APUSH ch.16-18 : the Gilded Age
Anti-Chinese Sentiments (a nationwide problem!)
"Anti-Coolie Clubs"- Organized ban on employing Chinese, boycotts on their products and businesses, and violence and vandalism against Chinese immigrants and their places of residence/work Henry George and others- Chinese are "unassimilable" 1882- Chinese Exclusion Act Resisted by Chinese, naturally, but to no effect.
why do polical macghines work?
1. cities grow faster than govs can keep up so they get stuff done that the gov cant so they get support form immigrnats and the poor 2. Persuade groups to vote for them for bribes
"salary Grab Act"
100% pay raise for Pres., 50% for Congress, retroactive for two years! (Law repealed, scandal costs the Republicans Congress in the next election- Const. later amended (27th- 1992) to prevent this. )
Frederick Law Olmstead
A 20th century architect who designed many of the popular sights in New York City.
the AFL- American federation of LAbor and Samuel Gompers
AFL] (Samuel Gompers, 1881) Still exists today- part of the AFL/CIO
D.W. Griffith
American Film Director - directed Birth of a Nation
Native resistance
Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876)- Gen. Custer and the 7th Cav. surrounded and killed by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse's army. Idaho (1877)- Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce's flight to Canada Geronimo (1874-1886)- fearsome Apache guerilla leader. Signals the end of indian war bc he surrenders and end of indian resistance
John Dewey
Created the Dewey Decimal System - flexible, democratic approach on schooling - progressive theory of education
Booker T. Washington and the Atlanta Compromise
Education is vital to the success of the African-American people African-Americans should refine speech, improve dress, accept new values of thrift and cleanliness...in other words, they should adopt the habits of the white middle class It stated that freedmen should specilize in a skill in rder tobe employed and that if black had the same economic oppurutnites then they would be ok with the social discrimination This is all about SELF-HELP Does NOT advocate for more rights/equality
What was the Gilded age?
Gilded: Very nice on the outside but crappy on the inside. - Term first used by Mark Twain to describe the time period given to the 3 decades after the American Civil War. America in this time was viewed as a rich country where people lived in huge mansions, but really it was dirty and many people lived in poverty. A period of Corruption A period of Laissez-Faire. Literally "let do;" often translated as "leave it alone" to the big corporations A period of Industrialization (Brinkley, chapter 17) A period of Urbanization (Brinkley, chapter 18) A period of Racism and Segregation and nativism and sexism. It's all over America now, not just the south Includes grant administraion scandals and corruption of the new south
The New south mentality
Henry Grady: "We have fallen in love with work." "New South" mentality embraced thrift, industry, and Progress. Romanticization of the past and the Myth of the "Lost Cause".
Poverty
Housing disparity (suburbs begin here) bc of mass transit and peopel want to move away from cities so propety values diminish and social services get cut Tenements (poor housing)- slums, poor sanitation Philanthropy hindered by Social Darwinism
Intellectual movements
Lester Frank Ward (Dynamic Sociology) Jacob Riis - How the Other half lives Henry George- Poverty and Progress American socialism
Rancheros
Mexican ranch owners, declined & collapsed in the 1860s
Carpetbaggers
Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War (usually Republicans), looking for opportunity. SOME were greedy and corrupt, as Southerners claimed, but many more were trying to help and unjustly condemned ("Carpetbagger" is a terrible insult in the South).
Credit Mobiler Scandal
Officials from Union Pacific RR used a dummy construction company (CM) to skim millions of $ in gov't subsidies for the transcontinental RR. Many congressmen were bribed to ensure their silence if they discovered the truth.
Migration west
On an unprecedented scale 1865-1900. Attracted by gold/silver rushes and land for farming and ranching Transcontinental Railroad (completed 1869) fuels settlement as well Homestead Act (1862)
The cattle kingdom in the old west
Open range = Free land for cattle grazing "Range wars" resulted from farmers fencing the open range in order to create fields and attract farmers Mexican ranching techniques adopted by American cowboys bc they are experienced The "Long Drive" of cattle to markets became a legend. Transported cattle form the ranches to the RR in order to go east to meat packing plants Eventually replaced (surprise) by corporate ranching
Migration within America
Primarily caused by industrialization of farming. the gorwth of corporate farming and railrods as shipping industry. Farmers are despertae so they go to cities so indstrialization. Mecghanized agriculture.
