APUSH Chapter 31-33 Test Reviews

Beginning of Great Depression

(Hoover's Presidency) - Stock market crashed because of over-speculation and overly high stock prices built only on non-existent credit and greatly struck the nation - Stockholders had lost over $40 million in paper values - Many Americans became jobless - Over 5,000 bank failed in first three years - Americans were increasingly becoming homeless and looking for shelters/foods - Caused by overabundance of farm products and factory products - Nation's capacity producing goods had outrun it's capacity to consume or pay for them - Over-expansion of credit created unsound faith in money - 1930 terrible drought annihilated the Mississippi Valley and many farm had to be sold to pay for their debt - Hard worker had no where to work, so they turned to Hoover for the national crises * Villages of shanties and ragged shacks were called Hoovervilles and were inhabited by the people who had lost their jobs. They popped up everywhere - People back then were to "sweat it out" and not let government help, but now it was changing the role of people's ideals and beliefs that Government should help them

Guglielmo Marconi

- 1890s, invented wireless telegraphy and was used for long distance communication in the Great War. - First voice-carrying radio began when KDKA (in Pittsburgh) told of presidential candidate Warren G. Harding's landslide victory - Automobile lured Americans away from home, but radio lured them back and many tuned to hear "Amos 'n' Andy" and "Eveready Hour" - Sports were stimulated, but politicians had to adjust speaking techniques to the radio

Who was Bruce Barton

- 1925 "The Man Nobody Knows" claimed that Jesus Christ was the perfect salesman and that all advertisers should study his techniques

FDR 2nd Presidency years

- 20th Amendment shortened the period from election to inauguration by 6 weeks. FDR took the presidential oath on January 20, 1937, instead of the traditional March 4. - FDR wanted to the continue New Deal reforms. Ultraconservative justices on the Supreme Court proved to be a threat to the New Deal - Roosevelt administration had been thwarted 7 times in cases against his New Deal - Roosevelt felt that the American people wanted the New Deal. If the American way of life was to be preserved, he argued, and then the Supreme Court had to get in line with public opinion. President Roosevelt ask Congress to pass legislation allowing him to appoint one new justice to the Supreme Court for every member over the age of 70 who would not retire; the maximum number of justices would now be 15. Both Congress and the public, the plan received much negative feedback.

December of 1919

- 249 alleged alien radicals were deported on the Buford

Reliefs to Famers

- AAA giving farmer millions of dollars to help meet their mortgages - HOLC assisted to those who were homeless and who had trouble paying their mortgages - Paid farmers to reduce their crop acreage, eliminating surpluses, while at the same time increasing unemployment.

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

- About 1920-1921, 800,000 European Immigrants came to the U.S. Congress passed Emergency Quota Act of 1921 in which newcomers from Europe were restricted at any year to a quota, which was set at 3% of the people of their nationality who lived in the U.S. in 1910. - Immigrant was cut off, and those who stayed struggled to adapted * Labor unions had trouble organizing because of races, culture, and nationality among immigrants

Kellogg-Briand Pact (Pact of Paris)

- All nations that signed would no longer use war as offensive means.

What was the Lindbergh Law

- Allowing the death penalty to certain cases of interstate abduction

Debt Knot

- America demanded Britain and France to pay their debt, and those two nations placed huge reparation payments on Germany, which then to pay them printed out loads of paper money that caused inflation to soar

What happened after World War I

- America moved towards being "isolated", termed in "isolationism" and publicly post "radical" foreign ideas and "un-American" lifestyles - Anti-foreign signs and groups (Nativism) was high after World War 1 - After war, Americans tried to go back to Traditional values and feared Communists - Many crises and problem arouse doing this time

Populations location

- Americans lived in Urban areas for the first time, rather than the Rural Countryside

Father Charles Coughlin

- Anti-New Deal radio broadcasts eventually became so anti-Semitic and fascistic that he was forced off the air - "Microphone Messiah"

Frank Lloyd Wright

- Architecture also made its marks with the designs. Wright was an understudy of **Louis Sullivan **(of Chicago skyscraper fame) and amazed people with his use of concrete, glass, and steel and his unconventional theory that "form follows function." * Empire State Building debuted in 1931.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

- Assist industry, labor, and unemployed - "Fair competition" codes, were forced to lower their work hours so that more people could be hired; a minimum wage was also established - Collapse of NRA in 1935 which Sp. Crt decision was ruled that Cong. could not "delegate legislative powers" to the president

Herbert Hoover

- Became next President after Coolidge - Brought up idea of Rugged Individualism - Used radio as an factor to make his nomination and announcement - Never been in public office, but made his way up from poverty to prosperity and believe other can do so as well - Deeply interested in relations south of the border, and the relations with Latin America and Caribbean increased

McNary-Haugen Bill

- Bill was sought to keep agricultural prices high by authorizing the government to buy up surpluses and sell them abroad, helped a little.

