APUSH Chapter 1 & 2 Test Review

What were some characteristics of colonial Pennsylvania?

mountains, coastal plains, and plateaus and land suitable for farming.

Which was Georgia considered a "buffer colony?"

Although the Georgia Trustees originally envisioned the new Georgia colony as a second chance for debtors in British jails, the geographic location was also ideal to defend the British colonies from Spain, which occupied Florida to the south.

Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in the New World, was founded by ______________

King James I

What distinguished British settlement patterns from those of other major European powers?

Large scale colonies with permanent settlement

What was the impact of the Treaty of Tordesillas?

neatly divided the "New World" into land, resources, and people claimed by Spain and Portugal.

What was the major labor source in the colonies before slavery became widespread?

As a carryover from English practice, indentured servants were the original standard for forced labor in New England and middle colonies like Pennsylvania and Delaware.

What were the causes of Bacon's Rebellion?

Bacon's Rebellion was triggered when a grab for Native American lands was denied. Bacon's Rebellion was triggered when a grab for Native American lands was denied. Jamestown had once been the bustling capital of the Colony of Virginia. Now it was a smoldering ruin, and Nathaniel Bacon was on the run.

What contributed most to the increasing use of African slave labor in North America during the 1600s and 1700s?

Because white people refused to do the work that was too hard or that they thought they were above.

Compare and contrast the French and Dutch colonial efforts

Both colonies were primarily trading posts for furs. While they failed to attract many colonists from their respective home countries, these outposts nonetheless intensified imperial rivalries in North America. Both the Dutch and the French relied on native peoples to harvest the pelts that proved profitable in Europe.

Who was Maryland a safe haven for in the 17th century?

Catholics

Characterize the relationship between church and state for the Puritans who settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the seventeenth century?

Church and state were essentially the same thing, but believed in a separation of church and state, but not a separation of the state from God.

Before 1492, many American Indian cultures were strongly influenced by?

Corn Cultivation

Why did the colonists of Jamestown nearly starve?

Disease, violence, drought, a meager harvest followed by a harsh winter, and poor drinking water

What system is closely tied to the indentured servant system of the colonial era?

Encomienda System

Describe the relationship between the Spanish Conquistadors and Native Americans?

First contact experiences on Hispaniola included brutal interactions between the Spanish and the Native Americans. Conquistadors subjugated populations primarily to garner personal economic wealth, and Natives little understood the nature of the conquest. As early as 1522 Bartolome de Las Casas worked to denounce these activities on political, economic, moral, and religious grounds by chronicling the actions of the conquistadors for the Spanish court.

Which imperial power originally settle the Hudson River Valley?

Holland

Describe French colonization of North America?

In 1534, navigator Jacques Cartier claimed northern North America for France, naming the area around the St. Lawrence River New France.

How did Native Americans adapt to and transform the environment in which they lived?

In fall, they harvested crops and hunted for foods to preserve and keep for the winter. The Native Americans used natural resources in every aspect of their lives. They used animal skins (deerskin) as clothing. Shelter was made from the material around them (saplings, leaves, small branches, animal fur).

A majority of the early English migrants to the Chesapeake Bay area were _____________

Indentured Servants

What was an indentured servant?

Indentured servants were men and women who signed a contract (also known as an indenture or a covenant) by which they agreed to work for a certain number of years in exchange for transportation to Virginia and, once they arrived, food, clothing, and shelter. Adults usually served for four to seven years and children sometimes for much longer, with most working in the colony's tobacco fields.

Which colonies were not founded for religious reasons?

Jamestown

Who said "He who will not work shall not eat."

John Smith

Which colonies contained institutions of democracy or democratic representation by 1620?

Mayflower Compact - Plymouth House of burgesses - Jamestown

In which settlement did religion play the greatest role?

New England, Massachusetts bay, Boston

New England Puritans sought primarily to create a society based on _____________ in Massachusetts?

Reformed Christianity

Describe the origins of Rhode Island and Connecticut?

Rhode Island was founded by Roger Williams in 1636, who had been banished from the Massachusetts colony for his advocacy of religious tolerance and the separation of church and state.

What was the dominant form of local government in the New England colonies?

Royal, Charter and Proprietary

How were Native Americans primarily seen in view of the encomienda system?

Second class citizens/ slaves

Which European nation was first to lay claim to the New World?

Spain

Compare and contrast the Native American and African indigenous societies.

The African indigenous were more advance and both were polytheistic, and taken advantage of by Europeans.

How did English colonization patterns in North America differ from most from Spanish colonization?

The British came as family units, and did not inter marry with natives.

What was life like for Dutch explorers and settlers?

The Dutch were not explorers in the same sense as other European nations. Unlike England, Portugal, and Spain, they were not prone to sailing forth on voyages of discovery, planting their flag wherever they set foot, and claiming lands for the Dutch crown. They were, at heart, shrewd and pragmatic businessmen, expanding cautiously and carefully, reluctant to commit themselves to the large investment a colony entailed unless the potential financial gain warranted the risk. This is not to say that every single Dutch move was carefully considered and weighed, but in general the Dutch sailed for profit and not for glory. This caution left an indelible mark on Dutch colonies, Dutch power, and the current Dutch nation.