Scalawags
Southerners who joined the Republican Party after the Civil War (many motivations for this)
Key concept 6.2
The Emergence of an industrial culture in the United States led to both greater opportunities for, and restrictions on, immigrants, minorities, and women.
the old west summary
The Old West: By the end of the 19th century, America's "Manifest Destiny" to spread from Atlantic to Pacific had been realized, but only at the expense of the weakest and least represented members of society: Native Americans, Mexicans, Chinese immigrants, and the poor farmers, ranchers and miners who found the "American Dream" less present and possible in the West than they'd hoped. Know how much the west was actually a land of opputunity and to whom?? ****
The effects of corporatons on american society
The myth of the "Self Made Man" Social Darwinism The Gospel of Wealth (Andrew Carnegie)
The growth of cities
The population of American cities EXPLODED in the late 19th century. BEcause of ......Immigration, Migration within America, and Powered the growth of Industrialism
1st state with women's suffrage
Wyoming- 1890. Because they wanted to get enough votes in their constitutional convention in order to become a state
1882- Chinese Exclusion Act
bans Chinese immigration and bars those already here from becoming citizens (renewed 1892, made permanent in 1902; repealed 1943- Magnuson Act)
Jacob Riis
"How The Other Half Lives" - descriptions/pictures of tenement life ("sunless/airless")
effects of corportaion on american society (cont.)
"Taylorism"/Scientific Management Moving assembly line (Henry Ford) The Industrial Economy- workers are valueless! Immigrant Laborers Women and Children in the workplace
Trusts and holding companies
"Trustees" were given stocks from many companies owned by many different people; the "trustee" managed the trust and those who gave stocks to the trust reaped a share of the profits. Gave a small number of people control of a very large number of companies. More shares in a corporation, the more influence you have over it
in conclusion.....
"Whites successfully settled the American West only at the expense of the region's indigenous peoples."
Jacob Riis
(How the Other Half Lives)- Shocking photo expose of poor urban life. Uses flash photography!!1
Knights of Labor
(Uriah Stephens, 1869). Men and womena are welcome. Ethic and diverse
National labor union
(collapsed in Panic of 1873) "Boom and Bust" cycle of the US economy in this period makes organizing labor pretty tough Represents skilled workers. Fighht agaisnt corporations. No women. Fought for workers and llabor movements
Californios
(secular aristocracy emerging to replace mission society as Mexico lessened the hold of the Church on lands and people)- most lost their lands to Anglo-American settlers, legitimately or not.
Cons of monopolies
1. Bad for the consumer because there's no competition for living so you pay what the monopoly wants and there's no room for negotiation 2. It stunts innovation and causes prices to rise
Public Health Service
A government funded program that was founded in 1912 in the hopes of preventing occupational diseases like carbon dioxide poisoning, tuberculosis, and anemia. They attempted to create common health standards for all factories; but since the agency had few powers of enforcement, if had limited impact. In the process they did establish the protection of public health as a responsibility of the federal government and helped bring the attention the environmental forces that endangered health.
Urbanization
A population shift from rural to urban areas and the ways in which each society adapts to the change
The Bourbons (Redeemers to thier freinds)
Again, we see the South ruled by a conservative Oligarchy. This time, it's not just planters- the new ruling class are merchants, investors, railroad developers, and industrialists VERY corrupt (still Gilded Age, and the South was the worst) Lowered taxes, reduced spending, cut services (benefits rich). They only received support from poor southerners bc of RACIAL SUPERIORITY For example, the majority of their policies actually hurt poor whites (reduced and cut social services) but because they did not want any rights for blacks, they supported the party that were against that too. By the mid-1880s, however, the Bourbons were firmly in control, largely by exploiting racial prejudice.
Bribing W.W Belknap
Agents administering Indian affairs bribed Sec. of War Belknap to "look the other way" with regard to some of their actions. He resigned when the story broke to avoid Congressional prosecution.
Tobacco industry
American Tobacco Co. (James Duke) achieves a virtual monopoly on the product
Ashcan School
Around 1900, they painted scenes of everyday life in poor urban neighborhoods.