Women's act of Rights

- Birth-control movement led by fiery Margaret Sanger, and the National Women's Party began in 1923 to campaign for an Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution.

Henry Ford and Ransom E. Olds

- Both were famous for Oldsmobile - Developed the Infant Auto Industry - Invented Ford Model T and became cheap and easy to own

Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law

- Businessmen did not want Europe flooding American markets with cheap goods after the war, so Congress passed the Tariff Law and raised the tariff from 27% to 35%

Cultural Liberation

- By 1920's many of the old writers (Henry James, Henry Adams, and William Dean Howells) had died, and those that survived, like Edith Wharton and Willa Cather were popular - Many of the new writers were found and known * H.L. Mencken -- "Bad Boy of Baltimore," and he found fault in much of America, also wrote the monthly American Mercury * F. Scott Fitzgerald -- wrote "This Side of Paradise" and "The Great Gatsby", both of which captured the society of the "Jazz Age," including odd mix of glamour and the cruelty * Theodore Dreiser -- wrote as a Realist (not Romantic) in "An American Tragedy" about the murder of a pregnant working girl by her socially-conscious lover * Ernest Hemingway -- wrote "The Sun Also Rises", and "A Farewell to Arms". Became a voice for the "Lost Generation" of the young folks who'd been ruined by the disillusionment of WWI * Sherwood Anderson -- wrote "Winesburg, Ohio" describing small-town life in America * Sinclair Lewis -- wrote of disparaged small-town America in his "Main Street and Babbitt" * William Faulkner -- "Soldier's Pay", "The Sound and the Fury", and "As I Lay Dying" all were famous and stunning with his use of the new, choppy "stream of consciousness" technique. - Poetry was innovative and Ezra Pound and T.S. Eliot were two great poets -

Foes of New Deals

- Charged the FDR of spending too much money on his programs, significantly increasing the national debt; by 1939, the national debt was at $40,440,000,000 - Private enterprise was being suppressed and states' rights were being ignored - Unemployment were still high - National Debt significantly increased - New Dealers claimed the New Deal had alleviated the worst of the Great Depression - Took WWII to decrease unemployment

What caused after Scope "Monkey Trial"

- Christians were starting to find differences between religion and the findings of modern science

Hatch Act of 1939

- Congress passed - Saving federal administrative officials from active political campaigning and soliciting. - Forbade the use of government funds for political purposes as well as the collection of campaign contributions from people receiving relief payments.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

- Created Dam on Tennessee River - Created hydropower and putting many millions of Americans back to work - Assigned the task of predicting how much the production and distribution of electricity would cost so that a "yardstick" could be set up to test the fairness of rates charged by private companies - Project of constructing dams on the Tennessee River brought many area employment, the blessings of cheap electric power, low-cost housing, abundant cheap nitrates, the restoration of eroded soil, reforestation, improved navigation, and flood control. The once-poverty-stricken area was being turned into one of the most flourishing regions in the United States.

What was the Immigration Act of 1924

- Cut the quota down to 2% and the origins base was shifted to that of 1890, when few southeastern Europeans lived in America. - Slammed door on Japanese immigrants - 1931 many left U.S than come in to the U.S - New Immigrants out, Old Immigrants in

FDR 100's days

- Declared a national banking holiday to prelude the opening the banks on a sounder basis - FDR's first 100th days passed many series of laws to cope with the national emergency

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

- Designed as a watchdog for administrative agency - Regulate bank and investments

Dust Bowls

- Drought struck Mississippi Grat Plains forcefully and forced farmers to migrate elsewhere - Migration inspired "The Great of Wraith"

Who was John Dewey

- Education was the Progressive's ideas and John Dewey was the professor at Columbia University who set forth principles of "learning by doing" and believed that "education for life" should be the primary goal of school. - School no longer prisons - Decreased minimum ages for teens to stay in school

Calvin Coolidge

- Elected president after Harding died - Calm, serious and never spoke more than necessary - Was not touched by Harding Scandals - Boring president - Vetoed second bill twice (McNary-Haugen Bill) - Isolationism still continued during Coolidge's presidency - Did not run for reelection

New Dealers

- Embraced progressive ideas such as unemployment insurance, old age insurance, minimun-wage regulations, conservation and natural resources and restriction on child labor

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

- Encouraged Native American tribes to establish self-government and to preserve their native crafts and traditions. 77 tribes refused to organize under the law, while hundreds organized

What was the issue with Europe?

