APUSH Final Review

webster-ashburton treaty

maine/new brunswick to US -ceded by Great Britain 1842

Mesoamericans cultivated what crop?

maize

Affluent Society

term used by economist John Kenneth Galbraith to describe the American economy in the 1950s, during which time many Americans became enraptured with appliances and homes in the suburbs

Mexican american war

texans on disputed land-provoking -mexican refusal to make pease -treaty

Silent Majority

that group of quiet honest hard-working middle class Americans who do their job, respect their country and support gov.; Nixon wants their votes in 1968 and 1972

During the War of 1812, the New England states lent more money and sent more food to _____ .

the British army than to the American army

Who did the gentry imitate?

the English Aristocracy

The legal precedent for judicial review was established when the Supreme Court declared ______.

the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional

Seafaring New England opposed the War of 1812 because ____. (4 reasons)

the Northeast Federalists sympathized with England; resented the Republican's sympathy with Napoleon; Federalists opposed the acquisition of Canada; it could result in more agrarian states.

Lewis and Clark demonstrated the possibility of an overland trail to ______.

the Pacific.

Native American leader Tecumseh was killed in 1813 at the Battle of _____.

the Thames

By 1810, the most insistent demand for a declaration of war against Britain came from _____.

the West and South

Black Power

the belief that blacks should fight back if attacked. it urged blacks to achieve economic independence by starting and supporting their own business.

The movement of diseases and peoples across the Atlantic was part of a larger pattern of biological transformation is called.

The Colombian Exchange

Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)

This treaty created two large reservations for Plains Indian Territory (Oklahoma) and Dakotas; reaction due to Indian Warfare -> ended Sioux Wars; unsuccessful and violated

William Pitt

British Minister determined to expel French from North America during 7 years war

Hudson Valley School of Art

Pre-photography w/o humans; focus on beauty of landscape--> American pride & nationalism

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

General Cornwallis

British general who surrendered his army of 6000

Welfare reform

Ended guarantees of federal aid to children, turned over programs such programs to states, food stamp spending cut, added five year limit on payments to any family.

Voting Rights Act

Ended literacy tests, established federal supervision of voting registration, & federal supervision of all elections in areas of previous discrimination (South)

Sharecropping and crop-lien system

System that allowed farmers to get more credit; used harvested crops to pay back loans.

In the election of 1800, what did the Federalists accuse Thomas Jefferson of?

being an atheist, supporting high taxes, fathering mulatto children

Socialism

believed war is only to benefit economy and upperclass

Tonkien Gulf Resolution

big blank check

Charles River Bridge Case

dispute over the constitutional clause regarding obligation of contract, decided that public convenience takes precedence

After killing Alexander Hamilton in a duel, Aaron Burr plotted to ________.

divide the United States

U-2 Affair

American reconnaissance aircraft shot down over the Soviet Union in May 1960. President Eisenhower refused to acknowledge that this was a spy flight; this incident increased Cold War tensions

"King Cotton"

"Driving force" of Southern economy; coined by James Hammond; "upper" South--> "lower"/"deep" South b/c of westward expansion

Chinese exclusion act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Homestead strike

Battle among strikers and Carnegie's Pinkerton detectives in 1892; Carnegie's reputation damaged by strike

Dawes act

divided tribal lands into small plots for distribution among members of the tribe -surplus sold to write settlers

Missouri Compromise

divides country in half - mason dixon line

Abraham Lincoln's presidency (1861-1865)

Civil War: effective commander-in-chief, took advantage of Northern materials, destruction of Confederate armies; ignored parts of the Constitution

War Hawks

The nationalist members of Congress who strongly supported war with Great Britain on the eve of the War of 1812; included Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.

Watts Disturbances

These occurred 6 days after Voting Rights Act was signed into law

Freedom Riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

Governor George Wallace

He called for federal job training programs, stronger unemployment benefits, national health insurance, a higher minimum wage, and a further extension of union rights.

Farewell address

-Washington declared his intention to retire from presidency

Battle of New Orleans

-last battle of war of 1812 -shouldn't have happened -happened after peace treaties signed

Sam houston

-leader of texas issues -first and third president of the republic of texas

Bartolomeo de las Casas

16th Century Spanish Historian, Dominican Friar, "Protector of the Indians;" opposed atrocities by colonizers on Indigenous people

Abe Lincoln

16th president- assassinated by Booth at fords theatre- Civil war

In what year did North Carolina separate from South Carolina?

1712

What year was Georgia established?

1732

When was the colony of Georgia founded?

1733

When was the Stono Rebellion?

1739

Scopes Trial

1925 Tennesse trial where teacher John Scopes was charged with teaching evolution; Darrow = defense; Bryan = prosecutor; demonstrated religous fundamentalism vs. modernism

What was one of the first lessons learned by the Jeffersonians after their victory in the 1800 presidential election?

It was easier to condemn from the stump than to govern consistently.

Neutrality Proclamation

A 1793 statement by President Washington that the United States would not support or aid either France or Britain in their European conflict following the French Revolution

Judiciary act 1789

established us federal judiciary -supreme court- 13 district courts

NATO

(North Atlantic Treaty Organization) U.S., Britain, France, and other Western European nations formed a military alliance: attack upon one nation is attack upon all. This was the first peacetime military alliance for the U.S. since 1800 (Franco-American alliance).

Cuban Missile Crisis

(Oct 1962) U.S. forced USSR to withdraw nukes from Cuba by agreeing to not invade the mainland of Cuba. CONSEQUENCES: Prevented nuclear catastrophe

1968 significance

- turning point in US History - people not in favor of Vietnam War -- because of the Tet Offensive - turning point of Vietnam War - assassination of JFK and Martin Luther King, Jr. - democratic national convention

Texas Revolution (1836)

(1836) Texan gov. declared independence from Mexico; American settlers proclaimed Texan independence; Sam Houston won independence (treaty rejected by Mexican legislature); Texans wanted annexation by U.S.; not done b/c opposition from northerners and anti-slavery groups; fear of sectional controversy

Carrie-Chapman Catt

(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

Ratification fight over the Treaty of Versailles

"Irreconcilables" - Senators who opposed ANY involvement in European affairs (La Follette, Hiram Johnson) vs. Republicans - sought winning election issue; led by Henry Cabot Lodge vs. "reservationists" opposed Article X (League of Nations) but supported rest (unilateralism). Treaty rejected by Senate.

Deep South

"Lower south" or "cotton kingdom"; area where the majority of the country's cotton was produced; plagued w/ disease

Oneida

"Perfectionists"; John Humphrey Noyes; rejected traditional notions of family & marriage

Fr. Charles Coughlin

"Radio Priest"; proposed monetary reforms; attacked bankers; initially supportive of new deal; grew critical of FDR's treatment of "money powers" -> developed into anti-Semitism.

Brown Decision

"Separate but equal" in public school education is inherently unequal; thus, school segregation is unconstitutional

Feminism-Woman's Rights

"Separate spheres"/ "cult of domesticity" v. feminism/ Seneca Falls- Antebellum period; reform movements

McCarthyism

"Trumanism carried to its logical conclusion" - Murray Kempton highlights the need for improved security of govt. secrets from Communist spies and McCarthy remained powerful until 1954 when he investigated communism within the army. His bullying tactics to expose "Communists" within the govt. were exposed themselves to a television audience and he lost his popularity.

"Containment" vs. "rollback"

"________" vs. "_________". 1st supported stopping of advancement of Communist influence in Eastern Europe & Asia. 2nd supported by senator Barry Goldwater: "1st was defeatist" and U.S. should push back Communism from the influenced areas.

Korean War

("The Forgotten War") ORIGINS: civil war between Communists and anti-Communists. North Korea attacked South Korea (June 25, 1950); United Nation (UN) forces led by U.S.) defended South Korea

Philippine War

(1898-1902); War in which America used brutal tactics to crush rebellion; involved executions, concentration camps, destruction, and savagery; Jones Act allowed for independence of this nation when ready, but did not specify a specific date. Eventually, citizens would gain independence in 1946.

Bay of Pigs Incident

(April 1961) The failed invasion of Cuba by CIA- trained anti-Castro Cubans

Free Speech Movement

(Berzerkley 1964) Mario Salvo. Students protested against limits on passing out of literature ---> questioned university & society that created it and this signaled the beginning of numerous campus protests: People's Park protest (Berzerkly 1969) was the longest campus protest

Young Americans for Freedom

(YAF 1960) conservative youth organization critical of liberal public policy, govt. economic involvement, changes in social mores, & "containment" foreign policy ---> strong support for Barry Goldwater's 1964 presidential campaign ---> 1980s conservative activists

Election of 1968 & 1972

- "Peace with honor" = winning slogan - Richard Nixon - dog name is Checkers - gets troops out of Vietnam by 1973

Ignacio Lopez

- California - Made voter registrars promote candidates that were relevant to Mexican-American needs - got voter registrars to allow Mexican-Americans to register

Alien and sedition acts

- authorized use of federal courts and pres to silence republic -can deport (suspicious reason) -expel foreigner -14 years to citizenship -guilty- subject to fines and imprisonment

Peace Corps

- created by JFK - allowed US to send help to countries that needed it in terms of their society

Tet Offensive

- hit every major city in Vietnam including capital in southern Vietnam, Saigon - Americans told they were winning the war, when of course, they were losing for the first time. - Search & Destroy = body counts - American people, including the President, lose all hope

XYZ affair

-1797 -bribe demands from France and US insulted peace commissioners - heightened war fever

John Marshall

-Adams appointed chief justice -marbury vs madison

2nd Continental Congress

-Organized continental army -commissioned George Washington -Print money -foreign affairs - Ben Franklin was ambassador -declaration of independence

John Locke

-Philosoph -everyone's rights

Progressive Movement

-acted out of concern about the effects of industrialization and conditions of industrial life -fundamental optimism about human nature, the possibility of progress and recognition of problems -were willing to intervene in peoples lives -turned to authority of state and govt to put wanted reforms into effect -evangelical Protestantism-get ride of sins and natural and social sciences -touched virtually whole nation

War of 1812

-between us and britain -ordered in council -british out of US -impressment

mexican cession

-border disoute -new mexico and cali -war with mexico -treaty of guadalupe hildago

Judicial Review

-can be ruled unconstitutional -federal courts have duty to review constitutionality of acts

Harford Convention

-discussed relations between people of their region and federal government - recommended changes to consist

Andrew Jackson

-duels -little formal education -fight not write -democratic

Alexander Hamilton

-federalist -treasury under Washington -duel with Burr

Jays Treaty

-get British troops out of america -trade -pay for ships taken -respect neutrality

Treaty of Ghent

-in belgium -dealt with virtually none of the topics in war message -no territory gained/lost -all agreed to ratify

Aaron Burr

-lost to Jefferson -vice president -duel

War Hawks

-nationalists who wanted war -Madison surrendered to war hawks

Tecumseh

-native american leader -forced to seek British help- battle of tippecanoe

Indian removal act

-natives to west of mississippi -went to court-jackson shouldve been impeached

Barbary war

-north african states demanding more tribute -jefferson refused -ransomed us crew - $60,000

mormons

-religion-joseph smith -book of mormon utah

Santa Anna

-ruler of mexico -usa didnt like him

Northwest Ordinance

-sets how states and how to become a state -new structure of government for northwest territory -could petition for full statehood

Theodore Roosevelt

-square deal~equal treatment of workers and businesses- trust buster~more regulation - Railroad regulation~hepburn Act- pure food and drug act - Bull moose party

Federal supremacy

-state laws cant conflict with federal laws - federal has supreme power

federalist

-strong central government -merchants and upper class -central economic planning -closer ties with great Britain -maintain public order

How many troops were in Vietnam?

1,000,000

Compromise of 1850

1.Cali= free state 2. divide mexican cession in 2- NM and UT- no federal restrictions on slavery 3.end slave trade in DC 4.Fugitive slave law passed 5. settle border dispute of TX&NM -stephen douglas gets its passed

Congressional-Radical-Military Reconstruction

10 southern states were divided into 5 military districts in 1867; register voters; Congress sovereign in all governing decisions in South; ratification of Southern state constitutions only need majority of actual voters rather than those registered; black voters registered

Civil war amendments

13: all slaves free 14: equal rights-defined citizenship 15: cant deny right to vote based on race or previous state as slave

"salutary/benign neglect"

150 years of colonial self-rule due to Neglect by British authorities

Lucy Stone vs. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

15th amendment caused split in women's movement b/c did not give women's suffrage

James Buchanan

15th president-helped draft ostend Manifesto- tried to maintain peace between north and south

What year was Jamestown established?

1607

What year was Plymouth established?

1620

What year was New Hampshire established?

1623

What year was Massachusetts Bay established?

1628

Salem Witch Trials

1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Massachussetts Bay puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress. Spectral evidence was used frequently.

What year was Connecticut and Rhode Island established?

1636

In what year was the Pequot war?

1636-1637

What year was North Carolina established?

1653

What year was New York and New Jersey established?

1664

What year was South Carolina established?

1670

King Philip's war

1675. longest and bloodiest conflict between settlers and natives in 17th century, native Wampanoags under KIng Phillip ( Indian Chieftain) resisted England encroachment on their land, they killed many settlers in Mass, English joined with Mohawks to defeat them

In what year did William Penn receive a charter from the king to establish a colony?

1681

What year was Pennsylvania and Deleware established?

1681

In what year was the Dominion of England started?

1686

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Shakers

1770's by "Mother" Ann Lee; Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world & neglectful of their afterlives; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships; practiced celibacy

Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom

1779 - Written by Thomas Jefferson, this statute outlawed an established church and called for separation of Church and State. (Disestablishment)

Fugitive Slave Law

1793-if slaves ran away bring them back- many harbored and concealed them 1850- $500 fine if harboring slaves or jail ended 1 year into civil war

Whiskey Rebellion

1794- tax on whiskey- found unfair- threatened to pit distillaries out of business

Birmingham

18 bombings

Embargo Act

1807 act which ended all of America's importation and exportation. Jefferson hoped the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. In reality, it hurt Americans and its economy and got repealed in 1809.

California Gold Rush

1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on fed gov. to establish a stable gov. in CA

Kansas Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Robert La Follette

1855-1925. Progressive Wisconsin Senator and Governor. Staunch supporter of the Progressive movement, and vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and League of Nations.

Tenure of Office Act

1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890 congressional legislation designed to break up industrial trusts such as the one created by John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil. The bill stated that any combination of businesses that was "in the restraint of trade" was illegal. Because of the vagueness of the legislation and the lack of enforcements tools in the hands of the federal government, few trusts were actually prosecuted as a result of this bill.

Enlightenment

18th century philosophy stressing reason, and how it can be used to improve the human condition. Natural rights was a major idea that influenced Thomas Jefferson in the writing of the Declaration of Independence.

America average military age

19

Muckrakers

1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal.

AFL-CIO (American Federation Labor- Congress of Industerial Organization)

1955 two larger labor unions united.

Rachel Carson's Silent Spring

1960s book that helped to create the modern environmental movement.

WEB Dubois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Oberlin and Mount Holyoke colleges

1st coed college& 1st American college for women

John Deere steel plow

1st commercially successful steel plow used; invented by John Deere

James Fenimore Cooper

1st truly American novelist noted for his stories of Indians and the frontier life; man's relationship w/ nature & westward expansion

How many people came to Massachusetts in 1630?

20,000

John Adams

2nd president

Dean Acheson

2nd term (for Truman) Secretary of State. Had a "defense perimeter speech" for the Korean War

Mercantilism

4 Laws: -Export only to England -Import only from England -Ships must be British Made -No producing goods already made in England

Election of 1864

5 political parties supported candidates for the presidency: War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Radical Republicans, & National Union Party; each political party offered a diff. point of view on how the war should be run & what should be done to the Confederate states after the war; National Union Party joined w/ Lincoln, who won the election on the recent northern victories against the South; decided that the Confederacy would lose & that slavery was dead

Baby Boom

50s and 60s 76 million births

Economic Boom

50s and 60s economy sky rockets

What was Cuzco's population?

60,000

"Counterculture"

60s youth involved in alternative lifestyles: drug use, long hair, flamboyant clothing, iconoclastic & obscene language - more common, "sexual revolution:", rejection of conventionl, middle- class culture, rock & soul music, creation of new set of norms, Woodstock Music Festival (Aug. 1969), and changes in movies.

Battle of New Orleans

A battle in 1815 between American and British troops for control of New Orleans, ending in an American victory

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Plessy vs Ferguson

A case that was brought to challenge the legality of segregation; court ruled that separate accommodations did not deprive blacks of rights if accommodations were equal

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

A feminist who published "Women + economics." ; called upon women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy; wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper"

Chesapeake-Leopard incident

A feud that occurred in 1807 when the US Chesapeake was stopped in the mid-Atlantic by the British Leopard ; led to British attacks ; ultimately led to the enforcement of the Embargo Act by Jefferson

Hamilton's financial program

A financial plan involving the funding of national debt at par value, the assumption of state debts, and the establishment of a national bank

Bill of Rights

A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the United States, incorporated in the Constitution as Amendments 1-10, and in all state constitutions.

