APUSH EXAM
54-40 or fight & date
-"Fifty-four forty or fight: -An aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon should be drawn. This was also Polk's slogan- the Democrats' wanted the U.S. border drawn at the 54'40" latitude. Polk settled for the 49 latitude in 1846. -1844 -Wanted Northern border
Stono Rebellion & date
-100 blacks rose up in South Carolina, got weapons, and killed whites in an attempt to escape to Florida -They were captured and executed -1739
Shay's Rebellion & date
-1756 -There were unfair taxes, farms being enclosed, a depression, and fines/imprisonment for debt and the farmers asked for relief and the gov said no and raised the taxes even more -Farmers turned violent and had courts shut down -Crushed but showed how problematic the Articles of Confederation was
Whiskey's Rebellion & date F
-1791 -Hamilton had an excise tax imposed on stuff like wheat which is needed for whiskey, so west Pennsylvania farmers didn't pay and attacked revenue collectors -Hamilton, Washington, and militiamen teamed up and shut the rebellion down, showing the strength of a federal gov/Constitution
Missouri Comrpomise & date
-1820 -36'30 N no slaves, south slavery -Jefferson was afraid of this compromise (this to deal with expansionist slavery)
corrupt bargain & date
-1824 -JQ Adams was president was -Jackson won popular vote -Clay became Secretary of State -Largely considered untrue -Clay is leader of HOR and HOR decides who the president is when the electoral college ain't working out
Mexican-American War
-American blood spilled on America soil (in disputed territory Nueces River to Rio Grande Raider)
Revolutionary War Effects
-American pride -America was independent -America still depended on GB for goods -New territory, new money, new problems
Boston Massacre
-An incident in which British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them; five colonists were killed. -Revere exaggerates the deaths; it was only 5 people killed and 6 people injured -Samuel Adams labeled this as a massacre
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
-Believed humans are naturally good and can rely on instincts -Gov exists to protect common good and should be a direct democracy -Sovereignity in people and social contract -Man is born free, but everywhere is born in chains
Voltaire
-Believed in freedom of speech ` -All for the freedoms
John Locke
-Believed in natural rights -Life, liberty, and property -Revolt if gov is messing with your rights
Pilgrims & date
-Believed in separation of church and state -Not as educated -Working class -Believed in democracy -Stayed in Plymouth -Had Mayflower COmpact written out -1620 -separatist because they broke away from the church of england
Baron de Montesquieu
-Believed in separation of powers/branches -Checks and balances
French and Indian War Causes
-Conflcit over land -British settlers keep moving into French land -French needed the land to keep Canada linked to the Caribbean -French saw it as a threat s British began to trade with the Iroquois -French began to build additional forts in the Ohio Valley
Second Continental Congress
-Defense was the priority -Washington was made commander of the continental congress -Many still did not believe this was a war for independence -Olive Branch Petition drafted and sent to the King George III, he later rejects
Democrats v. Whigs
-Democrats: common man, welcomed immigrants, benefited with expansion of white man vote -Whigs: Henry Clay American system supporters (internal improvements), reformers, US immigrants
english interaction with the natives
-Did not want anything to do with Natives -Kicked Natives out of the land -Charters got them here whether it's for religion, business, or ordered under the King (royal) -Roya's gov is started by king -Opportunities for them to have legislatures/voices in the government -Proprietatry-owned by individuals under king
French and Indian War Effects
-France lost claims to Canada and gave Louisiana to Spain; Britain got Florida, upper Canada, and overseas French territories; Britain got a lot of war debt in Treaty of Paris -Britain lost a lot of money, so they wanted to tax the colonies since they believe that they started it -Colonists felt nationalistic -Ended salutary neglect -Declaratory Act came into play
what challenges did washington encounter
-French Revolution (stayed neutral)/Neutrality Act of 1793 -Native Americans out west -Spain closing shipping on Mississippi -Britain still had troops in forts in the western frontier. GB also confiscated American ships in a blockade against France -Whiskey Rebellion -Establishing new gov -Created executive branch -foreign policy
washington's cabinet
-Hamilton was secretary of treasury -Jefferson was secretary of state -fought over most things like tariffs, state vs fed gov, etc
Enlightenment: Impact, forms of colonial gov, and important individuals
-Impact on colonial thought -Use reason to solve problems -Individual over privilege -House of Burgess was representative assembly in Virginia -Governers
Bacon's Rebellion & date
-Indentured servants were susceptible to attacks from the natives while the rich lived on the inside -Indentured servants asked for help from gov. they said no, and the indentured started to attack Natives so that the Natives can attack the rich -Nathaniel Bacon rises up against William Berkeley -Ended when Bacon got sick and died -1676
Jamestown & date
-Joint-stock company that became a royal colony after bankruptcy -King James I set that shit up -1607 -skilled with tobacco
Common Sense
-Made for common people to understand -Provides people a reason for why we should want independence against GB -Blamed George III for problems and urged independence
Declaration of Independence
-Made for the King -Establishes independence -Lists reasons why -John Locke ideas
Thomas Paine
-Published Common Sense -Believed that colonies should set up an independent democratic republic away from England -Sparked the Revolution
Navigation Acts
-Regulated trade in order to benefit Britain's economy -Colonies can only trade with England -Exports are carried on British ships by British men
Plymouth
-Religious based--came for religious freedom -Included Pilgrims and religious dissenters -1620 -Mayflower Compact
March of the Paxton Boys & date
-Scot-Irish living in the Appalachian Mountains protested against the Quakers leniency of natives in Penn -Paxton were also bitter over Proclamation of 1763 that restricted their land so they got drunk and killed native -1763
King Cotton
-Southern cotton dominated cotton industry - expected this would them foreign support in Civil War
spanish interaction with the natives
-Spanish enslaved the Natives -Spanish converted Natives to Catholicism, had babies,and created a racial caste system called social order based on how Spanish you are -Spanish made the Natives search for gold for them -Missionaries are still around -God, Gold, and Glory; MAINLY GOLD HENCE ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM -Encomienda system to get land and laborers -Blended
Sugar Act
-The first parliamentary act bent on turning a revenue in the colonies. This law cut the tariff on Molasses in half, and levied new taxes on imports of foreign textiles, wine, coffee, indigo, and sugar -Prevent smuggling -Really only merchants
Seneca Falls Convention & date
-Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.
louisiana purchase & date
-U.S. acquisition of the Louisiana territory from France in 1803 for $15 million. The purchase secured American control of the Mississippi river and doubled the size of the nation. -France wanted to get rid of land because they were in a war and slave revolts were going on in Haiti -Not very Democratic of him because Constitution did not say he can buy land, but Jefferson defended this by making it a treaty and saying that he can use the land for his agriculture economy -1803
what happened during the quasi-war
-XYZ Affair -French harassment of American ships -French reps want bribe, America refused= suspended trade with French
era of good feelings
-after War of 1812 -James Monroe -Domination of Democrat Republic and decline of Federalists -Missouri Compromise (solve dispute between North and South) -National identity grew
sedition acts
-can't speak bad about the government (freedom of speech?)
bank wars
-destroyed National Bank by withdrawing all the Federal funds and put them in pet state banks -vetoed recharter of the national bank
sectionialism
-divided nation -many proposals to try and deal with slavery, none worked -even turned violent in the senate (Brooks canning Sumner)
what precedents did washington establish
-executive orders -established executive branch -2 terms for presidency
Constitution: Express vs Implied
-express is when it is directly stated in the constitution -implied is when it assumed power but consitution doesn't say it
What was the defense/justification
-it's good for black and white people -it's in the bible -we are superior so we should help them/paternalism
Mercantilism
-mother country controls trade of its manufactured goods to trade to colonies in exchange for raw materials
Popular sovereignity
-people of territory make their own decision regarding slavery -expected to use constitutional principles; General Lewis Cass= "father"
Albany Plan of Union & date
-plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade and military/intercolonial government -the plan was turned down by the colonies because they had their own state pride -the Crown also rejected it because they are scared they will come up together and revolt against them -Join or Die picture: if we don't q -Led to the Articles of Confederation
Marshall Court
-pro federal government over state rights -established judicial powers -court determines meaning of Consitution
Kansas-Nebraska Act
-repealed Missouri Compromise -popuar sovereignity being abused led North antislavery groups to get angry = British of anti-slavery party (Republicans)
what did washington say in farewell address
-stay away from political parties -do not get into public alliances
Stamp Act
-tax on printed materials to "keep troops in colonies" and required stamps on all court documents, land titles, contracts, playing cards, newspapers, and other printed items -First direct tax
Revolutionary War Causes
-taxes -no representation -Boston Tea Party -Intolerable Acts
war of 1812
-vs British because impressment -US reasserts power over West territory and removes GB presence
Townshend Revenue Act
Persuaded Parliament to pass these regulations with an import duty on glass, while lead, paper and paint and tea. This was an indirect customs duty payable at American ports.
How is the Constitution structured
Preamble, Bill of Rights, seven articles, amendments
Declaration of Sentiments
series of resolutions issued at the end of the Seneca Falls Convention, NY. in 1848; modeled after the Declaration of Independence, the list of grievances called for economic and social equality for women, along with a demand for the right to vote.
Utopias
societies based on a perfect community
kentucky and virginia resolutions
made by madison and jefferson, this argued that states had the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws and at the time, it was against the alien and sedition acts
describe civil rights act of 1964
made segregation illegal in all public facilities
indian reservations
made through questionable treaties with the "Leaders of each tribe" established boundaries for each tribe and attempted to break them up into two big groups, the north and the south
how did technological advancement change consumer actions during the 1920s
technological advancement allowed more free time since machines like the washing machine and vacuum cleaners made labor easier and products like the automobile and radio opened up more opportunities for leisure
pocahontas
teenage girl that married john rolfe as a way to ease the tension between the natives and the english settlers
townshend acts
taxed goods imported directly from britain, taxes set aside for tax collectors, more government offices in the colonies, susoended new york legislature
identify two more changes supported by progressives which eventually became enacted into law by 1920
the 18th amendment brought about prohibition and the 19th amendment allowed women to vote.
which of the following conflicts raised the most similar concerns about the violation of civil rights as did world war i
the american civil war
what is the argument for nativism and what types of actions tries to support this concept
the argument for nativism is that foreigners are taking up all the american jobs. quota laws and the chinese immigration ban supports this concept by limiting the amount of immigrants who can come in and getting rid of the chinese minners.
what was the biggest struggle the native american population faced during the last half of the 19th century
the biggest struggle was assimilation. native americans were stripped from their culture and forced to learn english and become white which was hard for them.
impressment
the british stopped american ships and assumed that the american sailors were british without proof and forced them to join the british navy
the lower south
the carolinas; concentrated n cash crops such as tobacco and rice; relied on slavery and substinence farming
samuel gompers
is responsible for the formation of one of the first labor unions. The American Federation of Labor worked on getting people better hours and better wages. The formation of this triggered the formation of various others that would come later.
cuban missile crisis
The Cuban Missile Crisis was an incident where Soviet missiles were placed in Cuba as a response for help. The event greatly increased tensions between the Soviets and the Americans. As a result, a hotline was established between the two nations to avoid any accidents.
adlai stevenson
The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term "eggheads". Lost to Eisenhower.
woodrow wilson
The Democratic representative in the presidential elections of 1912 and 1916. He was elected into the presidency as a minority president. He was born in Virginia and was raised in a very religious family. He was widely known for his political sermons. He was an aggressive leader and believed that Congress could not function properly without good leadership provided by the president. His progressive program was known as New Freedom and his foreign policy program was Moral Diplomacy. He was president during World War I.
Embargo Act
The Embargo Act of 1807 was a law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Britian and France had been continuously harassing the U.S. and siezing U.S. ship's and men. The U.S. was not prepared to fight in a war, so Pres. Jefferson hoped to weaken Brittian and France by stopping trade. The Embargo Act ended up hurting our economy more than theirs. It was repealed in 1809. The Embargo Act helped to revive the Federalists. It caused New England's industry to grow. It eventually led to the War of 1812.
which group was most helped by reagonomics and which group was most negatively affected by reaganomics
investors and rich people were helped most by reaganomics. the poor was exploited.
Slave Trade Compromise
slavery can continue for another 20 years and it prolongs the debate of slavery
john maynard keynes
British economist who argued that for a nation to recovery fully from a depression, the government had to spend money to encourage investment and consumption
alger hiss
A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy (giving classified documents to the Soviets) and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.
ida tarbell
A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.
french revolution
`jefferson wanted to support the revolutionaries whereas hamilton was against it; washington decided to stay neutral
the prohibition movement was similar to other progressive reforms because it
began on the local and state levels before becoming national
wade-davis bill
Required 50% voters of a state to take a loyalty oath: permitted only non-Confederates to vote for a new state constitution. Lincoln refused to sign this bill.
The Fugitive Slave Clause
Required all states to return runaway slaves to their masters
joseph stalin
(1878-1953) Premier of the USSR from 1941 to 1953, but secured power in 1922 by succeeding Vladimir Lenin and exiling and assassinating Leon Trotsky. Led the USSR through WWII, and worked closely with FDR and Winston Churchill during the conflict. Head of delegations during the Yalta and Potsdam Conference. Transformed the USSR from a largely agrarian society to an industrial one, via reforms known as Five-Year Plans. Ran a totalitarian society by a series of purges. Communist. Interestingly, he wanted to be an Orthodox priest in his early years.
dollar diplomacy
Term used to describe the efforts of the US to further its foreign policy through use of economic power by gaurenteeing loans to foreign countries
three-fifths compromise
slaves counted as three-fifths of a person to help select the amount of representatives in the southern regions
tariffs
tariffs placed to protect manufacturing in england including the navigation acts
stamp act
tax aimed directly at raising revenue, covering all documents and licenses
what was hamilton's motivation for imposing tariffs on imported goods
wanted to help out northern manufacturers
thoroughly describe why the populists wanted to embrace bimetalism
wanted to increase money supply and money circulation
the issue of freedom of the seas in world war i most closely resembles the cause of which of the following conflicts
war of 1812
Puritans & date
-Wanted to purify the Anglican Church -Focused on education ruled by religious leaders -Lived in Mass -Puritans separated from the gov -1620 -separatist because they broke away from the church of england
what two factors hindered the new south
-late in industrialization -poorly educated working class -poor political leadership
Black codes
-laws to keep blacks from equality in south. -tightened with more revolts -became jim crow laws
ways south kept slaves down
-laws vs learning to read, "gag rule" to keep congress from considering antislavery petitions -no social gatherings for blacks unless at least one person
knight of labor`
-leadership of terence v powderly -worker cooperatives 'to make each man his employer' -abolition of child labor -abolition of trusts and monopolies -included black people and women
cult of domesticity
-women stayed at home to teach children religion and morals
republican motherhood
-women stayed at home to teach children to be leaders, patriotic, better citizens
hinton helper
-writes "impending crisis" which gets banned in the south proved that slavery did not help the south
Temperance movement
To try to band alcohol because of abuses. Maine was the first state to band all alcohol few.
scopes "monkey" trial
1925; teacher John Scopes on trial for teaching evolution; raised countrywide debate on whether people believed in evolution or creationism
what is meant by uneven distribution of wealth? compare wealth disparity between the giant industrialists and the average wage earner
95% of money belonged to the 5% wealthy. Barely any wealth people but they had all the money.
tennessee valley authority
A New Deal agency created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven-U.S.-state region around the Tennessee River Valley . It created many dams that provided electricity as well as jobs
judicial review
established under marbury v madison, the judicial review gave the Supreme Court the power to decide if a law is or is not constitutional
freedmen
ex-slaves freed after the civil war
Compromise of 1850
-Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , -banning slave trade in DC, -admitting California as a free state, -splitting up the Texas territory, -instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession
french interaction with the natives
-France built extremely friendly/fake relationships -Fur trade -Good allies -Adopted their culture -Natives had a voice in the FR governments established there -Depended on Native knowledge
rutherford b hayes
"His Fraudulency." President as a result of the Compromise of 1877 (Democrats conceded the disputed election to Hayes in exchange for the removal of Federal troops from the South, building of a Southern railroad, one Democratic cabinet member, and legislation to help industrialize the South), he resumed gold payments, refused to expand currency, and didn't overhaul civil service as promised. Complained about treatment of blacks but did nothing to prevent it. Bland Allison Act passed over his veto (required the U.S. treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars. The goal was to subsidize the silver industry in the Mountain states and inflate prices). Wife was "Lemonade Lucy" for not serving alcohol in the White House.
square deal
"Square Deal" embraced the three Cs: control of the corporations, consumer protection, and the conservation of the United States' natural resources.
before sending troops into world war ii, list an describe two specific ways the united states aided their allies
"cash and carry" which allowed britain to buy us arms if they used their own ships and paid cash. destroyers-for-bases deal allowed which gave the british us destroyers
which phrase best summarizes what riis considers the cause of the problems he sees
"in the tenements all the influences make for evil"
Frederick Douglass
(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.
Sons of Liberty
-Used intimidation against tax collectors (like tarring and feathering them)
what was the treaty of Tordesillas and why was it implemented? in the long-run, which country got the better of the treaty? & DATE
-1494 -Pope didn't want conflict between his top Catholic countries, so he divided the land with a line of Demarcation -Line of Demarcation went through Brazil -East is Portugal -West is Spain -Spain got the better since they had more land
indian removal act & date
-1830 -Act made Natives to reservations -Led to Trail of Tears
manifest destiny: texas & date
-1845 -fought mix over slavery, wanted to be admitted to union
vicksburg & date
-1863 -union forces control new orleans and most of Mississippi River -union bombared confederacy for 7 weeks -confederacy surrenders -victory cut off texas, lousiana, and arkansas from confederacy
emancipation proclamation & date
-1863 -freed slaves in rebelling states and allowed blacks to fight in the Union army -Changed reason for the war
Rise of the Republican Party
-Antislavery, antiexpansion-policies aren't work
age of jackson
-Democrat -for the common man
Colonial and British actions in Revolutionary War
-George Washington led American forces -Guerilla warfare -French and Spanish support for colonies
industrial workers of the world
-Led by "Mother" Jones, Elizabeth Flynn, Big Bill Haywood, and Eugene Debs; -strove to unite all laborers, including unskilled workers and African Americans -its goal was to create "One Big Union" -embraced the rhetoric of class conflict and endorsed violent tactics -collapsed during WWI.
1860 election
-Lincoln wins, south begins to removed -South Carolina left in February -States formed Confederate Union where they focused on state rights
Define and describe the "Lowell" system economically and socially
-Mill girls -Lived in dormitories -Paid little, but everything was provided
burnt over district & date
-New York revival movement intense in New york -1843
southern christian leadership conference
-Organization formed by MLK in 1957 -Aimed to mobilize the vast power of the black churches on behalf of black rights -Trained and tested African Americans for ability to remain calm so they could participate nonviolently in marches and "sit ins"
fair deal
-Truman's 1949 message to Congress -program that called for improved housing , full employment, higher minimum wage, better farm price supports, new TVA's, and the extension of social security -Its only successes: raised the minimum wage, better public housing, extended old-age insurance to more people.
supporters of articles of confederation
-antifederalists because it was about strong state governments
adam smith
-argued that the economic system was like a machine functioning by natural and automatic rules, by the "invisible hand" of market forces -law of supply and demand: determined all economic values
what are things that happened in the 1840s and 1850s that led to jefferson's fear to be right
-bleeding kansas -kansas nebraska act -compromise of 1850 -lincoln vs douglass debate
what was the major aspects of the dawes severalty act
-broke up native tribes and made them civilized -millions of land distributed to native americans
in what way did britain respond to the boston tea party
-closed boston harbor, sent soldiers -coercive act/intolerable acts
positive impacts of transcontinental railroad
-created jobs for the poor -promoted expansion in the west
sherman's march to sea
-destroy southern morale by burning it up and destroying all means that could be used for war
negative impacts of transcontinental railroad
-destroyed native american people and land -killed off buffalo
specie circular
-didn't trust paper money, so he used gold, silver and bronze, causing deflation
how did w.e.b. dubois' message differ from booker t washington's
-dubois said segregation ends now; bring us our rights -washington said let's work for our rights, guys
explain how benjamin franklin was an enlightenment philosopher. to do this, you need to define what the enlightenment was and then explain how franklin's actions fit into that definition.
-enlightenment is about reasoning in society and government -benjamin wrote poor richard's almanac which provided knowledge about society, government, and how things should be handled
roger williams
-established religious tolerance -Rhode Island
interstate commerce act
-established the federal government's right to oversee railroad activities -required railroads to public their rate schedules and file them with the government
negatives of columbian exchange
-european diseases -blacks became slaves after natives died -lost leadership since they gave away stronger men/women
northwest ordinance of 1787
-focused on governing territories north of ohio river -cannot bring slavery into those territories
what did de las casa do which broke down the encomienda system, and what did it eventually lead to?