Art and Literature: Social Realism
Attack the gritty reality of urban life and decay Upton Sinclair- "The Jungle" (socialism/abuses in industry) Frank Norris- "The Octopus" (Populism connections...) Kate Chopin- "The Awakening" (Feminism!) The Ashcan School- artists who want to paint life as it appears and as they experience it, not just according to traditional academic painting techniques.
Social Realism
Attempts to recreate (often terrible) realities of urban social life through literature. often told somber stories of the oppressed urban poor to draw attention to current social injustices.
Indian hunting
Basically were bounty hunters for natives. Whites could be paid for killing a native american
American socialism
Birth of the American Socialist Party to fight for workers' rights. Socialism never takes off in america bc of our mindset of rags to riches.
William "Boss" Tweed
Boss of NYC's Tammany Hall in 1860s-1870s: most famously corrupt city boss who eventually went to jail in 1872.
Homestead act
Buy land cheaply, live there for five years, build/cultivate it, and it's yours!. Intended as a progressive measure, but there were problems: Farming was more expensive than it used to be 160 acres provided by the Act often weren't enough. Fraud/abuse by land speculators was a major problem
Charles Darwin
Challenged religious beliefs by arguing that we have evolved over time through a process called "natural selection"
The miners in the old west
Chasing mining booms 1860-1890 Gold/silver -> mining town -> bust ->corporate mining for cheaper products such as tin Outlaws and "frontier justice" aka sheriffs bc the ranchers wanted to steal gold/silver. Ranchers and farmers followed miners; mining supply towns(where the goods are sold) became major cities after the booms ended . Mining ghost towns are bought and turned for a profit.
Sanbron Contract Fraud
Contract given to John Sanborn to collect $ 427K in back taxes for a 50% commission- much of which ended up in Rep. campaign funds
Crop Lien system
Cotton exhausts the land so less cotton is produced every year so its harder to make a profit after you have to pay back the credit person back. It turns into a vicious cycle in which many are in debt. A new credit system for poor Southerners- local stores give credit based on a "lien" (claim) to part of your crop as collateral. Often at exorbitant interest rates (50% or more!) More dependence on cash crops- the only way to be sure you could pay your bill! Exhausted soil (cotton planting), weakening the already fragile Southern agricultural economy to collapse. Most freedmen who were able to get land, lost it due to debt.
The Final Defeat of the Natives of the West********** !!
Dawes Severalty Act (1887)- split up communal tribal land and assigned chunks of it to individual natives. It was designed to force white landowning values on the natives. Replaced w/ white system until 1930s Assimilation was the goal, and it was relentlessly pursued. Americanize. "kill the indian save the man"
PERIOD 6 (1865- 1898) The Challenges of the era of industrialization
Development of modern economy and society. Conquest of west (Indian wars) and new south and redeemers also happens at this time
The Whiskey Ring
Distillers and Treasury Officials combine to form a "ring" defrauding the gov't of the excise tax on whiskey. Grant's secretary was involved, Grant himself accepted dubious gifts (unknowingly) and naïvely tried to defend his sec.
The Octopus
Frank Norris wrote___________ about how railroads controlled the lives of a group of California farmers. A muckraker novel.
Taylorism
Frederick Taylor- Subdivided tasks, each individual had a specific task Made workers interchangeable, less reliance on skilled workers Breaks jobs down to easy, teachable, and repeatable tasks. This shapes the perception of workers as irreplaceable objects that are only used to make a profit It increases efficiency. It allows industrialization to happen but it also allowed for deindustrialization becuase todays standards for workers have chnaged. Efffects: its more likely to get a job bc you dont have to be super smart but this makes workers expendable bc they can be easily replaced.
Black Friday Scndal
Grant manipulated by his brother-in-law and a pair of businessmen who wanted to corner the gold market into stopping gold sales- prices shot up, many businessmen were ruined
the modern city
Haphazard, chaotic, crowded, dirty bc theres so many people . Human waste bc no sewage system poverty is a big problem Birth of Mass Transit
Louis Sullivan
He rejected historical architecture and focused on tall, steel-framed office buildings. He focused on building a form that followed function. A member of the Chicago School. (p. 370)
The Grant Administration
He won in 1868 and 1872. He was a very honest man but his preidency was amrked by mnay scandal. becuase he had no political experiece, he tunred to meemrsin his party to guide and help him but they were corrupt. Begnning of the "Gilded Age" mentality
Wounded knee massacre
In late december 1890, the seventh cavalry tried to gather 350 sioux at sounded knee,SD. Fighting broke out and 40 white soldiers and 300 indians were killed. They had surrendered to the whites, but they were still killed.