J.P. Morgan

A highly successful banker who bought out Carnegie. With Carnegie's holdings and some others, he launched U.S Steel and made it the first billion-dollar corporation

Cowboy

A hired hand who tends cattle and performs other duties on horseback.

Charles Beard's Constitution thesis

A historian who argued that the Constitution was designed to protect the economic self-interest of its framers. Beard's view is largely rejected by contemporary scholars

Charles Finney

A leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, he preached that each person had capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation and that through individual effort could be saved. His concept of "utility of benevolence" proposed the reformation of society as well as of individuals.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work "A History of Standard Oil."

Iran-Contra scandal

A major scandal of Reagan's second term that involved shipping arms to Iran to free hostages and diverting the money from the sale of these weapons to the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.

National Women's Party

A militant feminist group led by Alice Paul that argued the Nineteenth Amendment was not adequate enough to protect women's rights. They believed they needed a more constitutional amendment that would clearly provide legal protection of their rights and prohibit sex-based discrimination.

Progressivism

A movement that desired political and social reform, and was most influential in America from the 1890s up until WW1. Many popular causes included reforming city government, better conditions for urban workers, education of immigrants, and regulation of big businesses. "________ after it had shaved its whiskers, washed its shirt, put on a derby and moved up into the middle class" - William Allen White. They had optimistic beliefs in progress that society is an organic whole. They had a desire for order, stability and morality, and wanted an active government who could enforce laws in the interest of faith in knowledge & efficiency.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party (democratic-republican) and no partisan conflicts.

Sectionalism

A narrow-minded concern for, or devotion to, the interests of one section of a country over the interests of the nation as a whole

Second Bank of the U.S

A national bank chartered by Congress in 1816 with extensive regulatory powers over currency and credit; modeled after Hamilton's original bank and fixing Revolutionary War debt

Compromise Tariff of 1833

A new tariff proposed by Henry Clay & John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816; avoided civil war & prolonged the union for another 30 years.

Common sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain

American Revolution (1775-1783)

A period when 13 colonies gained independence from England. Based on disapproval by colonists of several taxes and other unpopular laws. Protests lead to fighting in 1775, and after two main British armies were captured in 1777 and 1781 and an alliance of the colonists with the French, the Treaty of Paris was signed.

Clinton's budget plan (1993)

A plan to reduce deficit and provide investments to stimulate economy and repair the nation's decaying public infrastructure.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Whiskey Rebellion

A protest caused by tax on liquor; it tested the will of the government; Washington's quick response showed the government's strength and mercy (led an army to put down the rebellion)

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization formed by Samuel Adams after the passage of the Stamp Act to protest various British acts; organization used both peaceful and violent means of protest

Navigation Acts

A series of commercial restrictions to regulate colonial commerce to favor England's accumulation of wealth

Alien and Sedition Acts

A series of laws that sought to restrict the activities of people who opposed Federalist policies (1798)

SALT I

A series of negotiations between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. on the issue of nuclear arms reduction. The talks helped lower the total number of missiles each side would have and eased the tension between the two. Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Zoot Suit Riots

A series of riots in L.A. California during WW2, soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican youths because of the zoot suits they wore.

Free soil Party

A short lived political party that was against the expansion of slavery into new territories. They had enough people in Congress to influence certain decisions- nominated VanBuren in presidential election-eventually became republicans

Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show

A show made by William Frederick Cody which reenacted famous frontier events and life in the west; justified American cause to take territory; desputed battles performed around the world; used Sitting Bull

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

My Lai Massacre

American soldiers lined up vietnamese' elderly, women, and children, then shot them all

First Party System: Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans

A term that defines the period of time when the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans competed for the presidency. Federalists (Hamilton): industrial society, strong central govt., loose interpretation;Republicans(Jefferson/Madison): decentralized, agrarian society and economy, limited central govt., belief in states rights, strict interpretation. It was ended with the Era of Good Feelings. ,

Open Range

A vast area of grassland owned by the federal government where ranchers could graze their herds for free.

Coercive/Intolerable Acts

Acts passed in retaliation to the Boston Tea Party; the British government closed port of Boston until tea was paid for; revised the charter if Massachusetts (which drastically reduced their powers of self-government), forced colonists of Massachusetts to house British soldiers and allowed British officers to be tried in England for crimes of violence.

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

Pottawatomie Massacre

Abolitionist John Brown and his men killed 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas; response to Sack of Lawrence

Talented Tenth

According to W. E. B. DuBois, the ten percent of the black population that had the talent to bring respect and equality to all blacks

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."

Taft-Hartley Act

Act passed in 1947 that put increased restrictions on labor unions. Also, it allowed states to pass "right to work" laws: prohibited "union" shop (= workers must join union after being hired). It also prohibited secondary boycotts and established that the President has power to issue injections in strikes that endangered national health & safety ("cooling off" period)

Navigation Acts

Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.

What was one of the greatest problems John Adams and the Federalists faced in the election of 1800?

Adams's refusal to take the country to war against France

Multi-room structres made out of mud and stone by Pueblo peoples

Adobe

Mississippi Plan (1875)

Advocated white Democratic Southerners must gain political power by any means

Anthony Burns incident

Affected by the fugitive slave act after he became a fugitive in Massachusetts; was captured & tried; 1st person in the United States tried under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation & demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Exodusters

African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.

What describes Africans in Virginia after the 1660s?

African slavery became a permanent condition

Midnight appointments

After 1800, the only branch left in the Federalists' hands was the Judiciary. On John Adam's last night as president he made last minute appointments for Federalists to judgeships. He did so in an attempt to maintain Federalist control of judiciary branch.

Secession Crisis

After Lincoln was elected President and threatened to abolish slavery, the Southern states secceeded from the North; 7 originally seceded, but 4 soon followed.

Pontiac's Rebellion

After the French and Indian War, colonists began moving westward and settling on Indian land. This migration led to this conflict in 1763, when a large number of Indian tribes banded together under the Ottawa chief Pontiac to keep the colonists from taking over their land.

President Theodore Roosevelt

Aggressive foreign policy: believed the world was divided between civilized and uncivilized nations. Expanded the power of the U.S. Navy, created the Joint Chief of Staff (advisors to the Secretary of War), mediated he Portsmouth peace conference, ending the Russo-Japanese War and earning him the Nobel Peace Prize.

Destroyer for bases agreement (between U.S. and Britain)

Agreement made in 1940; transferred 50 US ships in exchange for land rights in British possession.

Gadsden Purchase

Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.

Pinckney's Treaty

Agreement with Spain that changed Florida's border, opened the Mississippi River to American navigation, and granted Americans the right of deposit in New Orleans; Spain agreed to the treaty because it feared that Jay's Treaty included an Anglo-American alliance.

"Total war"

All-out war that affects civilians at home as well as soldiers in combat; military, economic, political, & social war; destruction of resources was vital

initiative

Allows voters to petition to propose legislation &then submit it for a vote by qualified voters

Nat Turner rebellion (1831)

Almost 60 whites killed in Virginia; over 100 blacks executed -> increased fear of slave revolt; increased fear of slave revolt; same year as The Liberator began

"Mountain Men'"

American adventurers and fur trappers who spent most of their time in the Rocky Mountains; 1st to move into Indian territory, land they would ultimately dominate

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

John C. Fremont

American military officer, explorer, the 1st candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the US & 1st presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery; founded & explored CA in preceding decades; "Pathfinder"- mapped Oregon Trail; 1845 report on explorations encouraged westward movement

"Young America" movement

American political and cultural attitude in the mid-19th century that supported ideas like "manifest destiny" & the expansion of democracy westward to distract Americans from slavery issue; formed as a political organization; advocated free trade, expansion southward into the territories, & support for republican movements abroad; became a faction in the Democratic Party in the 1850s

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom; prime example of a transcendentalist; "Nature" & "Self-Reliance"

Saratoga

American victory- 1st- VA harnesses British 2nd- Burgoyne wanted to break free of colonial forces -Burgoyne surrenders cot. 17th 1777

Noah Webster

American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education; wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language.

William Penn

An English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.

Andy Warhol

An American commercial illustrator and artist famous for his Campbell's soup painting. He was the founder of the pop-art movement, which like all other art movements in history reflected something back on the present society.

Stamp Act

An act passed by the British parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

Jay's Treaty

An agreement between made up by John Jay; said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793 ; Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution ; Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

New Freedom

An approach favored by Southern and Midwestern Democrats, this policy stated that economic and political preparation for World War I should be done in a decentralized manner; this would prevent too much power falling into the hands of the federal government. President Wilson first favored this approach, but then established federal agencies to organize mobilization.

Presidency of Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)

Panic of 1837; created Independent Treasury/Subtreasury System; loaned money to states for infrastructure; would not involve gov. to stop depression

Laissez-faire capitalism

An economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit with minimal or no government interference.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

An expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories (Louisiana territory) of the United States ; led by Merriwether Lewis and William Clark; traveled from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River from 1803 to 1806

Grand Army of the Republican (GAR)

An important contributor to Republican ballots, this group was a politically potent fraternal organization of several hundred thousand Union veterans of the Civil War.

Labor Unions

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions -knights of labor -American Federation of Labor

Stono Rebellion

An uprising of slaves in South Carolina in 1739, leading to the tightening of already harsh slave laws. The largest slave uprising in the colonies.

Which of the Pueblo peoples built miles across the desert in the American Southwest to facilitate trade?

Anasazis

The Liberator

Anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison; drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words btw supporters of slavery and those opposed.

Warren Court

Appointed Earl Warren as Chief Justice and William Brennan as Associate Justice ---> liberal activist judges. ALSO criticized and praised for being judicial activists (creating law rather than interpreting law) SUMMARY - expanded rights of individual Americans

Native American reservation system

Areas of federal land set aside for Native Americans; where hunting was limited to.

"Atlanta Compromise"

Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement; should not challenge segregation

Tecumseh and the Indian Confederation

As American settlers moved westward in the early 1800s, a Shawnee chief named Tecumseh realized that the Indians had to unify against encroachment on their land. With the inspiration of his brother, a religious visionary who became known as The Prophet, Tecumseh formed a confederation of Indian tribes determined to thwart the taking of Indian lands

Teller Amendment

As Americans were preparing for war with Spain over Cuba in 1898, this Senate measure stated that under no circumstances would the United States annex Cuba. The amendment was passed as many in the muckraking press were suggesting that the Cuban people would be better off "under the protection" of the U.S

The natives became disposable to them when they began to sustain themselves.

British

Who does John Eliot represent?

British

W.E.B DuBois

Attacked "Atlanta Compromise" in The Souls for the Black Folk; believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately; demanded restoration of civil rights by "ceaseless agitation"

Andrew Johnson Impeachment

Attempted against President in 1868; power struggle b/t him and Congress; President removed cabinet officer w/o Senate approval & interfered w/ Congressional reconstruction; crippled his presidency

Southern voting discrimination laws

Attempts at disenfranchisement of blacks; included poll tax, grandfather clause, literacy tests; 1890s discrimination in voting; loopholes for whites

Thomas Paine

Author of Common sense

Which tribe built Tenochtitlan in 1325?

Aztecs

Slavery replacing indentured servitude was a consequence of what?

Bacon's Rebellion

JP Morgan

Banker who took control of companies, Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

Duke tobacco

Began in 1865, by 1890 it had bought out its competitors & created American Tobacco Company ; 1 market that South controlled; 90% of US tobacco production

Confederate military draft

Began in Apr. 1862; 1st in US history; subjected all white males to service for 3 years unless substitute was provided or owned slaves; intense opposition; repealed 1863; reintroduced in 1864 & allowed slaves to join; 1 white man for every 20 slaves was left on plantations

Trans-Mississippi West Farming

Beginning in the mid 1880s agricultural economy began long steady decline (overproduction b/c too many farmers); involved problems with fencing land, water, debt; prices (grievances -> Populism); commercial farmer prevails over yeoman (Bonanza farms); overseas sales (international business); spread through the railroads

Manifest Destiny

Belief that the US was destined to stretch across the continent; idealistic, sent by God, not for economic or territorial reasons

David Walker

Black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves; wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World."- called for a bloody end to white supremacy; believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

Harlem Renaissance

Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement.

the only argument not put forward by the war hawks as a justification for a declaration of war against Britain was that

Britain's commercial restrictions had come close to destroying America's profitable New England shipping business

survived the 1622 Powhatan uprising

British

Lusitania incident

British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat --> 1198 dead including 128 Americans. key issue: American right to sail on belligerent ships. Germany had to stop U-boat attacks, respect neutral rights. Sec. of State William Jennings Bryan resigned (real neutrality did not exist)

Lexington and Concord

British troops sent to seize rebel supplies- Lexington militia arrived- no intention of fighting- shots fired 8 dead

Topeka, Kansas

Brown v Board of Edu city.

Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853)

By Harriet Beecher Stowe- highly influenced England's view on the American Deep South & slavery; novel promoting abolition; intensified sectional conflict.

Compromise of 1850

CA admitted as a free state, increased fugitive slave laws, slave trade banned in Washington DC; popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War

Camp David Accords

CARTER A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel

Bakke Decision

CARTER An important ruling on affirmative action given by the Supreme Court in 1978. A white man, was denied admission to a medical school that had admitted black candidates with weaker academic credentials. He contended that he was a victim of racial discrimination. The Court ruled that he had been illegally denied admission to the medical school, but also that medical schools were entitled to consider race as a factor in admissions. The Court thus upheld the general principle of affirmative action.

Iran Hostage Crisis

CARTER In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.

CIA: Iran and Guatemala

CIA secretly overthrew parliamentary government of Mossadegh in ____; Overthrew democratically-elected government of Jacobo Arbenz in _______.

Dawes Allotment Act (of 1887)

CLEVELAND 1887 congress passed this law to break up reservations ant turn native americans into individual property owners each family would get 160 acres each single person of 18 would get 80 and each child 40 any land left over would be sold

Dawes Plan (1924)

COOLIDGE 1924 it rescheduled German reparations payments and opened the way for further American private loans to Germay

Scopes Trial

COOLIDGE 1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

National Origins Act (of 1924)

COOLIDGE in 1924 and 1929, congress imposed even more restrictions on immigrants. in addition, the US completely prohibited immigration from Asia.

Sacco and Vanzetti

COOLIDGE were two italian born american laborers and anarchists who were tired convicted and executed via electrocution on Aug 3 1927 in Ma for the 1920 armed robbery. it is believed they had nothing to do with the crime

Bonus Bill

Calhoun presented this bill in 1817, 1.5 million bank funds to fund internal improvements; passed but vetoed by Madison in his last day in office

1970s cultural divisions

Conservatives vs. liberals in media; conservative + "moral majority" determination to censor media content clashed with a liberal commitment to free speech and toleration for diversity in lifestyles.

William T. Sherman and the March to the Sea

Campaign from Atlanta to the Atlantic Ocean; Union army destroyed everything on path; "forty acres and a mule" legend

Richmond VA

Capital of Confederacy

"Human Rights" foreign policy

Carter insisted that the United States should take a moral posture by giving human rights a higher priority; he spoke on behalf of political prisoners; reduced aid to dictatorships.

Lord Baltimore, the founder of Maryland established the colony as a haven for who?

Catholic

What did the French and Spanish aim to do in the New World?

Christianize the native peoples

Pennsylvania's government allowed religious freedom for who?

Christians

Mormons

Church of Jesus Christ Latter Day Saints; founded by Joseph Smith in 1830; began in upstate NY, "burned-over district"; moved to Salt Lake City, Utah

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote b/c of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

Democracy in America

Classic French text by Alexis de Tocqueville on the United States in the 1830s and its strengths and weaknesses such as the tyranny of the majority; explained why republicanism succeeded in the U.S. and failed elsewhere.

Upper South

Climate & geography distinguished from lower south; emerged out of economic crisis in the 1850s by diversifying agriculture, urbanization, and expansion of manufacturing and trade; single-crop; tobacco--> wheat & corn

Intolerable/Coercive Acts

Closed port of Boston, reconstructed Massachusetts government, restricted town meetings and troops were quartered

New Left

Coalition of younger members of the Democratic party and radical student groups. Believed in participatory democracy, free speech, civil rights and racial brotherhood, and opposed the war in Vietnam.

What prevented Europeans from seeking to conquer territory in Africa?

Coastal kingdoms were well defended

Bacon's rebellion

Colonial uprising that took place in 1676 in the Virginia colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. Virginians resented William Berkeley's friendly policy towards Native Americans. This was the first rebellion in American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part.

Restoration colonies

Colonies created as a result from the land grants in North America given by King Charles II of England The two major restoration colonies were Pennsylvania and Carolina.