-fought for better treatment of the native americans -leads to african slavery
american federation of labor
-founded by samuel gompers -focused on higher wages and improved working conditions -largest union with one million members
benefits of columbian exchange
-improved diets -improve life expectancy -horses -increased population
proclamation of 1763
-in between french and indian war and revolutionary war -cannot go past appalachian mountains because GB does not want war with natives #theydontwantnosmoke -Pontiac's rebellion
why was jefferson agaisnt the missouri compromise
-it sets up a divided line and enhances sectionalism
presidential reconstruction
-lincoln's ten percent plan allowed southerns (excluding high ranking confederate officers) to take oath promising loyalty to union and to end slavery -when 10% registered to vote to take oath, loyal state govenment could formed -Plan was not accepted -Johnson initially followed Lincoln's plan but gradually changed course- gave amnesty to former confederate officals and oppossed legislation that dealt with former slaves -Vetoed Civil Rights Act and Freedmen's Bureau
describe three facets of hamilton's financial program
-national bank -protective tariffs -assume debts and take them on
what ways did individuals and the government get involved in the preservation of the natural environment
-national parks -advocated creation of forest reserves and a federal forest service -forest reserve act and forest management act withdrew federal timberlands from development and regulated their use
gettysburg (address)
-new birth of freedom -all men created equal -gov ppl of ppl -for the ppl shall not parish -new war is about slavery and equality
alien acts
-new hurdles to citizenship
what was the 1735 trial of john peter zenger about? what important precedent did it establish?
-peter zenger wrote a negative but true article about the governor and he was put on trial because you cannot talk bad about the government, but he went off free because it was not libel -freedom of press, freedom of speech
what was booker t washington's basic message to the black population
-preaches virtues of hard work, moderation, and economic self-help -hard work will prove we deserve rights headass
what is the difference between a protective tariff and a revenue tariff
-protective tariff protects american business -revenue tariff is only about making money in general -south hates protective tariffs
congressional reconstruction
-radical repubs wanted sotuh to be dealt with in a harsh manner -thought lincoln was too easy on south
KKK
-south refusing to change ways and attitudes -laws vs blacks- black codes -try to convince moderate republicans to prevent radical republicans from passing legislature to help blacks
election of 1876/comrpomise of 1877
-special committee to look at the election -Tilden (Dem) should have won but gave to Hayes -equal end Reconstruction and withdrew federal troops -South back into the Union
Marbury v. Madison
-states want to tax bank -decision is that states cannot tax the federal government
monroe doctrine
-tells europe to stay out of the western hemisphere -europe wasn't with it, but britain was; they didn't want smoke with gb's navy so they backed tf up
second coming of jesus
-the end of the world
reconstruction
-tried to change south but the south resists -restore states to the union as quickly as possible "malice towards none"
explain 3 specific examples of nativism and racism that occurred between 1900 and 1945
1) case of Sacco and Vanzetti-two italian men were accussed of murder and robbing a bank with barely any evidence and were hung because of it 2) palmer raids-immigrants were mainly targeted and accused of being communists with little evidence and they faced deportation and arrest 3) japanese internment camps-japanese were forced out of their homes in the west coast and into internment camps due to suspicion
list and describe three platform issues defined within the omaha platform
1) director election of us senators 2) unlimited coinage of silver 3) graduated income tax
quebec act
1) granted freedom to catholics which the protestants distrusted 2) extended boundaries of quebec which limited westward expansion
national security council
10 men and women who advise the President, in consultation with the Department of Defense, connect the dots between foreign relations and Defense
amendments
13: freed slaves, 14: citizenship and equal protection, 15: can deny suffrage due to race, etc
james k polk
13th President. Dark-Horse (1844) whose four pronged approach to presidency was: reestablish the independent treasury system, reduce tariffs, aquire Oregon, and acquire California and New Mexico from Mexico.
McCulloch v Maryland
1819, Cheif justice john marshall limits of the US constition and of the authority of the federal and state govts. one side was opposed to establishment of a national bank and challenged the authority of federal govt to establish one. supreme court ruled that power of federal govt was supreme that of the states and the states couldnt interfere
gold rush
1848 gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, California. News of the discovery soon spread, resulting in some 300,000 men, women, and children coming to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. These early gold-seekers, called "forty-niners," traveled to California by sailing boat and in covered wagons across the continent, often facing substantial hardships on the trip. San Francisco grew from a small settlement to a boomtown, and roads, churches, schools and other towns were built throughout California. A system of laws and a government were created, leading to the admission of California as a state in 1850
chinese exclusion act
1882, halted Chinese immigration to America; Started when people of the West Coast attributed declining wages and economic troubles to the hated Chinese workers; In order to appease them Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act
mckinley tariff
1890 bill calling for the highest peacetime tariff yet: 48.4 percent. It gave a bounty of two cents a pound to American sugar producers, and raised tariffs on agricultural products. The duties on manufactured goods hurt farmers financially.
atlantic charter
1941, outlined a vision in which a world would abandon their traditional beliefs in military alliances and spheres of influence and govern their relations with one another though democratic process, with an international organization serving as the arbiter of disputes and the protector of every nation's right of self determination.
marshall plan
1947, $5.3 billion to Europe to help rebuild post-war; mainly raw materials, food and fuel; underlying purpose of preventing communism; Soviets attempt to imitate with their own Molotov Plan- failure
bonus expeditionary force
20,000 veterans who converged on the capital in the summer of 1932; they were demanding the immediate payment of their entire bonus, which was meant to be paid in later years. They set up public camps. The pending bonus bill failed to pass in Congress, and Hoover arranged to pay the return fare of 6000 of them, but the rest refused to leave and were forcibly removed by MacArthur in the Battle of Anacostia Flats
grover cleveland
22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes
william howard taft
27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.
warren g harding
29th President of the United States (1921-1923). A Republican from Ohio. promised return to normality after WW1 used efforts of make no enemies during his presdiency. scandals affected his presidency such as the Ohio Gang that had to do with financial jobs that he offered his friends. Died into his presidency.
what early 21st century event changed the focus of us foreign policy
9/11
florence kelley
A former Hull House resident who became illinois first Chief factory inspector. In 1899 she took control of the National Consumers League.
pullman strike
A 1894 strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's new willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages
palmer raids
A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities
domino theory
A 20th Century Foreign Policy theory, promoted by the government of the United States that speculated if one land in a region came under the influence of Communists, then more would follow in a domino
douglas macarthur
A General who commanded a broad offensive against the Japanese that would move north from Australia, through New Guinea, and eventually to the Philippines.
molly maguire
A Irish miner's union that was established in Pennsylvania during the 1860s and 1870s; tens of thousands of Irish were forced to flee their homeland during the potato famine, but were not welcomed in America, who regarded them as a social menace and competition for jobs; forced to fend for themselves, they banded together to improve their social, financial, and political situation.
Tecumseh
A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.
los angeles riots (rodney king)
A brief account of the six days of rioting which set Los Angeles aflame following the acquittal of four police officers who were filmed beating black motorist Rodney King.
most favored nation trade status
A clause in a commercial treaty that awards to any later signatories all the privileges previously granted to the original signatories.
baby boom
A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.
vietcong
A communist-led army and guerrilla force in South Vietnam that fought its government and was supported by North Vietnam
washington naval conference
A conference hosted by the US which called for US and British de-fortification of Far East possessions (though Japan could fortify all it wanted). Also called for general naval disarmament.
cold war
A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
phyllis schlafly
A conservative female political activist. She stopped the ERA from being passed, seeing that it would hinder women more than it would help them.
fourteenth amendment
A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians
First Continental Congress
A convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies (not the Province of Georgia) that met on September 5, 1774 at Carpenter's Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania as a response to the Coercive (Intolerable Acts). The First Continental Congress was significant because the boycotts were successful (non exportation of goods to Britian, West Indies nonimportation of British goods). Also, the Second Continental Congress was a result.
thomas edison
A deaf Edison invented the phonograph and by 1900 it was used in over 150,000 homes. His invention made going to the symphony obsolete. He also invented the light bulb. This invention changed the way of life for thousands of Americans.
containment
A foreign policy developed by diplomat George Kennan that claimed that the only way to stop Russia's expansionist ways was to contain it. It was the basis of US foreign policy after WWII designed to stop the spread of communism.
frederick douglass
A former slave who was an abolitionist, gifted with eloquent speech and self-educated. In 1838 he was "discovered" as a great abolitionist to give antislavery speeches. He swayed many people to see that slavery was wrong by publishing "Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass" which depicted slavery as being cruel. He also looked for ways politically to end slavery.
booker t washington
A former slave. Encouraged blacks to keep to themselves and focus on the daily tasks of survival, rather than leading a grand uprising. Believed that building a strong economic base was more critical at that time than planning an uprising or fighting for equal rights. Washington also stated in his famous "Atlanta Compromise" speech in 1895 that blacks had to accept segregation in the short term as they focused on economic gain to achieve political equality in the future. Served as important role models for later leaders of the civil rights movement.
xenophobia
A general fear or dislike of foreigners; popular among the older generations during the 1880s and 1890s due to the rapid immigration rates.
amnesty (immigration)
A general or group pardon that is usually granted before conviction. This power is most commonly associated with post-war clemency, for draft evasion, sedition or other violations of selective service laws.
Hudson River School
A group of American painters of the mid 1800s whose works are characterized by a highly romantic treatment of landscape, esp. along the Hudson River
copperheads
A group of Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and wanted immediate peace negotiations with the Confederacy. The most famous was Congressman Clement L. Vallandigham of Ohio who was briefly banished to Canada for his speeches against the war.
trust
A group of corporations run by a single board of directors, A monopoly that controls goods and services, often in combinations that reduce competition; John Rockefeller is associated with this.
beatniks
A group of rebellious writers and intellectuals. They advocated spontaneity, use of drugs, and rebellion against social standards.
fugitive slave act
A law making it a crime to help runaway slaves. If caught could face up to 6 months in prison and a $1000 dollar fine. Commissioners 10 dollars right slave $5 dollars wrong slave.
langston hughes
A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance in poems such as "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" and "My People"
yalta conference
A meeting in Yalta of President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, and Joseph Stalin in February in 1945, in which the leaders discussed the treatment of Germany, the status of Poland, the creation of the United Nations and Russian entry into the war against Japan
libertarianism
A minor party that believes in extremely limited government. Libertarians call for a free market system, expanded individual liberties such as drug legalization, and a foreign policy of nonintervention, free trade, and open immigration.
Mulattoes
A mulatto denotes a person with one white parent and one black parent. Mulattoes were found primarily in the South, where White and African-American populations were in closer proximity and thus the odds of having a mixed-race child increased. During the slave trade, a slave master could have children with a slave and consider the child a slave or pass for white.
bosnia conflict
A new nation that quickly became embroiled in a bloody civil war between muslims and christians. United States sent a negotiator to settle the struggle, Richard Holbrooke, who brought the warring parties together and crafted an agreement to patition Bosnia.
Abolitionist
A person who wanted to end slavery. People saw slavery as a crime against humanity and the wanted to end it any means possible, so they began to protest and try to convince the people running the state to end slavery.
transcendentalism
A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches
lost generation
A phrase made popular by American author Ernest Hemingway in his first published novel The Sun Also Rises. Often it is used to refer to a group of American literary notables who lived in Paris and other parts of Europe, some after military service in the First World War. Figures identified with the "Lost Generation" include authors and poets F. Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, Waldo Peirce, and John Dos Passos. It also refers to the time period from the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. More generally, the term is used for the generation of young people coming of age in the United States during and shortly after World War I
communism
A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state.
huey long
A politician from LA, he was Roosevelt's biggest threat. Increased the share of state taxes paid by corporations, and also embarked on public works projects including new schools, highways, bridges, and hospitals; seized almost dictatorial control of the state government; believed that the New Deal was not radical enough.
social gospel
A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. Popular at the turn of the twentieth century, it was closely linked to the settlement house movement, which brought middle-class, Anglo-American service volunteers into contact with immigrants and working people.
Second Great Awakening
A second religious fervor that swept the nation. It converted more than the first. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.
bleeding kansas
A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in KansasTerritory where new proslavery and antislavery constitutions competed.The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.
second great awakening
A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.
Underground Railroad
A system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North
assembly lines
A system that increased worker productivity and product output. Perfected by Henry Ford and soon adopted by many businesses around the country.
zimmermann telegram
A telegram intercepted by British intelligence sent by Arthur Zimmermann, the German foreign minister, that proposed Mexico ally itself with Germany in return for Germany's pledge to help Mexico recover lost territories: Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.
the new south
A vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady, the editor of the Atlanta Constitution, spread the gospel of the ______ with editorials for economic diversity and laissez-faire capitalism.
american suffrage association
A women's suffrage organization led by Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell, and others who remained loyal to the Republican Party, despite its failure to include women's voting rights in the Reconstruction Amendments. Stressing the urgency of voting rights for African American men, AWSA leaders held out hope that once Reconstruction had been settled, it would be women's turn.
36 °30'
According to the Missouri Compromise (1820), slavery was forbidden in the Louisiana territory north of the a certain latitude. This was nullified by the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Tea Act
Act eliminated import duties entering England, lowering the selling price to consumers, also allowing selling directly to consumers, hurting middlemen. It angered the colonies since it gave a monopoly to the British East India Tea Company, thus forcing local tea sellers out of business.
homestead act
Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30 - instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm, turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms were repo'd or failed until "dry farming" took root on the plains , then wheat, then massive irrigation projects
enviromentalism
Activist movement begun in the 19060s that was concerned with protecting the environment through activities such as conservation, pollution control measures and public awareness campaigns.
medgar evers
African-American civil rights activist & NAACP leader in Mississippi; murdered in his driveway by KKK after JFK's 1963 speech supporting civil rights; death motivated government involvement in civil rights
montgomery bus boycott
After Rosa Parks is arrested, MLK rallies the black community to do this. This seriously hurt the bus companies. This lasted more than a year, and ended in '56 when the SC declared segregated buses unconstitutional.
Republic of Texas
Also known as the "Lone Star Republic," was an independent sovereignty in North American from 1836 to 1846 as a result of the Texan Revolution. The Annexation of Texas would later be a major factor of the Mexican-American War.
roe v wade
All state laws prohibiting abortions were made unconstitutional based on a woman's right to privacy
Missouri Compromise
Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)
jazz
Also known as the American High, describes the period of the 1920s, the years between the end of World War I and the onset of the Great Depression, particularly in North America and (in the era's literature) specifically in New York City, largely coinciding with the Roaring Twenties; ending with the rise of the Great Depression, the traditional values of this age saw great decline while the American stock market soared.
planned parenthood
American Birth Control League started by Margaret Sanger
matthew perry
American Naval officer sent by Millard Fillmore to negotiate a trade deal with Japan. Backed by an impressive naval fleet, Perry showered Japanese negotiators with lavish gifts. Combining military bravado with diplomatic finesse, he negotiated the landmark Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854, ending Japan's two centuries of isolation.
thurgood marshall
American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.
american expenditionary force
American force of 14,500 that landed in France in June 1917 under the command of General John Pershing. Both women and blacks served during the war, mostly under white officers
frederick jackson turner
American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.
margaret sanger
American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.
James Fenimore Cooper
American novelist who is best remembered for his novels of frontier life, such as "The Last of the Mohicans" (1826) and "The Deerslayer" It was a view of life between whites and Native Americans.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
American poet that was influenced somewhat by the transcendentalism occurring at the time. He was important in building the status of American literature. Wrote- "Midnight Ride of Paul Revere" and The Song of Hiawatha"
Ralph Waldo Emerson
American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.
Washington Irving
American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820).
rationing
Americans at home reminded to conserve materials in all aspects of life to support the military; resulted in saving up of money to cause economic boom after war
gloria steinem
An American feminist, journalist, and social and political activist who became nationally recognized as a leader of, and media spokeswoman for, the women's liberation movement in the late 1960s and 1970s.
stephen douglas
An American politician from Illinois that designed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. He won the election for senator of Illinois after the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858. He was a believer in popular sovereignty, and was nicknamed the Little Giant.
middle east oil crisis
Because we supported Israel in the Middle East War, OPEC put an embargo on oil sold to Israel's supporters aka us. Caused a worldwide oil shortage. Cause inflation, unemployment, and a lower standard of living for blue collar workers + a 55 mph speed limit to save oil.
andrew carnegie
Andrew Carnegie set the standard for new steel mills. Carnegie was an advocate of Social Darwinism and believed that unrestricted competition would eliminate weak businesses. He also thought that a concentration of wealth was a natural result of capitalism, but that it should be given back to society.
chester a arthur
Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president.
Public Education
Before reform few children had opportunity for an education; Between 1830-1850, many northern states opened free public schools. Education allowed kids more chances. To allow all races and genders to attend the same school.
bombing of hiroshima and nagasaki
Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki involved the nuclear attack on the Japanese city of Hiroshima by the United States Army Air Forces on August 6, 1945 with the nuclear weapon "Little Boy," followed three days later by the detonation of the "Fat Man" bomb over Nagasaki during World War II against the Empire of Japan, part of the opposing Axis Powers alliance. the prevailing view is that the bombings ended the war months sooner than would otherwise have been the case, saving many lives that would have been lost on both sides if the planned invasion of Japan had taken place.
ernest hemingway
Author who wrote The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms, exemplified the "Lost Generation" of WWI
selective service act
Authorized President Woodrow Wilson to raise an infantry force from the general population of no more than four divisions, and it created the Selective Service System.
interstate highway act
Authorized the construction of 42,000 miles of interstate highways linking all the nation's major cities.
jp morgan
Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"
fifteenth amendment
Banned states from denying African Americans the right to vote
zora neale hurtson
Black writer who wanted to save African American folklore. She traveled all across the South collecting folk tales, songs & prayers of Black southerners. Her book was called Mules and Men.
Boston Tea Party & date
Boston patriots organized the Boston Tea Party to protest the 1773 Tea Act. In December 1773, Samuel Adams warned Boston residents of the consequences of the Tea Act. Boston was boycotting the tea in protest of the Tea Act and would not let the ships bring the tea ashore. Finally, on the night of December 16, 1773, colonials (Sons of Liberty) disguised as Indians boarded the ships and threw the tea overboard.
sinking of the lusitania
British passenger liner sunk by a German U-boat, May 7, 1915, creating a diplomatic crisis and public outrage at the loss of 128 Americans (roughly 10 percent of the total aboard); Germany agreed to pay reparations, and the United States waited two more years to enter World War I.
fireside chats
Broadcasts on the radio by Franklin Roosevelt addressed directly to the American people that made many Americans feel that he personally cared about them; FDR did 16 of these in his first two terms. Many Americans in the 1930s had pictures of Roosevelt in their living rooms; in addition, Roosevelt recieved more letters from ordinary Americans that any other president in U.S. history.
Brook Farm
Brook Farm was an ideal community created by transcendentalists and other radical reformers. Brook Farm was founded outside Boston in 1841. Transcendentalists were frequent visitors at Brook Farm. The economic failure of Brook Farm, however, led to their downfall.
rachel carson
Called the "mother of the modern conservation movement" because of her 1962 book, Silent Spring, which exposed the poisonous effects of pesticides.
us steel
Carnegie sold his company in 1900 for over 400 million to a new steel combination headed by JP Morgan. The new corporations, United States Steel, was the first billion dollar company and also the largest enterprise in the world, employing 168,000 people and controlling over 3/5th of the nations steel business
japanese internment camps
Carried out through Executive Order 9066, which took many Japanese families away from their homes and into internment camp. Motivated (somewhat) by racisim and fear of spies
earl warren
Chief Justice and former governor of California; brought originally taboo social issues, such as civil rights to African Americans, to the attention of Congress and the country. Known for the "Brown v. Board of Education" case of 1954.
civil rights cases
Civil Rights Cases: 1883. Cases that narrowly defined civil rights guaranteed by 14th Amendment - said blacks were protected against state action to limit their rights but not against individual actions - declared Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional.
freedom riders
Civil Rights activists who traveled across the South on a crusade to end segregation in facilities serving interstate bus passengers; their efforts were frequently met with protests and violence; when southern officials failed to come to their aid, JFK dispatched federal marshals to protect the riders.
ulysses s grant
Civil War hero (defeat of Lee at Appomattox ending the war) who was nominated by the Republicans for president in 1868 with his campaign slogan "Let us have peace," marking his party's desire to continue Southern Reconstruction; his presidency was marked by bribes and corruption.
henry clay
Clay was a Political Scientist during the 1820's. He was also a Congressman from Kentucky. He developed the American System which US adopted after the War of 1812. The American System created a protective tariff to American Markets. It also used the tariff to build road and canel for better transportation. (The American System started a cycle to trading for US market)
somalia conflict
Clinton inherited this venture from Bush who sent 25K Americans on a humanitarian mission here. Clinton sent troops aimed at nation building, but Congress demanded US withdrawal when 18 American soldiers died in a failed attempt to capture a local warlord and an naked American corpse was dragged through the streets of the capital.