- Europe needed to sell goods to the U.S. in order to get the money to pay back its debts, and when it could not sell, it could not repay.

What was the Red Scare

- Event between 1919-1920, was started by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer (the "Fighting Quaker") who used a series of raids to gather and arrest 6,000 suspected Communists - Cut back free speech for a span of period because of people wanting to eliminate any Communists and their ideas

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

- FDR's golden speaking voice and his Fireside-Chat made him the voice of America - Attacked Rep. Old Deal and preach a New Deal for the "forgotten man"\ - Promised to balance nation's budget and decrease the heavy Hooverian deficits - 1932 election, Black increasingly voted for the Democratic party

Eleanor Roosevelt

- First most political active First Lady in history - Influenced the policies of the national government, battled for the impoverished and oppressed - Was FDR's eyes, ears

Charles Lindbergh

- First person to fly solo across Atlantic Ocean, when he did it in his Spirit of St. Louis, going from New York to Paris

What were the Treaties?

- Five-Power Naval Treaty of 1922 was Hughes's ideas on ship ratios, but only after Japanese received compensation - Four-Power Treaty, which bound Britain, Japan, France, and the U.S. to preserve the status quo in the Pacific, replaced the 20-year-old Anglo-Japanese Alliance - The Nine-Power Treaty of 1922 kept the open door open in China - No limits placed on small ships, and Congress only approved the Four-Power Treaty on the condition that the U.S. was not bound, thus effectively rendering that treaty useless.

Marcus Garvey

- Founder of the United Negro Improvement Association and inspiration for the Nation of Islam

Capper-Volstead Act

- Free farmers' marketing cooperatives from antitrust prosecution

Francis E. Townsend

- Gave all seniors citizens $200 a month

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

- Gave job to many unemployed - Labor was to reforestation, fire fighting, flood control and swamp drainage - Provided employment for about 3 million men in government camps - Taught farmers how to preserve soil/crops - Formed trails and hiking routes

Dawes Plan

- German reparations payments and gave the way for further American private loans to Germany. - Payments were a huge circle from the U.S. to Germany to Britain/France and back to the U.S. Americans never really gained any money or got repaid in genuine - U.S gained some anger in France and Britain because of American's apparent greed and careless nature for others

Banks

- Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act passed, creating the FDIC, which is a program that insured individual bank to deposits up to $5000, to end the failure of banks - Federal Agency - Help regulate bank and investment - FDR ordered all private holdings of gold to be given to Treasury in exchange for paper currency and take nation off gold standard, making Congress to pass law measure - Goal of Roosevelt's "managed currency" was inflation, which he believe would relieve debtors' burdens and stimulate new production. Thus increased the amount of dollars in circulation - No problem in using federal money to assist helping the unemployment and to jumpstart the economy

Public Works Administration (PWA)

- Headed by Harold L. Ickes - Intended for both industrial recovery and unemployment relief - Spend over $4 billion on thousands of projects, including building and highways

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

- Headed by Harry L. Hopkins - Granted $3 billion to states for direct relief payment and wages on work projects - Gave many job to unemployed and were leaf raking or other manual jobs

Rugged Individualism (Hoover's Idea)

- Herbert Hoover's idea that America was made great by strong, self-sufficient individuals, like the pioneers of old days trekking across the prairies, relying on no one else for help. This was the kind of folk America still needed

Thomas Edison

- Invented movies, but in 1903, movie came with "The Great Train Robbery" - First full-length film was "D.W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation", which stunned viewers visually, but seemed to glorify the KKK in the Reconstruction era - First talkie movie was "The Jazz Singer" with Al Jolson - Hollywood, California became hot spot for movie productions because of its climate and landscape - Nudity shocked to public and forced codes of censorship to be placed on them - Propaganda movies of World War I boosted the popularity of movies - Critics were saddened by the taste of radio and movies, and led to loss of old family and oral traditions, causing radio shows and movies to lessen interactions

Huey P. Long

- Known for "Share Our Wealth" - "Share Our Wealth" program ave every family in the United State $5000

Criminal Syndicalism Laws

- Made the advocacy of violence to secure social change unlawful. Traditional American ideals of free speech were restricted.

Teapot Dome Scandal

- Most shocking scandal of all - Albert B. Fall granted land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, to oilmen Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny, but not until Fall had received a "loan" (actually a bribe) of $100,000 from Doheny and about three times that amount from Sinclair.

