?

- 69 slaves escaped to St. Augustine - When war Broke out btwn England and Spain 75 Africans rose in revolt - Killed some whites near stono river - White militia killed many of Stono rebels

Penn frame of government (what was is based on, what did it ensure, what did it promote, what did it prohibit)

- Applied the Quakers radical beliefs to political structure of his colony oEnsured religious freedom - Prohibited a legally established church - Promoted equality by allowing all property-owning men to vote and hold office

Albany Congress What did Ben Franklin propose?

- Ben. Franklin proposed a continual assembly that would manage trade, Indian policy, and defense in the west to increase Britain's power there • Didn't end up happening

Pontiac's rebellion & Proclamation line (Pontiac & Proc.) Year? What alarmed Indians? What did Indians hope for? What did Pontiac chief do? What did Neolin do?

- Britain's territorial acquisitions alarmed Indian peoples from New York to Michigan - Indians hoped French would fight back against Britain - Pontiac chief declared he would did for French because he is French - Neolin called for Indians expulsion

Pontiac & Proc. Who issued Proclamation line? What did it do? What did colonists do?

- British issue Proclamation of 1673 - Prohibited white settlement west of Appalachians - Colonists ignored it

Albany Congress What were British worried about? (for the americans)

- British worried that a union would spark demands for American independence

NFW of SS What did Catholic Mohawk and Abenaki do?

- Catholic Mohawk and Abenaki warriors took revenge on their puritan enemies - Destroyed English settlements in Maine - Attacked western Mass.

Great Awakening What did Edwards claim about peoples ideas? What was his main sermon? What was the function of this type of sermon?

- Claimed that peoples ideas deepened on their own passions - "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" - function of this type of sermon (grim sermon) was to awaken listeners to horror of sin - awake listeners to reality of sin then go to another sermon that would go into how to address sin

Who established MBC? And what did they want?

- Congregationalists - wanted to reform the Anglican church from within

Dominion of New England (what did it consist of? Who was Governor? What kind of rule was it?)

- Connecticut, Rhode Island, MBC, Plymouth, NY, NJ - Sir Edmund = Gov - Absolute rule, oppressive

GR What did william and mary do/ promote/ want/ruling stylle

- Constitutional monarchs - Promoted empire based on commerce - Wanted colonial support for war - Accepted overthrow DNE

Albany Congress What did the delegates at the congress deny? What did they ask Indians for?

- Delegates from Britain's mainland colonies denied any designs on Iroquois land - Asked Indians for help against New France

Great Awakening Denominational Divison? Congregationalists? Old Lights leader? What did some Old Lights create & believe?

- Denominational division - Congregationalists: Old Lights/New Lights - leading old Lights = Charles Chauncy - some become so enamored of human reason end up drifting away from Puritanism and create different of church - denied existence of trinity, sin, and need for salvation

What did the Whigs want? What didn't they advocate?

- Didn't advocate democracy - Wanted political power

Paxton & Reg. What were Regulators goals?

- Eastern-controlled government provide western districts with more courts and greater representation - Distribute the tax burden fairly across the colony

War of the League of Augsburg: Where did it happen?

- England

NFW of SS What did english do? Who did english arm? What did spanish do in return? What did english do that was unsuccessful?

- English armed Creeks - Creek & English expedition burned Spanish town (st. Augustine), didn't burn fort o Spanish reinforced St. Augustine • Unsuccessfully attack Charleston

Paxton and Reg. Regulators: What did South Carolina do and why? What was created and ignored?

- Fearing slave revolts south Carolina chose to compromise with Regulators - Assembly created local courts in western counties and reduced fees for legal documents - Didn't reapportion the seats or lower taxes

Ben Franklin & Englihtenment Year? What did he form? What did he become (religion)? !!!!What did he help found & what was it!!!!?

- Formed "a club of mutual improvement" • Met weekly to discuss morals, policies, natural philosophy • These discussions and Enlightenment literature shaped franklins mind - Franklin became a deist - Helped found American Philosophical Society (Institution devoted to the promotion of useful knowledge)

Great Awakening Effect? What was founded? What was functions of colleges? What was emphasized in individuals?