How did the French most differed from the Spanish in relations with American Indians?

The French most differed from the Spanish in relations with American Indians in that the French. Developed stronger alliances with American Indians.

What are some of the differences between New England and Chesapeake colonies?

The New England colonies had a more diverse economy which included shipping, lumber, and export of food crops. On the other hand, the Chesapeake colonies economy focused almost exclusively on the production and export of tobacco and a few other cash crops.

What is the major difference between English settlements in the Chesapeake Region and New England?

The New England colonies had a more diverse economy which included shipping, lumber, and export of food crops. On the other hand, the Chesapeake colonies economy focused almost exclusively on the production and export of tobacco and a few other cash crops.

Which group was responsible for the beginning of the slave trade in the New World?

The Portuguese

Compare how the Spanish and French treated the Native American?

The Spanish forced American Indians to convert to Christianity, and work; while the French built relationships with them.

What is the major difference between the encomienda system and slave labor in the Spanish colonies?

The encomienda system exploited the labor of Native Americans, whereas slavery more typically extracted labor from enslaved Africans.

The earliest British colonies in Virginia were saved from economic ruin by

The introduction of tobacco cultivation.

What was the purpose of the encomienda system, establish by the Spanish?

The purpose of the encomienda system in the Spanish Empire was to provide an incentive for conquistadors to conquer new territories and to provide free labour to extract wealth from the colonies. For the Catholic Church, the system permitted indigenous peoples to be exposed to Christianity.

What were the practices of the Chesapeake colonies to combat labor shortages?

Until the late 1600s, the labor supply for the Chesapeake plantations was indentured servants, not enslaved Africans. Of the 120,000 emigrants to the Chesapeake colonies in the 1600s, 90,000 were indentured servants.

What is the order of settlement for the 13 British colonies?

Virginia, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia

What was the result of Metacom's War of 1675-1676?

Wampanoag forces evacuated to New York, but the Mohawks refused to help them, and the colonists gained the upper hand

What was the most significant cause of destruction of the native peoples in the New World at the time of Spanish exploration in the Americas?

When the Europeans arrived, carrying germs which thrived in dense, semi-urban populations, the indigenous people of the Americas were effectively doomed. They had never experienced smallpox, measles or flu before, and the viruses tore through the continent, killing an estimated 90% of Native Americans.

Who is Hiawatha and why is he important?

a legendary chief (c. 1450) of the Onondaga tribe of North American Indians, to whom Indian tradition attributes the formation of what became known as the Iroquois Confederacy.

What was William Penn's primary reason for founding Pennsylvania?

a place where people could enjoy freedom of religion

Who mostly supported Bacon's Rebellion?

black and white indentured servants and African slaves

What is a joint stock company?

companies formed to spread the risks and the rewards of enterprises in the newly discovered lands in the west. Virginia Joint Stock

Why is Roger Williams historically significant?

founding the state of Rhode Island and advocating separation of church and state in Colonial America.

What is the headright system?

he headright system was a settlement plan developed during the colonial period in North America. The headright system referred to a grant of land, usually fifty acres, given to settlers throughout the thirteen colonies.

What did the New World gain as a result of the Columbian Exchange?

horses, sugar plants, and disease

Before the Colombian Exchange what was the greatest influence on Native Americans?

maize cultivation, and irrigation systems

Why was Anne Hutchinson was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1637?

refused to stick closely to the rules of worship required by the Puritan leaders who governed the colony

How did Anne Hutchinson threaten the authority of the clergy of Massachusetts?

she believed heaven was open to those who worshipped God through a personal connection, without the need of any church intervention. and because she was a women who was teaching.

What are some of the social, political, and economical characteristics of New Englanders?

shipbuilding, fishing, lumbering, small- scale subsistence farming, and eventually, manufacturing.

What did the "City upon a Hill" in Massachusetts Bay colony represents the idea

that the Massachusetts Bay colony would shine like an example to the world .

Which Native American tribe encountered by English settlers is best known for their highly evolved system of government?

the Iroquois.

What was the House of Burgesses and why was it so significant?

the first English representative government in North America

What is the Dominican friar, Bartolome de las Casas best known for?

the first to expose the oppression of indigenous peoples by Europeans in the Americas and to call for the abolition of slavery there.

Which region was home to bands of nomadic Native Americans who relied on their game for the majority of their needs?

the great plains.

What is primogeniture and how did this affect the family?

the name for the English law that made the oldest son heir to a family estate if the head of the family died without a will or without providing for some disposition of his or her property.

What was the purpose of the Mayflower Compact?

to ensure a functioning social structure would prevail.

Settlers who established the British colony in Virginia during the seventeenth century were primarily seeking?

wealth