Loyalists/Tories

Colonists that sided with kings and parliament during revolution

Pennsylvania colony

Colony formed from the "Holy Experiment"; settled by Quakers. Founded by William Penn, who bought land from the Native Americans. Allowed religious freedom

New York colony

Colony founded by Dutch in 1624. Very diverse and wealthy colony. Contained the Hudson river

Georgia colony

Colony founded by James Oglethorpe. Its first settlers were debtors and unfortunates( "worthy poor"). Tolerant to Christians but not Catholics. Acted as a buffer between Spanish Florida and the Carolinas.

Connecticut colony

Colony founded by Thomas Hooker in 1636; self-governing; origin of Fundamental Orders

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Colony founded in 1630 by John Winthrop, part of the Great Puritan Migration, founded by puritans. Had a theocratic republic. "City upon a hill"

General George Washington

Commander in Chief of the Continental Army. Brilliantly led America to victory and freedom in the American Revolution. Became 1st US president

Settlement houses

Community centers located in the slums and near tenements that gave aid to the poor, especially immigrants

Great Compromise

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature (Senate) and representation based on population in the other house (House of Representatives)

Merrimack and Monitor

Confederate and Union ironclads, respectively, whose successes against wooden ships signaled an end to wooden warships. They fought an historic, though inconsequential battle in 1862.

Persian Gulf War (1991)

Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the U.S. to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they have invaded in hopes of controlling the oil supply. A very one-sided war with the U.S. coalition emerging victorious

Mexican War (1846-1848)

Conflict between the US and Mexico that after the US annexation of Texas, which Mexico still considered its own; US troops fought primarily on foreign soil; covered by mass-circulation newspapers; Whigs opposed

Gibbons decision

Congress alone regulated interstate commerce

Election of 1866

Congressional election; radical republicans took control of Congress & started Congressional Reconstruction--> Congress could enact its own plan over Johnson's veto

What were the original 4 colonies of the Dominion of England?

Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth

Carrie Chapman Catt

Conservative leader of the NAWSA from 1915 - 1920 and pushed the suffrage movement nation-wide.

President Richard Nixon

Continued Vietnam; invasion of Cambodia; ended Vietnam War; detente with China and Russia (better relations); destabilized Chile ; expanded welfare state (social security, protect environment, expand food stamps); forced to resign after Watergate Scandal; end liberal reform; SALT 1; EPA, Clean Air Act

Dartmouth College decision

Corporation contracts were inviolable and could not be controlled by state govts. Placed restrictions on the power of state govts. to control corporations

Who conquered the Aztec empire in Mexico?

Cortés

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Created Nebraska and Kansas as states & gave the ppl in those territories the right to chose to be either a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.; repealed Missouri Compromise; destroyed Whig party & led to emergence of Republican party

National Highway Act/Interstate Highway Act

Creation of interstate highway system by Ike for transportation and defense.

Prohibited the use of publicly issued paper money to pay debts

Currency Act of 1751

Jacob Riis

Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

Wilmont Proviso

David Wilmont-PA Democrat- ban slavery in any territory that might be acquired from mexico - increased sectionalism

Compromise of 1877

Deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) & Samuel Tilden (Dem.); Hayes was awarded presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of fed. troops from the South--> ended Reconstruction

Constitutional convention

Decided many factors of constitution- secretive

Four Freedoms

Declared by President FDR; 1. Freedom of speech and expression; 2. Freedom of every person to worship in his own way; 3. Freedom from want; 4. Freedom from fear

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens & are guaranteed equal protection of the laws; citizenship by birth & naturalization; prohibited state gov. from infringing on equal rights; gave black Americans citizenship & legal equality; still allowed the North to prohibit black suffrage

Hull House

Dedicated to helping the urban poor

Jefferson's Presidency (1801-1809)

Democrat-Republican; Major events during his presidency include the Louisiana Purchase (1803) and the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806), as well as escalating tensions with both Britain and France that led to war with Britain in 1812, after he left office.

Fannie Lou Hamer speech about voting registration at

Democratic National Convention

James Madison's Presidency (1809-1817)

Democratic-republican; includes War of 1812, Protective Tariff and renewal of bank, beginning of Era of Good Feelings

Boston Tea Party

Demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor

Watergate Crisis

Descriptive term for all illegal activities of the Nixon Administration ( not only for the break-in of Democratic Administration at Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C. involved the two different scandals: 1) General pattern of abuses of power by White House ("plumbers") & CREEP (Committee to Re-Elect the President) and 2) Watergate break-in itself & the cover-up.

Establishment of Washington D.C as nation's capital

Disagreements rose as to which state it would be a part of. In 1790, Alexander Hamilton proposed a solution that established the new permanent capital on federal land rather than in a state. President George Washington was asked to pick the site. Both Maryland and Virginia gave up land along the Potomac River that became the District of Columbia, established in 1791.

Truman vs. MacArthur

Dispute between MacArthur and Truman; MacArthur wanted to expand war to China maniland but Truman was all like "We have to limit war man because I fear that this would lead to a WWIII". MacArthur was fired because of public disagreement with Truman's war policy ---> reflection of policy difference between Eurocentrists ("he who controls Europe is well on his way toward controlling the whole world") VS Asianist; origins of containment vs "rollback" anti- Communist U.S. foreign policy

President Dwight Eisenhower

Domestic policy: "Modern Republicanism"; did not repeal New Deal. "New Conservatism": need for government to regulate personal behavior and restore Christian morality. Opposed by libertarian "free man" vs. "good man." Appointed Earl Warren to Supreme Court. End of Joe McCarthy yet continuation of the Red Scare. Sputnik I --> "missile gap" --> education; foreign policy: rejected isolationism: "containment" not "rollback". warned against "military-industrial complex".

Freeport Doctrine

Douglas alienated southern supporters

Confederate constitution

Drafted 1861; similar to the original; guaranteed sovereignty of the Confederate states & prohibited the Confederate Congress from enacting protective tariffs & from supporting internal improvements; specifically sanctioned slavery; president had 6-year terms; line-item veto

Mormon Migration to Utah

Driven from NY b/c of persecution; after Joseph Smith was charged w/treason and killed; led by Brigham Young

Lincoln Douglas debates

During the race to become Senator Lincoln asked to have multiple debates with Douglas; certain topics of these debates were slavery, how to deal with slavery, and where slavery should be allowed; although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, he was known throughout the country because of the debates; Douglas said ppl could exclude slavery by not enforcing & protecting slave-owner property--> ppl would not support Douglas for president

New Amsterdam

Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. This later became "New York City"

What colony venture failed to attract many settlers?

Dutch colony of New Netherland

Berlin Crisis (1961)

EISENHOWER & KENNEDY 1961 Following the Soviet occupation of the Eastern Bloc, the people within the occupied areas aspired for independence and soviet withdrawal. However, this did not happen and in turn there was a mass resurgence in the evacuation of laborers and people from the Communist dominated region. In oder to restrict emigration the Soviet Union built the wall and

Brown vs. Board of Education

EISENHOWER 1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

U-2 incident (1960)

EISENHOWER 1960 US spy plane piloted by Francis Gary Powers was shot down over the Soviet Union. The Eisenhower administration acknowledged responsibility for the surveillance mission.

Sputnik

EISENHOWER First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

EISENHOWER In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Brinksmanship

EISENHOWER The principle of not backing down in a crisis, even if it meant taking the country to the brink of war. Policy of both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. during the Cold War.

Little rock crisis

EISENHOWER1957 - Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students.. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.

George Whitefield

English clergyman who was known for his ability to convince many people through his sermons. He involved himself in the Great Awakening in 1739 preaching his belief in gaining salvation.

Mercantilism

Economic philosophy of 17th and 18th century European nations; sought to increase wealth and power through acquisition of gold and silver and establishing a favorable balance of trade. Colonies served interest of mother country through importation of its raw materials -> Exportation > importation

Andrew Mellon's "trickle-down economics"

Economic philosophy that involved large tax cuts on corporate profits, personal incomes, and inheritance taxes (close cooperation between business and government).

"dynamic conservation"

Eisenhower

Domino Theory

Eisenhower believed that once Vietnam went communist, that many other countries would, too.

Glorious Revolution (in America)

Elimination of Dominion of England in 1689; Plymouth added to Massachusetts in 1691; Reinstatement of legislative assemblies; Coode's Rebellion; some royal governors; more closely intertwined empire

Arrange these events are in chronological order: (A) war hawks enter Congress, (B) declaration of war on Britain, (C) Embargo Act, (D) Battle of Tippecanoe.

Embargo Act, warhawks enter Congress, Battle of Tippecanoe, declaration of war on Britain

French empire

Empire control in Canada, Ohio, and Mississippi River Valley with Louisiana. Religious: Jesuits. Positive indigenous relations. Fur trade. Coureurs du bois.

Spanish empire

Empire control in Mexico, South America, and Florida, religious empire; Franciscans + mission system, defensive buffers vs. English, French, and Russians. Economic empire.

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Who was the war of Jenkins Ear between?

English vs. Spanish

Antebellum urbanization

Enlarged population due to largest immigration in US history; migration to cities b/c native farming classes forced off land due to changes in agriculture and immigrants; improved transportation, beginnings of industrialization

The time period that emphasized the power of human reason to understand and shape the world

Enlightenment

Marbury vs. Madison

Established Judicial Review

Truman Doctrine

Established U.S. Cold War Foreign policy; U.S. will aid any nation fighting communism. Truman meant Europe ---> applied worldwide

What was the result of the crusades?

European merchants learned of Asian trade routes

Stock Market Crash

Event in which the value of stock fell so low which caused people to be left with huge debts; banks ran out of money and closed, people lost jobs; beginning of Great Depression

Sit-down strikes

Event in which workers in General Motors plant sat down on the job and refused to leave until they gained recognition for union; successful, however, unpopular with many Americans (including FDR)

Bonus March

Event when nearly 17,000 veterans marched on Washington in 1932, to demand the military bonuses that they had been promised; this group was eventually driven from their camp city by the U.S army; increased the public perception that the Hoover administration cared little about the poor.

Confederate States of America

Eventually made up of 11 former states that seceded; Jefferson Davis was the 1st & only president; unable to defeat the North b/c of lack of railroad lines, lack of industry, & inability to get European nations to support their cause.

Great Columbian / Biological Exchange

Exchange of plants and animals between the New World and Europe following the discovery of America in 1492.

English/British Empire

Exhibited control in the form of dominions, colonies, mandates, and territories. Queen Elizabeth I was a prominent ruler during the colonial period of this empire. French Rivalry + engaged in Columbian Exchange.

Roosevelt Corollary

Extension of the Monroe Doctrine in 1904 stating that the U.S. had the right to intervene in order to "stabilize" the economic affairs of small states in the Caribbean and Central America, if they were unable to pay their international debts. Established the foundation later for FDR's "Good Neighbor" policy --> establishment of "protectorates"

Bracero Program

FDR - TRUMAN Wartime agreement between the United States and Mexico to import farm workers to meet a perceived manpower shortage; the agreement was in effect from 1941 to 1947.

Indian Reorganization Act (of 1934)

FDR 1934 Nicknamed the "Indian New Deal", it encouraged tribes to establish local self-government and to preserve native culture. Nearly two hundred tribes established self-government under the terms of the act.

Munich Conference

FDR 1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

Lend Lease Act

FDR Approve by Congress in March 1941; The act allowed America to sell, lend or lease arms or other supplies to nations considered "vital to the defense of the United States."

Neutrality Acts

FDR Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations.

Court Packing

FDR attempt by Roosevelt to appoint one new Supreme Court justice for every sitting justice over the age of 70 who had been there for at least 10 years. Wanted to prevent justices from dismantling the new deal. Plan died in congress and made opponents of New Deal inflamed.

Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC)

FDR investigated charges of discrimination in army or work places

GI Bill

FDR law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations

Cash and Carry

FDR policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

Soviet-Nazi Non-Aggression Pact

FDR summer 1937 neutral non-aggression between Germany and Russia if there are any territory changes, Germany gets W. Poland and Russia gets E. Poland

Quarentine Speech

FDR was given by U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on October 5, 1937, in Chicago, calling for an international "quarantine of the aggressor nations" as an alternative to the political climate of American neutrality and isolationism that was prevalent at the time. The speech intensified America's isolationist mood, causing protest by isolationists and foes to intervention.

Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)

FDR's executive order desegregating government jobs. It ordered that all companies with government contracts could not discriminate based on "race, creed, color, or national origin." The law was never fully implemented due to opposition in Congress and hostility from the South. Led to five states NY, NJ, MA, CT, and WA to create their own state versions of the law.

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Stagflation

FORD & CARTER a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment while prices rise

Republic Party

Falling apart-whigs and freesoil-antislavery-immigrants voting democrat

Lewis and Clark's expedition through the Louisiana Purchase territory yielded treaties with several Indian nations. True or False

False

Critics of FDR

Father Charles Coughlin (benefited only wealthy people and corporations), Huey Long ("share our wealth"), Francis Townshend (Old Age Revolving Pension)

Freedman's Bureau

Fed. agency set up to help former slaves after the Civil War; focus was to provide food, medical care, administer justice, manage abandoned & confiscated property, regulate labor, and establish schools.

Catherine Beecher

Female reformer that pushed for female employment as teachers; still embraced the role of a good homemaker for women; an example of the fact that not all women were pushing for radical reforms.

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement; located in Virginia. Founded by London Company

Freedmans bureau

Focus was to provide food, medical care, administer justice, manage abandoned and confiscated property, regulate labor and establish schools- aid to former slaves

Trent affair

Foreign event involving Union seizure of British ship with Confederate diplomats; tensions btw Britain & US eased w/ Lincoln's negotiations

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy of President William Howard Taft, which favored increased American investment in the world as the major method for increasing American influence and stability abroad; in some parts of the world, such as in Latin America, the increased American influence was resented.

Moral Diplomacy

Foreign policy of President Woodrow Wilson. Wilson hoped to influence and control other countries through economic pressure, refusing to support non-democratic countries. Helped with the advancement of human rights in Latin America.

War of 1812 (1812-1815)

Fought between Britain and the United States largely over the issues of trade and impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation new found respect from European powers.

James Oglethorpe

Founded Georgia; a member of parliament; philanthropist; social reformer (helping those in debtors' prisons)

Niagara Movement (1905)

Founded by W.E.B. DuBois to promote the education of African Americans in the liberal arts; end segregation & discrimination in unions, courts, & public accommodations; equality of opportunity

Maryland colony

Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore, founded to be a place for persecuted Catholics to find refuge, a safe haven, act of toleration

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination; opposed racism & strove to gain civil rights for African Americans; got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional

Duke family

Founders of the American Tobacco Company, one of the original 12 members of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Quickly grew to control the cigarette market with the company known as the "tobacco trust".

Gustavus Swift and Philip Armour

Founders of the American meat-packing industry. Targeted in Upton Sinclair's muckraker novel The Jungle due to the absence of federal inspections resulting in tainted meat and eventually the passing of the Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906.

Lecompton Crisis (1857-1858)

Free-staters refuse to participate in election in Kansas; fraudulent election; opposed by Douglas; constitution resubmitted and rejected by Kansas voters; South angry at Douglas; Kansas admitted as free state

Most of the settlers were men, some of whom married Indian women

French

This country tries to understand the Native American values

French

Who were the Jesuit missionaries

French

Force Acts (reconstruction)

Gave expanded power to fed. authorities to stop KKK violence & to protect civil rights of citizens in the South.

Election of 2000

George W Bush vs. Al Gore. Florida had re-counts; Supreme Court made final decision (George Bush)

Hessians

German Mercinaries

Sussex Pledge

Germans would not sink merchant & passenger (non-military) vessels. Wilson - "any little . . . [U-boat] commander can put is into war at any time by some calculated outrage". Violated later with the later resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare

Central Powers

Germany, Austro-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey

Universal Manhood Suffrage

Giving all adult men the right to vote, whether they owned property or not.

Occurred because James IIs Catholic wife gave birth to a son, thus arousing fear of a return to Catholicism

Glorious Revolution

What were the 3 g's of exploration?

God, glory, gold

Panic of 1837 and economic depression

Government only accepted "specie" as payment for public lands + crop failures --> 5 year depression

from South Carolina & carried 4 southern states in Pres. Election

Governor J. Strom Thurmond

Al Smith

Governor of New York four times, and was the Democratic U.S. presidential candidate in 1928. He was the first Roman Catholic and Irish-American to run for President as a major party nominee. He lost the election to Herbert Hoover.

Vicksburg

Grants best faught campaign- union obtained Mississippi river

Peace of Paris (1783)

Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States, agreed to the Mississippi boundary in the west, Florida was passed back to Spain; Loyalist property that had been confiscated would be returned.

"Lost Generation"

Group of American intellectuals who viewed America in the 1920s as bigoted, intellectually shallow, and consumed by the quest for the dollar; many became extremely disillusioned with American life and went to Paris. Earnest Hemingway wrote of this group in The Sun Also Rises.

Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO)

Group of unions that broke from the AFL in 1938 and organized effective union drives in automobile and rubber industries; supported sit-down strikes in major rubber plants. Reaffiliated with the AFL in 1955.