- Founding of new colleges - Desire to found colleges for training young men to become evangelical preachers - Dartmouth - other function was to teach the Indians - mission school for Indian tribes - Missionary schools = renewed missionary spirit (*desire to go to Indians) - Individual response emphasized • call for salvation emphasized • was most American protestants have come to view salvation experience (over the years)

Quebec City: Who settled it? When?

- French - 1608

Who were the Huguenots?

- French Protestants

Treaty of Paris Significance: What happened to French? What happened to Britain? What did French have left?

- French territory greatly reduced - Britain more powerful - French only had sugar island in West Indies and 2 islands off Newfoundland

Les. Rebellion Who did it get rid of? What was it headed for? What did Jacob do? What did ppl think of this?

- Got rid of Lieutenant Gov. Nicholson - Headed for a new government - Jacob imprison 40 ppl then imposed new taxes o Ppl didn't like this

Paxton & Reg. What did Gov. John Penn try to do to the boys? What happened to do this? What did Ben Franklin do? Did boys get prosecuted Why or Why not?

- Gov John Penn tried to bring murders to justice - 250 men armed advanced on Philadelphia -Ben. Franklin = Intercepted angry mob and arranged a truce - Prosecution failed because there were never enough witnesses

Colonial Governments: Governor (define & how chosen? Where did his power rely? !!!How did they rule!!!?) Legislatures (define & who was dependent on them?)

- Gov.- every colony had one, appointed by the king or proprietor. - Gov. Power relied on corporation of colonists - Gov. most ruled accordingly, infrequently overruled the legislatures - Leg. Was depended upon by Gov. for money

Ben Franklin & Enlightenment Significance (peoples thinking, who lead it)

- He changed the way people thought - Was main leader of it

Joint-Stock company: What was it?

- group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the King

Great Awakening Who was Jonathan Edwards? What did his preaching lead to? What was his preaching style? What were his sermons directed to?

- In his church (congregation in Mass) does preaching that leads to revival in his church - leads to other parts of Mass. - Preaching style was not type that was expected to great revival (would write out sermons and then read them) - his sermons convicted to many of the teenagers -teenagers was where revival began (first ones to do anything)

F&I War: Pontiac's Conspiracy (who was he? Who was he allied with? Who didn't he want to work & why?)

- Indian Chief - allied with France - British were land stealers

Great Awakening Significance: What was its legacy? What did it challenge? Who was inspired by it? What did it lead to?

- Intelligence was legacy of the Awakening - Challenged dominance of the Church of England and planter elite in southern colonies - Samuel Morris was inspired by Whitfield • Led group of Virginia Anglicans out of the church - Lead to New Light group

Headright system: Who introduced it? What was it a means of?

- Introduced by Virginia Co - means of attracting new settlers to the region and to address the labor shortage created by tobacco farming

Albany Congress 1754 Background: What were Iroquois doing? What did Ohio company do? What happened to relationship with Iroquois and British?

- Iroquois strategy of playing-off the French against the British wasn't working (They were mad about rising prices of "gifts") - Ohio company royal grant took 200,000 acres of Iroquois land - Relationships btwn Indians and British due to rising demands for land was worsened

Leisler's rebellion Who lead it? Who was it against?

- Jacob Leisler led rebellion against DNE

Glorious Revolution ( Why did it happen? Who took over?)

- James' wife had a son --> Would become catholic and heir to throne - Didnt like this ^^ Prevent that outcome protestant bishops and parliamentary leader of Whig party came up with bloodless coup (Glorious Revolution) -GR → forced James into exile -Mary (protestant) and husband William of Orange took over

Great Awakening Who were the preachers?

- Jonathan Edwards - George Whitfield

What did GR lead to (politics wise)

- Led to a new political era in England and America

DNE What did Gov. Andros abolish?

- Legislative assemblies= - Banned town meetings - advocated worship of Church of England - Challenged land titled graned under MBC (new deeds offered but only if annual fees paid)

House of Burgesses: Who would decisions be made by & then approved by?

- Made by House of Burgesses - Had to be approved by Virginia Co

Act of Toleration in 1649 Who was it passed by (colony)? What did it do? What didn't it do & what did it lead to?