9/11
Common shorthand for the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, in which 19 militant Islamist men hijacked and crashed four commercial aircraft. Two planes hit the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, causing them to collapse. One plane crashed into the Pentagon in Washington, DC, and the fourth, overtaken by passengers, crashed into a field in rural Pennsylvania. Nearly 3000 people were killed in the worst case of domestic terrorism in American history.
thirteenth amendment
Constitutional amendment prohibiting all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude. Former Confederate States were required to ratify the amendment prior to gaining reentry into the union.
works progress administration
Congress created this in 1935 as an agency that gave jobs to people who needed them. They worked on bridges, roads, and buildings. They spent 11 billion dollars and gave almost 9 million people jobs. It was one of the New Deal Agencies.
congressional election of 1994
Congressman Newt Gingrich had Republican candidates sign a document in which they pledged their support for such things as a balanced budget amendment, term limits for members of Congress, and a middle-class tax cut
conservatism
Conservatism was a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion.
trickle-down economics
Coolidge would assist the hard pressed railroads,banks, and rural credit corporations in the hope that if financial health were restored at the top of the economic pyramid, unemployment would be relieved at the bottom on a trickle down basis. Got Congress to spend $2.25 billion on useful public works
department of housing and urban development
Created by Congress in 1965, it was 11th in cabinet office. Afro-American economist Dr. Robert C. Weaver was named head, and the department regulated and monitored housing and suburban development. It also provided rent supplements for low-income families.
freedman's bureau
Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education and legal support. Its achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators.
"cross of gold" speech
Cross of Gold speech was a speech delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. The speech advocated bimetallism
fidel castro
Cuban revolutionary who overthrew Batista dictatorship in 1958 and assumed control of the island country. His connections with the Soviet Union led to a cessation of diplomatic relations with the United States in such internationl affairs as the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Oversaw his country through the end of the Cold War and through nearly a half-century of trade embargo with the US
opec oil embargo
Cut off supply of oil as protest of U.S. support of Israel, The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries that placed an embargo on oil sold to Israel's supporters. Caused worldwide oil shortage and long lines at gas stations in the US.
immigration act of 1924
Cut quotas for foreigners from 3% to 2%. Varying countries were only allowed to send a certain number of its citizens to America each year
gideon v wainwright
Defendants are entitled to a lawyer in any trial, even non-capital cases. Courts are required to provide a lawyer if the defendant cannot. The only way a defendant cannot have a counsel is if they knowingly waive their right.
james buchanan
Democrat, "Kansas-less", Pennsylvania lawyer, "Old Buck", For popular sovereignty. the 15th president of the united states (1857-1861). he tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both north and south, and he was unable to forestall the secession of south carolina on december 20, 1860.
franklin d roosevelt
Democratic candidate who won the 1932 election by a landslide. He refused to uphold any of Hoover's policies with the intent on enacting his own. He pledged a present a "New Deal" to the American public in order to relieve the US of the Great Depression.
wilmot proviso
Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. The "Wilmot Proviso", as it became known as, became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S. and causes sectionalism
dorothea dix
Dorothea Dix went around reforming institutions. Dix funded better state hospitals for those with mental illness. She also aroused public support and helped expand many state hospitals and improve prisons.
stagflation
During the 60's and 70's, the U.S. was suffering from 5.3% inflation and 6% unemployment. Refers to the unusual economic situation in which an economy is suffering both from inflation and from stagnation of its industrial growth.
economies of scale
Economic advantages in which only large companies could afford to buy new machines and operate them at full capacity. Also, only large companies could best take advantage of discounts for shipping products in bulk and for buying raw materials in quantity. This derives from the profits of items being produced at high quantity with low costs, with the profits being reinvested into the manufacturing to grow even further.
military-industrial complex
Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.
john foster dulles
Eisenhower's Sec. of State; harsh anti-Communist; called for more radical measures to roll back communism where it had already spread (containment too cautious)
richard nixon
Elected President in 1968 and 1972 representing the Republican party. He was responsible for getting the United States out of the Vietnam War by using "Vietnamization", which was the withdrawal of 540,000 troops from South Vietnam for an extended period. He was responsible for the Nixon Doctrine. Was the first President to ever resign, due to the Watergate scandal.
elizabeth cady stanton
Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."
bill clinton
Entered off in January 1993, as the first democratic president since Jimmy Carter and a self-proclaimed activist. He had a very domestic agenda. When in office he had a lot of controversial appointments. When a longtime friend, Vince Foster, committed suicide it sparked an escalating inquiry into some banking and real estate ventures involving the president and his wife in the early 1980s. This became known as the Whitewater affair.
nineteenth amendment
Established that no citizen can be denied the right to vote on account of sex. Granted women the ability to vote.
colored farmers' alliance
Excluded on the basis of race from membership in the Southern Farmers' Alliance, the blacks formed a separate organization in Texas in 1886. The Colored Farmers' Alliance comprised both black farmers and farm workers. They were active in the publication of a weekly newspaper and a variety of educational programs. In 1891, a strike of cotton pickers was called, but coordination was poor and the strike failed. Also lost support when the populist party arose.
j edgar hoover
FBI director who resisted Robert Kennedy's efforts to recast FBI priorities of targeting against organized crime and civil rights violations
fair labor standards act
FLSA, Federal Law that established certain minimum requirements for employee's hours, wages, premium overtime, and payroll records.
national aeronautics space administration
Federal agency created in 1958 to manage American space flights and exploration
korean war
First "hot war" of the Cold war. The Korean War began in 1950 when the Soviet-backed North Koreans invaded South Korea before meeting a counter-offensive by UN Forces, dominated by the United States. The war ended in stalemate in 1953.
compromise of 1850
Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession
harriet tubman
Former slave who escaped and then returned to the South to help other slaves out of captivity. Later served as a spy in the Civil War. Sig: Helped to found the underground railroad, allowed for the freedom of many slaves, exemplified white slaveholders fears.
george w. bush
Forty-third President Former Texas governor sworn into office in 2001 Won presidential race after the Democratic nominee and former vice president, Al Gore, conceded following a voting ordeal in Florida Gore had more popular votes than Bush but fewer electoral votes Passed initiatives in attempts to improve education( NO Child Left Behind Act) His declaration against terrorism led to the liberation of Afghanistan and the invasion of Iraq Son of former president, George Bush Re-elected in 2004
national organization for women
Founded in 1966, called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.
alaska
From Russia by the United States occurred in 1867 at the behest of Secretary of State William Seward. The territory purchased was about 600,000 square miles (1,600,000 km²) of the modern state of Alaska.
William Lloyd Garrison
Garrison was a famous American abolitionist, social reformer, and journalist. He is best known for his famous paper The Liberator and for his founding of the American Anti-Slavery Society. Garrison was also a voice for the women's suffrage movement.
emergency banking relief bill
Gave president the power to regulate banking transactions and open/close national banks.
rock and roll
Genre of popular music that fused black rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country styles, crossing the cultural divide that had separated black and white musical traditions.
spanish flu
Global outbreak of a deadly type of flu. The movement of soldiers during WWI helped to spread the virus. 20-40% of people in the world are estimated to have become ill with the virus that attacked the young and healthy as well the weak. People sometimes felt fine in the morning and were dead by night. An estimated 675,000 people died in the U.S. and 50 million worldwide.
gospel of wealth
God gave money to people in order for people philanthropic efforts
Manifest Destiny Meaning
God wants us to expand
grenada
Grenada was a small Latin country where a communist government had taken power. Reagan invaded the country in protest of communist expansion, showing that he was not pursuing détente.
communist party of america
Harsh and unrelenting critic of American capitalism and the government that ran it. Close with Soviet Union Soften attitude towards Roosevelt praise new deal and John Lewis. High membership mobilizes writers, artists and intellectuals social criticism. Close supervision by SU and took orders and followed party line strictly. American Communist Party abandon popular front and return to harsh criticism of American liberals. When SU told them to do this some obeyed and others gave up position.
joseph pulitzer
He used yellow journalism in competition with Hearst to sell more newspapers. He also achieved the goal of becoming a leading national figure of the Democratic Party. Publisher of "New York World"
dick cheney
He was Bush's Vice-President. He played a key role in the War on Terror, and response to 9/11 attacks. He was a early proponent of the Iraq war. He was criticized for NSA wiretapping, enhanced interrogation techniques and the Bush administration's policies.
Samuel Slater
He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories. -increased labor problem -only benefitted employers, not workers -forbid unions
chief joseph
He was chief of the Nez Perce Indians of Idaho. People wanting gold trespassed on their beaver river. To avoid war, and save his people he tried retreating to Canada with his people. They were cornered 30 miles from safety and he surrendered in 1877.
Horace Mann
He was involved in the reformation of public education (1825-1850). He campaigned for better school houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum. He caused a reformation of the public schools. McGuffey.
james garfield
He was remembered as one of the four "lost presidents" after the civil war. He was elected to the Ohio Senate in 1859 as a Republican. During the secession crisis, he advocated coercing the seceding states back into the Union. As President, he strengthened Federal authority over the New York Customs House. Less than four months of taking office in 1881, he was assassinated. His assassination led to the Pendleton Civil Service Reform of 1883.
hiram revels
He was the first African-American senator, elected in 1870 to the Mississippi seat previously occupied by Jefferson Davis. Born to free black parents in North Carolina, he worked as a minister throughout the South before entering politics. After serving for just one year, he returned to Mississippi to head a college for African American males.
john f kennedy
He was the youngest, most glamorous, and first Catholic president ever elected. He won the 1960 presidential election against Nixon. During his presidency, he sent the Green Beret (Marines) to Vietnam and he helped develop the Peace Corps. His foreign policy was Flexible Response and his domestic program was the New Frontier. He appointed his brother, Robert Kennedy as Attorney General. Robert Kennedy dealt with the Civil Rights issue as well. John F. Kennedy was assassinated on Nov.22, 1963.
eugene v debs
Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America.
public works administration
Headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery by spending over $4 billion on some 34,000 projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways (i.e. the Grand Coulee Dam of the Columbia River).
citizens united v federal election commission
Held that the First Amendment prohibits governmental restrictions on independent political expenditures by labor unions and corporations.
henry cabot lodge
Henry Cabot Lodge was a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened.
american system
Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally founded transportation network.
henry david thoreau
Henry David Thoreau was a famous American transcendentalist who turned to the environment for inspiration. Thoreau built a cabin at Walden Pond and lived there alone for two years. In 1854 Thoreau published his book, Walden, which was about his time spent living in isolation and his different feelings on society.
Worcester v Georgia
In 1832, when the court invalidated a Georgia law that attempted to regulate access by U.S. citizens to Cherokee counrty. Marshall claimed only the federal govt. could do that. He explained that the tribes were sovereign entities in much the same way Georgia was a sovereign entity. In defending the power of the federal government, he was also affirming and explaining the rights of the tribes to remain free from the authority of state governments.
league of nations
In 1919, after the war, Wilson proposed it in the 14th point of his peace plan. He envisioned it as an Assembly with seats for all nations and a special council for the great powers. The US voted not to join the League because in doing so, it would have taken away our self-determination, and Congress could not decide whether to go to war or not.``
berlin blockade/airlift
In 1948, (West) Berlin was blocked off by the Soviet Union in order to strangle the Allied forces. In order to combat this, the United States began to airlift supplies into the Western-controlled portions of Berlin. Sig: Occurred before the wall was built, airlifts occurred every 4 minutes.
isolationism
In American diplomacy, the traditional belief that the United States should refrain from involvement in overseas politics, alliances, or wars, and confine its national security interst to its own borders.
bay of pigs invasion
In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. The invasion ended in disaster, happened under President Kennedy
timothy mcveigh
In April 1995, a van containing explosives blew up in front of a federal building in Oklahoma City, killing 168 people. This man, a former marine who had become part of a militant anti-government movement on the right, was convicted of the crime and eventually executed in 2001.
wounded knee massacre
In December 1890, troopers of the Seventh Cavalry, under orders to stop the Ghost Dance religion among the Sioux, took Chief Bug Foot and his followers to a camp on Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota. It is uncertain who fired the first shot, but violence ensued and approximately two hundred Native American men, women, and children were killed.
Lowell, Massachusetts
In a textile mill at Lowell, Massachusetts virtually all of the workers were New England farm girls. They were supervised on and off the job, and even escorted to and from church. They had few opportunities to express their discontentment regarding their working conditions. Example of inhumane labor conditions in America during the Industrial Revolution.In a textile mill at Lowell, Massachusetts virtually all of the workers were New England farm girls. They were supervised on and off the job, and even escorted to and from church. They had few opportunities to express their discontentment regarding their working conditions. Example of inhumane labor conditions in America during the Industrial Revolution.
monica lewinsky scandal
In early 1998, inquiries led to charges that the president had had a sexual relationship with a young White House intern, Monica Lewinsky; that he had lied about in his deposition before Paula Jones's attorneys and that he had encouraged Lewinsky to do the same.
laissez-faie economics
In economics, this means allowing industry to be free of state intervention, especially restrictions in the form of tariffs and government monopolies.
emergency quota act
In response to the many immigrants coming into America from Europe. Congress passed it in which newcomers form Europe were restricted at any year to a quota, which was set at 3% of people of their nationality who lived in the U.S. in 1910. Was replaced because it favored Slavs and southeastern europeans.
contract with america
In the 1994 congressional elections, Congressman Newt Gingrich had Republican candidates sign a document in which they pledged their support for such things as a balanced budget amendment, term limits for members of Congress, and a middle-class tax cut
Cherokee Nation v Georgia
In this court case in 1831, the Cherokees fought for defense against the Indian Removal Act and against the Georgia Legislature's nullification of Cherokee laws. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Cherokee had "an unquestionable right" to their lands, but that they were "not a foreign state, in the sense of the Constitution" but rather a "domestic, dependent nation" and so could not sue in a United States court over Georgia's voiding their right to self-rule. Although this was a blow to the Cherokee case against Georgia, it cast doubt on the constitutionality of the Indian Removal Act.
ghost dance
Indian religious movement that was revived after the Sioux war by a man named Wovoka. He said that if they do these traditional customs then whites would be killed and buffalo would return. The ghost shirt was believed to be impervious to bullets. The government feared a massive Indian revolt so they put an end to it during the Massacre at Wounded Knee.
war on terror
Initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the broadly defined "war on terror" aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world
suez canal
International crisis launched when Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, which had been owned mostly by French and British stockholders. The crisis led to a British and French attack on Egypt, which failed without aid from the United States. The Suez Crisis marked an important turning point in the post-colonial Middle East and highlighted the rising importance of oil in world affairs.
woodward and bernstein
Investigative reporter for Washington Post helped uncover the Watergate scandal that led to U.S. President Richard Nixon's resignation; Worked with Bob Woodward to investigate watergate break-in.
clayton antitrust act
It added to the Sherman law's list of objectionable trust practices by forbidding price discrimination; a different price for different people, and interlocking directorates; the same people serving on "competitors" boards of trustees. It also exempted labor unions from being considered trusts and legalized strikes as a form of peaceful assembly. Ultimately helped cut down on monopolies.
Erie Canal
It is a canal in New York State, United States, that runs from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean It cut transport costs into what was then wilderness by about 90%. The Canal resulted in a massive population surge in western New York, and opened regions further west to increased settlement
revolution of 1800
It was a peaceful transition of power from the federalists to the Democratic-Republicans Was the first time there was a change in political parties
compromise of 1877
It withdrew federal soldiers from their remaining position in the South, enacted federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the South, appointed Democrats to patronage positions in the south, and appointed a Democrat to the president's cabinet.
schenck v united states
Justice Holmes' claim that Congress could restrict speech if the words "are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create and clear and present danger" when Schenck was convicted for mailing pamphlets urging potential army inductees to resist conscription.
jane addams
Jane Addams was middle class woman. The Hull House is a settlement house that she installed in a ghetto of Chicago. The house inspired many other like settlements across the country, while Addams spent her lifetime battling for garbage removal, playgrounds, better street lighting, and police protection.
d-day
June 6, 1944: long promised invasion of France. Eisenhower commanded more than 1.5 million American, British, and Canadian soldiers across the channel. Helped to liberate Paris in August, had driven the Germans out of most of France and Belgium by September.
jefferson davis
Jefferson Davis was the President of the Southern Confederate States from 1860 to 1865 after their succession from the Union. During this time, Davis struggled to form a solid government for the states to be governed by. Jefferson Davis worked hard with solidating the civil government and carrying out military operations.
john breckenridge
John Breckinridge was the vice-president elected in 1856. Breckinridge was nominated for the presidential election of 1860 for the Southern Democrats. After Democrats split, the Northern Democrats would no longer support him. Breckenridge favored the extension of slavery, but was not a Disunionist. Breckinridge also wanted to keep the Union together, but when the polls started he couldn't even get the votes of his own party
john brown
John Brown was a militant abolitionist that took radical extremes to make his views clear. In May of 1856, Brown led a group of his followers to Pottawattamie Creek and launched a bloody attack against pro-slavery men killing five people. This began violent retaliation against Brown and his followers. This violent attack against slavery helped give Kansas its nick name, "bleeding Kansas".
interventionism
People like Theodore Roosevelt who insisted that the nation defend its "honor" and economic interests against the demands of the pacifists
standard oil
John D. Rockefeller's company, formed in 1870, which came to symbolize the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded Age. By 1877 this company controlled 95% of the oil refineries in the US. It was also one of the first multinational corporations, and at times distributed more than half of the company's kerosene production outside the US. By the turn of the century it had become a target for trust-busting reformers, and in 1911 the Supreme Court ordered it to break up into several dozen smaller companies
"City on a Hill"
John WInthrop meant that the Puritans of Mass will be looked at as an exemplar to the other Christians when he said they were a city on the hill. Also, the city is much closer to the God.
andrew johnson
Johnson was Lincoln's vice president; & President after the assassination. He was a Jacksonian Democrat; from Tennessee but after the seccesion from the Union he stayed in the Senate because his loyalty lay with the Union; a month after Lincoln's death he began his Reconstruction vision which offered amnesty to Southerners who promised to keep their allegiance to the Constitution, however the Southern elite were exempt from this because Johnson blamed them for seccession
impeachment of andrew johnson
Johnson was Lincoln's vice president; & President after the assassination. He was a Jacksonian Democrat; from Tennessee but after the seccesion from the Union he stayed in the Senate because his loyalty lay with the Union; a month after Lincoln's death he began his Reconstruction vision which offered amnesty to Southerners who promised to keep their allegiance to the Constitution, however the Southern elite were exempt from this because Johnson blamed them for seccession
muckrackers
Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public
identify one group which epitomizes nativist sentiment and describe the types of actions they would support
KKK epitomizes nativist sentiment and they would do things like burb torches; whip, tar & feather, and noosed citizens
charles g finney
Known as the "father of modern revivalism," he was a pioneer of cooperation among Protestant denominations. He believed that conversions were human creations instead of the divine works of God, and that people's destinies were in their own hands. His "Social Gospel" offered salvation to all
aswan dam
Large infrastructure project laungched by Egypt's nationalist leader Gamal Nassar in 1955. U.S. initially offered aid but eventually backed off, aggravated by Nassar's Cold War neutrality.
eugene mccarthy
Liberal anti-war senator from Minnesota who rallied a lrage youth movement behind his presidental campaign in 1968. Challenging sitting president Johnson in the New Hampshire primary, he captured 41% of the vote and helped ensure that Johnson would quit the race
jim crow laws
Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government
louis armstrong
Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.
radical republicans
Led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner. Wanted to disenfranchise large numbers of Southern whites, protect black civil rights, confiscate the property of wealthy whites who aided the confederacy, and distribute the land among the freedmen.
democratic republican party
Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank
battle of gettysburg
Lee invaded Pennsylvania, bloodiest battle (largest number of deaths) of the war, Confederate Pickett's Charge (disastrous), Lee forced to retreat (not pursued by Meade), South doomed to never invade North again, Gettysburg Address given by Lincoln (nation over union), Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, war still drags on for 2 more years
hampton roads conference
Lincoln attempted and failed to negotiate a settlement with the Confederacy in which the rebellious states could be readmitted if they adopted the 13th amendment (even with a 5-year delay and the Union would pay $400 million in compensation to the slave owners).
election of 1860
Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.
blacklisting
List that circulated among employers, beginning in 1947, containing the names of persons who should not be hired
Womens' Rights
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were leaders in this movement.