"Lost Generation"

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

Toleration Act

Guaranteed religious toleration to trinitarian Christians, but decreed the death penalty to Jews and atheists and others who didn't believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ,

What was the name of the language developed in African American communities?

Gullah

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (Hoover)

HOOVER Congress set up $2 billion. It made loans to major economic institutions such as banks, insurance companies and railroads.

Bonus Army

HOOVER Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash

Hawley Smoot Tariff

HOOVER The highest import tax in American history to increase jobs by preventing cheaper European goods from entering the country, which was countered by Europe's tariffs and was a major failure.

Lincoln's restriction of civil liberties

Habeas Corpus was suspended; civil law was suspended in those areas of the South under Union Control & placed under martial law; censorship imposed on several newspapers and journalist; restrictions on commerce enacted & enforced; attacked opposition, arrested civilian dissenters

Panama Canal

Hay-Herran Treaty: Secretary of State John Hay pressured Colombian diplomat Tomas Herran to sign an agreement allowing U.S. to build a canal through Panama from which Columbia would receive big $ but was rejected by Colombian Senate. TR supported a rebellion in Panama (organized & financed by Philippe Bunau-Varilla) and recognized Panama as an independent nation.

Hayes vs. Tilden, 1876

Hayes was the Republican candidate while Tilden was the Democratic candidate, and the election between them was disputed.

Thomas B. Reed

He became the leader of the House in 1888 when the Republicans took the White House back. He was a strict and eloquent speaker and very harsh. He helped to raise taxes to their highest peacetime rate in 1890 with the McKinley Tariff Act, but then he was kicked out of office with 1890 elections due to these issues.

W.E.B. Du Bois

He believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately; founded the NAACP

Jacob Riis

He described the awful living conditions of poor people in the tenements of New York City in "How the other half lives"; led to many social reforms.

Why had Christopher Columbus faded from public view by the time he died in 1506?

He didn't find any treasures or kingdoms

Tenskwatawa/"The Prophet"

He inspired a religious revival that spread through many tribes and united them; killed by Harrison at battle of Tippecanoe

Washington's Presidency (1789-1797)

He set the precedent for being the President of the United States. He humbly served two terms and appointed the first cabinet. He stayed out of Congress' way and supported the United States' isolationist stance in world affairs.

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

George Kennan

He was an American diplomat and ambassador best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War.

John Adams' Presidency (1797-1801)

He was the second president of the United States and a Federalist. He was responsible for passing the Alien and Sedition Acts. Prevented all out war with France after the XYZ Affair. His passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts severely hurt the popularity of the Federalist party and himself

Alice Paul

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

Medicare

Health care for aged; part of LBJ's Great Society program and War on Poverty. Lost much funding due to the Vietnam War.

Sack of Lawrence

Heavily armed Pro slavery radicals burned most of the city of Lawrence to the ground, stole their hogs, scattered their women and children.

National Party Conventions

Held to select the each parties official Presidential & adopt the party's platform; delegates to convention were usually members of local party elitists

Election of 1928

Herbert Hoover/republican ("A Chicken in Every Pot") vs. Al Smith/democrat (first catholic to run for president) -> Hoover Wins

Dunning School of historical interpretation

Historian William Dunning wrote Reconstruction was oppressive in South

Cyrus McCormick reaper

Horse-drawn machine that greatly increased the amount of wheat a farmer could harvest; invented by Cyrus McCormick in 1831 & produced wheat in large quantities.

Organ of government in colonial Virginia made up of an assembly of representatives elected by the colony's inhabitants. It was established by the Virginia Company and continued by the crown after Virginia was made a royal colony.

House of Burgesses

In 1800, Thomas Jefferson was chosen president by the ______.

House of Representatives

Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier thesis

Idea that held that the existence of cheap and unsettled land played a key role in making American society more democratic; the frontier helped create the American spirit of democracy and egalitarianism, acted as a safety valve for Americans to escape bad economic conditions, and stimulated nationalism and individualism

Cambodia Invasion

Illegal bombing of Cambodia -> Watergate Scandal

Huey Long

Immensely popular governor and senator of Louisiana; provided tax favors, roads, schools, free textbooks, charity hospitals, and improved public services for Louisiana citizens; cost: corruption and personal dictatorship; formed national organization (Share Our Wealth)

New Immigrants

Immigrants from eastern Europe-disliked by old immigrants

Bill Clinton's impeachment

Impeached for perjury, suborning perjury, and obstruction of justice stemming from his affair with intern Monica Lewinsky; he was acquitted of all charges.

Sedition Act

Imposed harsh penalties on anyone using disloyal, profane. scurrilous or abusive language about the government, flag or armed forces uniforms

Iranian Hostage Crisis

In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year; weakened Carter's presidency; hostages released on Reagan's inauguration.

Open Door Policy

In china- all spheres of influence have ability for free trade

Haymarket riot

In this location, a bomb was hurled toward police officials, and police opened fire on the demonstrators; numerous policemen and demonstrators were killed and wounded; response in nation's press was decidedly anti-union.

Wilson-Gorman Tariff, 1894

In this the Democrats tried to lower tariffs. Cleveland allowed the bill, mainly because it didn't much hurt the tariff rates, but it annoyed him. This also kind of angered American people (?) and it helped to drive the Democrats out of office during the next Congressional election, putting Republicans once more back in power.

XYZ Affair

Incident in which French agents demanded a bribe and loan from the U.S. diplomats in exchange for discussing an agreement that French privateers would no longer attack American ships; led to an undeclared war between U.S. and France

18th century immigration

Increase in non-English immigrants and fewer English immigrants; Scots-Irish, Scots, Germans, Dutch, Africans; poor move west for cheaper land

A system whereby workers were contracted for service for a specified period. In the seventeenth century, thousands of these workers came to North America. In exchange for agreeing to work for four or five years without wages, the workers received passage across the Atlantic, room and board, and status as a free person at the end of the contract period.

Indentured Servitude

Metacom's war (King Philip's War) as a last effort to save what?

Indian lands and culture in New England

Transcendentalists

Individuals strive to "transcend" limits of intellect" & allow emotions/ soul to create original relation to universe

"Rosie the Riveter"

Inspirational figure for women during WWII to take up the blue collar jobs that men had left in order to fight.

Worcester Decision

Invalidated Georgia law that required U.S. citizens entering Cherokee territory to obtain permission from governor of Georgia

Which of the following native groups capitalized on its geographic location in central New York and remained a significant political force in North America long after colonization?

Iroquois

Jane Addams

Is best known for founding Hull House in Chicago.

A religion the considers Mohammed to be God's last prophet. Following the death of Mohammed in A.D. 632, the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread this faith into Sub- saharan Africa, India, and Indonesia, as well as deep into Spain and the Balkan regions of Europe.

Islam

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Lincoln on Sept. 22, 1862; declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free; not applied to border states; gov. actively enlists blacks into Union military; abolition of slavery was a Union war goal

Why was the influx of American gold and silver into the English economy during the sixteenth century significant?

It simulated further economic expansion

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer, sailed from Spain in 1492 and reached Americas, greatly increased European awareness of the North American Continent

Merchants from which of the following countries made inroads in the Arab- dominated trade routes of the Mediterranean in the twelfth century?

Italy

Alliance for Progress

JFK 1961 a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military

Nuclear Test ban treaty

JFK 1963 between the USSR and the US; agree to stop nuclear testing in the atmosphere, in space, and underwater; over 100 other nations approve (the only nuclear powers who did not were France and Communist China)

Bay of Pigs

JFK In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Space Race

JFK set goal of "man on the moon voyage" by the end of the decade ---> achieved by July 1969

Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)

JFK, LBJ idea that both sides would face certain destruction in a nuclear war

Bank War

Jackson vs. Biddle (fed. gov. director of bank); Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich; vetoed the 2nd Bank charter & withdrew gov. money from the US Banks & put it into "pet banks";Jackson vetoed bill he thought was wrong

Force Bill (1833)

Jackson's response to S. Carolina's ordinance of nullification that declared the tariffs of 1828 & 2832 null and void, & S. Carolina would not collect duties on them; authorized President Jackson to use military force to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832; never invoked b/c it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary; nullified by S. Carolina

Who made Virginia a royal colony?

James 1

Who created the Dominion of New England?

James II

Who founded the colony of Georgia?

James Oglethorpe

Election of 1800

Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President.

John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry

John Brown's failed scheme to invade the South w/ armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, N. abolitionists; seized the fed. arsenal; Brown & remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged; South feared danger if it stayed in Union

The chief justice who carried out, more than any other federal official, the ideas of Alexander Hamilton concerning a powerful federal government was ______.

John Marshall

Who was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

John Winthrop

What happened in 1965

Johnson announces the attack on Tonkien on Americans by Vietnamese

Muckrakers

Journalists of the Progressive era who attempted to expose the evils of government and big business. Many wrote of the corruption of city and state political machines + factory and living conditions of workers

New Frontier

KENNEDY The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

flexible Response

KENNEDYs plan to deal with foreign powers by not always resorting to nuclear weapons but using specialist like the Green Beret

Kent State Protest

Kent State University students protesting against invasion of Cambodia, not allowed to demonstrate, violence (murder) caused by guardsmen

March on Birmingham

King hosted myriad nonviolent protesting activities to fill jail with protestors, Bill Connor (police commissioner) began violent resistance to protestors

Acquisition of Alaska

Known as "Seward's Folly"; early attempt to expand American power. Inspired by the early Manifest Destiny. Purchase made in 1867

Squatters and preemption

People who would settle on land that they didn't have a title or claim to

Cambodian incursion

L: , Helped policy of Vietnamization succeed; Nixon authorized in order to destroy supply lines and base; outraged Americans due to neutrality during war. I:These invasions were a result of policy of former President Richard Nixon whose decision it was to invade.

Shah of Iran

L: , Shah of Iran was the leader of Iran who wanted to nationalize their oil and improve economy, sparks Iranian Revolution and Shah is overthrown. I: His overthrow by religious leaders precipitated a crisis for the United States.

Presidential Reconstruction plans (Lincoln and Johnson)

L: 10% Plan used to encourage people to join Republican party; pocket-vetoed Congress's Wade-Davis Bill; J: appointed provisional governors, allowing former Confederate officials to immediately regain power; amnesty to Southerners who took allegiance; rapid readmission of Confederate states

Iranian Hostage Crisis

L: 1979- Islamic fundamentalists seized American embassy and took Americans hostage, U.S. efforts to free the hostages failed; finally freed in 1981 (Argo). I: The Iranian hostage crisis wrecked the Carter presidency.

Wounded Knee

L: A massacre where 150 men, women, and children of the Lakota Sioux had been killed and 51 wounded. scuffle over Black Coyote's rifle escalated and a shot was fired which resulted in the 7th Cavalry opening firing indiscriminately from all sides. I: This looked bad on the American government.

Vietnamization

L: A plan that allowed for U.S troops to gradually pull out, while the South Vietnamese increased their combat role. I: The result of this was the fall of Saigon in 1975 because the US left.

War Powers Act

L: Act that grants emergency executive powers to president to run war effort. I: This granted emergency executive powers to the President to run the war effort.

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

L: An independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment. I: This illustrates the rising popularity of environmentalist movements.

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

L: An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum. I: This oil cartel doubled their petroleum charges in 1979, helping American inflation rise well above 13%.

Thurgood Marshall

L: Black attorney who successfully argued the case of Brown V. Board of Education in front of the Supreme Court. I: Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Camp David Agreement

L: Camp David Agreement was a 1978 peace agreement between Egypt and Israel mediated by Jimmy Carter. I: This was Carter's greatest foreign policy achievement.

Détente

L: Détente was a policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon. I: This illustrates the attempt to go back to normal after the constant threat of the Cold War.

Henry Kissinger

L: Henry Kissinger was the main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s). I: He condoned covert tactics to prevent communism and fascism from spreading throughout South America.

My Lai Massacre

L: In 1968 American troops massacred women and children in the Vietnamese village of My Lai. I: This deepened American people's disgust for the Vietnam War.

Kent State

L: Kent State was an Ohio University where National Guardsmen opened fire on students protesting the Vietnam War on May 4,1970, wounding nine and killing four. I: This propagated intense national response as hundreds of schools closed due to an eight million student strike.

Phyllis Schlafley

L: Led the campaign to stop the ERA. She argued that ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment would undermine the American family by violating "the right of a wife to be supported by her husband,"requiring women to serve in combat, and legalizing gay marriages. I: She was a "New Right" conservative.

NOW

L: National Organization of Women, 1966, Betty Friedan first president, wanted Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforce its legal mandate to end sex discrimination. I: This illustrates the push back on the 1950s view of women.

SALT Treaties

L: Negotiations between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics designed to limit both countries' stock of nuclear weapons. I: This limited the levels of lethal strategic weapons in the Soviet and American arsenals.

Watergate

L: Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security guard foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committee Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained. I: Watergate led to the resignation of President Nixon (1974).

Title IX

L: No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. I: This was a huge step toward equality for women and ending gender discrimination.

ERA (Equal Rights Amendment)

L: Proposed constitutional amendment promoting women's rights that fell short of ratification. I: This illustrates the trend toward achieving equality on many different fronts.

Roe v. Wade

L: The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester. I: The issue of the legality of abortion in both state and federal governments is still a hugely controversial issue today.

Executive Privillege

L: The principle that white house conversations should remain confidential to protect national security. I:Nixon tried to use this principle to refuse the demand by Congress to turn over the audio tapes that would prove his involvement in Watergate. Supreme Court rejected this argument showing that no person is above the law.

Bakke Case

L: This Supreme Court Case decided in 1978 that affirmative action is legal as long as race is not the only factor considered. I: This threatened the progress made by the Civil Rights Movement. The court decided that affirmative action was legal.

Rachel Carson

L: United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife. I: She is remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife.

SALT Talk

LBJ & NIXON negotiations between the U.S. and the USSR designed to limit both countries' stock of nuclear weapons.

Tet Offensive

LBJ 1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year, which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

LBJ Joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.

Cesar Chavez, United Farm Workers

LBJ Non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers.(successful boycott of lettuce and grapes)

War on Poverty

LBJ's initiative to carry out Kennedy's goal; involved the Economic Opportunity Act which included training programs such as Job Corps, granted loans to rural families + small urban businesses + migrant workers, and launched VISTA.

"Redeemers"

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South; staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state gov.; foundation rested on the idea of racism & white supremacy; waged and aggressive assault on African Americans; political power to white Democrats; lower taxation, lower gov. spending, lower education; advances of Reconstruction gov. dismantled

Yorktown

Last battle - British General Cornwallis surrendered army of 6,000- British were circled

Social Gospel

Late 19th century movement Protestant movement preaching that all true Christians should be concerned with the plight of immigrants and other poor residents of American cities and should financially support efforts to improve lives of these poor urban dwellers. Settlement houses were often financed by funds raised by ministers of this movement.

GI Bill

Law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations like college.

Fugitive Slave Act

Law that provided for harsh treatment for escaped slaves & for those who helped them; made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders; Supreme Court eventually overturned the laws--> South outraged

Jim Crow laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites in all public facilities & social interaction; white supremacy ideology

Black codes

Laws passed in the South after the civil war aimed at controlling freedmen & enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers; denied all blacks rights; guaranteed white supremacy

George Washington

Lead continental army

Samuel Gompers

Leader of AFL and Cigar Makers Union

John L. Lewis

Leader of United Mine Workers

Stamp Act Congress

Leaders from Different regions discussed common problems

American Federation of Labor

Led by Samuel Gompers; alliance of skilled workers in craft unions; focus was bread-and butter issues such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions

Knights of Labor

Led by Terence V. Powderly; open-membership policy extending to unskilled, semiskilled, women, African-Americans, immigrants; goal was to create a cooperative society between in which labors owned the industries in which they worked

Lend Lease

Legislation proposed by FDR and adopted by congress, stating that the U.S could either sell or lease arms and other equipment to any country whose security was vital to America's interest -> military equipment to help Britain war effort was shipped from U.S

President Ronald Reagan

Limited power of labor unions; Involved in Iran-Contra Scandal, INF treaty. Iran-Iraq War, and reducing inflation rate; supply-side economics; more homeless; sharply increased military spending.

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won this election b/c the Democratic party was split over slavery; as a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a # of states seceded from the Union.

Arrange these events in chronological order: Embargo Act, Louisiana Purchase, Chesapeake incident, Burr's trial for treason.

