APUSH Chapter 10 Learning Curve Study Guide
As president, John Quincy Adams's policies appeared to support the interests of what group?
The business elite (Adams's policies supported manufacturers and entrepreneurs, who were members of the business elite.)
Why did the Freemasons fall into disrepute in 1826?
The kidnapping and murder of a disloyal member had raised suspicions. (After the kidnapping and murder in 1826 of William Morgan, a New York Mason who had threatened to reveal the order's secrets, the Freemasons fell into disrepute.)
Why did new disciplined political parties emerge in the 1820s in a number of states?
The power of notables in communities waned. (As the power of notables waned in the 1820s, disciplined political parties appeared in a number of states.)
What prompted the emergence of a second national party in the mid-1830s?
The rise of Democracy and Jackson's tumultuous presidency. (The expansion of male suffrage and the leadership of Andrew Jackson in the Democratic Party triggered the formation of modern disciplined nationwide parties—the Democrats and their opponents, the Whigs.)
Why did northern Jacksonians like Martin Van Buren support the Tariff of 1828?
They added tariffs on raw materials like wool to win electoral support. (Van Buren and his Jacksonian allies hopped on the tariff bandwagon. By increasing duties on wool, hemp, and other imported raw materials, they hoped to win the support of farmers in New York, Ohio, and Kentucky for Jackson's presidential candidacy in 1828.)
Why did some eastern supporters of Native Americans favor resettlement of Indians west of the Mississippi River?
They believed resettlement would actually protect Indians. (Many easterners sympathetic with Native Americans favored resettlement because they thought it would protect Indians from alcoholism, financial exploitation, and cultural decline.)
What statement reflects a way the Whigs differed from the Democrats in the 1840s?
They believed that the wealthy should govern. (The Whigs believed that an aristocracy of the wealthy, chosen by talent, should govern the country, as opposed to the Democrats, who argued that ordinary Americans were capable of governing themselves.)
Why did the Whigs run four presidential candidates in the election of 1836?
They hoped the election would end up in the House of Representatives. (The Whigs ran four candidates, each with a strong regional reputation. They hoped to garner enough electoral votes to throw the contest into the House of Representatives.)
Why did the Whig Party choose its name?
They wanted to identify themselves with the pre-Revolutionary parties that opposed royal power. (The Whigs accused "King Andrew I" of violating the Constitution by creating a spoils system and undermining elected legislators, who were the true representatives of the sovereign people)
On what grounds did the Cherokee challenge the Indian Removal Act before the Supreme Court in the case of Cherokee Nation v. Georgia in 1831?
They were a "foreign nation." (The Cherokee claimed they were a foreign nation, but Chief Justice John Marshall denied the claim of independence and declared that Indian people were "domestic dependent nations.")
Whig presidential candidate William Henry Harrison ran in 1840 in part on his war record and his victory in what battle?
Tippecanoe (The Whigs organized their first national convention in 1840 and nominated William Henry Harrison of Ohio for president and John Tyler of Virginia for vice president. Harrison had little political experience, so instead, he campaigned on his military leadership against native people at the Battle of Tippecanoe.)
Why did President Andrew Jackson insist on getting Congress to pass the Force Bill to threaten South Carolina even while he was willing to reduce the tariff that southerners objected to?
To assert federal authority and preserve the Union. (The Constitution clearly gave the federal government the authority to establish tariffs, and Jackson vowed to enforce it. He declared that South Carolina's Ordinance of Nullification violated the letter of the Constitution and was "destructive of the great object for which it was formed." More pointedly, he warned, "Disunion by armed force is treason.")
What was the fundamental purpose behind South Carolina's nullification of the federal tariff of 1828?
To check federal power before it could be used to abolish slavery (South Carolinians lived in a state with a majority slave population and feared the federal government might one day end slavery as the British were doing in the Caribbean, so they sought to check federal power before that could be done by inventing the nullification process. It was used on the tariff as an example of a state's ability to curb expanding federal power, but lowering the tariff was only one short-term goal.)
What was Andrew Jackson's first priority upon entering office?
To destroy the American System (Jackson's primary goal was to end the American System, which he believed granted special privileges.)
What was one consequence of the Taney Court's decision in the case of Mayor of New York v. Miln (1837)?
To enhance the regulatory role of state governments. (The court ruled that New York State could use its "police power" to inspect the health of arriving immigrants, which enhanced the regulatory role of state governments.
Why did John Quincy Adams favor the American System?
To help northern businessmen and commercial farmers. (Adams back the American System to advance the interests of northern manufacturers and commercial farmers, all of whom supported his plans.)
What was one factor that persuaded Maryland and other Atlantic seaboard states to expand the franchise in the 1810s and 1820s?