Assimilation
In the late 19th century, people began to break ties with their old culture, and conform to the new American lifestyle. Examples- teaching english to immigrant workers and adapting to American fashion and dining.
Shift to a leisure society
It's OK to take time out to have fun! Spectator sports (baseball), theater, saloons and festivals like the Fourth of July, and the movies! News shifts to yellow journalism- circulation wars
The robber barons
JP Morgan- finance and banking Andrew Carnegie- steel John D Rockefeller- standard oil company Corenlius Vanderbilt- railroads
Teh creation of corporate america
Limited Liability corporations/stocks TRUSTS and HOLDING COMPANIES
Conspicuous Consumption and mass consumption
Looking like you're spending a lot of money (usually, this involves spending a lot of money, but in very specific ways) Still a BIG part of American culture today (designers/brand name) Chain stores (Macy's, Filene's, Sears, etc.) start here and Shopping now seen as a glamorous leisure activity WOMEN as consumers gain a new power- marketing targets them, retail employment opportunities abound, and efforts are even made to protect consumers from bad companies
Women and Children in the workplace
Low pay(samejob) , high risk, little legal protection During this time there are no child labor laws
Trustees
Manipulate the US economy to their economic interest and benefit. It's easier to do if you have shares in many different corporations . So now this leads to groups of elites basically controlling the US economy
Suburbs
Moderately well-to-do people moved here and took advantage of less expensive land on the edges of the city & settled there. They were linked to downtown by trains or streetcars or improved roads
Chinese immigration
More than 200,000 by 1880. Welcomed at first- conscientious and hardworking Nativism soon a big problem- Chinese were so industrious and successful that whites see them as a threat to their own jobs Often employed in mines and building the railroads. Did much of the work building the Transcontinental Railroad. Strikes to gain higher wages and shorter workdays failed With the Transcontinental Railroad completed, many Chinese moved to the cities, creating "Chinatowns" Local organizations and "Tongs" (secret Chinese societies) filled the same roles as political machines and gangs in white society
The Birth of the Labor Movement
National Labor Union : its hard to be in a union bc of panics and unstable econo0my and they might lose thier job Great Railroad Strike of 1877- First national labor conflict! The Knights of Labor (Uriah Stephens, 1869) The American Federation of Labor [AFL] (Samuel Gompers, 1881)
White atrocities on Native americans
Native uprisings were common- Sioux, Arapaho, Cheyenne Sand Creek Massacre, Nov. 1864 "Indian Hunting"- A considerable number of whites were committed to literally eliminating the Native American population altogether Wounded Knee Massacre, Dec. 1890
New states admitted into Union
Nevada- 1864 Nebraska- 1867 Colorado- 1876 North Dakota- 1889 South Dakota- 1889 Montana- 1889 Washington- 1889 Wyoming- 1890 Idaho- 1890 Utah- 1896 (after Mormon leaders abandon polygamy)
The growth of american business
New Technology Gov't subsidies for railroads (Transcontinental RR, too!) Gov't subsidies for communications (like the telegraph) Steel and Oil Industries take off. Used as a machine lubricant, not as fuel. The automobile (1896) Research and invention subsidized by major corporations (need to compete with your opponents!)
Immigration
New sources- Southern/Eastern Europe Assimilation concerns (a new problem) Same Nativism problems as always Rural to urban nation bc of this
DIrty modern cities
Physical hazards- fire, disease, pollution, crime Some reforms: "City Beautiful" Movement- results in GENTRIFICATION Fire departments and sewage disposal Education "reform" (even for Native Americans)
immigrant workers
Plentiful, cheap, powerless, expendable Ethnic and nativist tensions (shifting origin to S and E Europe) Industrialization is built on this. They don't know america so that accept jobs that americans wouldnt accept. so lower wages which leads to lower wages overall.