18th Amendment

- Never enforced because so many people violated the amendment and never really "enacted" - People thought that Prohibitio was here to stay, and this was especially popular in the Midwest and the South. - Supported by Women and Women's Christian Temperance Union, but posed problems because countries that produced alcohol tried to ship them to the U.S - Prohibition led to the rise of gangs that competed to distribute liquor - Volstead Act -- Federal act enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages.

Election of 1936

- New Dealers achieved considerable progress, and millions of "reliefers" were grateful to their government - Republicans condemned the New Deal for its radicalism, experimentation, confusion, and "frightful waste." And nominated Alfred M. Landon as their running mate - FDR won again because appealed as the "Forgotten Man" because he had forged a powerful and enduring coalition of the South, blacks, urbanites, and the poor

What was different about the new KKK

- New KKK was: anti-foreign, anti-Catholic, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-revolutionist, anti-bootlegger, anti-gambling, anti-adultery, and anti-birth control. - Mostly composed of [W]hite [A]anglo-[S]axon [P]rotestant and everything else - In 1920, 5 millions had joined and mostly from the South

"Flappers" (Flaming Youth)

- New group shocked many conservative older folk (who labeled the new style as full of erotic suggestions and inappropriate). The "flaming youth" who lived this modern life were called "flappers." - Danced new dances like the risqué "Charleston" and dressed more provocatively - Sigmund Freud said sexual repression was responsible for most of society's ills, and that pleasure and health demanded sexual gratification and liberation - Favored jazz type of music and Blacks like W.C. Handy, "Jelly Roll" Morton, and Joseph King Oliver gave birth to its bee-bopping sounds - Black pride had leaders such as Langston Hughes of the Harlem Renaissance and famous for The Weary Blues, which appeared in 1926

Warren G. Harding

- Newly elected President and he could not detect corruption within his adminstration

Work Progress Administration (WPA)

- Obj. was to employment on useful projects, such as the construction of building and roads, etc - Taxpayers criticized agency for paying people to do "useless" jobs

Changes in Fundamentalists/beliefs

- Old-time religion lost ground to the new Modernists, who liked to think that God was a "good guy" and the universe was a nice place, as opposed to the traditional view that man was a born sinner and in need of forgiveness through Christ.

Hoover's presidency

- Passed Agricultural Marketing Act which was designed to help farmers to help themselves, and set up a Federal Farm Board to help farmers - 1930, Farm Board created Grain Stabilization Corp. and Cotton Stabilization Corp. to bolster sagging prices by surpluses - Hoover did not pass measures that could have made the depression less severe than it could have been - Believed that government should not be interfere with the economic and felt that the depression was part of a natural economic process (Business Cycle) - Towards end of first term, started to use government to help people and started to established Reconstruction Finance Corp. - Laissez Faire (Government should not interfere), but later started to use Government to help Americans people

Court Changes Course; "Court-packing Plan,"

- President Roosevelt attempt to break down checks and balances system among the 3 branches of government - March 1937, the Supreme Court upheld the principle of state minimum wage for women - The Court was sympathetic towards the New Deal - Upheld National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) and the Social Security Act - FDR Court Packing scheme failed showed Am. that they did not wish to tampered the Sacred Justice System - Roosevelt's attempt to add six new Justices to the Supreme Court - Roosevelt's plan was to include an broad overhaul and modernization of the federal court system, but most important feature was a proposal to appoint one new Justice for every sitting Justice over the age of 70.5, up to a maximum of six members - Roosevelt's proposed legislation failed when the Senate voted 70-20 to return the bill to the Judiciary Committee with explicit instructions to strip it of its court-packing provisions

Mass-Consumption Economy

- Prosperity roared in 1920's because of the tax policies of Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon which caused the rapid expansion of capital investment - Henry Ford perfected the assembly-line production to where his famous Rouge River Plant was producing a finished automobile every ten seconds. - Automobile provided more freedom, more luxury, and more privacy - Advertising rose around this time and by persuasion, ploy, seduction, and sex appeal to sell merchandise - People followed new and dangerous buying techniques: Bought on installment plan and on credit. (Both ways were capable of putting consumer into debt) - Sports began to become popular: Babe Ruth and boxer Jack Dempsey and Georges Carpentier

Social Security Act

- Provided federal-state unemployment insurance to old age, specified categories of retired workers and disabled family were to receive regular payments from Washington - Gave many more people to spend $$ and have more jobs - Republican strongly opposed Soc. Sec.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (Hoover's Tariff)