- Maryland - Protected religious freedom of most Christians - Didn't keep situation in Maryland from devolving into bloody religious civil war

French Settling: Who were French settlers mainly (men or women)? Did they move a lot or stay in one place?

- Men - On the move a lot, especially if they were fur traders

Scots-Irish Migration What did they do with their traditions? How did they do this?

- Migrants held tightly to their traditions - Preserved their cultural identity by marrying with in their own ethnic group and maintaining their language and customs

Battle of Quebec What was captured after Quebec? Significance: What did it lead to? What did Britain get?

- Montreal captured Significance: - Lead to Treaty of Paris - Britain got lots of land

Headright: Who did they infringe upon?

- Native Americans

Albany Congress Significance: What was France worried about? What did Indians think? What did George Washington do? What did this prompt?

- Ohio land gain worried French - Upset Indians - Military expedition led by George Washington attacked French (Didn't work) - Prompted American and British expansionists to demand war

What did parliament create as result of GR? What did it do?

- Parliament created Board of Trade 1696 • Supervised American settlements • Limited success

Pontiac & Proc. What did was created after rebellion? What did it do?

- Peace Settlement - Pontiac and allied accepted British as new political "fathers" - British issue Proclamation of 1673

What colony did the Quakers have? What policies were established here & towards what? What was this colony considered (population)? How were Natives treated? What treaty was made & with who?

- Pennsylvania - liberal policies toward religious freedom and civil liberties - fastest growing colony - tried to treat them fairly - Made treaty with Delaware's saying that they could take only as much land as could be walked in 3 days

Great Awakening Definition? Origin? Belief? Appealed to what? What did it spark?

- Pietism, Christian movement emphasized "pious" behavior - reference to wide spread religious revival, resurgence of Christian faith; late 1730-1740 - Origins in Germany - Believed individuals could form a mystical union with God - Appealed to the heart rather than the mind - Sparked a religious revival

Pontiac & Proc. What did Pontiac do? What did Indians do to British? What Happened to Indian alliance? What did British defeat?

- Pontiac led group of tribes in major uprising (Pontiacs rebellion) - Indians seized nearly every British garrison west of Fort Niagara - Killed or captured more than 2,000 settlers - Indian alliance quickly weakened - British military defeated the Delawares

GR What happened to DNE and Gov. Andros as result of GR?

- Puritan leader + 2,000 militiamen took Gov. Andros and accused him of catholic sympathies - Dominion broke up (by monarchs) •New royal colony created •Charter allowed king to appoint governor and custom officials, gave right to vote to all male property owners, eliminated puritan restrictions on the Church of England

What were settlers of MBC? (religion) What were the principles of this religion?

- Puritans

What was "Great Puritan Migration?" When did it last from? Who was it led by?

- Puritans who came that wanted to reform the Anglican church from within - 1629-42 - Led by Gov. John Winthrop

Headright: How did wealthy men get a headright? What did this system become (what emerged) & what did this DO to development (political)? What was land in Virginia?

- They got one by paying the passage of indentured servants and gained a headright for each one they sponsored - became basis for an emerging aristocracy in Virginia; one of the factors that hindered the development of democracy in the region - basis of wealth and political power

Boards of Trade: Define (what were they, what did they do?). Set up by who & why?

- They reviewed colonial legistaltion, revoked laws that conflicted with British law, & administered government appointments - Set up by British to better regulate the colonial commerce

Scots-Irish Migration What did they want to become? How was this prevented? What did merchants do because of this?

- They wanted to become landowners - Rising land prices prevented this - Merchants took advantage of this to get laborers

Protective Tariffs: Define. What did the British do? What did they guarantee? Give example of a tariff.

- They were tariffs placed on imports that might compete with English goods. - Britain encouraged manufacturing in England and then placed tariffs on items - Guaranteed a favorable balance of trade (for British, not as much for colonies) - EX: Navigation Acts = lots of tariffs

Scots-Irish Migration What were they (group wise & religion)?

- They were the largest group of incoming Europeans - Most Presbyterians

Scots-Irish Migration Why did they migrate?

- They weren't treated right back home

Penn's frame of Government (What happened because of the government frame? What did it become out of the colonies?