Louisiana Purchase, Burr's trial for treason, Chesapeake incident, Embargo Act

Treaty of Versailles

Many of Wilson's 14 points rejected. 1) surrender of German Territory, 2) reparations to Britain and France, 3) occupation of Rhineland by Allies, 4) Germany had to admit guilt for starting war 5), League of Nations established with Article X, example of multilateralism

Marcus Garvey

Many poor urban blacks turned to him. He was head of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and he urged black economic cooperation and founded a chain of UNIA grocery stores and other business.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers

Truman's Loyalty Program

March 1947; Truman issued an executive order initiationg a comprhensive investigation into the loyalty of federal employees; organizations (i.e. NAACP, churches, universites, etc.) made members take a loyalty oath

Selma protests

March from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama to support voting rights bill; violence by police against nonviolent marchers ("Bloody Sunday") gained support for march

Rachel Carson's Silent Spring

Marine biologist; exposed harmful effects of pesticides & inspired concern for environment

End of the Cold War

Marked by the fall of the Soviet Union which was the result of Eastern European countries gaining independence, Gorbachev's reform policies, and a series of nuclear limitation treaties.

Who broke up the Dominion of New England?

Mary and William

Gilded Age

Name given to time period-looks good on top but underneath filthy

What was the solution for Protestants that outnumbered Catholics?

Maryland Toleration Act of 1649

City upon a Hill refers to which colony?

Massachusets bay

Which American colony was established in the 1660s as a haven for Quakers

Massachusetts

Which of the following New England colonies required church membership in order to be able to vote?

Massachusetts Bay

Dr. Francis Townsend

Medical doctor from Long Beach, California; promoted Townsend Plan ($200 month to all citizens over 60 + had to spend money within one month)

Yalta Conference

Meeting between Churchill, FDR, and Stalin; acceptance of the UN, free elections in Poland, Allied "zones of occupation" in Germany, and USSR received Japanese territory.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the rulings of the Republican Party. These actions were viewed as traitorous to the country and had lost the Federalists much influence and respect (The practical end of the Federalist Party).

Greensboro Sit-ins

Members of the SNCC organized "sit - in" of all-white lunch counters at the Woolworth. RESULT: Despite white harassment, it eventually led to the desegregation of lunch counters. NOTE: Dr. King DID NOT organize or lead these protests. SIGNIFICANCE: King did not cause the civil rights movement & large numbers of blacks were motivated to end racial segregation & discrimination.

In the 1490 when the Europeans arrived in the New World, where did most Native Americans live?

Mesoamerica and the western coast of South America

Antebellum mass immigration (1840's and 50's)

Migration into cities; largest in US history; majority Irish, then Germans b/c of widespread famine in their native countries

Abolitionism

Militant effort to do away with slavery; began in the N in the 1700's; becoming a major issue in the 1830's, it dominated politics by the 1840's; Congress became a battle ground between the pro and anti slavery forces

Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction plans

Military districts in south; respond with Wade-Davis Bill - authorized President to appoint provisional governor for each conquered state; new state constitutions that renounce secession as illegal, abolish slavery, disenfranchise Confederate leaders; repudiate Confederate debts

The home of CORE & SNCC

Mississippi

Missouri Crisis and Compromise

Missouri was not supposed to be a slave state, but it was, and its admission into the Union would tip the balance in favor of the South; Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)

Herman Melville

Moby Dick; he rejected the optimism of the transcendentalists and felt that man faced a tragic destiny

Placed tariff on French molasses but was not enforced well but led to smuggling.

Molasses Act of 1733

American Slavery

More than 10 million Africans brought to Americas. This institution was lifelong and generational, racial based, economically profitable, and was abolished by the 13th amendment.

Republican (Civil War) economic legislation

Morrill Tariff; National Banking Act; Homestead Act; Morrill Land Grant Act--> land-grant colleges; Pacific Railway Acts--> 1st transcontinental railroads; Contract Labor Law- import immigration labor; bound northern industrialists & western farmers to Republican party & contributed to rapid postwar expansion of US industrialization

Great Migration (of the 20th century)

Movement of about 2 million blacks out of the Southern United States. African Americans migrated to the Midwest, Northeast, and West. They were recruited to work in northern factories because of war production; move to urban areas; aggravate racial tensions; WW1

(post-WWII) Conservative movement

Movement that upheld the ideology that the U.S. was suffering disillusionment after WWII--> need for gov. to regulate behavior and restore Christian morality

Upton Sinclair

Muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago.

"Lost Cause" of the Confederacy

Myth: Civil War fought over states' rights & creation of independent nation; slavery was not a major cause; slavery would have been eventually eliminated; unity b/t North & South to exclusion of blacks

"Copperheads" / Peace Democrats

N. Democrats who opposed the Civil War & sympathized w/ the South; fought against Lincoln, the draft & emancipation

Roe Vs. Wade (1973)

NIXON 1973 the U.S. supreme Court ruled that there is a fundamental right ro privacy, which includes a woman's decision to have an abortion. Up until the third trimester the state allows abortion.

Pentagon Papers

NIXON a classified study of the Vietnam War that was carried out by the Department of Defense. An official of the department, Daniel Ellsberg, gave copies of the study in 1971 to the New York Times and Washington Post. The Supreme Court upheld the right of the newspapers to publish the documents. In response, President Richard Nixon ordered some members of his staff, afterward called the "plumbers," to stop such "leaks" of information. The "plumbers," among other activities, broke into the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist, looking for damaging information on him. r Defense Secretary Robert McNamara , revealed among other things that the government had drawn up plans for entering rthe war even as President Johnson promised that he would not send American troops to Viet.

Bombing and Invasion of Cambodia

NIXON another part of Nixon's out-of-Vietnam plan, destroy supply routes to North Vietnam through Cambodia

Detente

NIXON relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China

President James Madison made a major foreign-policy mistake when he accepted _______.

Napoleon's promise to recognize America's rights.

Henry Kissenger

National security adviser for Nixon, that was negotiating with Northern Vietnamese

Know-Nothings and the American Party

Nativism- opposed immigration; aided in the collapse of the second-party system

Gulf of Tonkin controversy

Naval incidents lead Congress to pass a resolution that gave the President power to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack on US forces to prevent future aggression; increased. US involvement in Vietnam

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy; wrote "The influence of Sea Power upon History"

New Jersey Plan

New Jersey delegate William Paterson's plan of government, in which states got an equal number of representatives in Congress

Jefferson had authorized American negotiators to purchase only ____ from France.

New Orleans and the Floridas

Who was the Covenant Chain between?

New York and Iroquois

Civil War's effects on women

New employment opportunities: clerks, factories, nursing, teaching, etc.; beginning of national woman's suffrage moment

Penitentiaries

New prisons built in Pennsylvania that experimented with the technique of placing prisoners in solitary confinement; these experiments were dropped because of the high suicide rate.

Thomas Nast

Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.

Separate Spheres

Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics

Carpetbaggers

Northern whites who moved to the South & served as Republican leaders during reconstruction

Clara Barton

Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross

James K. Polk's Presidency (1845-1849)

Objectives that were achieved: reduction of tariff, re-establishment of Independent Treasury, annexation of Texas, settlement of Oregon question, & acquisition of CA

Prohibition (18th amendment)

Often referred to as "the Noble Experiment", this piece of legislation banned the production, sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages. Its roots can be found in the temperance movement of the late 1800s Progressive Era. It became increasingly unpopular and was eventually repealed. However, it did lower the amount of drinking within the United States.

In what war was an English trader killed and 500 massacred?

Pequots War

Tet Offensive

One of the greatest American intelligence failures; massive North Vietnamese offensive that made Americans realize that defeat is possible; Military victory, but political defeat

Frederick Douglass

One of the most prominent African American figures in the abolitionist movement; escaped from slavery; advocated freedom from slavery & full citizenship rights for all blacks

Ratification of the Constitution debate

Opponents (anti-federalists) feared central power and wanted Bill of Rights; Constitution ratified at conventions; ultimately ratified b/c support of Washington and Franklin (Federalists), Federalist Papers, promise to add Bill of Rights

Wendell Phillips

Orator & associate of Garrison; influential abolitionist lecturer.

Women's Christian Temperence Union

Organized at a national convention in Cleveland, Ohio in 1874,[1] the group spearheaded the crusade for prohibition. Members in Fredonia, New York advanced their cause by entering, singing, praying, and urging saloon keepers to stop selling alcohol.... combat the influence of alcohol on families and society. The first president was Annie Wittenmyer.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Original resident of Brook Farm; disillusionment of utopias; The Scarlet Letter

"Shocks of '49"

Paranoia caused by the Soviets' explosion of an atomic bomb, the rise of "Red China" under Mao Zedong, and the Alger Hiss trials.

Tea Act

Parliament OK's East India Company to sell tea directly to America

Palmer Raids

Part of the Red Scare, these were measures to hunt out political radicals and immigrants who were potential threats to American security; led to the arrest of nearly 5,500 people and the deportation of nearly 400.

Union military draft

Passed March 1863; virtually all males eligible to be in army; could escape service by paying gov. or finding replacement; increased voluntary enlistments

Maine Laws

Passed in 1851; 1st big step in the Temperance Movement - outlawed sale & manufacturing of alcohol except for medical purposes

General Amnesty Act

Passed so that ex-Confederates could again vote and hold seats in the government. The few that were denied the privilege of this act were Confederate leaders or those who committed egregious crimes during the Civil War.

Sons of Liberty

Patriots that won't surrender with out a fight

Reconstruction (1863-1877)

Period after the Civil War in the US when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union; struggle over status of former Confederate states & political, social, economic position of freedmen

John Marshall's Supreme Court

Period of court ruling from 1801 to 1835; shaped interpretation of Constitution (loose); strengthened judicial branch; increased power of federal government over state; support of economic activity

"Hundred Days"

Period that Congress received and enacted 15 major proposals from FDR; established CCC, TVA, AAA, emergency banking act, NRA, and other organizations that had the purpose of combating socioeconomic problems

Philippine American War

Philippines- 4x as many US soldiers than in cuba- more than three years 4,300 american 50,000-200,000 Philippine deaths - emilio aguinaldo

Benjamin Franklin

Philosophe- devoted himself to the pursuit of useful knowledge - Silence Dogood in newspapers- promoted spread of reason

The evangelical Christian movement that stressed the individual's personal relationship with God is called

Pietism

Mayflower Compact

Pilgrims/Separatists agreement: agreement to obey laws created by the community and a profession of allegiance to the king

Supreme Court "Packing" Plan

Plan in which FDR proposed 6 judges to be added to Supreme Court because justices were overworked and over 70 years of age; plan was heavily criticized; Result: Plan rejected -> Court began to accept New Deal Legislation; some Supreme Court Judges retired and were replaced by pro-New Deal judges

Albany Plan of Union

Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military (defense), and other purposes; the plan was turned down at every colonial assembly and by the Crown.

Jonas Salk developed vaccine

Polio in 1950s

"Free-soil" ideology

Political ideology of the 1840s that opposed the expansion of slavery in order to allow white farmers to settle in western territories; believed slavery was dangerous b/c it was a threat to whites & the rights of all; believe the South wanted to extend slavery & destroy Northern capitalism--> formed Republican party

Populism

Political ideology supported by Southern and Western Democrats, women, "muckrakers", Social Gospel and college-educated, included socialists such as Debs. They wanted government ownership of railroads and control of money supply (bimetallism).

Republicanism

Political movement / ideology that supports the ideas that all power and sovereignty comes directly from the people and not from some authoritative person and that the success of a government depends on the characters of its citizens.

Republican Party

Political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery & consisted of Whigs, N. Democrats, & Free-Soilers in defiance to the Slave Powers

What was abolished in 1964

Poll tax

Which European nation was the first to invlove itself in exploration of the Atlantic as a route to Asia and the African slave trade?

Portugal

Great Society

President JOHNSON... In 1965, Congress passed many measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program this. Involved measures such as Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education

Vietnamization

President Richard NIXONs strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

Big Four

President Wilson- USA Clemenceau of France David Lloyd George- Britain Vittorio Orlando- Italy

President William McKinley

President during the Spanish-American War. Issued the Open Door policy in China that would lead to the Boxer Rebellion

President Lyndon B. Johnson

President from 1963 to 1969. Most legislatively productive U.S. President. Civil Rights Legislation, Keynesian economics (Kennedy tax cut), Immigration Act, Warren Report, Great Society, War on Poverty (Office of Economic Opportunity, Head Start, Food Stamps, Medicaid), Medicare, money lost to Vietnam - escalation

John Ross

President of Cherokee Tribe

President Franklin D. Roosevelt

President that had a "new deal" philosophy; developed Democratic coalition; made government large and activist; made presidency the most powerful branch; established welfare state; used Keynesian economics; increased reputation of business; revitalized American spirit

Benjamin Franklin

Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity. He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Taney Court

Private property & activities of corporations can be regulated by state legislatures

Eastern Indian Removal

Process of white westerners wanting valuable Indian (savages) land (1830-42); $ appropriated to negotiate treaties & remove Indians; Indian Intercourse Act created Indian territory in Oklahoma

Federal Employee Loyalty Program (FELP)

Program that required every person entering civil government employment to be subject to background investigation in order to eliminate any possibility of political "deviance"

Platt Amendment

forced into Cuban Constitution. Cuba could not make treaties with other nations; US had right to intervene in Cuba; US naval bases on Cuban land

Square Deal

Progressive concept by T ROOSEVELT that would help capital, labor, and the public. It called for control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. It denounced special treatment for the large capitalists and is the essential element to his trust-busting attitude. This deal embodied the belief that all corporations must serve the general public good.

President Woodrow Wilson

Progressive; issued banking reform with Federal Reserve Act; ended protective tariff (Underwood-Simmons) + legislation to end trusts (Clayton Anti-Trust Act/Federal Trade Commission); resegregation of federal government; moral diplomacy; president during WWI

What is the other name for Pope's Rebellion?

Pueblo Revolt

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

Dissenters from the Church of England who wanted a genuine Reformation rather than the partial Reformation sought by Henry VIII. Their religious principles emphasized the importance of an individual's relationship with God developed through Bible study, prayer, and introspection.

Puritans

Lucretia Mott

Quaker activist in both the abolitionist and women's movements; w/ Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she was a principal organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention

This group of people condemned extravagance

Quakers

Iran-Contra Affair

REAGAN scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected

William Lloyd Garrison

Radical abolitionist believed slavery must be viewed from perspective of blacks; demanded immediate emancipation of slaves w/o compensation to slave owners; full citizenship rights

Thaddeus Stevens

Radical republican who wanted to revolutionize south- equality to blacks- leader in impeachment of Johnson- hoped widespread land distribution to former slaves

New York City draft riot

Reaction to the Union military draft; anti-black Irish Americans burnt down buildings and killed blacks; feared for their jobs; opposition of draft by immigrants & laborers

INF treaty

Reagan and Gorbachev signed this treaty, which provided for the dismantling of all intermediate range nuclear weapons in Russia and all of Europe. Considered by some to be Reagan's single most important piece of foreign policy.

Reconstruction southern state governments

Reality after Civil War; unqualified blacks held gov. positions but never achieved dominance; corruption existed but no more than during Gilded Age; increased taxes & public debt - to pay for public schools; new constitutions of southern states - established free public school abolished property & qualifications for voting/jury duty

Boxer Rebellion

Rebellion in China against foreigners that occurred soon after the "Open Door" notes. Caused by foreign (American and European) "spheres of influence" within the Chinese empire. Led to no formal division of China and the world powers accepted compensation from the Chinese for damages instead.

Denmark Vesey rebellion (1822)

Rebellion in S. Carolina discovered before it began; argued slavery violated Christianity and republicanism

White Supremacy terrorism (reconstruction)

Reduced tensions b/t poor whites & bourbons; race unity; KKK prevented black citizens & white republicans from voting through open intimidation; Mississippi Plan

Peoples-Societies of the Trans-Mississippi West

Refers to a region that had unique socioeconomic developments post-Civil War; contained sources of agricultural goods and raw materials that fed urban and industrial growth; included racial division in which whites used violence to assert their dominance; people living here looked beyond their region for human and financial resources; whites exploited Latinos and forced Indians to assimilate; mining, ranching and agriculture were used initially -> followed by corporations

Harding Scandals

Refers to controversy in Harding's presidency; cabinet filled with friends and associates; leased oil reserves for money -> secretary convicted of bribery and jailed

"New immigration"

Refers to immigration from small towns and villages in southern and eastern Europe beginning in 1880; immigrants primarily settled in large cities in the Northeast and Midwest

What was the goal of Maryland settlement?

Refuge for English Catholics

Wilmot Provisio (1846)

Rejected; slavery would be prohibited in any territory acquired from Mexico

Détente

Relaxation of strained relations between nations, especially among the United States, the Soviet Union, and China in the late 1970s and late 1980s.

First Great Awakening

Religious revival in the colonies in 1730s and 1740s; George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards preached a message of atonement for sins by admitting them to God. The movement attempted to combat the growing secularism and rationalism of mid-eighteenth century America. Religious splits in the colonies became deeper.

A cultural transformation in the arts and learning in Italy from 1300 to 1450. During this period, Italian moneyed elites sponsored great artists- Micahelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and others- who produced an unprecedented flowering of genius.