Martin Van Buren
Martin Van Buren created the system of party government. claimed that political parties were necessary to "check" the government from abusing its power. created the first political machine. denounced the American System and opposed the Whigs. (Jackson's sucessor)
greenback
Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war
exodusters
Name given to African Americans who fled the Southern United States for Kansas in 1879 and 1880 because of racial oppression and rumors of the reinstitution of slavery.
kent state massacre
Massacre of four college students by National Guardsmen on May 4, 1970, in Ohio. In response to Nixon's announcement that he had expanded the Vietnam War into Cambodia, college campuses across the country exploded in violence.
my lai massacre
Military assault in a small Vietnamese village on March 16, 1968, in which American soldiers under the command of 2nd Lieutenant William Calley murdered hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians, mostly women and children. The atrocity produced outrage and reduced support for the war in America and around the world when details of the massacre and an attempted cover-up were revealed in 1971.
malcolm x
Minister of the Nation of Islam, urged blacks to claim their rights by any means necessary, more radical than other civil rights leaders of the time.
suburbs
Moderately well-to-do people took advantage of less expensive land on the edges of the city &settled there. They were linked to downtown by trains or streetcars or improved roads
rosa parks
NAACP leader in Montgomery, Alabama, who inaugurate the city's famous bus boycott in 1955 by refusing to give up her seat on a public bus to a white passenger. She became a leading symbol of the spirit of the Civil Rights Movement and the cause of racial equality throughout her long life
confederate states
Name adopted by the 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed their own country during the Civil War
national association of the advancement of colored people
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional
tet offensive
National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment
henry kissinger
National Security Advisor and Secretary of State during the Nixon Administration, he was responsible for negotiating an end to the Yom Kippur War as well as the Treaty of Paris that led to a ceasefire in Vietnam in 1973
what are the biggest effects of colonization
Native used as slaves, but they were dying due to disease, so they went to Africa and used them as slaves hence this country is a piece of shit.
nativism
Native-born Americans who wanted to slow or stop immigration. Partially racism. Some argued that the new immigrants were inferior to the Americans. Some viewed immigrants with contempt as they viewed blacks and indians. Their evidence for claims were the slums in which they lived
securities and exchange commission
New Deal program that provided reparations in the stock market, protected people from fraud in investments in stocks. (still around today)
dwight d eisenhower
Nicknamed "Ike", was a General of the Army (five star general) in the United States Army and U.S. politician, who served as the thirty-fourth President of the United States (1953-1961).As President, he oversaw the cease-fire of the Korean War, kept up the pressure on the Soviet Union during the Cold War, made nuclear weapons a higher defense priority, launched the Space Race, enlarged the Social Security program, and began the Interstate Highway System.
sacco and vanzetti trial
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree; Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.
the silent majority
Nixon Administration's term to describe generally content, law-abiding middle-class Americans who supported both the Vietnam War and America's institutions. As a political tool, the concept attempted to make a subtle distinction between believers in "traditional" values and the vocal minority of civil rights agitators, student protesters, counter-culturalists, and other seeming disruptors of the social fabric.
election of 1824
No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."
carpetbaggers
Northerners who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era; traditional elements of Southern society were deeply resentful of profits made by them during this period
harper's ferry, west virgiia
Occurred in October of 1859. John Brown of Kansas attempted to create a major revolt among the slaves. He wanted to ride down the river and provide the slaves with arms from the North, but he failed to get the slaves organized. Brown was captured. The effects of Harper's Ferry Raid were as such: the South saw the act as one of treason and were encouraged to separate from the North, and Brown became a martyr to the northern abolitionist cause.
abraham lincoln
One of the most skillful politicians in Republican party. Lawyer. Tried to gain national exposure by debates with Stephen A. Douglas. debates attracted much attention. attacks on slavery made him nationally known. felt slavery was morally wrong, but was not an abolitionist. He felt there was not an alternative to slavery and blacks were not prepared to live on equal terms as whites. Won presidency in November election.
hydrogen bomb
Ordered by Truman, the first U.S. H-bomb was exploded in 1952. The Soviets exploded their first H-bomb in 1953, and the nuclear arms race entered a dangerously competitive cycle
Oregon Territory
Oregon stretched from the north tip of California to the 54 40 line. England and the U.S. claimed it. England had good reasons for its claims north of the Columbia River. Americans also had good reasoning because they populated it much more.
Louisiana Purchase
Originally, was a meeting to discuss the purchase of the city of New Orleans as means of a port. Napolean was on the verge of war with European powers, and had to forego plans of a vast colony in North America (as well as needing money). Sold the Louisiana territory (then an unknown, massive tract of land) at the cost of $15 million. Doubled the size of the United States at the time, and was a triumph for Jefferson
simpson mazzoli act
Outlawed deliberate employment of illegal immigrants and granted legal status to illegal aliens who came before 1982
dust bowl
Parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas that were hit hard by dry topsoil and high winds that created blinding dust storms; this area of the Great Plains became called that because winds blew away crops and farms, and blew dust from Oklahoma to Albany, New York. Ruined farms and left many farmers with out crops and money.
reconstruction act
Passed by the newly-elected Republican Congress, it divided the South into five military districts, disenfranchised former confederates, and required that Southern states both ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and write state constitutions guaranteeing freedmen the franchise before gaining readmission to the Union.
Indian Removal Act
Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.
peggy eaton affair
Peggy Eaton, the wife of Jackson's secretary of war, was a target of gossip by the other cabinet wives. They also refused to invite her to their parties because they believed she was an adulteress. Jackson attempted to force the cabinet wives to accept Peggy Eaton, but this only resulted in most of the Cabinet members resigning. This also contributed to Jackon's vice president, John C. Calhoun, resigning. Martin Van Buren was chosen as the new vice president.
socialism
Political belief in promoting social and economic equality through the ownership and control of the major means of production by the whole community rather than by individuals or corporations.
nikita khrushchev
Premier of the Soviet Union from 1958-1964, he was a communist party offical who emerge from the power struggle after Stalin's death in 1953 to lead the USSR. He crushed a pro-Western uprising of Hngary in 1956, and, in 1958, issued an ultimatum for Western evacuation of Berline. Defended Soviet-style economic planning in the Kitchen Debate with Richard Nixon in 1959 and attempted to send missiles to Cuba in 1962 but backed down when comfronted by JFK
the great society
President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.
jimmy carter
President of the United States who was a peanut farmer and former governor of Georgia, he defeated Gerald Ford in 1976. As President, he arranged the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel in 1978 but saw his foreign policy legacy tarnished by the Iranian Revolution and hostage crisis in 1979. Domestically, he tried to rally the American spirit in the face of economic decline, but was unable to stop the rapid increase in inflation. After leaving the presidency, he achieved widespread respect as an elder statesman and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002.
robert lafollette
Progressive Wisconsin governor who attacked machine politics and pressured the state legislature to require each party to hold a direct primary. Nicknamed Mr. Progressive!
eighteenth amendment
Prohibited the non-medical sale of alcohol This amendment is the midpoint of a growing drive towards women's rights as well as showing the moral attitude of the era.
agricutural adjustment act
Protected farmers from price drops by providing crop subsidies to reduce production, educational programs to teach methods of preventing soil erosion.
roosevelt corollary to the monroe doctrine
Questionable extension of a traditional American policy; declared an American right to intervene in Latin America nations under certain circumstances
star wars missile defense system
Reagan's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (1983), also known as "Star Wars," called for a land- or space-based shield against a nuclear attack. Although SDI was criticized as unfeasible and in violation of the Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, Congress approved billions of dollars for development.
first new deal
Refers to President FDR's first round of programs to lift the nation out of the Great Depression. The First New Deal included bills, which Congress passed beginning in 1933, to restore public confidence in the banking system (The Emergency Banking Relief Bill and the Banking Act of 1933); provide relief for the rural poor (the Agricultural Adjustment Act); and establish government control over industry (the National Industrial Recovery Act).
pendleton civil service reform act
Reformed the spoils system by prohibiting government workers from making political contributions and creating the Civil Service Commission to oversee their appointment on merit rather than politics; also attempted to bar political candidates from funding their campaigns, established the principle of employment on the basis of merit and created the Civil Service Commission to administer the personnel service.
Non-Intercourse Act
Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.
herbet hoover
Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.
taft-hartley act
Republican-promoted, anti-union legislation passed in 1947 over President Truman's veto that weakened many the New Deal gains for labor by banning the closed shop and other strategies that helped unions organize. It also required union leaders to take a noncommunist oath, which took out many of the union movements most committed and active organizers.
john d rockerfeller
Rockefeller was a man who started from meager beginnings and eventually created an oil empire. In Ohio in 1870 he organized the Standard Oil Company. By 1877 he controlled 95% of all of the refineries in the United States. It achieved important economies both home and abroad by it's large scale methods of production and distribution. He also organized the trust and started the Horizontal Merger.
court-packing
Roosevelt's proposal in 1937 to "reform" the Supreme Court by appointing an additional justice for every justice over age of 70; following the Court's actions in striking down major New Deal laws, FDR came to believe that some justices were out of touch with the nation's needs. Congress believed Roosevelt's proposal endangered the Court's independence and said no.
bakke v university of california
Ruled that a university's use of racial "quotas" in its admissions process was unconstitutional, but a school's use of "affirmative action" to accept more minority applicants was constitutional in some circumstances.
russian revolution
Russia was experiencing massive crippling social problems due to their lack of competent leadership, their troops being massacred on the Eastern Front, and the shortage of necessities among the Russian people. The Russian people rose up and overthrew the Czar and his ministers and set up a provisional government. Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks began a takeover of Russia in 1917. Russia withdrew from the war and settled with the Central Powers. A socialist government was created with Lenin at the head. Caused Americans to fear the spread of Communism.
Salutary Neglect
Salutary neglect is when Britain is not enforcing its policies because they are an ocean apart and Britain is tied up in its own affairs. The Navigation Acts were not enforced, but neither side cared since they both got that bread. The colonies still traded with countries outside of Britain.
dred scott
Scott was a black slave who had lived with his master for five years in Illinois and Wisconsin territory. He sued for his freedom on the basis of his long residence in free territory. The Dred Scott court decision was handed down by the Supreme Court on March 6,1857. The Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott was a black slave and not a citizen. Hence, he could not sue in a federal court.
john quincy adams
Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.
donald rumsfeld
Secretary of defense under Bush -wanted the war in Iraq -created the link between Al Queada and Iraq -Led the invasion of Afghanistan -Coined the terms "war on terror," and Weapons of Mass Destruction -Suspended the geneva convention -resigned in 2006
horace mann
Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.
al gore
Served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. Ran for President in 2000 and won popular vote but lost Electoral College
sharecropping
Sharecropping was a system of work for freedmen who were employed in the cotton industry. This system traded a freedmen's labor for the use of a house, land, and sometimes further accommodations.They would usually give half or more of their grown crop to their landlords.
Susan B. Anthony
She fought for women suffrage, her father was a Quaker, she was a founder of the Daughters of Temperance. Spoke at Women's right conference in NY.
Elizabeth Cady Staton
She fought for womens suffrage, she was very important in the first women convention, Seneca Falls in New York. She was also against slavery.
Lucretia Mott
She was a Quaker , a women right activists and a social reformer. She help found the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery society.
how did the great depression affect african americans
forced off of the land in the south because of cutbacks in farm production; last hired, first fired
panama canal
Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000
tripartite pact
Signed between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US
the silver standard
Silver standard, monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined as a stated quantity of silver and which is usually characterized by the coinage and circulation of silver, unrestricted convertibility of other money into silver, and the free import and export of silver for the settlement of international obligations.
battle of fort sumter
Site of the opening engagement of the Civil War. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina had seceded from the Union, and had demanded that all federal property in the state be surrendered to state authorities. Major Robert Anderson concentrated his units at Fort Sumter, and, when Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861, Sumter was one of only two forts in the South still under Union control. Learning that Lincoln planned to send supplies to reinforce the fort, on April 11, 1861, Confederate General Beauregard demanded Anderson's surrender, which was refused. On April 12, 1861, the Confederate Army began bombarding the fort, which surrendered on April 14, 1861. Congress declared war on the Confederacy the next day.
Sojourner Truth
Sojourner Truth was a slave who escaped in 1827. As a Black abolitionist and a woman, she often met prejudice from anti-feminist White abolitionists who also expected free Black people to be quiet members of the movement. She became an important spokesperson for the abolitionist movement and was an influential bridge between that and the women's rights movement
sonar
Sound Navigation Ranging; A device that determines the distance of an object under water by recording echoes of sound waves
george wallace
Southern populist and and segregationist, as governor of Alabama, he famously defended his state's policies of racial segregation. He ran for president several times as a Democrat, but achieved his greatest influence when he ran as a third-party candidate in 1968, winning five states
open door policy
Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.
federalist party
Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution., Led by Alexander Hamilton, they believed in a strong central government, loose interpretation, and encouraged commerce and manufacturing. They were staunch supporters of the Constitution during ratification and were a political force during the early years of the United States. Their influence declined after the election of Republican Thomas Jefferson to the presidency and disappeared completely after the Hartford Convention.
susan b anthony
Susan B. Anthony was a lecturer for women's rights. She was a Quaker. Many conventions were held for the rights of women in the 1840s. Susan B. Anthony was a strong woman who believed that men and women were equal. She fought for her rights even though people objected. Her followers were called Suzy B's.
miranda v arizona
Suspects must be informed of their rights to legal counsel and silence upon their arrest, and if they decide to remain silent or do not waive their rights, the interrogation must cease. No confession can be admissable under the 5th or 6th Ammendments unless a suspect has been made aware of their rights and has waived them.
tammany hall
Tammany Hall was powerful New York political organization. It drew support from immigrants. The immigrants relied on Tammany Hall patronage, particularly for social services. In return, they asked for ppl's votes on election day.
paxton boys
group of drunk scot-irish frontiersmen that caused riots in pennsylvania because they hate native americans for having their land and the quakers were tolerant of them
Marbury v Madison
The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789).
harry s truman
The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery.
allied powers
The Allied Powers consisted of France, Russia, and Great Britain during WWI. The alliance was created in 1907 and was called the Triple Entente.
american federation of labor
The American Federation of Labor was a union of skilled laborers formed by Samuel Gompers in 1866. The AFL quickly became one of the most powerful unions in the United States. They achieved success by avoiding larger political questions in favor of "bread and butter issues" such as shorter workdays and higher wages for union members. It merged with its rival, the Confederation of Industrial Organizations in 1955 to form AFL-CIO.
berlin wall
The Berlin Wall was a fortified wall made up of concrete and barbed wire made to prevent East Germans escaping to West Berlin. It was one of the most visible signs of the Cold War and the Iron Curtain
camp david accords
The Camp David Accords were the peace accords signed by Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat to finally end the Israeli-Egyptian disputes. The achievement by Carter is considered his greatest achievement in office.
Force Bill
The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.
free-soil party
The Free-Soil Party was organized by anti-slavery men in the north, democrats who were resentful at Polk's actions, and some conscience Whigs. The Free-Soil Party was against slavery in the new territories. They also advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers. This Free-Soil Party foreshadowed the emergence of the Republican party.
gulf of tonkin
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.
Hartford Convention
The Hartford Convention was a meeting of New England Federalists held in Hartford Connecticut in the winter of 1814-15. These Federalist opposed the War of 1812 and held the convention to discuss and seek redress by Washington for their complaints and wrongs that the felt had been done. Many of these complaints were manifestation of their fears of being overpowered by states in the south and west. The Hartford Convention was an example of the growing issue of Sectionalism and was another event in the approaching end of the Federalist Party.
hawley smoot tariff
The Hawley-Smoot Tariff wast enacted in 1930. This treaty raised tariffs on many imported goods. Many American trading partners retaliated in response to this tariff. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff might have even worsened the Great Depression.
pearl harbor, hawaii
The Japanese naval air force made a surprise attack on the U.S. naval base in this place in Hawaii. Several battleships of the U.S. Pacific fleet were damaged or sunk. This attack resulted in an Amercian declaration of war the following day. Canada also declared war on Japan. Canadian soldiers in Hong Kong were soon fighting as the Japanese attacked the British colony the same day as this.
manhattan project
The Manhattan project was a secret research and development project of the U.S to develop the atomic bomb. Its success granted the U.S the bombs that ended the war with Japan as well as ushering the country into the atomic era.
mexican-american war
The Mexican-American War was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory despite the 1836 Texas Revolution. Territorial expansion of the United States to the Pacific coast was the goal of President James K. Polk, the leader of the Democratic Party. However, the war was highly controversial in the U.S., with the Whig Party and anti-slavery elements strongly opposed. The major consequence of the war was the forced Mexican Cession of the territories of Alta California and New Mexico to the United States in exchange for $18 million. Mexico accepted the Rio Grande as its national border, and the loss of Texas.
sand creek massacre
The Sand Creek massacre (also known as the Chivington massacre, the Battle of Sand Creek or the massacre of Cheyenne Indians) was an atrocity in the American Indian Wars that occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 700-man force of Colorado Territory militia attacked and destroyed a peaceful village of Cheyenne and Arapaho in southeastern Colorado Territory,[3] killing and mutilating an estimated 70-163 Native Americans, about two-thirds of whom were women and children. The location has been designated the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site and is administered by the National Park Service.
Shakers
The Shakers were a new religious movement founded by Ann Lee Stanley.The name "The Shakers" was based on their ecstatic dances that were a part of their worship. The Shakers believed that God had a male and female component. Furthermore, they believed that Ann Lee was the female component. Although The Shakers maintained a strong division between sexes, they also maintained equality between men and wome
iraq war
The USA went to war with Saddam Hussein because Hussein kicked out UN weapons inspectors, he was building weapons of mass destruction, he didn't obey the no-fly zones limitations, he was a savage dictator.
nicaragua
The United States intervened in this country in 1911 and sent marines when a civil war broke out in 1912 to protect American interests under Taft's dollar diplomacy. The marines remained in this country until 1933.
vietnam war
The Vietnam War was a prolonged military conflict that started as an anticolonial war against the French and evolved into a Cold War confrontation between international communism and free-market democracy. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in the north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist countries, while the United States and its anticommunist allies backed the Republic of Vietnam (ROV) in the south. President Lyndon Johnson dramatically escalated US involvement in the conflict, authorizing a series of intense bombing campaigns and committing hundreds of thousands of US ground troops to the fight. After the United States withdrew from the conflict, North Vietnam invaded the South and united the country under a communist government.
Declaratory Act
The act declared Parliament's right to legislate for the colonies for whatever reason.
new frontier
The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.
civil rights movement
The civil rights movement was a struggle by African Americans in the mid-1950s to late 1960s to achieve Civil Rights equal to those of whites, including equal opportunity in employment, housing, and education, as well as the right to vote, the right of equal access to public facilities, and the right to be free of racial discrimination
know-nothing party
The collapse of WHigs opened new party. It was thought that a nativism party would come instead of an antislavery one. The Know-Nothings came from the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner for anti-immigrant influence. If asked about order they would say "I know nothing". Thjey wanted naturelization. They were major political force between 1854-55 and they won control of Massachusettes, most seats in legislature, and entire congressional delegation. 1856: Know Nothings fell when there was a split in question of slavery. Know-nothings were very inexperienced which made them lack power and people wanted a more experienced leader.
decolonization
The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.
hubert humphrey
The democratic nominee for the presidency in the election of 1968. He was LBJ's vice president, and was supportive of his Vietnam policies. This support split the Democratic party, allowing Nixon to win the election for the Republicans.
detente
The easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries
the great depression
The economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s. caused by Factories and farms produce more goods than people can buy, Banks make loans that borrowers cannot pay back, and After the stock market crash, many businesses cannot find people who will invest in their growth.
supply-side economics
The economic theory of "Reaganomics" that emphasized cutting taxes and government spending in order to stimulate investment, productivity, and economic growth by private enterprise
jackie robinson
The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.
gerald ford
The first man to be made president solely by a vote of Congress after the resignations of President Nixon and Vice President Agnew; outraged Democrats by granting Nixon a complete pardon; lost to Carter in the 1976 election.
great migration
The movement of African Americans from the South to the industrial centers of the Northeast and the Midwest. Causes for migration included decreasing cotton prices, the lack of immigrant workers in the North, increased manufacturing as a result of the war, and the strengthening of the KKK. Migration led to higher wages, more educational opportunities, and better standards of life for some blacks.