- Raised tariff international trade to 60% in America - Foreigners hated this tariff and reversed a promising worldwide trend towards reasonable tariffs and widened the trade gaps

Andrew Mellon's Tax Policies

- Reduced tax burden on wealthy and contributed to stock market boom

FDR New Deal 3 R's

- Relief, Recovery, and Reform - Short-range goals were relief and immediate recovery - Long-range goals were permanent recovery and reform of current abuses - Gave FDR blank-check powers - Tackled money and banking - Congress passed Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933, which gave power to the president to regulate banking transactions and international exchanges and reopen banks - Began Fireside Chats over radio about New Deal

What happened in Chicago in 1920s

- Rise of gangs and "gansters" - 500 people were murdered, but captured criminals were rare, and convictions even rarer, since gangsters often provided false alibis for each other. - Infamous people were "Scarface" Al Capone and his St. Valentine's Day Massacre (Caught for tax evasion) - Gangs were in other activities such as: Prostitution, gambling, and narcotics by 1930, their annual profit was $12-8 billions - 1932 gangs kidnapped a baby son who belonged to Charles Lindbergh (Shocked the nation) and led to Lindbergh Law

Caused of Automobiles

- Spurred 6 million people to new jobs and took over railroads as king of transportation - New road constructed, Gasoline Industry boomed, and American's standard of living grew significantly - Cars were considered as luxuries, but then became everyday needs and brought adventure, excitement, and pleasure - Automobile killed many people because of accidents and by 1951, over 1,000,000 people died by car (More than total of Am. lost to all its previous wars combined)

What happened because of Red Scare

- States made it illegal to merely advocate the violent overthrow of government for social change.

Wall Street's Big Bull Market

- There was much over-speculation in the 1920s, especially on Florida home properties (until a hurricane took care of that), and even during times of prosperity, many, many banks failed each year. * Whole system was built on fragile credit. * Stock market's stellar rise made headline news (and enticed investors to drop their savings into the market's volatility). - Secretary of the Treasury Mellon reduced the amount of taxes that rich people had to pay, thrusting the burden onto the middle class, and reduced the national debt, but has since been accused of indirectly encouraging the Bull Market. - Prosperity of 1920's was setting up the crash that would lead to the poverty and suffering of the 1930's (Hangover decade)

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

- To speed recovery and better homes - To strengthen FHA, Congress created United States Housing Authority (USHA) to lend money to states or communities for low-cost construction

Scope "Monkey Trial"

- Trial where John T. Scopes was charged for teaching evolution (Evolutionists were also clashing against creationists) - William Jennings Bryan was against John T. Scopes and the teaching of Evolution, but the one-time "boy orator" was made to sound foolish and childish by expert attorney Clarence Darrow, and five days after the end of the trial, Bryan died. - Trial proved to illustrated the rift between new and old

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

- Two infamous person who murdered a Massachusetts paymaster and his guard. Later were executed.

FDR's Presidency

- Unemployment was still high and recovery has been slowed - 1937, economy took another downturn as new Social Security taxes began to cut into payrolls and as the Roosevelt administration cut back on spending out of the continuing reverence for the orthodox economic doctrine of the balanced budget. - Embraced British economist, John Maynard Keynes, where "Keynesianism" economic program was to stimulate the economy by planned deficit spending - 1939, Congress passed Reorganization Act and gave President Roosevelt limited power for Admin. Reforms - Ripped for trying to be dictator - Congress voted against his plan because they did not want to lose their power

Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO)

- Unskilled workers to organize was lead by John L. Lewis, boss of the United Mine Workers. - Led a series of strikes including the sit-down strike at the General Motors automobile factory in 1936 - Industries involved in interstate commerce were to set up minimum-wage and maximum-hour levels. Labor by children under the age of 16 was forbidden. - Joined AF and L and CIO changed to Congress of Industrial Organizations

Veteran's benefits and bonus

- Veterans, whom they had not been paid their compensation for WWI, marched to Washington D.C and demanded for their bonus - Camped outside the White House and created unsanitary camps and annoyance - Hoover charged them with military force and moved those campers out of the front lawn

Farmers after WWI

- WWI gave farmers prosperity because of the food they produced for the soldiers - Farmer fell into poverty because they technically became "useless" - Looked for relief

First Airplane (December 17, 1903)

- Wright brother's flew airplane for 12s over 120 ft at Kitty Hawk, N.C - Airplane was slow at start, but some plane were used in WWI, then soon became to use for mailing and other things - First airmail route was established form New York to San Francisco in 1920 - Many accidents and crashes, but safety improved

America on Rubber Tires

Americans adapted the gasoline engine