Renaissance

Election of 1896

Republican William McKinley defeated Democratic-Populist "Popocrat" William Jennings Bryan. 1st election in 24 years than Republicans won a majority of the popular vote. McKinley won promoting the gold standard, pluralism, and industrial growth.

Where was Roger Williams exiled to?

Rhode Island

What 2 colonies were Anne Hutchinson exiled to?

Rhode Island and New York

Dorothea Dix

Rights activist; created 1st wave of US mental asylums; began national movement for new methods to treat the mentally ill

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa Parks jailed for refusing to give up seat to white person --> boycott of bus services ("My feet are tired, but my soul is rested") *Rise of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. & use of nonviolent protest

George III

Ruled England 1760 @ 22 years old- was not well educated- ruined relationship with whigs

Slaughterhouse cases, U.S. v Cruikshank and Civil Rights Cases

Ruled that the 14th Amendment did not create a new set of national citizenship rights; did not give US gov. power to suppress ordinary crimes, only when states denied rights; did not prohibit private organizations from discriminating

Dred Scott decision (1857)

Ruling by the Supreme Court —reversed by the 14th Amendment in 1868— black Americans were not citizens under the Constitution; the Missouri Compromise (which banned slavery in the territories) was unconstitutional

George Kennan's long telegram

Russia (tsarist or Communist) expansionist nation yet cautious; U.S. must oppose expansion & "contain" Soviets politically; no compromise with present Soviet leadership (Stalin) ---> origins of containment

John C. Calhoun

S. Carolina Senator who advocate for state's rights, limited government, & nullification; damaged relations w/ Jackson

"City upon a hill"

Said by Winthrop; refers to the idea that Puritan colonists emigrating to the New World were part of a special pact with God to create a holy community: a model society to the world/moral commonwealth

Teapot Dome Scandal

Scandal during the HARDING administration involving the granting of oil-drilling rights on government land in return for money

Burr Conspiracy

Scheme by Vice-President Aaron Burr to lead the succession of the Louisiana Territory from the US and create his own empire. He was captured in 1807 and charged with treason. Because there was no evidence or two witnesses he was acquitted. Marshall upholds the strict rules for trying someone for treason.

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Betty Freidan's The Feminine Mystique

Seen as first event of post - WWII women's liberation POWERFUL IMPACT: did not cause revival of feminism, but gave voice to a rising movement

Rhode Island Colony

Self-governing colony founded by Roger Williams in 1636; granted freedom for all religions and non-believers; religious toleration; disestablishment, universal suffrage for white males w/property qualifications; most democratic

Stephen Douglas

Senator from Illinois, author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act & the Freeport Doctrine, argues in favor of popular sovereignty; debated Lincoln prior to the 1860 presidential election

Daniel Webster

Senator of Massachusetts; famous American politician & orator; advocated renewal & opposed the financial policy of Jackson; many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System; later pushed for a strong union.

Disestablishment

Separation of church and state; no religion is officially supported by the state/government; opposed tax-supported church

Federalist Papers

Series of essays, written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, that defended the Constitution and tried to reassure Americans that the states would not be overpowered by the federal government.

Confiscation Acts

Series of laws passed by fed gov. designed to liberate slaves in seceded states; authorized Union seizure of rebel property, and stated that all slaves who fought with Confederate military services were freed of further obligations to their masters; virtually emancipation act of all slaves in Confederacy

New Deal

Series of policies instituted by Franklin Roosevelt and his advisors from 1933to 1941 that attempted to offset the effects of the Great Depression on American society. Many policies were clearly experimental; in the end it was the onset of WWII, and not these policies, that pulled the U.S out of the Great Depression

Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad

Set up a network of white and African American abolitionists who helped slave escape to freedom in the North or Canada. She was the most famous and successful conductor.

Margaret Sanger and Birth Control

She organized a birth-control movement which openly championed the use of contraceptives in the 1920's.

"Forty acres and a mule"

Sherman's Special Field Order; slogan promising blacks (freedman) forty acres of land & a mule to plow with ; failed reconstruction attempt

Dorr Rebellion

Short-lived armed insurrection in the U.S. state of Rhode Island; Agitation for changes to the state's electoral system

Big Stick Diplomacy

Slogan describing TR's Roosevelt corollary. Comes from the phrase, "speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far." emphasis on military preparedness; willingness to use military force to achieve foreign policy goals.

Susan B. Anthony

Social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, & was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association

American Colonization Society

Society that thought slavery was bad; challenged slavery w/o challenging property rights of Southerners; would buy land in Africa & get free blacks to move there to establish their own country

Conscription

forced recruitment into the army to meet the needs of war

Where did the Stono Rebellion take place?

South Carolina

Which colony had harsh working conditions?

South Carolina

Thomas Jefferson received the bulk of his support from what sections of the country?

South and West

Scalawags

Southern whites who supported Republican policy through reconstruction

Nullification Crisis

Southerners favored freedom of trade & believed in the authority of states over the fed. gov.--> declared federal protective tariffs null and void; South believed individual state cannot defy fed. gov. alone; led to increased sense among Southerners as "minority" & threat of secession rather than nullification was the South's ultimate weapon

Adams-Onis/Transcontinental Treaty

Spain ceded Florida to US; established border between US and Spanish Mexico in 1819

Black legend

Spanish

Franciscan missionaries located in northern Florida

Spanish

Who implemented the encomienda system?

Spanish

Influenza

Spanish Flu killed more americans than WWI

Benjamin Franklin Achievements

Spread Enlightenment ideals: need for scientific research, importance of education. Advocate of religious toleration; first "self-made man" ; only American to sign the three founding documents of the U.S (Declaration of Independence, Treaty of Paris, Constitution ; only founding father to be public anti-slavery advocate ; most democratic founding father; made the middle class individual an important factor in American society.

Ku Klux Klan

Started by Nathan Bedford Forrest; secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in Southern states after the Civil War.

The Spanish governor in Florida had promised freedom to fugitive slaves during what?

Stono Rebellion

James Madison

Strict constructionist, 4th president, father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812, author of Bill of Rights

Pullman strike

Strike that resulted from wages slashed 25%; led by Debs, a leading proponent of socialism; shutdown of railroad transportation; injunction issued and Debs served jail time (1893-94)

Berlin (Airlift) Crisis

Successful effort by the United States and Britain to ship by air 2.3 million tons of supplies to the residents of the Western-controlled sectors of Berlin from June 1948 to May 1949, in response to a Soviet blockade of all land and canal routes to the divided city; increased tensions between the U.S. and U.S.S.R.

Toussaint L'Ouverture's rebellion in Haiti (1804)

Successful slave rebellion from that increased Southern white paranoia of black resistance

Brigham Young

Successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith; responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Salt Lake City, Utah

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Suffragette who, w/ Lucretia Mott, organized the 1sr convention on women's rights held in Seneca Falls; issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women; co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association w/ Susan B. Anthony in 1869

Beating of Charles Sumner

Sumner of Massachusetts criticized Bulter of S. Carolina in Senate--> Preston Brooks beat Sumner w/ cane--> angered Northerners

Dred Scott Case

Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south

Tenant farming

System of farming in which a person rents land to farm from a planter & pays in crops or $

Land ordinance and Northwest Ordinance

Systematic survey of land, land divided in 6 x 6 mile regions; Established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states ; laid the legal and cultural groundwork for midwestern (and subsequently, western) development

Hepburn Act

T ROOSEVELT 1906, , Gives the ICC the power to set maximum railroad rates, finally giving the agency enforcement power

Gentlemen's Agreement

T ROOSEVELT An agreement with Japan where Japan agreed to limit immigration, and Roosevelt agreed to discuss with the San Francisco School Board that segregation of Japanese children in school would be

Northern Securities Case

T ROOSEVELTs legal attack on a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.

New Nationalism

T ROOSEVELTs progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

T. ROOSEVELT revealed unsanitary nature of meat-packing industry, inspired Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Pinchot-Ballinger Affair

TAFT A Power struggle someone had removed 1 million acres of forest and mineral land from the reserved list, which betrayed conservation policy. Taft supported Ballinger and dismissed Pinchot when he asked Congress to investigate the matter. The congressional committee also pardoned Ballinger. This contributed to the split of the republican party.

Dollar Diplomacy

TAFT Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

executive order to integrate military by

TRUMAN

Taft-Hartley Act

TRUMAN 1947 The Act was passed over the veto of Harry S. Truman on the 23rd June, 1947. When it was passed by Congress, Truman denounced it as a "slave-labor bill". The act declared the closed shop illegal and permitted the union shop only after a vote of a majority of the employees. It also forbade jurisdictional strikes and secondary boycotts. Other aspects of the legislation included the right of employers to be exempted from bargaining with unions unless they wished to. The act forbade unions from contributing to political campaigns and required union leaders to affirm they were not supporters of the Communist Party. This aspect of the act was upheld by the Supreme Court on 8th May, 1950.

Alger Hiss Case

TRUMAN In 1948 committee member richard m Nixon led the chase after a prominent ex-New Dealer and a distinguished member of the "eastern establishment." accused of being a communist agent in the 1930s, hiss demanded the right to defend himself. His dramatically met his chief accuser before the Un-American Activities Committee in august but was convicted of perjury.

Marshall Plan

TRUMAN a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Berlin Airlift

TRUMAN airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

TRUMAN an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Dixiecrats

TRUMAN southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party.

Fair Deal

TRUMANs extension of the New Deal that increased min wage, expanded Social Security, and constructed low-income housing

Union financing of war

Taxation (levied taxes on all goods and services); paper currency (greenbacks printed backed by gov.); borrowing American ppl & banks/ war bonds

Chesapeake colonies

Term for the colonies of Maryland and Virginia

Jazz Age

Term used to describe the image of the liberated, urbanized 1920s, with a flapper as a dominant symbol of that era. Many rural, fundamentalist Americans deeply resented the changes in American culture that occurred in the "Roaring 20s."

Quasi-War

Term widely used to describe French and American naval conflicts between 1798 to 1800. Neither nation declared war, although they carried out naval operations against each other

Louisiana Purchase

Territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

9-11

Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon; led to a focus on eliminating terrorism.

massive Retaliation

The "new look" defense policy of the EISENHOWER administration of the 1950's was to threaten with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.

Impressment

The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812.

French Alliance

The French entered the war in 1778, and assisted in the victory of the Americans seeking independence from Britain

Why were the modern-day countries of Mexico and Peru originally the most significant conquests?

The Inca, Aztecs, and Mayans had great wealth

John D. Rockefeller

The Richest man in history; known for revolutionizing the oil industry with both vertical and horizontal integration. His company, Standard Oil, held a monopoly on domestic oil in the U.S. Also known for his great contributions in philantrophy

Social Darwinism

The belief that the fittest survive in both nature and society; wealthy business leaders used this to justify their success. Practioners believe that urban problems are part of a natural evolutionary process that humans cannot control

Social Security Act

The act passed by FDR that provided for immediate relief for poor elderly; national Old-Age and survivors insurance, a shared federal-state plan of unemployment insurance, and public assistance programs (AFDC)

Dawes Severalty Act

The act passed with the intent to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream of American life by dissolving tribes as legal entities and eliminating tribal ownership of land.

Wagner National Labor Relations Act

The act that guaranteed the right of labor to bargain through unions of their own choice, prohibited employers from interfering with union activities, and set up a National Labor Relations Board.

Rural Electrification Administration (REA)

The administration that provided electricity for rural America; utility co-ops

Birmingham protests

The attempts to desegregate the "citadel of segregation"; police chief Eugene "Bull' Connor used police dogs & fire hoses on non-violent protesters; King's "letter from a Birmingham Jail"; RESULT: desegregation partially achieved; use of these brutal tactics (shown on national television) created sympathy for civil rights movement ---> JFK's civil rights speech

Gospel of Wealth

The belief that, as the guardians of society's wealth, the rich have a duty to serve society; promoted by Andrew Carnegie; Carnegie donated more than $350 million to libraries, school, peace initiatives, and the arts

Zenger case

The case that established the precedent that true statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel; Newspapers are not financially liable for criticism of government if actually true.

Conservative coalition

The coalition formed by Republicans and conservative Southern Democrats to block New Deal-liberal legislation of FDR and his successors.

Atomic Bomb Controversy

The controversy over whether or not it was justified to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of WWII; also involved the exclusion of USSR in the development process which ultimately led them to develop there own -> arms race

Tiananmen Square Controversy

The crushing of students protesting for democracy by Communist leadership during George H. W. Bush's presidency; Bush muted American protests in 1989.

3/5 Compromise

The decision at the Constitutional convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of deciding the population and determining how many seats each state would have in Congress

Declaration of Independence

The document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

"Reaganomics"

The economic policies adopted by Reagan. They were based on tax-cuts, budget-cuts, and the belief of trickle-down economics. This economic policy caused a great deal of discontent, but after he left office, the country was no longer troubled by high inflation and unemployment.

Election of 1968

The election in which Nixon won; conservative republican victory; demonstrated that the majority of the American electorate turned their back on liberal reform and activist governments

Three Mile Island crisis

The event in 1979 in which a plume of radioactive steam spewed from a nuclear reactor at Three Mile Island; support for nuclear energy decreased

Chinese Revolution

The fall of control to Communist Mao Zedong--> increase in fear -> 2nd Red Scare

Reaganomics

The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

The federal jobs program established by FDR

James Monroe (1817-1825)

The fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Fundamental Orders

The first constitution written in North America; granted ALL adult males to vote not just church going land owners as was the policy in Massachutes

National road

The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.

George C. Marshall

The head of allied forces in World War II; proposed economic aid to to rebuild Western Europe -> Marshall Plan

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children

De Witt Clinton

The leader of government officials who came up with the plan to link New York City with the Great Lakes region.

Students for a Democratic Society

The leader of this movement was Tom Hayden. Port Huron Statement (declaration of beliefs): "We are the people of this generation, bred in at least moderate comfort, housed in universities, looking uncomfortable to the world we inherit." Also, the idea of "participatory democracy" was upheld.

Continental Congress

The legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution

NAWSA

The major organization for suffrage for women, it was founded in 1890 by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Supported the Wilson administration during World War Iand split with the more radical National Woman's Party, who in 1917 began to picket the White House because Wilson had not forcefully stated that women should get the vote

Philadelphia (Constitutional) Convention

The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution.

Isolationist Movement

The movement that upheld the ideology of straying away from foreign affairs and global involvement and focusing more on internal affairs.

Newburgh Conspiracy

The officers of the Continental Army had long gone without pay, and they met in New York to address Congress about their pay, they also considered staging a coup and seizing control of the new government, but the plotting ceased when George Washington refused to support the plan.

"Second" New Deal

The period of FDR legislation that focused on "trickle-up" / "soak the rich" economics, Keynesian economics, increased regulation of business, and contained anti-business rhetoric

Square Deal

The philosophy of President Theodore Roosevelt; included in this was the desire to treat both sides fairly in any dispute. In the coal miner's strike of 1902 he treated the United Mine Workers representatives and company bosses as equals; this approach continued during his efforts to regulate the railroads and other businesses during his second term.

Open Door Policy

The policy that China should be open to trade with all of the major powers, and that all, including the United States, should have equal right to trade there. This was the official American Position toward China as announced by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899.

President Harry Truman

The president who presided over the end of World War II (ordered droppings of atomic bombs); "New Deal liberal" -> favored direct government intervention into economy; "Fair Deal"; National Housing Act; ended racism in government hiring and armed forces; Taft-Hartley Act; NATO; NSC-68

Puritanism

The religion of a group of religious dissidents who came to the New World so they would have a location to establish a "purer" church than the one that existed in England

Fall of the Berlin Wall

The removal of the wall that separated East and West Germany in 1989. Symbolized the end of the Cold War.

Trail of Tears (1838)

The route taken by Native Americans as they were relocated to Oklahoma; 20-25% perished before reaching Oklahoma

What was the legacy of the Spanish conquest in the New World?

The spanish government and missionaries started a campaign to suppress indigenous cultures.

Spoil's system

The system where one is elected and replaces former government officials/workers with members of his/ her own political party or his/ her friends and supporters.

McCarthyism

The term associated with ____ who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

New England colonies

The term for the colonies of Massachusetts bay, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire

FDR's Brain Trust

group of people served as council for FDR, not cabinet members but scholars to help him get the US out of the Depression

French and Indian/Seven Year's War

The war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in 1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse (i.e taxing)

Mark Twain

The writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910); used "realistic fiction".

1968

The year that contained a series of shocks; the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert Kennedy; Tet Offensive; Prague Spring; Democratic convention riot; urban riots

1619

The year when the first U.S representative assembly was established - House of Burgesses (Jamestown, Virginia)

Half-Breeds, Senator James G. Blaine

These men opposed the Stalwarts believed that the president shouldn't be able to dish out civil-service jobs after he got elected, but that a specific Civil Service committee should decide who got the jobs.