National Road
The national road was the first highway built with entirely federal funds. Congress authorized the road in 1806 during the Jefferson Administration. This was the first road open to all people, which opened up many new trade routes and ways to get to other states. It was very helpful in creating a national economy.
phillippines
The place where the first shots of the Spanish American War were shot. Controlled by the Spanish since the 1500s, a US fleet was sent in by Teddy Roosevelt to capture the capital city, Manila.
afghanistan war
The primary driver of the invasion was the September 11 attacks on the United States, with the stated goal of dismantling the al-Qaeda terrorist organization and ending its use of Afghanistan as a base.
truman doctrine
The principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection. First expressed in 1947 by US President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the communists as an open declaration of the Cold War
cornelius vanderbilt
The railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical. This man was one of the few railroad owners to be just and not considered a "Robber Barron"
segregation
The separation or isolation of a race, class, or group; a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal
sun belt
The sunbelt states included from Florida to California...warmer climates, lower taxes, and economic opportunities prompted families uprooted by the war to move to these areas.
first red scare
The term Red Scare denotes two distinct periods of strong Anti-Communism in the United States: the First Red Scare, from 1919 to 1920, and the Second Red Scare, from 1947 to 1957. The First Red Scare was about worker (socialist) revolution and political radicalism. The Second Red Scare was focused on national and foreign communists influencing society or infiltrating the federal government, or both.
the gilded age
The time of economic growth, the second industrial revolution, urbanization, immigration, and political/economic corruption. it included the era of forgotten presidents (hayes, garfield, arthur, and harrison) Congress and Business were more important and influential than the presidency during this time. it was the most highly competetive political time in US history.
women's suffrage
The women's suffrage movement took place in the United States from the latter half of the 19th century up until the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, which put into law women's right to vote. Also thought to be the "first wave" of American feminism, the suffrage movement arguably began with the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848, which issued a Declaration of Sentiments that called for the equal rights of men and women before the law. Suffragettes, as they were often called, were variously led by such figures as Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Alice Paul, and Carrie Chapman Catt.
new nationalism
Theodore Roosevelt's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Nationalism called for a national approach to the country's affairs and a strong president to deal with them. It also called for efficiency in government and society; it urged protection of children, women, and workers; accepted "good" trusts; and exalted the expert and the executive. Additionally, it encouraged large concentrations of capital and labor.
Battle at Lexington
These battles initiated the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British. British governor Thomas Gage sent troops to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, starting the war. The battles resulted in a British retreat to Boston
william mckinley
This Republican candidate defeated William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 presidential election. As a supporter of big business, he pushed for high protective tariffs. Under his leadership, the U.S. became an imperial world power. He was assassinated by an anarchist in 1901.
national industrial recovery act
This act authorized the President of the United States to regulate industry and permit cartels and monopolies in an attempt to stimulate economic recovery, and established a national public works program.
platt amendment
This amendment to the new Cuban constitution authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba to protect its interests. Cuba pledged not to make treates with other countries that might compromise its independence, and it granted naval bases to the United States, most notable being Guantanamo Bay.
mutually assured destruction
This concept was a result of extreme tension and fear during the Cold War. The doctrine assumes that the opposition has enough nuclear power to destroy their side and if attacked, either side would respond in equal or greater force, leading to total destruction.
federal deposit insurance corporation
This entity provided insurance to personal banking accounts up to $5,000. These assured people that their money was safe and secure. This agency still functions today.
knights of labor
This group, which peaked membership in 1886, grew rapidly because of a combination of their open-membership policy, the continuing industrialization of the American economy, and the growth of urban population; welcomed unskilled and semiskilled workers, including women, immigratns, and African Americans; were idealists who believed they could eliminate conflict between labor and managements. Their goal was to create a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked.
mao zedong
This man became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and remained its leader until his death. He declared the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry throughout his life
theodore roosevelt
This man was 42 in September 1901, when William McKinley was assassinated. He took over the presidency and became the youngest man ever to assume the presidency. Never openly rebelled against the leaders of his party. Became a champion of cautious, moderate change. He believed that reform was a vehicle less fro remaking American Society than for protecting it against more radical challenges. He allied himself with those progressives who urged regulation (but not destruction) of the trusts. At the heart of his policy was a desire to win for government the power to investigate the activities of corporations and publicize the results.
the grange
This organization better known as the Grange, was organized in 1867 by Oliver H. Kelley; its objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities; the Grangers gradually raised their goals from individual self-improvement to the farmer's collective plight
american socialist party
This party was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. The platform called for more radical reforms such as public ownership of the RRs, utilities, and even of major industries such as oil and steel. This political party formed in 1901 with a strong representation from immigrants and provided a political outlet for worker grievances, but fared poorly beyond a few local elections in industrial areas.
treaty of guadalupe hidalgo
This treaty was negotiated by the chief clerk of the State Department, Nicholas P. Trist, after a few failed attempts at an armistice. He signed the treaty on February 2nd, 1848. The treaty was very successful, giving America claim to Texas, and all of the land west of Texas stretching up to Oregon, including California. The U.S. paid $15 million for the land, which increased the size of the country by about 1/3. Some were resentful of the victory over Mexico and the terms of the treaty because they thought that the U.S. should get all of Mexico. Others were angry because they thought Polk hadn't followed the "Anglo-Saxon spirit of fair play."
sherman's march to the sea
This was Sherman's destructive route from Atlanta to Savannah in Georgia. Sherman practiced Total War in this move, and destroyed anything and everything, hoping to demoralize the south.
social darwinism
This was a belief held by many that stated that the rich were rich and the poor were poor due to natural selection in society. This was the basis of many people who promoted a laissez fairee style of economy.
by 1920, where did most us citizens reside and what caused this internal migration
most citizens resided in cities because they offered more job opportunities than the south
haymarket square riot
This was a riot led by the knights of labor in Chicago. It began as an attempt to secure an 8 hour work day. 12 people were killed when an anarchist threw a bomb into a column of policemen. This act of violence was linked to the Knights of Labor and was a major setback to their cause
homestead strike
This was a riot led by the knights of labor in Chicago. It began as an attempt to secure an 8 hour work day. 12 people were killed when an anarchist threw a bomb into a column of policemen. This act of violence was linked to the Knights of Labor and was a major setback to their cause
federal bureau of investigation
This was an agency meant to be the Civilian intelligence to as a response to the Espionage Act. It increased its overall police and surveillance machinery.
axis powers
Those states opposed to the Allies during the Second World War. The three major Axis Powers, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and the Empire of Japan were part of an alliance. At their zenith, the Axis Powers ruled empires that dominated large parts of Europe, Asia, Africa and the Pacific Ocean, but the Second World War ended with their total defeat.
john tyler
Took office after the death of William Henry Harrison in 1841. He was a democrat but was swayed by his adoptive Whig Party. He signed a law to end the independent treasury but he vetoed attempts to create a Fiscal Bank. "His accidency".
north american free trade agreement
Trade agreement that included Mexico, Canada, and the United States. It was a symbol of the increased reality of a globalized market place.
general agreement on tariffs and trade
Trade agreement under which countries met periodically to negotiate tariff reductions that were mutually advantageous to all members, but contained loopholes that enabled countries to avoid trade-barrier reduction agreements
oklahoma city bombing
Truck-bomb explosion that killed 168 people in a federal office building on April 19, 1995 The attack was perpetrated by right wing and anti government militant Timothy McVeigh, later executed by the US government for the crime.
loyalty oath
Truman orders background checks on 3 millon federal employees, and loyalty oaths were demanded, especially from teachers. Many citizens feared that communist spies were undermining the government
martin luther king jr
U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)
plessy v ferguson
U.S. Supreme Court decision supporting the legality of Jim Crow laws that permitted or required separate but equal facilities for blacks and whites.
sherman antitrust act
U.S. Supreme Court decision supporting the legality of Jim Crow laws that permitted or required separate but equal facilities for blacks and whites.
hawaii
U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898
Sojourner Truth
United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)
william randolph heartst
United States newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism (1863-1951)
john c calhoun
Vice President under Andrew Jackson; leading Southern politician; began his political career as a nationalist and an advocate of protective tariffs, later he becomes an advocate of free trade, states' rights, limited government, and nullification.
ho chi minh
Vietnamese nationalist and communist whose defeat of the French led to calls for American military intervention in Vietnam
las gorras blancas
Vigilante organizations arising in the late 19th century, made up of Mexican-American ranchers. They were also known as Las Gorras Blancas. They tore up railroad tracks and attacked those who fenced public land.
gangsters
Violent organized crime members who took over the job of supplying alcohol to speakeasies.
spanish american war
War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
civil war
War fought from 1861-1865 in the United States to preserve the Union
Harriet Tubman
Was a slave, she devoted her life to helping other slaves become free and start a new life, she was the "conductor" of the Underground Railroad.
War Hawks
Western settlers who advocated war with Britain because they hoped to acquire Britain's northwest posts (and also Florida or even Canada) and because they felt the British were aiding the Indians and encouraging them to attack the Americans on the frontier. In Congress, the War Hawks were Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun
dred scott v sanford
What decision involved a Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.
seminole wars
When Andrew Jackson received orders from Calhoun to stop the raids on American territory by Seminole Indians, he used it as an ecuse to invade Florida and seize the Spanish forts at St. Marks and Penascola, an operation which became known as the Seminole war. The American Government assumed responsibility for Jackson's raid, saying that they had done what was necessary to stop threats from across the borders, and demonstrated to the Spanish that the United States could easily take Florida by force, and that they might consider doing so.
suez crisis
When Egyptian president Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, British, French, and Israeli forces staged a joint assault on Egypt, cutting off Western Europe's oil supply; when the United States, who had been kept in the dark about the plan, refused to release emergency oil supplies, the allies were compelled to withdraw troops and the United Nations was forced to intervene.
panic of 1837
When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. It was short-lived and reduced the pressure on the economy
referendum
When citizens vote on laws instead of the state or national governments. The referendum originated as a populous reform in the populist party, but was later picked up by the progressive reform movement.
battle of little pig horn
When gold was discovered in the Black Hills Indian Reservation in South Dakota, whites invaded the Indians' lands and drove them on the warpath. The war culminated in June 1876, when Colonel George A. Custer and all his men were killed by Sioux Indians at the Battle of Little Bighorn (Custer's Last Stand)in southern Montana.
land-grant colleges
most of the land given from the Morrill Act became these types of schools; usually state universities
alien and sedition acts
allowed government to expel foreigners and jail nespaper editors for writing scandalous things about the government
evangelicalism
preaching christianity based on emotionalism and spirituality in front of massive crowds
what role did settlement houses have in the assimilation of immigrants
allowed immigrants in poverty to go through social services such as teaching english and providing elementary education
lend-lease act
allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S
labor disputes act
allowed the federal government to seize and operate industries threatened by or under strikes that would interfere with war production (in World War II)
mother jones
a dressmaker in Chicago until a fire destroyed her business. She then devoted her life to the cause of workers. Supported striking railroad workers in Pittsburg, and traveled around the country organizing coal miners and campaigning for improved working conditions. Helped pave the way for reform.
habeas corpus
Writ forcing government authorities to justify their arrest and detention of an individual. During the Civil War, Lincoln suspended habeas corpus to stop protests against the draft and other anti-Union activities.
William Lloyd Garrison
White abolitionist who wanted to end salvery; He launched the antislavery newspaper "The Liberator"
"boss" tweed
William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.
uncle tom's cabin
Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.
world war ii
World War 2, also known as the Second World War, was a war fought from 1939 to 1945 in Europe and, during much of the 1930s and 1940s, in Asia. The war in Europe began in earnest on September 1, 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, and concluded on September 2, 1945, with the official surrender of the last Axis nation, Japan. However, in Asia the war began earlier with Japanese interventions in China, and in Europe, the war ended earlier with the unconditional surrender of Germany on May 8, 1945. The conflict spilled over into Africa, included a handful of incidents in the Americas, and a series of major naval battles. It was the largest armed conflict in history, spanning the entire world and involving more countries than any other war, as well as introducing powerful new weapons, culminating in the first use of nuclear weapons. However, despite the name, not all countries of the world were involved; some through neutrality (such as the Eire - though Eire supplied some important secret information to the Allies; D-Day's date was decided on the basis of incoming Atlantic weather information supplied from Ireland - Sweden, and Switzerland), others through strategic insignificance (Mexico). The war ravaged civilians more severely than any previous conflict and served as a backdrop for genocidal killings by Nazi Germany as well as several other mass slaughters of civilians which, although not technically genocide, were significant. These included the massacre of millions of Chinese and Korean nationals by Japan, internal mass killings in the Soviet Union, and the bombing of civilian targets in German and Japanese cities by the Allies. In total, World War II produced about 50 million deaths, more than any other war to date.
geneva accords
a 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956
john muir
a Californian preservationist, president of the Sierra Club; opposed to businesses taking land for econ. gains; gets govt. to set aside 35 mil. acres for a natl. forest
andrew jackson
a Democratic-Republican who was voted into office in 1828. The people wanted representation and reform from the administration of John Quincy Adams. Jackson believed that the people should rule. He was the first president from the west, and he represented many of the characteristics of the west. Jackson appealed to the common man as he was said to be one. He believed in the strength of the Union and the supremacy of the federal government over the state government.
christian fundamentalism
a Protestant religious movement grounded in the belief that the Bible is a literal, historical text; movement was challenged by modernists in the 1920s in the Scopes Monkey Trial involving Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan
joseph mccarthy
a Republican Senator from Wisconsin who was strongly against communism. He claimed there were many communists in the State Department. He was censored by Congress and lost his seat
fannie lou hamer
a SNCC organizer and former sharecropper who had been evicted from her farm after registering to vote & thrown in jail for urging other African Americans to register to vote; helped organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party & challenged the legality of the segregated Democratic Party at the Democratic Convention
teapot dome scandal
a bribery incident which took place in the United States in 1922-1923, during the administration of President Warren G. Harding. Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome to private oil companies, without competitive bidding, at low rates. In 1922 and 1923, the leases became the subject of a sensational investigation. Fall was later convicted of accepting bribes from the oil companies
space race
a competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union Sig: This investment led to great scientific advances, but also caused friction and insecurities
kansas-nebraska act
a compromise law in 1854 that suspended the Missouri Compromise and left it to voters in Kansas and Nebraska to determine whether they would be slave or free states. the law exacerbated sectional tensions when voters can to blows over the question of slavery in Kansas. It was very controversial, supported by President Pierce and not supported by Douglass
peace corps
a federal agency created by President Kennedy in 1961 to promote voluntary service by Americans in foreign countries, it provides labor power to help developing countries improve their infrastructire, health care, educational systems, and other aspects of their societies. Part of Kennedy's New Frontier vision, the organization represented an effort by postwar liberals to promote American values and influence through productive exchanges across the world
the jungle most directly contributed to which of the following
a federal inspection system to ensure minimum standards for processed meats and food
boston tea party
a group of sons of liberty disguised as native americans, boarded a ship, and dumbed $10,000 worth of tea
neo-conservatism
a group that championed free-market capitalism liberated from government restraints, anti-Soviet positions in foreign policy, questioned liberal welfare programs, and called for the reassertion of traditional values of individualism and the centrality of the family
settlement houses
a house where immigrants came to live upon entering the U.S. At Settlement Houses, instruction was given in English and how to get a job, among other things. The first Settlement House was the Hull House, which was opened by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889. These centers were usually run by educated middle class women. The houses became centers for reform in the women's and labor movements.
referendum
a method that allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws printed on their ballots
north atlantic treaty organization
a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949. With headquarters in Brussels, Belgium, the organization establishes a system of collective security whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.
tenement housing
a new form of housing that was developed in the early 1900's it was designed as a dumbbell and had more apartments for more families and shared restrooms. these tenements were fire hazards, waste and diseas;poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived.
caucus system
a nomination system in which the members of the party who are serving in Congress choose the party's candidate; people decided that the caucuses were undemocratic
glasnost
a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems
head start
a program for poor preschoolers, set up by the Elementary and Secondary Edu Act of 1965, which was designed to prepare them for elementary school and it gave nutritious meals and medical exams.
Tariff of 1828
a protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress that came to be known as the "Tariff of Abominations" to its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Antebellum Southern economy; it was the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime and its goal was to protect industry in the northern United States from competing European goods by increasing the prices of European products. Attempt to keep the American system running.
whitewater scandal
a real estate deal in which the Clintons invested during the '70s; death of Vince Foster the White House council brought out banking and real estate ventures that included the Clintons
personal liberty laws
a series of laws passed by several U.S. states in the North in response to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 and 1850, designed to protect free blacks, freedmen, and fugitive slaves by effectively nullifying the Fugitive Slave Law
10% plan
a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of the 1860 vote count from that state had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, citizens of former Confederate states would be given the opportunity to swear allegiance to the government in Washington (high-ranking Confederate military and civilian authorities would not be offered this opportunity), the state was afforded the chance to form its own state government, a state legislature could write a new constitution but it also had to abolish slavery forever, if all processed Lincoln would recognize the reconstructed government
Committee of Correspondence
a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.
checks and balances
a system that ensured that no particular branch of government gained too much power over another. It demonstrated the fear of absolute power in one group/individual as well as preventing one branch from overpowering the others.
explain how the following events drove us involvement in world war ii and put them in correct chronological order a. neutrality acts b. v-e day c. lend-lease d. d-day
a. neutrality acts-united states remained neutral since they refused to send arms to belligerent nations, refused to give out loans to belligerents, and refused to give out loans to spain. c. lend-lease--gave President Franklin D. Roosevelt the powers to sell, transfer, exchange, lend equipment to any country to help it defend itself against the Axis powers. indicated which side fdr was on during the war which marked involvement. d. d-day--germany takes defeat again the us, canada, and britain as wetook over normandy and pushed germany toward berlin, liberating paris on the way. america was able to reset itself to defeat germany. b. v-e day--germany finally surrenders which gives the us to divert its complete attention to defeating japan
northwest ordinance
abolished slavery in the northwest territories and set specific regulations concerning the conditions under which territories could apply for statehood; also contained a bill of rights guaranteeing trial by jury, freedom of religion, and freedom from excessive punishment
temperance
abolishing alcohol
nullification
act of declaring a policy void
act of toleration
act passed in maryland that protected the religious freedom of most christians
margaret sanger reforms
advocated for birth control through contraceptives and abortion
marcus garvey reforms
advocated for black nationalism and a return for them back to africa
carrie chapman catt reforms
advocated for women's suffrage
which ethnic group, formerly a stalwart of lincoln's party, switched political allegiance and explain why this may have occurred
african americans switched to being democrats because eleanor roosevelt was against discrimination, fdr passed a law against discrimination and fdr put african americans in his department
maroons
african slaves that managed to escape slavery and form cultural enclabes
persian gulf war
after Iraq invaded Kuwait, the US invaded Iraq to liberate Kuwait; Iraq set Kuwait's oil fields on fire so the Americans couldn't gain the oil; this conflict caused the US to set military bases in Saudi Arabia; also called Operation: Desert Storm
newt gingrich
after the disagreement in the federal government over the budget between Republican leaders and the president, Public opinion turned quickly and powerfully against the Republican leadership and against much of its agenda. This controversial Republican Speaker of the House, quickly became one of the most unpopular political leaders in the nation, while President Clinton slowly improved his standing in the polls.
agenda and leader of the black panthers
agenda was to protect black people against police brutality. huey newton and bobby seales were the leaders.
mayflower compact
agreement between pilgrims that created legal authority/assembly and asserted the government's power came from people--not god
progressive party
aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life in response to the industrial revolution
jacksonian democracy
all about the commonman followed by white supremacy and universal white manhood suffrage
first continental congress
all colonies except georgia met up to enumerate american grievances, develop strategy for addressing those grievances, and formulate a colonial position of the proper relationship between the royal government and the colonial government
gold standard
all paper money would be backed only by
universal manhood suffrage
all white men could vote since andrew jackson
franco-american alliance
alliance negotiated by benjamin franklin which brought the french into the war on the side of the colonists after the battle of saratoga
organization of the petroleum exporting countries
alliance of Arab countries that raised oil prices by 400% in 1973 to punish the US for sending aid to Isreal after Syria and Egypt attacked Isreal on Yom Kippur
salutary neglect
although england regulated trade and government in its colonies, it barely interfered with colonial affairs due to the distance
monroe doctrine
america was to protect areas on the western hemisphere which sort of granted the nation control of latin regions
describe two ways america and american citizens conformed to society during the 1950se5r6
american citizens had blue collar jobs, watched television, lived in their suburban households, and engaged into consumerism
Ralph Waldo Emerson
american transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. he was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.
how did the united states react to the launching of sputnik?
americans felt humiliated so eisenhower started programs to improve math and science training. nasa formed up and sent a spaceship to the moon.
manifest destiny
americans had a god-given right to the western territories
jesse jackson
an African-American candidate for the Democratic ticket, campaigned for a "rainbow coalition" of minorities and the disadvantaged; Lost the nomination to Michael Dukakis
lydia maria child
an American abolitionist, women's rights activist, opponent of American expansionism, Indian rights activist, novelist, and journalist.