To prevent population loss (Maryland reformers in the 1810s invoked the equal-rights rhetoric of republicanism. They charged that property qualifications for voting were a "tyranny" because they endowed "one class of men with privileges which are denied to another." To defuse such arguments and deter migration to the West, legislators in Maryland and other seaboard states grudgingly accepted a broader franchise and its democratic results.)
What was the most important role of the Second Bank of the United States?
To stabilize the nation's money supply. (The bank's most important role was to stabilize the nation's money supply, which consisted primarily of notes issued by state-chartered banks. By collecting these state notes and demanding their exchange for gold or silver, the Second Bank tested the reserves of these note-issuing institutions.)
In his view of states' rights, John C. Calhoun believed that
a state convention in any state could declare a federal law null and void in that state. (Calhoun's theory of government concluded that because the Constitution had been adopted by state convention, similar conventions could nullify federal laws within their own state's borders, not the entire nation. He rejected the notion that state courts or a legislative majority should determine the legality of federal law.)
President Andrew Jackson was the first man in the White House who
came from a trans-Appalachian state. (Jackson came from trans-Appalachian Tennessee, still a fairly new state.)
Why had most local unions and all the national labor organizations disappeared by 1843?
A depression and surplus of unemployed workers spelled ruin for unions. (By creating a surplus of unemployed workers, the depression brought on by the Panic of 1837 completed the decline of the union movement and the Working Men's Parties, and by 1843, most local unions, all the national labor organizations, and all the workers' parties had disappeared.)
What was the Specie Circular of 1836?
A law that required government land to be paid for in gold or silver (The Specie Circular was an executive order that required the Treasury Department to accept only gold and silver in payment for lands in the national domain.)
As president, John Quincy Adams's support of Henry Clay's American System meant backing which action?
A national bank to stabilize currency and promote economic growth. (Advocates of the American System, like Adams, embraced the role of the national bank for the stabilization of currency and a reliable financial backbone for the promotion of economic growth.)
Why did Thomas Jefferson condemn John Quincy Adams from his deathbed for promoting "a government of aristocracy"?
Adams supported high protective tariffs for northeastern manufacturers.
Based on the map, which presidential candidate had constituencies in every part of the nation?
Andrew Jackson (Only Jackson claimed a national constituency, winning Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Maryland in the East; Indiana and two-thirds of Illinois in the Midwest; and much of the South.)
In what respect were the Whigs of the 1830s similar to the Federalists at the beginning of the nineteenth century?
Both sought leaders with wealth and ability. (Federalists and Whigs were both skeptical of the general population and their ability to govern themselves without the commanding voice and authority of an elite. However, whereas the Federalists believed in an elite that derived its authority from birth and pedigree, Whigs believed that talent and wealth ought to matter in the popular selection of the nation's leaders.)
How did Martin Van Buren make party politicians acceptable as government leaders?
By rejecting traditional republicanism (Traditional republican thought held that political factions were dangerous. Instead, Van Buren claimed that the opposite was true.)
Why was the presidential election of 1824 the last stand of the notables?
Elections after 1824 would be dominated by modern parties with broad social bases. (Following the 1824 election, elections would be dominated by modern political parties built on broad social coalitions and designed to get votes from as many people as possible, signaling the end of the old system of deference that the notables had counted on to govern.)
Who opposed the Indian Removal Act in Congress in 1830?
Evangelical Protestants. (Catharina Beecher and Lydia Sigourney famously issued the "Ladies Circular," which urged women to pray for a prevention of removal.)
How did President John Quincy Adams react when Congress rejected his activist economic policies of high tariffs and subsidies for roads and canals?
He accused Congress of following public opinion. (The last notable in the presidency, Adams was convinced that members of Congress should do what was right in the judgment of the educated elite, even if that was not what the common people wanted.)
Why did President Jackson veto the rechartering of the Second Bank of the United States?
He believed the bank to be unconstitutional. (Jackson vetoed the rechartering bill with a masterful message that blended constitutional arguments with class rhetoric and patriotic fervor. Adopting the position taken by Thomas Jefferson in 1793, Jackson declared that Congress had no constitutional authority to charter a national bank.)
In 1834, Philip Hone wrote in his diary that New Yorkers celebrated the victory of Jacksonian Democrats with shouts of "Down with the aristocracy!" He continued: "They have succeeded in raising this dangerous spirit . . ., and have gladly availed themselves of its support to accomplish a temporary object; but can they allay it at pleasure?" What was Hone concerned about?
He feared that Jacksonian Democrats had invited mob rule and chaos to the nation. (In this passage, Hone was asking whether Jacksonian Democrats knew how to contain the mob they had, in his view, so dangerously aroused for their own political advantage.)
How did Martin Van Buren defend the existence and use of political parties?
He said they were the best means of curbing government power. (Van Buren argued against the old belief that parties or "factions" were dangerous and claimed that they in fact protected free government by limiting the abuse of power.)