Transcontinental railroads

These were built across North America in the 1860s, linking the railway network of the Eastern United States with California on the Pacific coast; made communication and trade throughout the country easier; opened west to miners and open range ranching; Irish and Chinese workers played role in construction; led to the near extinction of buffalo

Jim Crow laws

These were laws enacted by the South largely in the years 1875 to 1900, which established a segregated system for blacks and whites, and was founded on the basis that "separate but equal" was constitutional (as established in the Plessy v. Ferguson case in 1896).

Mugwumps, 1884

These were the Republicans who ran to the Democratic party because they didn't like the Republican nomination in 1884 of James G. Blaine.

What was the trading relationship of Native Americans before European contact?

They only traded among local tribes

What did spanish conquistadors, Nathaniel Bacon's frontiersmen, and the Puritans have in common?

They treated Native Americans brutally

The Chesapeake incident involved the flagrant use of _______.

impressment

The Jungle

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896

This Supreme Court decision is very well known and essentially stated that 'separate, but equal' facilities were legal under the Constitution. This decision helped to rivet Jim Crow laws as legal.

Immigration Act of 1965

This act abolished the National Origins system; increased annual admission to 170,000 and put a population cap of 20,000 on immigrants from any single nation.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This act ended discrimination in public accommodations; legal/ "de jure" segregation / made Jim Crow laws illegal

Federal Reserve Act

This act established the Federal System, which established 12 distinct reserve to be controlled by the banks in each district; in addition, a Federal Reserve board was established to regulate the entire structure; improved public confidence in the banking system.

Resumption Act

This act pledged the government to the further withdrawal of greenbacks from circulation and to the redemption of all paper currency in gold at face value, beginning in 1879.

Homestead Act

This act, passed in 1862, gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years.

Virginia colony

This colony was founded in 1607. First settlement was Jamestown. Charter to stock company/royal. Tobacco was vital to its survival.

Compromise of 1877

This compromise broke the deadlock of the election of 1876 through the Electoral Count Act.

Shay's Rebellion

This conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

This corporation insured individual bank deposits

"Beats"

This cultural group/movement supported bohemianism and harsh critiques of U.S. society; strong influence on 1960s counterculture

Depression of 1893

This depression was the worst one in the 19th century and occurred just as Cleveland took office, and ended just as he left office. The government ended up having to be bailed out by a big bank in NYC, which a lot of people hated, but was good for America's economy.

Articles of Confederation

This document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781 during the revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, and control coinage

Mining

This economic activity stimulated railroad construction, founded communities, created mining laws and lead to statehood; it often lead to environmental disaster

Stalwarts, Senator Roscoe Conkling

This faction of Republicans embraced the time-honored system of swapping civil-service jobs for votes. They were opposed by the Half-Breeds.

Thomas Nast

This gifted cartoonist pilloried Tweed mercilessly after he rejected a heavy bribe to desist. Tweed objected to the pictures largely because his illiterate followers could not help but see them and be influenced by them.

Charles Guiteau

This is the mentally deranged man who shot James Garfield. He was a Stalwart, and believed that when Arthur took over after Garfield died, his view of civil service appointments would win out.

Direct Election of Senators (17th Amendment)

This legislation established the direct election of U.S. Senators by popular vote

Income tax (16th Amendment)

This legislation gave the right to tax people's income; the more you make, the more you're taxed

Women's suffrage amendment (19th amendment)

This legislation provided constitutional suffrage for women. Progressive achievement during WWI area. Helped by contributions made by women at home and abroad in WWI

Pendleton Act, 1883

This made compulsory donations to campaigns illegal, and established the Civil Service Commission to appoint federal jobs. This was largely a result of what happened to Garfield, and spearheaded by Chester Arthur.

Marcus Garvey (United Negro Improvement Association)

This man and his organization promoted the idea the Blacks needed to be independent of white society and led a back to Africa movement by establishing the Black Star Cruise Line both fail.

William Marcy "Boss" Tweed

This man ran the Tweed Ring in New York City which showed the corruption of the time period in his actions of bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to milk as much as 200 million dollars from NYC.

Chester Arthur

This man was James Garfield's vice president, and a ardent Stalwart supporter. He took over after Garfield was shot by Guiteau, and actually turned out to be a good stand-in for Garfield. He didn't cave to the Stalwarts but the Republicans were ungrateful and he was not nominated for a second term.

James Garfield

This man was elected in 1880 as the Republican candidate. Unfortunately, he got caught up in a political spat between the Half-Breeds and Stalwarts only a few weeks after his election, and then before it could be resolved, he was shot in the back by Charles Guiteau. He lived for eleven weeks in extreme pain before he finally died at the end of 1881. He was replaced by Chester Arthur, his Stalwart vice president.

Horace Greeley

This man was the Liberal Republican's candidate and was too erratic and eccentric to be nominated.

Jim Fisk

This millionaire was the partner of Jay Gould, and he provided the brass to their partnership. They concocted a plot to conquer the gold market by planning to get Grant to refrain from selling gold from the treasury.

Jay Gould

This millionaire was the partner of Jim Fisk, and he provided the brains to their partnership. They concocted a plot to conquer the gold market by planning to get Grant to refrain from selling gold from the treasury.

Liberal republicans

This new category of political party was created by the rising disgust for Grantism, and was formed of reform-minded citizens whose slogan was "Turn the Rascals Out", and muffed their chance of nomination by nominating Horace Greeley for the presidency, who, although a good candidate, was too erratic to be elected.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

This organization provided for a system of Industrial Self-regulation under federal supervision

Agricultural Adjustment Agency (AAA)

This organization put limits on crop production in order to raise prices on agricultural goods to "parity" farm prices; farmers paid to limit production

Daughters of Liberty

This organization supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

This person used non- violent protest with the GOAL of desegregation of bus service in Montgomery, Alabama. RESULT: ended with Court-ordered bus integration. IMPORTANCE: he took desire the for justice among blacks & channeled it into nonviolent protests

Creation of Berlin Wall

This physical barrier was created in Berlin due to tensions between U.S. and USSSR

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

Unilateralism vs. multilateralism

This refers to clash of ideologies cornering the U.S position in foreign affairs; this clash also had an effect on FDR's foreign policies -> Quarantine speech, military and industrial mobilization, revision of Neutrality Act, Destroyers for bases agreement, Lend-Lease, etc.

Cattle Drives

This refers to the forced migration of massive numbers of cattle to the railroads where they could be shipped to the East.

Whiskey ring

This ring robbed the Treasury of millions in excise-tax revenues from 1874-75 in a long scandal which included Grant actually trying to help to exonerate the thieves, furthering poor public view of scandal and corruption in the government.

Credit Mobilier

This scandal erupted in 1872 and involved followers creating a false company and then hiring themselves at vastly inflated prices to work on the railroad. This was the first scandal which really hurt Grant and the Congress.

Homestead Steel Strike, 1892

This strike represented the great increase in strikes, and was a result of a great increase in steel prices but drop in workers' wages. The military had to be brought in to put it down.

Lowell-Waltham system

This system developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the production process; the workers were almost all young single farm woman.

Muckrakers

This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore ROOSEVELT.

Japanese Internment

This term describes the event in which FDR ordered all Japanese Americans to be put in relocation camps, Korematsu vs. U.S. ruled that it was constitutionally permissable; did not apply to Hawaii because it would have damaged the economy.

"Roosevelt Recession"

This terms refers to the period when FDR cut government spending to balance budget; this led to a recession

Populists

This third party rose up in 1892 and created a good showing in the 1892 election. They were led mostly by farmers who didn't appreciate the high tariff rates and their lack of protection in the international markets.

McKinley Tariff Act, 1890

This was established by the Republican-led house in 1890 by Thomas B. Reed, and raised tariff rates to the highest peacetime rate ever, 48.4% on all dutiable goods.

Nixon's visit to China

This was an important step in formally normalizing relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China

Crime of '73

This was assailed by debtors and westerners and silver-mining states, and had to do with the forced decrease in silver prices.

World War II war production

This was fostered by agencies that were established by the federal government: War Production Board (WPB), Office for War Mobilization(OWM), Office of Price Administration (OPA), War Labor Board (WLB), Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC), and Office of War Information (OWI). Ultimately, this brought America out of the Great Depression.

Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882

This was passed after white and Irish laborers grew annoyed with Chinese laborers taking what they viewed as their jobs. They managed to get a law passed that essentially said that Chinese were not allowed into the country. This would continue until 1943, when the U.S. allied with the Chinese during World War II.

Greenback Labor Party

This was spawned by the Republican hard-money policy and polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members in Congress, proving the contest over monetary policy was ongoing.

Panic of 1819

This was the first widespread economic crisis in the United States which brought deflation, depression, bank failures, and unemployment. This set back nationalism to more sectionalism and hurt the poorer class, which gave way to Jacksonian Democracy.

Waving the Bloody Shirt

This was the name for the action of Republicans of reviving bloody images of the war in order to try to drum up support for their candidate for the 1868 election, Ulysses S. Grant.

First male & female black Supreme Court Justices

Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor

Seneca Falls Convention

Took place in upperstate New York in 1848; women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women; wrote the Declaration of Sentiments which tried to get women the right to vote.

Triangular trade

Trading System between Europe, Africa, and the colonies; European purchased slaves in Africa and sold them to colonies, new materials from colonies went to Europe while European finished products were sold in the colonies.

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist; civil disobedience; gov. that violates individual morality has no legit authority

U.S Industrial Revolution

Transformation of manufacturing; power-driven machines took place of hand-operated tools especially after 1815

Britain won major territorial and commercial gains, including Newfoundland, Acadia, and the Hudson Bay region as well as access to the western Indian trade from what?

Treaty of Utrecht

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and CA in exchange for $15 million

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions

True or false kinship bonds were more important than nuclear families in Native American tribes.

True

Truman's civil rights proposals

Truman's proposals (including most of the Fair Deal legislation) which were mostly blocked the the "conservative coalition," although, he ended racial discrimination in government hiring and armed forces.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

Battle of Gettysburg and Siege of Vicksburg

Turning points of Civil War in 1863; G: bloodiest battle where Lee's army never recovered from casualties; V: placed Mississippi River under control of Union & split Confederacy in 1/2

Marshall Plan

U.S. economic aid to rebuild W. Europe ($13 billion); proposed by State Secretary George Marshall (head of Allied forces in World War II)

Populist Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

Convention of 1818

US and Canada Border- 49th parallel

Adams Onis Treaty

USA gets florida from spain

Allied Powers

USA, Britain, Italy, France, Russia

Sputnik

USSR's 1st space satellite. Led to a "missile gap" in the U.S. and eventually led to the reform of education with the National Defense Education Act.

Oregon Country

Under "joint occupation" by US & Britain; increased immigration & interest; missionaries failed to convert residing natives

Alice Paul

United States feminist (1885-1977), head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

Andrew Carnegie

United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts; a "robber barron," developed the steel industry; practiced vertical integration; believed in the "Gospel of Wealth"

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

Henry Ford

United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production; proponent of the Assembly Line and Standardization; invented the Model T; upheld the philosophy of "____ism" = workers paid salary high enough to buy products they made

Walt Whitman

Unrestrained celebration of democracy; liberation of individual; broke traditional forms of verse

McCulloch decision

Upheld constitutionality of Bank of the United States ; Established loose/broad construction/interpretation of the Constitution as constitutional

Confederate financing of war

Used specie money backed by gold and silver; paper money was overprinted & not uniform--> mass inflation (9000%); small/unstable banking system; hard to request funds from states, income tax, & borrowing unable to raise significant funds

Andrew Johnson

VP with Lincoln- opposed radical republicans- 1st president to be impeached

Independent Treasury

Van Buren reaction to Panic of 1837; fed gov. placed funds in independent treasury--> fed. gov. divorced

"Great American Desert"

Vast arid territory west of the Missouri River & east of the Rocky Mountains; encouraged westward expansion after Stephen Long's Expedition

National Origins Act

Very restrictive immigration legislation passed in 1924, which lowered immigration to 2 percent of each nationality as found in the 1890 census. This lowered immigration dramatically and, quite intentionally, almost eliminated immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe.

John Calhoun

Vice president under Jackson -nullification

popular music in America said that...

Vietnam War was a joke

Red Scare

Vigorous repression of radicals, "political subversives," and undesirable" immigrant groups in the years immediately following World War I. Nearly 6500 "radicals" were arrested and sent to jail; some sat in jail without ever being charged a crime while nearly 500 immigrants were deported

Virginia Plan

Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population

Thomas Jefferson

Virginia lawyer- drafted Declaration of Independence

Lodge Reservations

WILSON 14 formal amendments to the treaty for the League of Nations; preserved Monroe Doctrine, Congress desired to keep declaration of war to itself

Palmer Raids

WILSON A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

WILSON An attempt to improve the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, this law outlawed interlocking directorates (companies in which the same people served as directors), forbade policies that created monopolies, and made corporate officers responsible for antitrust violations. Benefitting labor, it declared that unions were not conspiracies in restraint of trade and outlawed the use of injunctions in labor disputes unless they were necessary to protect property.

Birth of a Nation

WILSON Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.

Invasion of Mexico, Pancho Villa

WILSON Huerta's enemy, reluctantly supported by U.S.; U.S. sought Villa's submission due to terrorism, eventually assassinated; Wilson's policy highly unpopular

League of Nations

WILSON International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.

Moral Diplomacy

WILSON Policy adopted by President Woodrow Wilson that rejected the approach of "dollar diplomacy". Rather than focusing mainly on economic ties with other nations, Wilson's policy was designed to bring right principles to the world, preserve peace, and extend to other peoples the blessings of democracy.

Schenk vs. U.S.

WILSON Was an accusation which upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 and concluded that a defendant did not have a First Amendment right to free speech against the draft during World War I. Schenk lost and was later jailed. He was found dead in his home after his release under suspicious circumstances.

Zimmerman Note

WILSON Written by a german foreign secretary. In this note he had secretly proposed a German- Mexican alliance. He tempted Mexico with the ideas of recovering Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The note was intercepted on March 1, 1917 by the U.S. government. This was a major factor that led us into WWI.

Federal Reserve Act

WILSON a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Creel Committee

WILSON this committee was in charge of propaganda for WWI (1917-1919). He depicted the U.S. as a champion of justice and liberty

1st Red Scare

WILSON took place from 1917 to 1920. It was marked by a fear of radical political agitation in America. The Bolsheivic revolution in Russia inspired a widespread campaign of violence in the US by anti-government groups. It was characterized by illegal search and seizures, unwarranted arrests, and deportation of hundreds of suspected communists and anarchists. There were also anti immigrant feelings because the government felt they would have a radical influence. Palmer was a key leader in the government's anti-communist campaign and attacked radicals in the Palmer raids and justifying them with wartime laws.

New Freedom

WILSONs domestic policy that, promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.

Spanish American War

War that began in 1898 and stemmed from furor in America over treatment of Cubans by Spanish troops that controlled the island; a major result of this was the acquisition of the Phillipines, which made America a major power in the Pacific.

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned against permanent foreign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country, established precedent of two-term presidency

Indian wars of post-Civil War period

Wars that resulted from the Western desire to expand; involved cycles of promises made and broken between the government and tribes; included "Chivington massacre," Battle of Little Big Horn," and "Wounded Knee"

Who dominated the Chesapeake economy and own most land in Virginia?

Wealthy, merchant elite

Once begun, the War of 1812 was supported strongly by the ____.

West and South

Monroe doctrine

Western hemisphere controlled by US- no european intervention in western hemisphere

Overland Trails

Westward trail route of wagon trains bearing settlers; collective experience; despite contradicting stories, Indian attacks were extremely rare & more helpful than harmful

Common Sense

most popular and influential pamphlet in US History- written by Thomas Paine

Crittenden Proposal

a desperate measure to prevent the civil war, introduced by John Crittenden, senator from KY- offered a constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of 36'30 non interference by congress and compensation to owners of fugitive slaves

Panic-Depression of the 1890's

Worst depression in American history up to this time; caused by the collapse of two major corporations -> led to the collapse of the stock market -> led to bank failures because many banks invested in the stock market. Long term causes = depressed agricultural prices + decreased purchasing power of farmers, depression in Europe, the rapid expansion of business, and the interdependence of the American economy; led to political and labor unrest.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Second Party System: Democrats and Whigs

Whigs (opposed Jackson= Webster, Calhoun, Clay) - fed. gov. aid economic development (American System), cautious of territorial expansion; Democrats (Jackson, Van Buren) - limit fed. gov. power and protect states rights, suspicious of gov. attempts to stimulate commercial/industrial growth, support territorial expansion

Move to suburbs

White Flight

Planter Class

Whites that owned 20-50 slaves & 800 or more acres; political, social, & economic domination; only about 5% of Southern population

Election of 1840

William Henry Harrison (Whig) vs. Martin Van Buren (Democrat); result: Whig victory & a truly national two-party system.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

Written in 1828 by Vice President Calhoun of S. Carolina to protest the the "Tariff of Abominations", which seemed to favor Northern industry; introduced the concept of state interposition & became the basis for S. Carolina's Nullification Doctrine of 1833.