minstrel shows
an American entertainment consisting of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music, performed by white people in blackface or, especially after the Civil War, black people in blackface.
cahokia
an Indian center for trade in 1200 A.D. that was once located near present-day St. Louis. Cahokia is an example of how advanced peoples had been in the Americas well before the arrival of the colonists in the early 1600's
david walker
an audaciously outspoken Black American activist who demanded the immediate end of slavery in the new nation. A leader within the Black enclave in Boston, Massachusetts. David Walker's Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World: a call to "awaken my brethren" to the power within Black unity and struggle. recognized for his critical contribution to ending chattel slavery in the United States. one of the most important political and social documents of the 19th century. They credit Walker for exerting a radicalizing influence on the abolitionist movements of his day and beyond. He has inspired many generations of Black leaders and activists of all backgrounds.
how is the prohibition movement similar to other progressive reform movement
began on local and state levels before it became national
trusts
an economic method that had other companies assigns their stocks to the board of trust who would manage them. This made the head of the board, or the corporate leader wealthy, and at the same time killed off competitors not in the trust. This method was used/developed by Rockefeller, and helped him become extremely wealthy. It was also used in creating monopolies.
gospel of wealth
an essay written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889 that described the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich. The central thesis of Carnegie's essay was the peril of allowing large sums of money to be passed into the hands of persons or organizations ill-equipped mentally or emotionally to cope with them.
inflation
an increase in the supply of currency relative to the goods available, leading to a decline in the purchasing power of money (depreciation of currency)
eugene o'neil
an innovative playwright who portrayed realistic characters and situations (Strange Interlude)
southeast asian treaty organization
an international organization for collective defense primarily created to block during communism gains in Southeast Asia. Signed by—Australia, France, New Zealand, Thailand, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan (Republic of China), UK, US, and support from South Korea and Vietnam.
northern strategy
anaconda plan; east coast naval blockade and take over mississippi river
pet banks
andrew jackson took government's money out of the bank of the united states and put them in different state/pet banks
virginia company
another name for the jamestown join stock company named after the virgin queen.
bill of rights
anti-federalists argued for a bill of rights so that the constitution doesn't try to stip the people of anything
explain why the teller amendment appeased the antiimperialists but why the subsequent platt amendment angered the same group
antiimperialists liked the teller amendment because it guaranteed cuba that the united states would not take political control of them. the platt amendment angered antiimperialists because it restricted cubans from signing a treaty with another nation that impaired their independence, allowed the united states to intervene with their affairs, and allowed the united states to have naval bases in cuba which basically gave the united states control anyway.
the above excerpt most directly reflects that the temperance movement
appealed to a varied constituency of reformers
continental army
army led by george washington, defending the colonies against great britain
explain how the assembly line transformed american industry and identify one industry which prospered from its use
assembly line increased productivity as more products were being made in a shorter amount of time. henry ford's automobile industry prospered from this.
declaratory act
asserted british government's right to tax and legislate in all cases anywhere in the colonies
describe the 3 main elements of president wilson's new freedom and his "triple wall of privilege"
attacked tariffs by lowering it, attacked banking by proposing a bank system with twelve districts, and attacked trusts by breaking monopolies and fixing unfair trade practice
dawes act
attempt to "americanize" the indians giving each tribe 160 acres; after 25 years this property would become theirs (if they were good little whites) and they would become an american citizen
describe american indian movement
attempted to achieve self-determination and revival of tribal traditions.
dominion of new england
autocratic control of the english government who attempted to clamp down on illegal trade
national bank
bank that helped regulate and strengthen the economy using the same currency proposed by hamilton
liberalism
based on the faith in american economic growth- economic growth can be used to better society for all. Left market free, but government managed money supply that "smoothed out" the economy. Eased suffering of unemployed by work programs and ambitious projects. Created system of relief, recovery, and reform. Supported laws to encourage trade unions and regulate banking.
republican party
began in the 1850s, dedicated to keeping slavery out of the territories, but they championed a wider range of issues, including the further development of national roads, more liberal land distribution in the West, and increased protective tariffs. Comprised of Whigs, Northern Democrats, and Free-Soilers, in defiance to the Slave Powers
harlem renaissance
black artistic movement in New York City in the 1920s, when writers, poets, painters, and musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, especially about the injustices of Jim Crow; leading figures of the movement included Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, Duke Ellington, Zora Neale Hurston, and Langston Hughes.
w.e.b. dubois
black intellectual who challenged Booker T. Washington's ideas on combating Jim Crow; he called for the black community to demand immediate equality and was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
great compromise (connecticut compromise)
blended the virginia plan the new jersey plan to have a bicameral legislature and constitution. the bicameral legislature would have the senate and the house of representatives
analyze the effect the "bonus march," reconstruction finance corporation, and hawley-smoot tariff had on president hoover's administration
bonus march-hoover ordered the army to break up the veterans in washington who marched for greater pay which made people think of him as heartless and uncaring. reconstruction finance corporation- gave emergency loans to key businesses that would "trickle down" to smaler businesses which people saw as something only beneficial for the rich hawley-smoot tariff--increased tax on foreign imports which caused other natiosn to do the same which reduced trade and furthered the depression
pueblo revolt
breaks down the force of the conversion of native americans
bill of rights
brings peace to the antifederalists
how do court cases plessy v ferguson and brown v board of education relate
brown v board of education case turned over the plessy v ferguson case since it desegregated schools. plessy v ferguson was with separate but equal faciltiies.
virginia plan
called for an entirely new government based on checks and balances and for the number of representatives for each state to be based upon the population of the state
new jersey plan
called for modifications and equal representation for each statee
purpose and methods of students for a democratic society
called for university decisions to be made through participatory democracy. had protests at the school against the rules. weatherman took it to the extremes by being violent.
administration & explanation: "the business of America is business"
calvin coolidge. showed his overconfidence in the American economy before the Depression
flappers
carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.
chief little turtle
chief of the Miami who led a Native American alliance that raided U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory. He was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville. Later, he became an advocate for peace
what was the federal government's role in regulating immigration
chinese immigration act banned chinese laborers for coming so native born americans can work there
puritans
christians who wanted to purify the catholic church
Mormons
church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT
how did the cities change due to the influx of immigration during the latter part of the 19th century
cities were divided up by races with tenement houses. immigrants mainly lived in the cities and the rich people were able to live in suburbs due to transportation
what does the author imply by the phrase "not one of the rights that citizens of this country are called upon to surrender in time of war"
citizens do not lose their freedom of speech during war
explain how citizens of some states had greater political control through initiative, rferendm, and recall
citizens had greater political control through intiative, referendum, and recall since
in what ways did the vietnam war put a spotlight on the civil rights movement
civil rights movement pointed out how futile it was to be fighting in the vietnam war when there is problems at home.
list and briefly describe two environmental acts richard nixon presided over while he was president
clean air act-established national standards for states, strict auto emissions guidelines, and regulations, which set air pollution standards for private industry, environmental protection agency-designed to regulate pollution, emissions, and other factors that negatively influence the natural environment clean water act-Federal Law setting a national goal of making all natural surface water fit for fishing and swimming by 1983, banned polluted discharge into surface water and required the metals be removed from waste endangered species act-identifies threatened and endangered species in the U.S., and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations
black codes
codes used to keep blacks from uniting with indentured servants whether this is by treating the blacks worse or making blacks be slaves for life; prohibited blacks from congregating and learning to read
royal colony
colonies directly owned by a king
explain why asia was a focus of cold war tensions during the 1950s and 1960s
colonies in asia have gained their independence, so they lacked political and economic institutions, making them susceptible to communism or democracy
new england
concentrated on trade; boston was the colonies' major port city
list and describe two cold war confrontations and two events which lessened cold war tensions
confrontations: berlin airlift-stalin blocked off west berlin, so the united states had to fly over to provide supply. truman also had bombs ready to drop, but stalin decided not to test the waters and stop the airlift. cuban missile crisis- khrushchev had missiles in cuba, so kennedy had a naval blockade around cuba. nuclear war seemed inevitable, so khrushchev pulled out of cuba and kennedy agreed to pull missiles out of turkey. u-2 incident-russians shot down a u.s. spy plane and eisenhower admitted it, so khrushchev was done with him reliefs: spirit of geneva-ussr showed signs of wanting to reduce the cold war by withdrawing troops from austria and establishing peace with greece and turkey. had a meeting at geneva, switzerland where us asked for open skies policy but ussr politely declined. khrushchev later denounced the crimes of joseph stalin. spirit of camp david- khrushchev gave u.s. six months to leave west berlin, so eisenhower invited khrushchev to camp david, maryland and they agreed to put off the crisis and schedule a meeting in paris salt-an agreement signed by the US and Soviets to stop building nuclear ballistic missiles for five years camp david accords-arranged peace relations between egypt and israel and egypt finally recognized israel as a real one.
jonathan edwards
congregationalist minister; preached severe, predeterministic doctrines of calvinism and became famous for his depictions of hell
annapolis convention
convened by hamilton, only five delegates showed up, so they set up another meeting in penn to discuss the revision of the articles of confederation
joint-stock company
corporate businesses with shareholders whose mission was to settle and develop lands in north america; investors bought the right to establish new world plantations from king
how do the corporations run afoul of the goals of preservationists
corporations build businesses and are all about money. preservationists want to save the land.
purpose of the truman doctrine
economic and military aid was sent to greek and turkey to assist the free people of greece and turkey against the totalitarian regimes
which of the following would the author, as a critic of the politics of the era, most likely opposed
court decisions allowing unlimited campaign contributions by wealthy donors
insular cases
court ruled that constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions and that the power to decide whether or not to grnat such right belonged to congress
social security act
created a federal insurance program based upon the automatic collection of payments from employees and employers throughout people's working careers; people would get monthly payments when they retire; benefits for the unemployed, disabled, and baby mommas
the social secuirty administration
created a federal insurance program based upon the automatic collection of payments from employees and employers throughout people's working careers; people would get monthly payments when they retire; benefits for the unemployed, disabled, and baby mommas
central intelligence agency
created by Congress in 1947. The CIA functions under the direction of the National Security Council. It serves to: coordinate information-gathering activities of all federal agencies, especially those in the Departments of State and Defense; analyze and evaluate information collected; and keep the President and National Security Council updated on all the information obtained. The CIA also conducts intelligence operations across the world, in its efforts to obtain information. It is a very secretive organization, and even Congress is largely uninformed of most of its activities, except for a few key members of Congress.
security and exchange commission
created to regulate the stock market and to place strict limits on the kind of speculative practices that led to the Wall Street crash
briefly explain the basics of trickle-down economics
cut taxes and reduced government spending which would increase investment in private sectors. the wealthy would propser and it will start trickling down on the middle class and poor.
define each of the terms and put them in chronological order describing the president who was in power, the event it references, and was this isolationism or interventionism a. zimmerman note b. kellogg-briand pact c. lend-lease act d. gentleman's agreement
d. gentleman's agreement-japanese governemnt agreed to restrict the emigration of japanese workers to the united states in return for roosevelt persuading california to repeal its discriminatory laws. president theordore roosevelt. interventionism. a. zimmerman note-german foreign minister zimmerman proposed that mexico becomes an ally with germany in return for their territories that they lost to america. president wilson. interventionim. b. kellogg-briand pact--nations and united states agreed to renouncethe aggressive use of force to achieve national ends. president coolidge. interventionism c. lend-lease act--gave President Franklin D. Roosevelt the powers to sell, transfer, exchange, lend equipment to any country to help it defend itself against the Axis powers. interventionism.
what were the consequences of the dred scott decision of 1857?
declared all parts of west territory free to slavery, got rid of the missouri compromise, and denied blacks rights
war powers resolution
decreased presidents powers as commander in chieft ; has to report to congress before war actions are taken, etc.
what did many historians say was the reason for the fall of the ussr? what president gets much of the credit
either the military buildup, gorbachev's want to improved economic and political system, or george kennan's containment policy. reagan gets much of the credit.
agenda and leader of the black muslims
elijah muhammad/malcolm x was the leadership and he preached black nationalism, separatism, and self-improvement through identity in africa and islam. violent. if someone hits you you put them to the grave.
black power
emphasized racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions to nurture and promote black collective interests, advance black values, and secure black autonomy. a range of political goals, from defense against racial oppression, to the establishment of separate social institutions and a self-sufficient economy (separatism help usher in black radical thought, and action against white supremacy. Black Power adherents believe in Black autonomy, with a variety of tendencies such as black nationalism, and black separatism. Often Black Power advocates are open to use violence as a means of achieving their aims, but this openness to violence was nearly always coupled with community organizing work. CONFLICTED with civil rights.
civilian conservation corps
employed about 3 million men (between 18-25) to work on projects that benefited the public, planting trees to reforest areas, building levees for flood control, and improving national parks, etc. Most pop form of legislation. Men only keep 20-25% of $, rest sent back to family.
the civilian conservation corps
employed young men on projects on federal lands and paid their families small monthly sums
list and describe two factors which fueled the economy in the 1950s
employmeny act ensured full employment and baby boom created many employees
federal trade commission
empowered a president-appointed position to investigate the activities of trusts and stop unfair trade practices such as unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, & bribery.
recall
enabled voters to remove a corrupt or unsatisfactory politician from office by majority vote before that official's term has expired
the agricultural adjustment agency
encouraged farmers to reduce production (which would increase their price) by offering to pay government subsidies for every acre they plowed nder
what was one goal of the students for a democratic society
end university restrictions on student olitical activities
describe voting rights act of 1965
ended literacy tests and provided federal registrars in areas where black were kept from voting
thomas paine
english printer who made common sense
pontiac's rebellion
english raised goods sold to native americans hence ottawa war chief pontiac gathered a group of tribes in ohio valley and attacked colonial posts
battle of lexington
english troops through passed through and encountered minutemen and the first gun fire was shot; minutemen suffered casualties
sugar act
established a number of new duties and contained provisions aimed at deterring molasses smugglers
praying towns
established by John Eliot, praying towns were villages in which the Indians were supposed to adopt English customs and learn the fundamentals of Puritan religion
massachusetts bay colony
established by congregationalists which was ruled by john winthrop
anthony targeted the states as the parts of government discriminating against women primarily for which of the following reasons
except for the 14th and 15th amendments, the united states constitution left the power to the states to determine who could vote
monopolies
exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices.
juan de onate
explorer that swept through the american southwest, determinged to create christian converts by any means necessary-including violence
when the zimmerman message was made public, most people in the united states
expressed nationalist anger against germany
which of the following groups during the period from 1865 to 1895 most actively campaigned to increase the money supply
farmers and debtors
shays's rebellion
farmers start to revolting up in mass and it showed the weak the articles of confederation was
why and how did the principles championed by president fdr directly challenge the laissez faire policies of gilded age
fdr directly challenge laissez faire policies by stepping into the economy to help americans out through relief, reform, and recovery
explain how many historians state that the administration of franklin d roosevelt is an extension of the progressives of the early 20th century. offer at least one concrete example to support your response
fdr was an extension of progressivism when he wanted to bring about his new deal which focused on relief for people out of work, recovery for business and the economy, and reform of american economic institutitons. this is what progressives advocated for--they wanted the governement t o take more political and social responsibiltiies to spur change.
utopian communities
featuring the shakers and brook farm
list and describe two methods the federal government used to promote westward migration
federal land grants and the transcontinental railroad
john marshall
federalist chief justice who established precedents for chief justice in supreme court
era of good feelings
federalist party was defeated so only the democratic republicans were left as monroe becomes the president after getting an overwhelming majority after traveling around, giving speeches
constitution compromises
feds- strong central gov, for constitution -anti-federalists- strong state gov, no consitution without bills of rights
which of the following most likely explains the significant reduction of immigration during the 1870s and 1890s to the united states
financial panics and depressions
ronald reagan
first elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.
articles of confederation
first national constitution sent by the continental congress which had barely any central government because they did not want tyranny
george washington
first president of the united states who was a general during the seven years war and highly respected; leader in the revolution as well since he was well-liked
haitian revolutiion
first successful slave revolt; led to more slave revolts because of hope of success now that there was an example; hurt France financially; gave Haiti freedom, spread fear of slave rebellion, first free slave nation in the western hemisphere, ended Napoleon's dream of an American empire which led to him selling the Louisiana land to the Americans
jamestown
first town settled in the colonies located in the virginia company; known for tobacco; originally a joint stock company but it became royal since they went bankrupt and people were starving
fundamental orders of conneticut
first written constitution in british north america
why did we want the gadsen purchase
flat land can go into california instead of going through the rocky mountains `
democratic-republican party
followers of jefferson
currency act
forbade the colonies to usse paper money
populist party
formed in 1892 by members of the Farmer's Alliance, this party was designed to appeal to workers in all parts of the country. Populists favored a larger role of government in American Society, a progressive income tax, and more direct methods of democracy.
battle of the alamo
fortress in Texas where four hundred American volunteers were slain by Santa Anna in 1836. "Remember the Alamo" became a battle cry in support of Texan independence. (294)
dixiecrats
fought for old Southern way of life (states' rights), attempted to gain higher standing within Democratic party; aimed to deny Truman enough electoral votes to avoid his reelection by nominating Strom Thurmond (SC governor)
american antislavery society
founded in 1833 by william lloyd garrison and other abolitionists. garrison burned the constitution as a proslavery document. argued for "no union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.
students for a democratic society
founded in Michigan 1962; radical organization wanted to rid American society of poverty, racism, and violence; embraced liberal reforms; advocated participator democracy; individual > group
huguenots
french calvinists
political bosses
gave assistance to immigrants by trading jobs and services for votes; provided jobs on city's payroll, found housing for new arrivals, gave needy gifts of foods and clothing, etc.