- Thousands of Quakers came because of how Penn set up his government - Germans also cam because Penn promoted it through pamphlets - Became most open and democratic of the Restoration Colonies

Albany Congress What did Board of Trade do? Why?

- To repair relationship with Iroquois - Board of Trade called meeting at Albany

Great Awakening Significance: What happened to legally established churches? What happened to ministers? Where did authority rest?

- Undermined allegiance to legally established churches and tax-supported ministers - Challenged authority of all ministers - Authority rested in large part on respect for their education and knowledge of the Bible

colonial governments: Bicamerial Leg. What was the upper house made up of & what did they serve as? !!!What powers did they have!!!? How were these ppl chosen? What were most concerned with?

- Upp. = appointees -Appointees served as advisors to the Governor - had some legislative and judicial power - chosen from local pop - concerned with protecting the interests of colonial landowners

NFW of SS What was the creek agenda? (what did they want? what did this mean they had to do?)

- Wanted to be dominant tribe of region - Meant defeating their enemies (Pro-French Choctaws & Spanish-allied Apalachees)

F&I War: Who was William Pitt? What was his policy and strategy?

- War minister - Policy= willing to take Britain into debt to be victorious; promote younger and more energetic generals to be more aggressive towards france; wanted prussia to do fighting in Europe and Britain use Navy in the other parts

Stono rebellion Significance? (rebels result & whites result)

- Whites were scared so imported fewer new slaves • Effected some economies - Tightened discipline on plantations • Slaves even more unhappy

GR What were william and mary forced to sign? What did this do?

- William and Mary forced to sign Declaration of Right 1689 - Enhanced powers of House of Commons at expense of crown

Roanoke: What was it? What happened to it? what was it called?

- attempted colony - failed - called Lost Colony

Salutary neglect: Define, Who was left to govern the colonies and what did they do? <-- because of this what did the colonies develop? <-- what did this help fuel?

- attitude taken towards the American colonies by the Whig party. Means (literally) healthy neglect. During these years english don't force Navigation Acts as much - Absentee custom officials were left in-charge, interfered with as little as possible in the colonies - Colonies then developed large degree of autonomy - ^ helped fuel revolutionary sentiments when monarch tried to gain more control of New World

Why did the Separatists and Congregationalists not tolerate religious freedom in their colonies?

- because Government was to be a covenant with the people, and a puritan covenant

What was the Land Bridge? Why was it there?

- bridge Native Americans could walk across from Siberia to Alaska - existed because temperature was so cold it formed into ice

what did the spanish conquistadors do and where?

- collected and exported as much of the area's wealth as they could - Area = West Indies

Encomienda: What were the colonists obliged to do? What did they get in exchange for this? <-- What was this a form of?

- colonists obliged to protect the natives and convert them to Catholic - They were then entitled to those natives' labor - form of slavery

Mayflower compact: What did it do? What did it assert? Where did power come from?

- created legal authority (political body and legal system) - asserted that governments power derived from the consent of the governed, not God - Power came from Governed

Enslaving Native Americans: Easy or difficult, why or why not? What was considered women's work in some tribes? <-- What problems did this cause?

- difficult, they knew the land well and could escape or difficult to find - cultivating crops - caused another obstacle

Why did many come to the New World? What did this entail?

- for Indentured servitude - people would come over for free but had to work a certain number of years, then got their freedom

Oliver Cromwell: Who was he? What almost happened to Puritan migration? What did his reign represent? What did he death do to Puritans?

- he was Lord Protector of England - Puritan migration almost came to a fault - represented the English Civil War, Puritans won - Death robbed the Puritans of their best known and most respected leader

Squanto: Who was he? What had he become & why did he go home? What did he do?

- inhabitant of a village - he was a slave; returned home once he learned english - became interpreter & teacher for the pilgrims

Covenant: What was it? Who believed this? What was the concept of it? What was government to be?

- it was a covenant with God - Puritans believed it - Concept was to centralize their entire philosophy (both political and religious) - A covenant among the people

Headright system: What was a "head-right"? Who was it granted to? What did men who already settled in Virginia get?

- it was a tract of land, about 50 acres - granted to the colonists and potential settlers - already settled men got 2 headrights (100 acres)

Smallpox: What was it? What did it do to populations?