Political "Bosses"
Political parties in major cities came under the control of tightly organized groups of politicians, known as political machines. Each machine had its boss, the top politician who gave orders and doled out government jobs. (p. 364)
Williams v. Mississippi (1898)
Poll Taxes and Literacy Tests created to stop many African-Americans from voting (and were very successful in doing so). Supreme Court validates literacy test
Native groups of the old west
Pueblos- sedentary and agricultural natives of the SW USA Plains Indians- most widespread native group. Many dependent on Buffalo (Sioux). Formidable warriors Other SW tribes- Apache, Navajo, etc. All these native groups have the same weaknesses: Vulnerability to disease and Inability to unite effectively Indian policy and the "Indian Wars" would dominate the region in the 2nd half of the 19th Century
"Civil Rights" Cases (1883) and Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
Supreme Court says 14th Amendment cannot prevent private businesses/citizens from discriminating against African-Americans (only the states) "Separate but Equal" is Constitutional- leads to justification for Jim Crow laws
myth of the self made man
Sure, it happened- but not often Horatio Alger's "rags to riches" books Said rags to riches required intelligence, opputurnities, hard work and a bit of luck. The wealthy have connections and the porr dont.
Hispanic/Mexican Societies in the Southwest
Survived even against Anglo-American settlement, though increasingly marginalized. Farming/Trading centers and Missions were cultural centers The arrival of the RAILROAD accelerated Anglo-American expansion into the SW, despite resistance. The late 19th century saw the destruction of Mexican Americans' authority in a region they had long considered their own. Increasingly, they find themselves an impoverished working class relegated largely to unskilled farm or industrial labor
monopolists and the senate
Th government is catering to the welathy and influnetial and not the common man. Congress and the presidents during this time are known for a alack of action and hey essentially controlled by monopolists. ss, depicts corporate interests-from steel, copper, oil, iron, sugar, tin, and coal to paper bags, envelopes, and salt-as giant money bags looming over the tiny senators at their desks in the Chamber. Joseph Keppler drew the cartoon, which appeared in Puck on January 23, 1889, showing a door to the gallery, the "people's entrance," bolted and barred. The galleries stand empty while the special interests have floor privileges, operating below the motto: "This is the Senate of the Monopolists by the Monopolists and for the Monopolists!" Keppler's cartoon reflected the phenomenal growth of American industry in the 1880s, but also the disturbing trend toward concentration of industry to the point of monopoly, and its undue influence on politics. This popular perception contributed to Congress's passage of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act in 1890.
Key concept 6.3 Launches the Progressive era
The "Gilded Age" witnessed new cultural and intellectual movements in tandem with political debates over economic and social policies.
HAymarket square riots 1886
The Haymarket affair (also known as the Haymarket massacre or Haymarket riot) was the aftermath of a bombing that took place at a labor demonstration on Tuesday May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square[2] in Chicago. It began as a peaceful rally in support of workers striking for an eight-hour day and in reaction to the killing of several workers the previous day by the police. An unknown person threw a dynamite bomb at police as they acted to disperse the public meeting. The bomb blast and ensuing gunfire resulted in the deaths of seven police officers and at least four civilians; scores of others were wounded. In the internationally publicized legal proceedings that followed, eight anarchists were convicted of conspiracy. The evidence was that one of the defendants may have built the bomb, but none of those on trial had thrown it.[3][4][5][6] Seven were sentenced to death and one to a term of 15 years in prison. The death sentences of two of the defendants were commuted by Illinois governor Richard J. Oglesby to terms of life in prison, and another committed suicide in jail rather than face the gallows. The other four were hanged on November 11, 1887. In 1893, Illinois' new governor John Peter Altgeld pardoned the remaining defendants and criticized the trial. Weakens the american labor movement bc it shows a bunch of rowdy workers who just want more land and willing to risk public safety. Portryaed as anarchists UNSUCCESSFUL and federal or state troops were called in.
Unit 9 summary of new south
The New South: The mechanics and details of the New South's intended route to prosperity may have been new, but the traditional elite, conservative, white aristocracy quickly reestablished control and used racial tensions to gain the support of poor whites and disenfranchise free blacks in spite of the inequity between rich and poor white Southerners.
The Pullman strike
The Pullman Strike was a nationwide railroad strike in the United States on May 11, 1894 and a turning point for US labor law. It pitted the American Railway Union (ARU) against the Pullman Company, the main railroads, and the federal government of the United States under President Grover Cleveland. The strike and boycott shut down much of the nation's freight and passenger traffic west of Detroit, Michigan. The conflict began in Pullman, Chicago, on May 11 when nearly 4,000 factory employees of the Pullman Company began a wildcat strike in response to recent reductions in wages. they were fighting agsinbt a 25% wage cut. Led by Eugeen debs. Localpoliticians could advocate for them but to no avail.