The Great Compromise
gave states equal senators. but the amount of representatives was based on the population
president associated with "read my lips--no new taxes"
george h.w. bush
which of the following does this excerpt support as the primary cause of the us declaration of war in april 1917
germany's violations of the us neutral rights
how does the social gospel movement run counter to the idea of the gospel of wealth
gospel of wealth believed that god meant for only a select few to be rich and bless others through philanthropy. social gospel believed in directly helping communties get better housing, jobs, and get fed.
east india tea company
government charted joint-stock company that controlled spice trade in the East Indies after the Dutch. Granted Monopoly of American Tea Business
what argument do conservatives have against both the new deal and great society programs
government had too much power and have no right to step in and help, especially since it is costly
loyalists
government officials and devout anglicans who wanted to remain loyal to the crown
treaty of paris
granted the united states independence and generous territorial rights. treaty of paris also ended the french and indian war and the spanish-american war.
pilgrims
group led by william bradford who agreed upon the mayflower compact
committees of correspondence
groups colonists set out through the colonies to trade ideas and inform each other of the political mood; worked to convince the colonies to trade ideas and inform one another of the political mood
federal deposit insurance corporation
guaranteed individual bank deposits and their protection
social security act
guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health
ida wells-barnett
had called international attention to the lynching of African Americans in the south in the 1890's; remained a highly audible voice against racial discrimination in Chicago, as well as the South
explain how many historians associate the administration of ulysses s grant with that of the harding administraion
harding's postwar presidency was marked by scandals and corruption similar to those which happened to ulysses g grant
explain how the harlem renaissance expressed african american culture and identify two major artists who are synonymous with the movement
harlem renaissance celebrate black culture through music, art, literature, poetry, and more. two major artists from the harlem renaissance include langston hughes, louis armstrong, and duke ellington.
what was another goal of the students for a democratic society
have a greater voice in the government of the university
how did william lloyd garrison contribute to the abolitionist movement? what did he advocate for?
he published the abolitionist newspaper "the liberator" and he advocated immediate aboliton of slavery; founded the american antislavery society
john smith
helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter; "he who will not work shall not eat"
in what ways was president johnson a progressive president
helped those in poverty and the disabled through the great society
who was president wilson's strongest opponent during the debates over the treaty of versailles and his main argument against ratiication
henry cabot lodge. his argument was that the league of nations needed to add certain reservations added on to it.
susan b anthony was arrested and fined $100 for casting an illegal vote in the presidential election of 1872. she refused to pay the fine. her protest was most similar to which of the following
henry david thoreau
administration & explanation: "rugged individualism"
herbert hoover. It refers to a belief that individuals can succeed with minimal governmental aide.
hamilton's financial plan
high tariffs to help business, assume debt, and charter a bank
bakke v university of california
imposed limitations on affirmative action to ensure that providing greater opportunities for minorities did not come at the expense of the rights of the majority. In other words, affirmative action was unfair if it lead to reverse discrimination. The case involved the University of Calif., Davis, Medical School and Allan Bakke, a white applicant who was rejected twice even though there were minority applicants admitted with significantly lower scores than his. A closely divided Court ruled that while race was a legitimate factor in school admissions, the use of rigid quotas was not permissible.
forty-niners
in January 1848, gold was discovered on property in Sierra Nevada foothills of northern California. It was supposed to be secret, but the word leaked shortly after the Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo. An estimated 100,000 forty-niners from around the globe flocked to the gold fields in 1849. The population of California exploded, and the issue of slavery was again brought up. Politicians were debated as to whether California should be admitted as a free or slave state.
revivalism
in a Christian context generally refers to a specific period of spiritual renewal in the life of the Church. While elements such as mass conversions and perceived beneficial effects on the moral climate of a given
in what setting/area did president h.w. bush see his most success? offer one example
in middle east/kuwait specifically. george h.w. bush built a successful coalition of united nations members. bush got congressioanl approvement to have a military campaign which was called desert storm and after air strikes, hussein backed down.
proclamation of 1763
in response to the native americans attacking/pontiac's rebellion, this proclamation forbid american settlement west of appalachian mountains which pissed off the colonies since they didn't want gb in their business and they feel that the land that they rightfully won is being taken away from them
in what ways did the federal government and the supreme court support jim crow laws
in the plessy v ferguson case, the government ruled "separate, but equal." so segregation was okay guys
iran hostage crisis
incident in which Iranian radicals, with government support, seized 52 Americans from the US embassy and held them for 444 days; ostensibly demanding the return of the deposed Shah to stand trial, the fundamentalist clerics behind the seizure also hoped to punish the United States for other perceived past wrongs.
identify and describe two political changes supported by progressives that were enacted into law by 1920
income tax became the 16th amendment and the direction election of senators became the 17th amendment.
a decline in the amount of money in circulation in proportion to the population would most likely result in a(n)
increase in interest rates and a decline in prices
during world war i, the governemnt propaganda, such as poster shown above, most likely contributed to which of the following
increased fear of foreigners and immigrants
what was the basic european view of native population
inferior, savages, unequals
pool
informal agreement between a group of people or leaders of a company to keep their prices high and to keep competition low; associated with railroads because of the Interstate Commerce
describe the changing immigration patterns between 1830 and the last two decades of the nineteenth century
initially, northern and western europeans, mainly germans, protestants, and the irish but not at big amounts because they stopped receiving discrimination. now, eastern and southern immigrants are coming millions at a time.
united nations
international body formed to bring nations into dialogue in hopes of preventing further world wars; much like the former League of Nations in ambition, it was more realistic in recognizing the authority of the Big Five Powers in keeping peace in the world, thus guaranting veto power to all permant members of its Security Council (Britian, China, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States)
brown v board of education
invalidated racial segregation in schools and led to the unraveling of de jure segregation in all areas of public life. In the unanimous decision spearheaded by Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court invalidated the Plessy ruling, declaring "in the field of public education, the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place" and contending that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." Future Supreme Court justice Thurgood Marshall was one of the NAACP lawyers who successfully argued the case.
eli whitney
invented the cotton gin
the above except is most closely associated with which sector of the progressive movement
investigative journalists and authors known as "muckrackers"
"don't ask, don't tell"
is the common term for the policy about homosexuality in the U.S. military mandated by federal law. he policy prohibits anyone who "demonstrate(s) a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts" from serving in the armed forces of the United States, because it "would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion that are the essence of military capability." The act prohibits any homosexual or bisexual person from disclosing his or her sexual orientation or from speaking about any homosexual relationships, including marriages or other familial attributes, while serving in the United States armed forces. The "don't ask" part of the policy indicates that superiors should not initiate investigation of a service member's orientation in the absence of disallowed behaviors, though mere suspicion of homosexual behavior can cause an investigation.
chinese revoltion
issue under Truman. the US sided with Chiang Kai-shek's nationalis government against Mao Zedongs communist insurgents, during Chinas 20 year civil war. dispite massive american aid,t he compmunists overthrew the nationalists whose government was exiled to Taiwan. The US refused to acknowledge the legitimacy of Maos regime for decades, creating another international hot spot.
emancipation proclamation
issued by Lincoln that freed the slaves in the Confederacy, but not in the Border states; really didnt do anything because the slaves were out of Lincoln's jurisdiction
Specie Circular
issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.
vertical integration
it is when you combine into one organization all phases of manufacturing from mining to marketing. This makes supplies more reliable and improved efficiency. It controlled the quality of the product at all stages of production; associated with Andrew Carnegie
what was the major argument the south had when the civil rights acts were passed?
it was the state's decision, not the federal government. if plessy v ferguson approved of it, then let it be.
corrupt bargain
jackson won the popular vote but the election was too close so secretary of the state henry clay convinced house of representatives to choose john quincy adams over jackson allegedly
how do the concepts of jingoism, nationalism, and social darwinism interrelate
jingoism is an intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy which was inflicted on those who the whites considered "inferior"
who is most associated with the gospel of wealth, and what were its basic tenents
john d. rockefeller was most associated with gospel of wealth; the gospel of wealth; god gives wealth to people and he expects them to give it away in philanthropic efforts
jay's treaty
john jay went to england to try to get british out of the northwest territory, but the only thing it did was prevent war and have war debts get paid. britain didn't budge.
who coined the phrase manifest destiny
john o'sullivan
city upon a hill
john winthrop's idea of how massachusetts bay should be. they should be a model for others to look up to, being closer to god and all.
describe two components/actions/agencies of the war on povery
johnson asked and congress provided the creation of the office of economic opportunity and money to provide for this antipoverty agency. from this we have head start, job corps, and community action program (allowed poor people to run antipoverty programs in their own neighborhoods)
yellow journalism
journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers; popularized in the late nineteenth century by Jospeh Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst
how did the ku klux klan of the late 1800s differ from the new ku klux klan of the early 1920s
kkk was now strong in the midwest too and had the birth of a nation film
what were the beliefs of the "know-nothing party"? what were their goals?
know-nothing party believed in nativism and helping native-born americans getting job. their goals were to stop immigrants like catholic irish from taking their jobs. abolitionists and hated immigrants and native americans.
why were labor unions looked down upon by many us citizens during the early 1920s? explain your response with specific examples.
labor unions were looked down upon because everything was business favored; in addition, companies hired nonunion workers or volunteered to help improve the benefits. the united mine workers suffered setbacks in a series of violent and ultimately unsuccessful strikes in penn, west virginia, and kentucky
slave society social hierarchy
large plantation at top more and more slaves
conscription
law passed by Congress in 1863 that established a draft but allowed wealthy people to escape it by hiring a substitute or paying the government a $300 fee.
clean air act
law that established national standards for states, strict auto emissions guidelines, and regulations, which set air pollution standards for private industry.
agenda and leader of the congress of racial equality
leader james farmer who organized Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation
william jennings bryan
leader of the Democrats in the Chicago convention of 1896 who was a supporter of free silver and won his audiences with biblical fervor; jobless workers and bankrupt farmers resulted in Bryan's assault on the gold standard striking fear in many hearts
leader and basic platform idea for the industrial workers of the world
led by William D. "Big Bill" Haywood. this radical union aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.
olive branch petition
led by john dickinson, this was an attempt to reconcilate with britain after bunker hill, but king george iii was not trying to hear it since he believed they were rebelling
leader and basic platform idea for the united mine workers
led by john l lewis. demanded 20 percent wage increase, a reductive in daily working hours from ten to nine, and formal management recognition in their union.
puritanism
led by john winthrop; wanted to reform the anglican church from within; located in massachusetts bay; city upon a hill; wanted to purify anglican church from catholic ways
leader and basic platform idea for the american federation of labor
led by samuel gompers. basic platform idea was to increase wages and improve working conditions.
which of the following most effectively addressed the concerns that upton sinclair and others had for industrial workers
legislation passed during the wilson presidency to legalize the organization of labor unions
how does wilson's rationale for us involvement in world war i and lbj's rational involvement in vietnam interrelate
like how japan attacked pearl harbor, vietnam attacked warships on the gulf of tonkin. we aren't going to look weak for nobody! wilson and lbj went up to congress and say we gotta fight, they tried us.
list two ways the red scare affected americans during the late 1940s and early 1950s
limited freedom of expression, accusations flew around, lots of distrust
54 40 or fight
line that americans wanted to have the entire oregon territory, but polk decided to split it with britain because he didn't wnat to fight britain and mexico at the same time
scalawags
local whites in the South who had resettled there and supported or entered Reconstruction governments; were ex-Whigs seeking to reenter politics; their beliefs accorded with the policies of congressional Reconstruction
how did the changing working conditions affect the relationship between labor and management
long hours, low pay, and poor conditions really pissed off the laborers, so many unions and strikes came about.
what is meant by lost generation? name 3 author and their works that belong to this group
lost generation is when people scorned religion and condemned sacrifices of wartime. f scott fitzgerald and the great gatsy. ernest hemingway and a farewell to arms and the sun also rises. sinclair lewis and main street and babbitt.
hoovervilles
many families lost their homes because they could not pay their mortgages. These people had no choice but to seek alternative forms of shelter. Hoovervilles, named after President Hoover, who was blamed for the problems that led to the depression, sprung up throughout the United States.
boom and bust
market economies would emerge but then they would go into panics
john rolfe
married pocahontas , easing tension between natives and english settlers; he also pioneered the practice of growing tobacco
agenda and leader of the southern christian leadership conference
martin luther king jr was the leader and he organized ministers and church leaders to get involved in the civil right struggle through sit-ins and nonviolence.
explain three major items of the great society program
medicare is for old people, medicaid is for the poor and disabled, food stamps help poor people buy food, higher education had college scholarships
potsdam conference
meeting between Stalin, Churchill, and Truman to discuss post-WWII; compromise: each side would take reparations from its own occupation zone, divided up GER, created Council of Foreign Ministers; marked the end of wartime alliance
virtual representation
members of parliament represented all british subjects regardless of who elected them
cult of domesticity
men should work while women kept house and raised children
initiative
method by which voters could compel the legislature to consider a bill
george whitefield
methodist preacher; preached a christianity based on emotionalism and spirituality which is manifested in southern evangelism
describe united farm workers
mexican farmers under chavez that worked to gain rights for farm workers including better pay
roger williams
minister in the salem bay settlement who taught secularism; he started his own charter in rhode island where religious freedom was practiced and you didn't have to be a part of the church to vote
boston massacre
mob pelted a group of soldiers with rock-filled snowballs and the soldiers fired on the crowd, killing five; john adams defended soldiers in court while his cousin samuel adams labeled it a massacre
purpose of the marshall plan
money was sent to western nations to help revive their economies and strengthen their democratic governments
northern advantages
more industry, larger population, railroads to transport goods or soldiers
battle of concord
more minutemen were waiting for british troops after they left lexington and the british red coats had a lot of casualties, causing them to retreat; known as the the shoot heard around the world
republican motherhood
mothers were expected to raise educated children who would contribute positively to the united states and be patriotic
how did levittowns change the look and feel of america? list one negative aspect of this change.
moved into homes that centered noreon family life and affordability. caused cities to become extremely poor.
upton sinclair
muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.
describe the woodstock festival
music festival that for the counterculture consisting of rock and roll and folk music. lots of LSD as well.
redcoats
name for british troops since they were known for wearing red which made them an easy target
Second Bank of the United States
national bank organized in 1816; closely modeled after the first Bank of the United States, it held federal tax receipts and regulated the amount of money circulating in the economy. The Bank proved to be very unpopular among western land speculators and farmers, especially after the Panic of 1819
iroquios
native American tribe that the French fought against alongside the Huron Indians; hampered French penetration of the Ohio Valley and allied themselves with the British during the Seven Years War
powhatan confederacy
native americans in virginia that stopped supplying jamestown with food once captain john smith sailed back to england
explain the correlation between nativism and red scare
nativists often accused foreigners of being communists
underground railroad
network of hiding places and safe trails that slaves used to escape with harriet tubman as the conductor
george iii
new british king that felt that the colonists should pay for the french and indian war
explain the correlation between the new deal and the great society
new deal and the great society are both made to help out poverty and welfare
list and explain three primary motivations behind imperialism and identify one proponent of imperialism
new markets, white man's burden/social darwinism, and competition
middle colonies
new york, penn, and new jersey; had more fertile land and focused primarily on farming
aaron burr
nominee against nat turner who killed hamilton for rooting for jefferson
harriet beecher stowe
novelist. wrote uncle tom's cabin, a book about a slave who is treated badly, in 1852. the book persuaded more people, particularly northerners, to become anti-slavery.
voting rights act
nvalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it rboguth jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap
who were the counterculture groups of the 1950s? 1960s/70s?
of the 1950s, it was the beatniks who were rebellious writers who liked spontaneity and drugs. the 1960s/70s, it was the hippies who were into LSD, folk music, rock and roll, peace, and no war.
the sierra club
oldest and largest grassroots environmental organization in the United States. It was founded on May 28, 1892 in San Francisco, California by the well-known conservationist and preservationist John Muir, who became its first president. The Sierra Club has hundreds of thousands of members in chapters located throughout the US, and is affiliated with Sierra Club Canada.
patrick henry
one of the politicians who helped the movement to Independence in Virginia during the 1770s, he's one of the Founding Fathers, and led oppositions to many of the oppressive Acts. Known for "Give me Laverty or give me Death!"
john jay
one of the writers of the federalist papers; first supreme court justice
james madison
one of the writers of the federalist papers; fourth president; writer of constitution and bill of rights; president after jefferson who defeated the federalist
describe one push factor and one pull factor which allowed for the great migration of african americans
one push factor is the severe discrimination that blacks faced in the south that prohibited them from voting and getting decent jobs outside of sharecropping. one pull factor is the amount of jonb opportunities opening up in the north within factories and the industry.
anti-federalists
opposed a strong central government, skeptical about undemocratic tendencies in the Constitution, insisted on Bill of Rights; included Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe.
black panthers
organization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California, in 1966 to protect black rights. They represented a growing dissatisfaction with the non-violent wing of the civil rights movement, and signaled a new direction to that movement after the legislative victories of 1964-1965
farmers' alliances
organization that united farmers at the statewide and regional level; policy goals of this organization included more readily available farm credits and federal regulation of the railroads.
john lewis
organize unions and was encouraged by the Wagner Act. the boss for United Mine Workers and founded the CIO within AFL in 1935. The CIO eventually broke away from the AFL after going against General Motors and US Steel
slavery
originally native americans, blacks were turned to since they were stronger and immune to diseases; helped with tobacco, indigo, and rice
proprietary colony
owned by an individual with direct responsibility to the king; proprietor selected a governor, who served as the authority figure for the property. often turned into royal colonies
common sense
pamphlet published by thomas paine that advocated colonial independence and merits of republicanism over monarchy; argued for independence in a way that a common person could understand
after the end of the cold war, where did the us military start focusing their attention
panama
second continental congress
prepared for war by establishing a continental army, printing money, and creating government offices to supervise policy
sexual revolution
participants int he counterculture demanded more lifestyle freedom; their new views of sexual conduct, which rejected many traditional behavioral restrictions, were lableled this
spanish order
peninsulares, creoles, mestizos/mulattos, pure africans/natives
who were the silent majority? why did they favor a specific political candidate?
people against the liberal drift (including antiwar protests, black militants, youth counterculture, etc). they favored nixon because he tried to delay integration plans and busing orders and get two conservatives in supreme court
in what ways did business methods transform consumer habits during the 19th century
people had more free time to buy things. more department stores opened up for people to shop.
indentured servitude
people paid indentured servants to come and work seven years; after the years are up, the servants get some property allowing them to survive and vote
loose constructionism
people who interpreted the constitution loosely like hamilton hence bring us the bank
strict constructionism
people who interpreted the constitution strictly--nothing less and nothing more like jefferson hence no bank
separatists
people who left the church of england because they thought the church was incapable of being reformed so they left it
pinckney's treaty
pinckney was able to extract a promise from spain to try to prevent attacks on western settlers by native americans
albany plan of union
plan proposed by benjamin franklin which was supposed to form an intercolonial government and a system for collecting taxes for colonies' defense which was represented through the "join or die" snake; not a single colony was for it because they had pride in their colonies and wanted to tax themselves; britain was also against it in fear of a revolt
list and describe one way corporations had control over governmental policies during the gilded age
political machines were around so corporations basically influenced the governments by getting them to be all about laissez faire and turning away from their corruption. trusts were allowed to be passed. granger laws (poor farmers) were being ignored. 17th amendment (direct election of senators)
Whig Party
political party that had no stand on slavery, was elected because people did not want to rock the boat and have war, An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements
mcelroy's letter uses humor to make a point. which of the following statements reflects mcelroy's true criticism
politics was primarily about holding office for personal gain
positive and negative effects of industrialization as it applies to worker conditions
positive, machines made things faster, more job opportunities. negative, overcrowded, long hours, low pay, dangerous.
interlocking directorate
practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the Board of Directors of another company. J.P. Morgan is associated with this.
what was the main goal of the preservationists and list one way in which they were successful in their efforts
preservationists aimed to preserve natural areas from human interference. they were successful in their efforts through the sierra club
voters demanded patronage reform in politics after
president james garfield was assassinated
george grenville
prime minister of george iii
which of the following would most directly support the argument that progressives were exclusionary
progressives did little to end the segregation of african americans
which of the following interpretations of progressivism would most likely support this excerpt
progressives were a diverse group who supported various reforms
neutrality acts
prohibited sale of arms to belligerents in a war; banned loans to belligerents; citizens cannot travel to countries at war or travel on armed ships; passed to prevent American involvement in future overseas wars
robert smalls
prominent southern black political lader of SC, took a Confederate ship "Plantat" and surrendered it to the union, later became a successful congressman
anne hutchinson
proponent of antinomianism which was the blief that faith and god's grace will earn someone a place in heaven
equal right amendment
proposed amendment to the U.S. constitution passed by Congress and submitted to the states for ratification in 1971; outlawing discrimination based on gender, it was at first seen as a great victory by women's-rights groups. The amendment fell 3 states short of the 38 required for ratification. However, many states have adopted similar amendments to their state constitutions
american system
proposed by henry clay, the american system advocated for internal improvements, a national bank, and higher tariffs to help out industries
protectionism
protecting domestic manufacturers from foreign competition by imposing tariffs and quotas on imported goods
during the late 19th century, which of the following groups most benefited from the poverty described by riis
protestant clergy who espoused the cause of social justice for the poor
intolerable acts/coercive acts
punishment for boston tea party. 1. closed boston harbor of all but essential trade until tea was paid for 2. tightened english control over the mass gov and its courts 3. new, stricter quartering act put british soldiers in civilian homes 4. quebec act
halfway convenant
puritans decided to baptize all children whose parents were baptized even if they had not experienced god's grace (still couldn't vote)
congregationalists
puritans who wanted to reform the anglican church from within
list and describe two ways both the populists and labor unions tried to assist the laboring force
push for 8-hour work days and more pay
explain how immigration changed the social and economic landscape of america
racism came into play. there were settlement houses, tenements, and separate neighborhoods based off of race. worked for a cheaper cost making things a lot cheaper. larger work forces. americans cry for the jobs that they don't want
sons of liberty
radical, colonial protest groups
briefly describe the iran-contra affair.
reagan secretly sent money and weapons to iran to combat the contras in nicaragua.
how do terms red scare and containment interrelate
red scare if the fear of communism and containment is keeping communism limited in certain areas.
second new deal
refers to the set of legislative initiatives passed under FDR beginning in 1935, after his court-packing scheme was rejected. These initiatives are often considered more far reaching than those passed under the First New Deal; they include the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act (which created the works Progress Administration), the National Labor Relations Act, and the Social Security Act.
american colonization society
reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves
calvinists
rejection of consubstantiation, the Eucharist and in its doctrine of predestination, the belief that no actions taken during a persons life would effect their salvation. The Puritan colonies were based on Calvinist doctrine.
militia movement
relatively new right-wing extremist movement consisting of armed paramilitary groups, both formal and informal, with an anti-government, conspiracy-oriented ideology
moral majority
relatively new right-wing extremist movement consisting of armed paramilitary groups, both formal and informal, with an anti-government, conspiracy-oriented ideology
what was the federal government's role in regulating the national economy
replaced currency whether it was with the gold standard, greenbacks, or the use of silver
who was senator mccarthy and what movement did he inflame
republican senator from wisconsin who accused 205 communists being in the state department without any names. he inflamed mccarthyism and had people scared of being accused by him since his accusations meant a lot.