Why did John Tyler not support the agenda of the Whig Party when he became president?
He was opposed to the American System. (Tyler had never supported the Whig program called the American System and had joined the Whigs only to protest Jackson's stance against nullification.)
How did the Panic of 1837 affect the labor movement?
It eviscerated the labor movement. (The creation of a surplus of unemployed workers completely undermined the labor movement. By 1843, most local unions and all the national labor organizations had disappeared, along with their newspapers.)
On December 26, 1833, Henry Clay of Kentucky addressed the Senate censuring President Andrew Jackson's conduct. Clay complained that "The powers of Congress are paralyzed, except when exerted in conformity with his will, by frequent and an extraordinary exercise of the executive veto, not anticipated by the founders of our Constitution, and not practiced by any of the predecessors of the present chief magistrate. . . ." What had Jackson done that angered Henry Clay so much?
Jackson had used his veto power to block Congress. (Clay was outraged over President Jackson's frequent use of his executive veto powers, something previous presidents had rarely made use of.)
Why did the rechartering of the Second Bank of the United States become an issue?
Jackson's opponents wanted to use the issue to hurt the Democrats. (Henry Clay and Daniel Webster brought up the bank's rechartering four years early in an attempt to hurt Jackson's support and split the Democrats. Jackson turned the tables by attacking the bank and using it to carry him to victory in 1832.)
Which statement correctly summarizes the changes in voting patterns between 1824 and 1840 that are illustrated in the pie charts?
Jacksonian Democrats dominated the party competition in this time period. (Jacksonian Democrats led the era of modern parties and dominated the elections of the time, winning the presidency four out of six times.)
Who anonymously wrote, "Constitutional government and the government of a majority are utterly incompatible"?
John C. Calhoun. (The anonymous author who said, "Constitutional government and the government of a majority are utterly incompatible," was John C. Calhoun; the statement appeared in his work The South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828).)
To formulate policy, Andrew Jackson relied on a close set of friends as his advisors called the
Kitchen Cabinet.
Which statement reflects part of Andrew Jackson's legacy?
Making the political system more democratic. (Jackson set new standards for the degree of approachability and democratic appeal presidents were required to have.)
What generalization can be made about the removal of Native Americans based on this map?
Native Americans had lost almost all of their lands in the eastern states before 1820. (The fact that the Iroquois, Cherokee, and Seminole were the only tribes forced to move from the states along the Atlantic coast strongly indicates that they were the only tribes that still held substantial amounts of land in 1820. Had there been any other tribes, they no doubt would have been forced west as well.)
Why did the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution end up determining the election of 1824?
No one candidate received an absolute majority of electoral votes. (The Twelfth Amendment had re-ordered the procedure for electing the president after difficulties in the 1796 and 1800 elections. It sent presidential elections to the House of Representatives if no candidate could garner an absolute majority.)
Which state was first to grant the franchise to all male taxpayers?
Pennsylvania. (Pennsylvania and Vermont were the only states to grant the franchise to all male taxpayers at the time of the Revolution.)
Why did expansion of the franchise advance the development of political parties?
Politicians had to organize their appeal to newly enfranchised voters. (With so many new voters from a broad range of social groups, parties had to direct their appeal to more than just the old notables)
What did the Freemasons stand for in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries?
Republicanism. (Freemasonry arose in eighteenth-century Europe among men who opposed their monarchical governments and espoused republicanism.)
What principle did Andrew Jackson insist he was following when he replaced government bureaucrats with ordinary men who supported him politically?
Rotation of office. ( Jackson insisted on rotation in office when he replaced government bureaucrats with ordinary men who supported him politically.)
Which Indian man perfected a Cherokee system of writing?
Sequoyah (In 1821, the great Cherokee intellectual Sequoyah created a system of writing for the Cherokee language. Others later created a new charter of Cherokee government modeled directly on the U.S. Constitution)
What group constituted most of the membership of the Whig Party in the South?
Small, independent farmers. (Most Southern Whigs were yeomen whites who resented the power and policies of low-country planters, most of whom were Democrats. In addition, some Virginia and South Carolina Democrats, such as John Taylor, became Whigs because they condemned Andrew Jackson's crusade against nullification.)
Which group supported Andrew Jackson in the election of 1828?
Southern farmers. (Jackson was a southerner at heart and a slave-owning cotton planter himself. That endeared him to southern farmers.)
Based on the map, which tribe had to travel the longest distance?
The Iroquois. (The Iroquois migrated all the way from upstate New York to the Great Plains.)
Which political party reflected the ideology of "artisan republicanism"?
The Working Men's Party. (The Working Men's Parties mobilized craft workers and gave political expression to their ideology of artisan republicanism. As labor intellectual Orestes Brownson defined their distinctive vision: "All men will be independent proprietors, working on their own capitals, on their own farms, or in their own shops.")