- it was an epidemic - made Native American populations decrease sometimes 95%

what did puritans fear was happening to their religion?

- it was being undermined by by growing commercialism

F&I War: Battle of Quebec (what was it, what was it seen as,) Why was Quebec desirable? What happened to the generals in this battle & who were they?

- military battle - seen as turning point (from military standpoint) for British in North America - Was secure cuz on a cliff - Both generals killed ( Montcalm; french & Wolfe; British)

Vice-Admiralty Courts: define. Why set up and by who & why? What was this change considered and why?

- military-style court where defendants were NOT entitled to a jury to try violations of Nav. Acts - Set up by British to strengthen the Nav. Acts - Change = necessary cuz colonial juries sided with the colonists accused of smuggling and not the crown

Colonial Governments: Bicameral Legislatures: Define. What colony didn't have one? What was it modeled after? how did the lower house function? What powers did it have? How did members become apart of it?

- modeled after British parliament - Penn. = no bi. - Low = same as house of representatives today, - had "power of the purse" (control over government. salaries and tax legislation.) - Ppl elected

The New England Confederation: Define. power? what did it offer? what did it provide?

- most prominent of the efforts made toward a centralized government - no power - offered advice to northern colonies when disputes arose among them - provided colonists from diff. settlements opportunity to meet & discuss mutual problems

Navigation Acts: Success, why or why not?

- not very successful, people smuggled goods in and out of the colonies

DNE (Religion and toleration/treatment.)

- oppressive model of colonial rule - Church of England was church

Penn's frame of government? (how did they feel about Indians, why was Penn. created?)

- pacifistic towards Indians -Penn designed Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers

Who were the monarchists & What did they believe? What were they known as?

- people that believed power came from God - known as Absolutists

Interregnum- Define

- period between kings

Columbian Exchange: Define. what was exchanged?

- period in which Europe sustained contact with the Americas and engaged in widespread trade (exchange) - Exchanged = plants, animals, foods, and diseases

What was the Pre-Columbus era like? (What was North America populated by?

- populated by native americans

Great Awakening George: Where did he preach from? How did he deliver sermons? What did he think of as career before preaching?

- preached from open fields, not all preachers wanted George around - was a very dramatic preachers - delivered sermons without notes, memorized what he wanted to share, etc - before preacher, thought of a career as actor

Great Awakening Cotton Mather? What did he recognize & then do about it? What was he fascinated by & what was is called?

- prominent Puritan preacher of this time - recognized the decline that was taking place & preached against it - was fascinated by new discoveries in science - Science called "natural philosophy"

Carolina: What kind of colony? What happened to it? who settled it?

- proprietor colony - Split into North and South Carolina - North Carolina = Virginians and a virginia-like colony - South= descendants of English who colonized Barbados

Connecticut: What kind of colony was it (ownership)? What did it produce (political) & what was it considered?

- proprietor colony; owned by one person who usually got it as a gift - produced Fundamental Orders of Connecticut - Considered first written constitution (some vary on this)

Separatists: Who were they & what did they think? Where did they go & on what? What did they settle?

- puritan group, thought the Church of England was so incapable of being reformed they had to abandon it. - Went to Virginia on the Mayflower - Settled Plymouth

What were most proprietary colonies? <-- What did this mean?

- royal colonies - meant their ownership was taken over by the king who could then exert greater control over their governments

Captain John Smith: What did he do & where? <-- What happened because of this? What happened after he was injured?

- said those who don't work won't eat; Jamestown - improved for a time - when he was injured the Indians of the Powhatan Confederacy stopped supplying Jamestown with food

What was the Middle Passage? Why was it called this?

- shipping route that brought slaves to the Americas - was middle leg of triangular trade route

Chesapeake: What was it? Why did people go there? What did this lead to?

- the area around Jamestown where more settlements existed - People migrated for financial reasons - lead to over population and wide spread famine, disease, and poverty

Result of Metacom?

-20% of English towns destroyed -1,000 English settlers killed -4,500 Indians died; Many survivors went into New England backcountry -Native population decreased even more -English got Natives out of the way -English lost land and people -Was a set back for both sides

What happened during Bacon's rebellion?