which of the following best explains the tariff rates during the period 1865 to 1900
republicans believed that high tariffs would protect american business from foreign competition
navigation acts
required the colonists to buy goods only fromengland, to sell certain number of their products only to england, and to import any non-english goods via english ports and pay a duty on the imports
perestroika
restructuring of the soviet economy by introducing free-market practices
hi
review vocab girl
schenk v united states
right to free speech could be limited when it represented a clear and present danger to the public safety
president associated with "government is not the solution, it is the problem"
ronald reagan
explain why historians associate the economic policies of ronald reagan with the gospel of wealth
ronald reagan did a lot to help out the poor including signing the economic recovery tax act which helped small businesses and lowered income taxes. he also created 20 million jobs, dropped unemployment, and dropped inflation. gospel of wealth was all for the government helping the poor out.
proxy wars
roxy war or proxy warfare is a war that results when opposing powers use third parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly. While powers have sometimes used governments as proxies, violent non-state actors, mercenaries, or other third parties are more often employed. It is hoped that these groups can strike an opponent without leading to full-scale war.
griswold v connecticut
ruled that, in recognition of a citizen's right to privacy, a state could not prohibit the use of contraceptives by adults
"read my lips: no new taxes!"
said by George H.W. Bush as he accepted the Republican nomination, stating that he would not tax the American people further. He eventually did raise taxes though as a way to lessen the national budget
how did religion play a role in the conservative resurgence of the 1980s
said there was a moral decay and went back religious fundamentalism for their campaign. attacked roe v wade. said freak secular humanism, let's put prayers and bible back in schools.
iran-contra affair
scandal that erupted after the Reagan administration sold weapons to Iran in hopes of freeing American hostages in Lebanon; money from the arms sales was used to aid the Contras (anti-Communist insurgents) in Nicaragua, even though Congress had prohibited this assistance. Talk of Reagan's impeachment ended when presidential aides took the blame for the illegal activity.
ku klux klan
secret domestic militant organizations in the United States, originating in the southern states and eventually having national scope, that are best known for advocating white supremacy and acting as terrorists while hidden behind conical hats, masks and white robes. The KKK has a record of terrorism,[2] violence, and lynching to intimidate, murder, and oppress African Americans, Jews and other minorities and to intimidate and oppose Roman Catholics and labor unions.
alexander hamilton
secretary of treasury who was a federalist; wrote the federalist papers
william h seward
senator of ny; antislavery and argued that god's moral law was higher than the constitution. appointed by abraham lincoln. "higher law" and natural rights, opposed slavery expansion, whig senator. "irrepressible conflict" expansion of slavery between north and south
lewis and clark expedition
sent by jefferson to investigate western teritories including a native american woman who helped with negotiations named sacajawea. they returned with favorable reports causing people to pay attention to the west and they also told jefferson about the british and french forts that were still around
the chesapeake
settlement consisting of virginia and maryland that focuses on tobacco; people migrated there due to overpopulation in england and indentured servitude
panic of 1819
severe depression that followed the economic boom of the post-War of 1812 years; the Second National Bank, trying to dampen land speculation and inflation, called loans, raised interest rates, and received the blame for the panic.
middle passage
shipping route that brought the slaves to the americas; middle leg of the triangular tarde; conditions were brutal and inhumane to the point that some committed suicide by jumping off board
nullification crisis
showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833
lyndon johnson
signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.
seneca falls convention
site of the first modern women's right convention. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Staton read a Declaration of Sentiment listing the many discriminations against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage
54 °40' or fight
slogan of those wanting to take all of Oregon; numbers (54 40') was line of latitude where people wanted Oregon border; did not want compromise of 49th parallel, as was done by President Polk because he did not want to go to war with Britain and Mexico simutaneously
describe the basics of socialism and explain why this theory ran counter to the economic principles of the gilded age
socialism means the government owns and distributes the means of production and this ran counter to the gilded age because the gilded age was centered on the idea of laissez faire
states' rights
something andrew jackson was big on hence he constantly nullified what congress had to say and did his own thing
in the chart above, the new immigrants include those who arrived in the united states from
southern and eastern europe
eoncomienda
spanish crown granted colonists authority over a specific number of natives; the colonists are supposed to protect the natives and convert them to catholicism in exchange for their labor
bartolome de las casas
spanish thinker that proposed to treat the natives with peace and toleance
the works progress administration
spent billions of dollars to provide people with jobs which contributed to construction; it also included the national youth administration which allowed young people to have part-time jobs
sir walter raleigh
sponsored the roanoke island settlement that disappeared and became a lost colony
stalwarts and halfbreeds
stalwarts: FRACTION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY; led by Roscoe Conkling; favored machine politics; support patronage halfbreeds:FRACTION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY; led by James G Blaine; favored reform; against patronage
gag rule
strict rule passed by pro-southern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House or Representatives
federalists
strong federal government that supported hamilton
griswold v conneticut
struck down a state law that banned the use of contraceptives, even by married couples, creating a "right to privacy."
roe v wade
struck down on laws prohibiting abortions for women since people have the right to privacy
what groups rebelled against the cultural norms of the 1950s
students, women, and teenagers
millard filmore
successor of president zachary taylor after his death on july 9th 1850. he helped pass the compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of northern whigs for the compromise. became the 13th president when taylor died. he was largely self-educated, he had made his own way in the profession of a law and the rough-and-tumble world of ny politics, he was ready to make peace and used extreme caution, he support the compromise of 1850 and helped it pass.
what is nativism and the group that associated with this ideology
support for native-born americans and hatred for immigration; American Protective Association
constitution
supported by the federalists, the constitution had more federal government and counted slaves as three-fifths of a person
plessy v ferguson
supreme court upheld louisiana law that allowed "separate but equal accomodations" enabling segregation
korematsu v united states
supreme court upheld the us government's internment policy as justified in wartime
social darwinism
survival of the fittest when it comes to the marketplace; wealth was placed in the hands of the fit.
mercantilism
system rooted in a favorable trade balance (more exports than imports) and the control of specie
calvin coolidge
taciturn, pro-business president (1923-1929) who took over after Harding's death, restored honesty to government, and accelerated the tax cutting and antiregulation policies of his predecessor; his laissez-faire policies brought short-term prosperity from 1923 to 1929.
explains fdrs court packing scheme and also why it was ultimately unnecessary
the court packing scheme is when fdr wanted to appoint an additional justice in the supreme court for every justice over 70 and a half years old. it was unncessary because those justices ended up retiring, so fdr got to replace them anyway
describe the differences between an early 19th century skilled craftsman and a late 19th century industrial worker. what changes brought along this transformation
the craftsman took a longer time to work and received better pay. the industrial worker was able to produce more things quickly and technology enabled this to happen along with the idea of corporations owning these industries instead of having private businesses
which of the following progressive reforms most directly promoted active citizenship
the direct election of senators
which statement best describes the level of tariffs in the united states in the 19th century
the election of lincoln ushered a period of high tariffs
which of the following during world war i proved the most direct threat in the perspective on civil rights in this exercept
the espionage and sedition acts
describe the changing role of women in the workforce from 1850 to 1980
the feminine mystique encouraged middle class women to seek fulfillment in professional careers in addition to filling the roles of mother, wife, and homemaker. women entered into business, law, medicine, and politics.
hudson river school
the first coherent school of American art - active from 1825 to 1870; painted wilderness landscapes of the Hudson River valley and surrounding New England
how does the concept of social darwinism relate to the gospel of wealth?
the fittest people were selected under god's decision so they are the most worthy of wealth
in what ways did the government fail in the treatment of the native americans?
the government basically culturally raped them and forced their assimilation. with the dawes act, they really effed them over by making reservations of land when they liked to share. century of dishonor by helen hunt jackson spread around which showed injustice of natives, so cleveland passed the dawes severalty act thinking that he was doing the right thing.
describe the grange movement and list/describe two of their major issues
the grange movements is an organization that initially helped farms socially and educationally, but then it mainly focused on economics and politics, defending members against middlemen, trusts, and railroads. they established cooperatives and granger laws.
explain how the jones act allowed for filipino sovereignity
the jones act gave a bill of rights, universal male suffrage, and promised independence for filipinos as soon as their government was established
what was the main argument for isolationism prior to the outbreak of world war ii
the main argument was that americans died for no reason already in world war i, so we're sick of being dragged into other contries' business
feminism
the movement aimed at equal rights for women. The movement began in 1848 with the Seneca falls convention.
during the war, a government agency named the committtee of public informaton, headed by george creel, was
the produce of a vast number of posters, pamphlets, and films
purpose and methods of the black panthers
the purpose of the black panthers was to militantly stand up for black people by following police around and providing breakfast programs for the community.
purpose and methods of the student nonviolent coordinating committee
the purpose of this committee was to call attention to the injustice of segregated facilities. students would invite arrest by sitting in restricted areas.
susan b anthony's arguments for women's suffrage can best be understood in the context of
the reconstruction amendments
what was the red scare and how did the us government support the hysteria
the red scare was the overwhelming fear of communism by conducting palmer raids which accused people of being communists with little evidence
social gospel
the religious doctrines preached by those who believed that the churches should directly address economic and social problems; demanded better housing and living condition
what was the main argument for the united states failure to the league of nation
the senate strongly disliked article x since it allowed european nations to interfere in the western hemisphere if someone was going against the united states; since wilson denied the reservations, the reservationists teamed up with the irreconcilables to get the league of nations thrown away
what major even transpired during world war i fueled nativist sentiment? in what way did the us support his sentiment?
the sinking of Lusitania brought belligerence to american citizens of german descent. the united states supported this sentiment by creating the episonage and sedition acts which prohibited rebellion & disloyalty, aiming for german spies
what major event which transpired during world war i fueled nativist sentiment? in what way did the government support his sentiment?
the sinking of lusitana fueled nativist sentiment and the government supported it by enforcing quota laws that limited amount of immigrants that could come in
what logic and reasoning was used by the south when seceding from the union
the south didn't want lincoln as president and thought the north was trying to strip them of their rights so they pulled what america pulled during the american revolution
benjamin harrison
the twenty-third President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893. He had previously served as a senator from Indiana. His administration is best known for a series of legislation including the McKinley Tariff and federal spending that reached one billion dollars. Democrats attacked the "Billion Dollar Congress" and defeated the GOP in the 1890 mid-term elections, as well as defeating Harrison's bid for reelection in 1892. He is to date the only president from Indiana.
14 points
the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations
which of the following most likely explains the change in the amount of currency in circulations between 1865 and 1870
the withdrawal of greenbacks from circulation
how did the great depression affect european immigrants
there numbers became more and more limited and they faced more discrimination since they only wanted jobs for the americans
list and describe two ways many americans spported the world war ii effort from the home front
war bonds, paying more taxes, taking on the industrial jobs at work, rationing, etc,
what was the federal government's role in promoting industrial growth
there was federal land grants made to people. move west and acquire land. also the dawes act for natives to keep land if they took care of it. allowed railroads to build out.
what was the basis for the conflict between white settlers, indians, and mexican americans?
they all wanted gold. white settlers would enter native and mexican american land just to settle there and take up all the gold. once the gold was gone, they left. examples of this is pikes peak, california gold rush, and cornstocke lode. mexicans lost a lot of land, so they went to california, but they were still considered citizens.`
what was the federal government's role in assuring for the welfare of the poor and unemployed
they didn't have a role. survival of the fittest, social darwinism, and all that. let them negroes fiend for themselves.
thomas jefferson
third president who wrote the declaration of independent and believed in strict interpretation/is antifederalist; responsible for the revolution of 1800
40 acres and a mule
this slogan was created in 1864 and 1865 when the federal government settled nearly 10000 black families on abandoned plantation land often times receiving a single mule for their property. It was an attempt to give the black families a new start.
xyz affair
three diplomats were sent to paris in order for them to stop seizing american ships and the french officials demanded a bribe to stop
headright system
tract of land, usually fifty acres, granted to colonists and potential settlers used by virginia company to attract new settlers
spoils system
trading jobs for political favors which andrew jackson did a lot
trail of tears
trail for cherokees to walk to oklahoma from georgia that was enforced by andrew jackson
war of 1812
war between US and Britain; America declared war in 1812 because of trade restrictions, impressments, British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion, and humiliation of American honor.
put these events in order: jamestown, puritans & pilgrims, bacon's rebellion, stono rebellion, march of the paxton boys, whiskey's rebellion, shay's rebellion, louisiana purchase, corrupt bargain, indian removal act, 54-40 or fight, missouri compromise, manifest destiny texas, emancipation proclaim, vicksburg, treaty of tordesillas, burnt over district
treaty or tordesillas, jamestown, puritans & pilgrims, bacon's rebellion, stono rebellion, shay's rebellion, march of the paxton boys, whiskey's rebellion, louisiana purchase, missouri compromise, corrupt bargain, indian removal act, burnt over district, 54-40 or fight, manifest destiny texas, battle of vicksburg, emancipation proclamation
wampanoags
tribe whose chief, Metacom, known to the colonies as King Phillip, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers
minutemen
troops that were ready to fight within minutes
explain the basics of the truman doctrine
truman gave $400 million to the free people of greece and turkey to battle totalitarianism
purpose of the north atlantic treaty organization
truman wanted to have a joint military pact to protect western europe (from communism at the time)
nat turner's rebellion
turner, a well-read preacher, had a vision from god about black liberation and he rallied people up and killed 60 whites; 200 slaves were executed
battle of saratoga
turning point in american revolution since it was a decisive american victory; french and spanish agreed to help after this victory
what impact did the publication of uncle tom's cabin have?
uncle tom's cabin regarded slave owners as monstously cruel and inhuman; lincoln said she was the one to start the civil war
what was the major reason the united states became involved in the korean war
united states already occupied south korea, so when north korea took over, truman was ready to fight back in a form of containment.
list and explain two arguments against imperialism and identify one opponent of imperialism
united states would be taking possession of a heavily populated area with people of different race and culture which 1) violates the Declaration of Independence since they are stripping them of their right to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness and 2) Entangles the United States in political conflicts of Asia. william jennings bryan was one opponent.
southern advantages
united, home turf, military leadership
Dred Scott Decision
upreme Court decision that stated three things: Blacks were not citizens and therefore could not sue in federal courts; Because a slave is their master's property, they can be taken into any territory and held there in slavery; Congress had no power to ban slavery from the territories
how did the railroad industry help companies create a national presence
used railroads to deliver products through catalogs and had a bigger market
the gold standard
using gold as currency
bimetalism
value of the monetary unit is defined as equivalent to both a certain quantity of gold and to a certain quantity of silver
metacomet
wamponoag Cheif known to the English as King Philip. He led one of the last Native Americans battles against the colonist in New England in 1676.
tecumseh
wanted Indian Confederacy, believed no one had right to own land
seven years' war (french and indian war)
war started due to colonial expansion; french posts were built to stop the english for coming in at the ohio river valley hence a war broke out with lots of native americans teaming up with the french. english won and took over east mississippi river valley and parts of canada
washington's farewell address
warned future presidents to stay away from political alliances and for people to stay away from political parties
administration & explanation: "return to normalcy"
warren harding. meaning returning to Republican domination of the Oval Office and avoiding foreign problems
watergate scandal
was a problem in Washington during the presidency of Richard Nixon. The members of an association working to have Nixon re-elected, CREEP, were involved in a burglary, and it was then linked to Nixon. The CREEP group had also gotten lots of money from unidentifiable places. Suspicion set in and Nixon was accused of getting illegal help in being re-elected. Nixon tried to use government to cover-up his involvement. Impeachment proceedings were started but Nixon resigned from his office in August of 1974.
William Henry Harrison
was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.
treaty of versailles
was created to solve problems made by World War I. Germany was forced to accept the treaty. It was composed of only four of the original points made by President Woodrow Wilson. The treaty punished Germany and did nothing to stop the threat of future wars. It maintained the pre-war power structure.
Dorothea Dix
was not apart of the women' reform movement, she wanted care for the disabled, she also wanted to better the stay in prisons.
condoleezza rice
was political science professor at Stanford for 3 decades; first woman and black to serve as provost for Stanford University; 2001 first black woman to serve on the National Security Council; 2005-2009 first black woman to serve as Secretary of State; believed in transformational diplomacy of building sustaining democratic states around the world
george h.w. bush
was the 42st president of the United States, previously being Ronald Reagan's vice-president. His policies and ideals derived heavily from his predecessor and were built on them. He was a well-to-do oil tycoon before devoting himself to the public. He served as a congressman, emissary to China, ambassador to the UN, director of the CIA, and vice president before becoming president.
colin powell
was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving under U.S. President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005, the first African American to serve in that position
mikhali gorbachev
was the Soviet leader that was installed as chairman of the Soviet Communist Party in March 1985. He was amicable, energetic, and most of all committed to reforming the Soviet Union. He championed two policies: glasnost and perestroika. These measures would promote "openness" and "restructuring" of the economy. These measures, however, required that the Cold War be put to an end. His cooperation with Ronald Reagan has earned the two leaders great praises.
janet reno
was the first female attorney general. She is considered one of the most popular attorney generals in recent times. She was part of a number of minority appointments made by Clinton during his presidency.
proclamation of neutrality
washington declared that it will remain friendly and out of people's business during the french revolution
battle of fallen timbers
washington sent john jay to have a treaty with british; jay's treated prevented war but people believe that we were way too friendly with britain
john adams
washington's successor; passed alien and sedition acts; went through the xyz affair
though the united states did not join the league of nations after world war i, why did we become a founding member of the united nations
we did not want another belligerent rise to occur again so we wanted to have a peacekeeping organization among the other nations to keep war down a notch
in what ways was the united states unprepared for world war ii
we wanted to be neutral, so we weren't necessarily ready to take on a position.
what political shift did the united states see during the late 1970s and early 1980s? what was a primary cause of this shift?
went from liberalism to conservatism due to all the conflict and rising groups such as hippies, civil rights movements, etc so people just wanted peace.
whiskey rebellion
western pennsylvaia farmers resisted excise tax on whiskey so hamilton and washington shut the stuff down his damn self
Three-Fifths Comrpomise
when one slave is counted as 3/5th of a person when it comes down to the population count for the House of Representatives
federal reserve act
which created the new Federal Reserve Board, which oversaw a nationwide system of twelve regional reserve districts, each with its own central bank, and had the power to issue paper money ("Federal Reserve Notes").
how did the great depression affect mexican americans
white migrant workers took over their jobs as unemployment and drought came about, pushing mexicans back to mexico
patriots
white property-owning protestants who were enthusiastic for a revolution
president associated with "it's the economy, stupid"
william clinton or bill clinton
good neighbor policy
withdrawal of American troops from foreign nations (especially Latin America) to improve international relations and unite western hemisphere; Clark Memorandum (rebukes the "big stick"); peaceful resolution of Mexican oil fields
identify two specific groups who supported the temperance movement and identify their reasons
women's christian temperance union and antisaloon league. for the women's christian temperance movement, the women were sick of the violence their husbands inflicted while they were drunk and because alcohol led to immoral things against christianity. the antisaloon league formed because they believed alcohol was destroying society in a time of war when men should be working for the war effort and bringing about national pride.
what had the greatest effect on family dynamics between the years 1950 and 1980
women's revolution, sex revolution, suburbs
Prison Reform
worked to improve the care of the mentally ill and prison reform.
labor unions
workers organized labor unions to protect their interests as industries emerged and working conditions deteriorated
how does the us involvement in world war i run counter to nativist sentiment in late 1910s and early 1920s
world war i really had nothing to do with americans, so stepping outside our boundaries to help other countries was distasteful to the nativits
mercy otis warren
writer and friend of abigail adams, she established pamphlets that called for revolution
declaration of independence
written by thomas jefferson, the declaration of independence enumerated the colonies' grievances against the crown and articulated the principle of individual liberty and the government's responsibility to serve the people
countee cullen
wrote "Any Human to Another," "Color," and "The Ballad of the Brown Girl;" American Romantic poet; leading African-American poets of his time; associated with generation of poets of the Harlem Renaissance
f scott fitzgerald
wrote This Side of Paradise and The Great Gatsby, both of which captured the society of the "Jazz Age," including odd mix of glamour and the cruelty.
abigail adams
wrote a famous letter to her husband, reminding him to remember the ladies
benjamin franklin
wrote poor richard's almanack; invented bifocals, lightning rod, and the stove; founded fire department, post office, and public library; espoused enlightenment ideals
explain how yellow journalism led directly to the spanish american war. identify two prominent newspaper publishers who would be considered yellow journalists.
yellow journalism led to the spanish american war because newspapers would post about how the cubans were going through such tragedy, spain sunk uss maine, and the de lome letter insulted mckinley. pulitzer and hearst were the two prominent journalists.
robert kennedy
younger brother of JFK who entered public life as U.S. Attorney General during the Kennedy Administration. Later elected senator from New York, he became an anti-war, pro-civil rights presidental canidate in 1968, launching a popular challange to incumbent President Johnson. Amid that campaign, he was assasinated in California on June 6, 1968