The romanticization of the west
The West has always captured the American imagination. Ex: Rocky Mountain School of artists drew beauty and endless opportunities Tourism boom- one of the first in the US! due to the school of artists and ppl want to see these landscapes in person the "Cowboy Culture" and the Wild West Shows. "Buffalo Bill" Cody and Annie Oakley (cowboy skills and pageantry) Cowboys are possibly the most enduring and powerful symbol of the American ideal of the "natural man". They are "out on the fringes of society" and they do what they want The West as the "Final Frontier" (Mark Twain, Teddy Roosevelt) The Loss of Utopia and its effect on American society. This creates they symbol of the cowboy
Women in the west
The West wasn't an easy place for women(bc many were put into prostitution in mining towns), but as life became more sedentary there, more women came- and they tended to gain suffrage earlier in the West than Eastern women did. Ex: suffrage and treaties made them almost social equals in the west
Mark Twain
The first great realist author, he is famous for his classic "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn". (p. 369)
What are wards of the president?
The president looks out for and protects them. Like orphans in foster care.
Corporations
The purpose is to maximize profits and you can do so through vertical and horizontal integration.
Key concept 6.1 Can't be yeoman farmers so what are they ?
The rise of big businesses in the United States encouraged massive migrations and urbanization, sparked government and popular efforts to reshape the U.S. economy and environment, and renewed debates over U.S. national identity.
Period 6 overview
The transformation of the United States from an agricultural to an increasingly industrialized and urbanized society brought about significant economic, political, diplomatic, social, environmental, and cultural changes. In this period, we see: The development of businesses with national or even international focus and reach. The growth of cities and the decline of the American farmer. The settlement of the West and the "closing" of the frontier Attempts by the lower class to (unsuccessfully) challenge the economic/political systems that disadvantage them.
the gospel of wealth- andrew carnegie
The wealthy have a responsibility to use their wealth for the betterment of society- note that's society, not the poor. There's a difference.
Salvation Army
This welfare organization came to the us from england in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality.
Who setles in the old west?
Tremendous geographic mobility, not much social mobility. Workforce is highly multiracial, but highly stratified as well The west is more multiracial than the east during this time period. Racial myths and assumptions support this
Early government attempts of the Indian question leads to Indian wars
Tribes are independent nations and wards of the president. Based on past supreme court cases like Worcester v Georgia which said native americans were sovereign. Treaties = Broken promises 1851: "Concentration"- assigns each tribe a reservation aka lands unwanted by whites bc they are fare from society and agricultural products . They are supposed to be sovereign in reservations 1867: Indian Peace Commission created; wants to move all the Plains Indians to two large reservations- Oklahoma and Dakotas (indian territory) Bureau of Indian Affairs- corrupt, dishonest, and incompetent. Typical of the gilded age
Yellow Journalism
Type of journalism started by Hearst and Pulitzer that basically consisted of catchy headlines, not so many well researched facts and a lot exposition
the new south conclusion
Ultimately, just like in the Antebellum period, a shared commitment to White Supremacy united poor and wealthy white Southerners across class lines and covered up the animosities and inequities between the two.
National Consumers League
Wanted to mobilize power of women as consumers to force retailers to improve wages/working conditions for women
Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)
Was supposed to create national fairness in industry- but it wasn't effectively enforced against corporations (wonder why...) It was even used against the Labor Movement by those same corporations ("they're trying to form a monopoly on labor!") Would LATER be used by Teddy Roosevelt and William H. Taft for "trust-busting," but that's still 10-15 years away. Its used agaisn tunions during the 1890s "its a monploy on labor". It couldve wokrd but it wasnt enforced and it couldve prevented big coprate monopolies from existing.
Whats the indian question?
What do we do with the tribes' land and legal rights ?
The "Bosses" of "Machine Politics"
Why was this so effective?BEcause of Power Vacuum in cities and Voting Blocks (immigrants, the wealthy, etc.) The Goal: Win for the Organization Sometimes this meant doing great good! Often, it meant Graft (both kinds) and Corruption Good Points and Bad Points: Modernized infrastructure, expanded roll of in chaotic political/social times On the other hand, they were corrupt, dishonest, government (for themselves and to fight them!), created stability manipulative, and greedy. You know, little things.