-Bacon's army burned down Jamestown and plundered -Bacon and his people got rid of Indians, but took it too far by burning down Jamestown

What was the Mayflower Compact?

-Didn't have a royal charter = created their own government (Mayflower Compact)Mayflower Compact -First American constitution -Used puritans self-governing religious congregation as model for political structure -Set basis for constitutions and self-governing colonies

Les. Rebellion What did Dutch Merchants do to Jacob?

-Dutch merchants who usually ran city's gov't condemned his rule - Allied with Colonel Henry Sloughter - Had Jacob accused for treason - Was beheaded then decapitated

Why did bacon's rebellion happen?

-Happened because Berkeley refused to give Bacon military commission to lead attack on Indians (near by) -Bacon expelled from council and arrested by Berkeley -Bacon issued "Manifesto and Declaration of the People" oDemanded; Death or removal of ALL Indians; End to the rule of wealthy

John Eliot & Praying Towns

-John Eliot = Translated bible for Indians -Praying towns- Native American settlement used by puritans

result of Opechanough revolt? What happened to the colonists? How did the colonists fight back? Who won? What did the King do?

-Mass. Coordinated a surprise attack by 12 Indian tribes; Killed 347 Englishmen -English fought back by suppressing Indians food and fields -Safety secured for colony after 10 yrs of fighting; Settlers victorious -James I revoked charter for VC and made it a royal colony (1624) -King decreed legal establishment of the Church of England -Landowners now had to pay taxes -These institutions became model for royal colonies

Metacom's Rebellion. !!Year!!!!? Why? When did fighting end? What did MBC do?

-Metacom= Leader of Wampanoag's - Concluded only military resistance could save Indian lands and culture -Due to what Metacom thought, Metacom (King Philip by English) forged a military alliance with Narragansetts and Nipmucks -They began attacking white settlements throughout new England -Fighting continued through 1676 -Ended when; Indian warriors ran short of guns and powder; MBC hired Mohegan and Mohawk warriors (Ambushed and killed Metacom)

What religious freedom was in MBC?

-Puritans limited right to vote and hold office to men who were church members -Puritanism = state religion -Puritans had control over a whole colony

Navigation Acts 1651 What were they? What did they do?

-Required that goods imported into England or its American settlements had to be carried on ships owned by English or colonial merchants -strengthened ban on foreign traders and colonists had to ship their sugar and tobacco only to England -Required European exports to America pass through England (Colonists refused this and welcomed Dutch merchants) -Required sugar from British islands to be sold to British customers or exported by British merchants -Significance: British shipments from America (tobacco and sugar) accounted for ½ of all nations exports; Britain got huge profits → profits flowing to slave trade; Colonists were allowed to build and own trading ships

Three key events in 1619

-Settlers were attracted by having young, single women available for purchase oBachelor colonists would purchase a wife and just pay her cost of transportation (125 lbs of tobacco) -Company announced it would give colonists their "rights of Englishmen" -Black Indentured Servants were also introduced to Virginia for the first time

Jamestown success?

-Started planting tobacco as cash crop -Start making their won food -System of government;Dale's laws -Pocahontas and John Rolfe marriage → better relations with Indians -Designed to represent cementing of alliance btwn tribe and English settler -Built sufficient fortifications (defenses) for themselves

Scots-Irish Migration Irish Test Act of 1704? What did it do?

-They weren't treated right back home - Irish Test Act of 1704 • Restricted voting and office holders to Anglicans • English mercantilist regulations placed heavy import duties on linens and good made by Scots-Irish • Farmers paid heavy taxes

Who was Lord Baltimore? what did he do and why?

-Was given land by king & turned it into maryland -Made maryland a refuge for catholics

Navigation Acts: What was their purpose?

-purpose is to enforce mercantilism (the mercantilism approach) -to force the colonists to corporate with mercantilist approach -a colony exists to benefit the mother country

Indentured servants

-whites & blacks (first black 1619) -worked for short time, then were to get land after service (wouldn't always happen)

Jamestown year founded? What comapny founded it? What were problems?

1607; Virginia company -Water wasn't clean -Food problems because they were not planting crops -Bartered or stole food -Diseases -Winters were harsh -More people kept coming in, but not enough food for people → starvation problems -Had problems with local tribes

Toleration Act year? What did it do?

1649 -Toleration act granted all Christians right to...Follow their own religious beliefs & Hold church services -Would allow Catholics to have same religious freedom -Pagans or those who had not religious faith were excluded from this act, also Jews

NFW of SS What did the creeks and yamasee warriors do?

Creek & Yamasee warriors - Destroyed Franciscan missions - Attacked Spanish settlement @ Pensacola - Captured 1,000 Apalachees (Sold them to South Carolina salve traders)

Why didn't Gov Berkeley want bacons rebellion to happen?

Gov Berkeley oLiked Indians because they had treaties that guaranteed ongoing land and trade with Indians

Who created MBC?

John Winthrop and associates

Lives of settlers in New England and Chesapeake: Differ how? (migration, life span & why, family size, sense of community, town size, who was more religious?)

New England: - Migrants = entire families - longer life span cuz warm weather - larger families cuz longer life span - stronger sense of community - larger towns - more religious Chesapeake: - Migrants = single men

Revolt 1622?

Opechanough revolt, (powhatan's bro)

Great Awakening What did Puritans believe about baptism? What happened because of this?

Puritans - Once full church members could then have children baptized - Not as many conversions as time went on because not as many people testified to experiences - Agreement that said we would still baptized children even if parents not full members

Why did salem witch trials happen?

Puritans beliefs •Believed that physical world full of supernatural forces 1647-62 o14 ppl hanged in New England for witchcraft •Mostly elder women •Accused of "double tongued" or having "an unruly spirit"

What happened during the witch trials?

Salem started w/ girls who were having unusual seizures and blamed their neighbors oTrial allowed the girls to use their "spectral" evidence (visions only seen by them) •Accusations got out of control by girls Massachusetts Bay arrested and tried 175 ppl for witchcraft oExecuted 19 oMany accused were rich women (usually church members), accused by poor

Scots-Irish Migration Significance? (What happened to Quakers? What did Scots-Irish do? What did Germans demand? What did the ethic based problems do?

Significance: - Quakers soon became a minority less than 30% - Scots-Irish challenged Quakers pacifism towards Indians (They wanted to be aggressive towards them) - Germans demanded fair representation of their communities in provincial assembly and legislation - These ethic based problems over Indian policy and representation threw politics in Pennsylvanian into turmoil.

Great Awakening George: What did traditionalists think/ concerned about/ not enough emphasis?

Traditionalists were skeptical - too much emotionalism - not enough emphasis on human reason - concerned about downplay of local church

What happened to Virginia company as result of revolt 1622?

They lost charter, turned into a royal colony

What did roger do after he was banished?

created Rhode Island

What happened to Roger Williams? What did he criticize the Puritans on?

criticize puritans on -Liberty of conscience •Said they restricted how they could worship. Should be decision of the people on how they can worship -Fair treatment of tribes. Felt they were ripping them off on land purchases •Separation of church & state: Puritan blended them together and viewed them as being part of the same thing. He was trying to protect the church from the influences of the state

Ben Franklin & Enlightenment What was a deist? What did he question? What did he popularize?

deist • Influenced by enlightenment • Believed God created the world but allowed it to operate through laws of nature • God didn't intervene directly in history or peoples lives • Rejected authority of the bible, relied on natural selection, innate moral sense to define right from wrong - Questioned moral legitimacy of radical bondage and repudiated it - Popularized the practical outlook of enlightenment

What was Rhode Island

had wide open religion any faith was welcome there first synagogue was in Rhode Island colony atheists could even come here

What was result of trials? What did it then influence? <- What did this promote/what was it?

oSalem witch hunts were a turning point oDemise of witchcraft in New England was influence of European Enlightenment •Intellectual movement •Promoted rational and scientific thinking

Nav. Acts: What did colonists do?

•Mercantilism in theory is never fully laid out in practice because the colonies ignored various navigation acts •They engaged in smuggling (Trade with nations they weren't supposed to trade with & Built their own ships to avoid having to ship things out on British ships)

Who was pitted against who in Bacon's rebellion?

•Pitted Native American Indians against English •Pitted Wealthy against poor •Pitted frontiersmen against Jamestown