Limited liability
You won't go bankrupt if the company fails, you'll just lose what you put in to the company. It's a safe investment so more people are attracted to invest
Richard Sears
__________________ established Sears in Chicago in 1887. The bulky catalogs from Sears changed the lives of many isolated people—introducing them to new trends of fashion and home décor as well as making available new tools, machinery, and technologies for the home
Vaudeville
a form of theater (a show) adapted from the French, which consisted of a variety of acts (music, comedy, magic, dance, the works) that was epic and great
Andrew Carnegie
a self-made steel tycoon and one of the wealthiest businessmen of 19th century. He later dedicated his life to philanthropic endeavors like funding museums, schools, library but NOT material needs such as food, housing, etc . He was a scottish immigrant and he worked in railroads and he invested in steel, which made him rich. He used vertical integration. He wrote the gsopel of wealth in which he urge the wealthy to create a better society. Served as a major inspirtation for people who wanted to go from rags to riches.
Readjusters
challenged them- wanted to revise debt payment at the state level to free more $$$ for services
Lester Frank Ward (Dynamic Sociology)
civilization is governed by human intelligence, NOT by natural selection.HE attackas darwinsims and natural selection. Sayits only appicable to animals, and not humans. Society id the way it is bc we made it that way and we can change it
Bessemer process
converted iron into much stronger steel Steel used in RRs, construction, etc.
Southern industry
expanded greatly. Textiles, in particular, increased by a factor of NINE!. Tobacco Industry also boomed.Deep South: iron and steel industries grew rapidly (Birmingham)
Timber Culture Act (1873)
extra 160 acres if 40 of them are planted with trees.
George M. Cohen
first great creator of musical comedies - "Yankee Doodle" and "You're a Grand Old Flag"
Gilded age
growth of corporations fueled employment, growth of cities, and technology. But for evergae worker, its ahrd so it inspires the progressive era.
Henry George- Poverty and Progress
it's not progress if all of a nation's growth goes to benefit a few wealthy people. the ppor and wealthy need to grow if we are making prgress.
Tenements
multi-family rental buildings/ slum dwellings as cheap housing for the poor. Were praised at first but actually miserable - minimal windows/ventilation, little to no plumbing or central heating, shared toilets. Incredibly crowded.
Gail Borden
new industry for packing and selling food (condensed milk, tin cans)
Timber and Stone Act (1878)
opens more non-arable land
Convict- lease system
private businesses rent convicts for labor
Vertical integration
purchase of all companies at all levels of production. This reduces overall cost so bigger profit margin .
Horizontal integration
purchase of competing companies in same industry. Buying your competitors. This was later made illegal
Leisure, Art, and Literature
shift to a leisure society and Art and Literature: Social Realism
Skyscrapers
tall steel frame buildings, which were a big part of the USA's new urban environment, innovations such as the ELEVATOR made these possible
Frederick Jackson Turner
the end of the Frontier and what it means. Start over anew in the frontier. Says the frontier is an essential democratizing force. You could have always relocated to the west and change ur life.
scoial darwinism
the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform. Basically says its not personal, its business. Its used to justify big corporations and monopolies. Survivial of the fittest and natural selection Says the wealthy are the fittest and they says sorry thats just life to the poor so they dont try to do anythng about bc if you then ur interfering with nature.
THe destruction on buffalo herds
throughout the 1850s devastated the Plains Indians' way of life. Many now feel their only option is to fight white expansion Buffalo killed by white hunters and RAILROADS (kill them if their in the way ) Ex: Ghost dance was performed in order to bring the buffalo back.
Desert Land Act (1877)
up to 640 acres if irrigated within 3 years
Ghost dance
was performed in order to bring the buffalo back. The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, came through as a religious movement.Led to the Dawes Sevrality act
Anti coolie clubs
white groups opposed to Chinese immigrants and immigration. Took their name from "coolie", a term for a Chinese (or any Asian) indentured servant in slave-like conditions
Sharecroppers
worked the land and owed its owner a percentage (or "share") of the crop they produced.Many blacks became tenant farmers on the very plantations where they had once been slaves- with their former masters as landlords.