Olive Branch petition

Written to create peace with king - last correspondance

Fourteen Points

Wilson's Progressive plan for postwar peace; response to Bolsheviks in Russia. 3 main categories: 1) self-determination, 2) principles of international conduct, establishment of League of Nations

14 points

Wilson- terms for far reaching, non impulsive settlement of WWI

Anne Hutchinson

Woman who challenged Purtian religous authorities in Massachusetts Bay. Puritan authorities banished her because she challenged religious doctrine, gender roles. clerical authority, and claimed to have had revelations from God

Ida B. Wells

Women activist who lead the movement to ban lynching--> fed. anti-lynching laws failed

Wilson's 14 points

Woodrow Wilson's plan for post-war peace: no secret treaties; freedom of the seas; removal of economic barriers; reduction of arms; adjust colonial claims

United Nations

Worldwide organization dedicated to finding peaceful solutions to international problems; member nations would not help aggressor nations; disputes settled peacefully; included a General Assembly and Security Council. In the Security Council, 5 superpowers held permanent seats and a single veto from any nation could block a decision from happening.

CIO

a federation of North American industrial unions that merged with the American Federation of Labor in 1955

Lecomption Constitution

a fraudulently elected group of proslavery delegates in Lecompton KS, drafted a state constitution congress denied KS entry into union

Thomas Jefferson had strong misgivings about the wisdom maintaining _______.

a large standing army.

Harlem Renaissance

a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Habeas Corpus

a person cant be held in prison with out first being charged with a crime

Affirmative Action

a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

Ostend Manifesto

a secret memo that urged acquisition of cuba by any means - by american officials

Vertical Integration

a single company owns and controls the entire process from start to finish

Thomas Jefferson saw his election and his mission to oppose the establishment of _______.

a strong army

As chief justice of the United States, John Marshall helped to ensure the political and economic systems were based on ______.

a strong central government

Harriet Beecher Stowe

abolitionist author-Uncle Toms Cabin

Conformity in the 50's

adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Tecumseh argued that Indians should not cede control of land to whites unless _____.

all Indians agreed

The battle of Tippecanoe resulted in the death of the dream of ____.

an Indian confederacy.

Ulysses S. Grant

an american general and 18th president -achieved international fame as leading Union general in Civil War--Scandals-credit mobilier-new political party- whiskey ring-alcoholic

To deal with British and French violations of America's neutrality, Thomas Jefferson enacted _____.

an economic embargo.

Spiritual beliefs that center on the natural world. Followers of this religion do not worship a supernatural God; instead, they pay homage to spirits and spiritual forces that they believe dwell in the natural world.

animism

Students for a Democratic Party

antiestablishment New Left group, 1960, called for greater individual freedom and responsibility.

Lee Harvey Oswald

assassinated JFK

J.W. Booth

assassinated lincoln 5 days after surrender to save confederates

Alice Walker

author of THE COLOR PURPLE

Civil Rights Act of 1968

ban discrimination on buying/leasing houses

George Custer

battle of little big horn- divided his men-died in battle - custers last stand

War Powers Act & 26th Amendment

both because of Vietnam

Gadsen Purchase

bought from mexico- railroads

Treated the indians brutally

british

Rockefeller

built standard oil company-owned 90% of oil

Civil Rights Act of 1964

by Kennedy and Johnson, barred discrimination from public places

26th amendment

can be 18 to vote

Second Red Scare

caused by rise of "Red China" and the Shocks of 1949; Origins from formation of HUAC who made accusations about "subversives" (traitors/Communists) in government. Included FELP, blacklist, Alger Hiss Case, Rosenberg Case, and Joe McCarthy (rise of McCarthyism); deportations; escalated by Korean War

children "crusades"

caused uproar

A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property.

chattel slavery

The belief that individuals owe a service to their community and its government. During the Renaissance, political theorists argued that selfless service to the polity was of critical importance in a self- governing republic.

civic humanism

great compromise

combined Virginia and New Jersey plans- 2 houses, one based on population and one elected by the people

American soldiers

come home from the war & treated like crap

Ho Chi Minh

communist leader of NORTH Vietnam

"The Organization Man" 1956 book about suburbia

companies most valued conformity in their employees

conglomerate =

companies that have smaller companies within it

Horizontal integration

company creates production units for outputs which are alike

The ability to keep their households solvent and independent and to pass that ability on to the next generation

competency

Robert E. Lee

confederate general who had opposed secession but didn't believe the union should be held together by force

In 1812, James Madison turned to war to restore ____.

confidence in the republican experiment.

Who did the Spanish crown grant encomiendas to in the sixteenth century?

conquistadors

What products did North Carolina raise?

corn, hogs, and tobacco

Before he became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John Marshall's service at Valley Forge during the American Revolution convinced him of the ______.

drawbacks of feeble central authority

Thomas Jefferson distrusted large standing armies because they _______.

could be used to establish a dictatorship.

Worcester vs. georgia

court case-1832 -state cant restrict a tribe from inviting outsiders into its territory

Plessy vs. Ferguson

court ruled segregation wasn't discriminatory provide that blacks received accommodations equal to those of whites

John Brown

crazy abolitionist-very violent-harpers ferry

What was the foundation for the prosperous Native American societies in Mexico, Peru, and the Mississippi River Valley?

cultivation of maize

The case of Marbury v. Madison involved the question of who had the right to ____.

declare an act of Congress unconstitutional.

Thomas Jefferson ceased his opposition to the expansion of the navy when the Pasha of Tripoli _____

declared war on the United States.

President John F. Kennedy

description of years as President: "Camelot"; advocated a "new frontier" to revitalize Americans at home and to reenergize America for continued battles against the Soviet Union.

anti-federalist

didn't want constitution- common people and farmers

KY and VA resolutions

disagreed with sedition act- declared unconstitutional Kentucky-Jefferson Virginia-Madison

Thomas Jefferson's "Revolution of 1800" was remarkable because it marked the ________.

election results accepted by both parties

12th amendment

electoral vote cast separate ballots for president and vice president

Electoral college

electors would vote on behalf of the american people

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

ended mexican american war- texas=free, mexican cession 15 mil

Treaty of Paris

ended war with spain and Spain ceded puerto rico, guam, Philippines, and cuba

The British policy of impressment was a kind of ______.

enlistment

Thomas Jefferson and his followers opposed John Adams's last-minute appointment of new federal judges mainly because it was an attempt by a defeated party to _____.

entrench itself in the government.

On becoming president, Thomas Jefferson and the Republicans in Congress immediately repealed the _______.

excise tax on whiskey.

car pollution

exhaust & noise

Shays Rebellion

farmers in debt tried to prevent courts from foreclosing farms in debt

Tariff of Abominations

favored Western agricultural interests by raising tariffs or import taxes, thus favoring Northern manufacturers; in the South, these tariffs raised the cost of manufactured goods, thus angering them & causing more sectionalist feelings--> nullification

Oklahoma

final fling-last of free land-thousands lined up to claim land

Sherman Antitrust Act

first federal attempt to regulate big business- unsuccessful

Antietam

first major battle of civil war on northern soil- bloodiest single day battle in american history- about 23,000 deaths

Ft. Sumter

first shots fired of civil war- union fort in SC attacked by confederates on water

3/5ths compromise

for every 5 slaves- received credit for 3 votes

Scalawag

former whigs who were born in south or had immigrated south before war and now saw a chance to realize dreams for commercial and industrial development

Joseph Smith

founder of mormonism

Who did the Virginia Company grant land to?

free men

Who was famous for fur trapping?

french

Force bill

gave president the pwer to use military force to collect tariffs

Reconstruction Acts

gave radical republicans complete military control over south - divided south into 5 military zones - vetoed by Johnson-passed by congress

1964 Johnson wins the election but...

gave up on the War in 1968 and did not run again, breaking the tradition of staying in office during war.

a refined but elaborate lifestyle

gentility

Assimilation

give native americans formal education and training

manifest destiny

god given right to expand

Committee of Public Information

government agency created to popularize the war with American people through positive propaganda and cut down on any criticism of the government and war effort

Trusts

group of corporations run by a single board of directors

Organizations of skilled workers in medieval and early modern Europe that regulated the entry into, and the practice of a trade. These organizations did not develop in colonial America because artisans generally were in short supply.

guilds

What describes the character of Britain's empire in America before 1660?

haphazard and lax

Fifty acres of free land granted by the Virginia Company to planters for each indentured servant they purchased.

headright system

Harriet Tubman

helped by white abolitionist neighbor-lead underground railroad-19 trips

What kind of slave society was South Carolinas?

hierarchial

What was the social order in Europe around 1450 described as?

hierarchical and authoritarian

when families swapped labor and goods is called

household mode of production

What did the Aztecs believe would sustain the land?

human sacrifice

Old Immigrants

immigrants who had come to the US before the 1880s from Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Scandenavia, or Northern Europe

Treaty of Paris 1783

independence of USA- land east of Mississippi river to USA

Andersonville

infamous prison camp of south - no shelter, huge population, food shortages,overcrowding and disease killed ~100 men daily

Black Power Movement

influence of Malcolm X ---> Stokely Carmichael & more militant SNCC ---. Black Panthers: Huey Newton, Bobby Seale, Eldridge Cleaver

Michael Harrington's The Other America

inspired JFK to investigate & develop anti-poverty plan ---> LBJ's War on Poverty

Albany Plan

inter-colonial cooperation - grand council of elected delegates that would have power to tax and provide for common defense

Emancipation Proclamation

issued by Lincoln on sep. 22 1862- all slaves in confederate states would be free

Federalists opposed the acquisition of Canada because ____.

it was too agrarian and would give more votes to the Democratic-Republicans

A financial organization devised by English merchants around 1550 that facilitated the colonization of North America. In these companies, a number of investors pooled their capital and received shares of stock in the enterprise in proportion to their share of the total investment.

joint- stock corporation

Thomas Jefferson's failed attempt to impeach and convict Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase for "high crimes and misdemeanors" meant that ______.

judicial independence and the separation of powers had been preserved

John Marshall, as chief justice of the United States, helped to strengthen the judicial branch of government by asserting the doctorine of ________.

judicial review of congressional legislation

When paper money was issued to farmers who pledged their land as collateral for the loans

land banks

Louisiana Purchase

land bought from france for 15 mil basically from mississippi river to rocky mtns doubled size of usa

Chief Joseph

lead Nez Perce tribe thru a 45 day fight - ran out of food, horses and ammunition - sent to barren land in OK- most died

Carmichael

leader of Black Panthers leader of SNCC

When it came to the major Federalist economic programs, Thomas Jefferson as president ________.

left practically all of them intact.

What did the encomienda granted by the Spanish crown in the 16th century consisted of...

legal control over American land and Indian labor

War Powers Act

limits the president's power to send troops overseas

Lincoln Douglass Debate

lincoln tried to like Douglass to proslavery and douglass accused lincoln of endangering union by talks of ending slavery

In order to purchase New Orleans from France, Thomas Jefferson decided to _____.

make an alliance with his old enemy, Britain.

President Jefferson's foreign policy of economic coercion stimulated American ____.

manufacturing

Democratic party

martin van buren -govt doesnt touch economy -negative liberal state -appealed to smaller farmers

A system of family organization in which social identity and property descend through the female line. Children are usually raised in their mother's household, and her brother plays a central role in their lives.

matriarchy

Greenboro Sit-ins

members of SNCC organized this at all white counters; led to desegregation of lunch counters; not led by MLK

A system of political economy based on government regulation. Beginning in 1650, Britain enacted Navigation Acts that controlled colonial commerce and manufacturing for the enrichment of Britain. After 1790, the United States used tariffs and subsidies to bolster national wealth.

mercantilism

Suburbia

middle class; white flight from urban areas due to black migration; government supported insurance for homeowners and builders

What were the reasons why Napoleon chose to sell Louisiana to the United States?

misfortunes in Santo Domingo; help America stop the ambitions of the British; he did not want to drive America into the arms of the British; yellow fever killed many French troops.

Boss Tweed

model for political machines- new york county court house

Thomas Jefferson's presidency was characterized by his ________ of public administration.

moderation

Sewards folly

name given to purchase of alaska from russia

Thomas Jefferson's first major foreign-policy decision was to send a ______.

naval squadron to the Mediterranean.

Did the Native American peoples east of Mississippi River have a single style of political organization?

no

Articles of confederation

no: taxes, standing army, single currency, official capital Yes: make peace, war sign treaties, postal service -not good overall for USA replaced by constitution

Where did the first ancestors of the Native American peoples come from?

northeastern Asia

Copperheads

northern peace democrats opposed abolition and sympathized with south- no victory

Carpetbaggers

northern whites who moved south and served as republican leaders during reconstruction- hoped to get rich

Defacto Segregation

not by law, but by emotion, on their own

Homestead Act

offered 160 acres of free public land to any family settled there for 5 years

What was a result of the Indian War of 1622?

one-third of the english were killed

Nativism

opposition to immigration

54-40 or fight

oregon county-no fighting happened-rally cry

Andrew Carnegie

owned one of the largest steel companies- largest industrial company in the world

The Protestant Christian belief that God chooses certain people for salvation before they are born. Sixteenth- century theologian John Calvin was the main proponent of this doctrine, which became a fundamental tenet of Puritan theology.

predestination

What idea do Calvanist theologians stress?

predestination

A gender power structure in which men rule autocratically over women, either as heads of families or as rulers of society. This term has also been applied to government leaders who rule autocratically over their subjects.

patriarchy

the practice of giving offices and salaries to political allies

patronage

In 1450 what were the majority of European men?

peasants

The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe. Some of these farmworkers owned land, while others leased or rented small pots from landlords. In some regions, they lived in compact communities with strong collective institutions.

peasants

Panic of 1893

people sold stocks and investments dripped-bankruptcy-unemployment grew

Popular Sovereignty

people vote if territory has slavery or not

Reconstruction

period after civil war when southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into Union

One of the first Protestant groups to come to America, they sought a separation from the Church of England. They founded Plymouth, the first permanent community in New England, in 1620.

pilgrims

Radical Republicans

political party that favored harsh punishment of southern states after civil war

The Andes region cultivated what crop?

potatoes

republicanism

power in the peoples hands- civic virtue

Jefferson Davis

president of confederacy during civil war

James Peck & Henry Thomas

pressured bus companies to support desegregation

The practice of passing family land, by will or by custom, to the eldest son.

primogeniture

Espionage Act

prison sentence of up to 20 years for people found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers or encouraging disloyalty

Proclamation act of 1763

prohibited governors from granting land beyond headwaters of rivers flowing into the Atlantic

The campaign by Spanish Catholics to drive North African Moors (Muslim Arabs) from the European mainland. After a centuries-long effort to recover their lands, the Spainards defeated the Moors at Granada in 1492 and secured control of all of Spain.

reconquista

A flexible form of indentured servitude that allowed families to negotiate their own terms upon arrival is called

redemptioner

Pendelton Act

reform civil service- created a bipartisan civil service commission to administer competitive exams and appoint office holders on the basis of merit

Thomas Jefferson was elected president by the House of Representatives when a few Federalists ______.

refrained from voting

Why did Plymouth begin to thrive after its first year while Jamestown struggled for many years?

religious discipline encouraged stronger work ethic

trail of tears

removal of cherokee from georgia-40,000 died

Political Boss

representative for or head of the political machine; gained votes for their parties by doing favors for people.

Rutherford Hayes

republican- became president in 1876 refused patronage system, fired unnecessary

"Liberty and Union" Speech

response to S. Carolina Senator Robert Y. Hayne's defense of nullification theory; "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable"

As president, Thomas Jefferson's stand on several political issues he had previously championed were ______.

reversed

A renewal of religious enthusiasm

revival

A colony ruled by a king or queen and governed by officials appointed to serve the monarchy and represent its interests.

royal colony

Taylorism

scientific management, encouraged the development of mass production techniques and the assembly line, led to a revolution in American education of social science.

In 1620 half of the people in Plymouth were what?

sepratists

"Bleeding Kansas"

sequence of violent events involving abolitionists & pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory; dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent; Kansas- symbol of conflict

Ghost Dances

set of dances and rites that grew from a vision of a paiute messiah- bring back native american lands- whites would disappear- reunite-new earth

Sitting Bull

sioux medicine man- little big horn

Made blacks and their children property, or chattel for life of white masters

slave codes

NAt Turner

slave preacher and prophet- had visions from god that told him to rise against enemy-killed about 60 whites- caught, hanged and skinned

Philanthropy

social gospel- focused on society and individuals, on improving living conditions as well as saving souls- help the poor- settlement houses-

The tribes that lived in present-day Arizona and New Mexico around A.D. 1000 declined because of what?

soil exhaustion and a drought

Abolitionist

someone who was anti-slavery and wanted to end it

Nonviolence aka ...

soul force

people who settle illegally on land is called being a

squatter

What did english creditors increasingly refuse to accept?

state issued paper money

Sunbelt

states included from Florida to California...warmer climates, lower taxes, and economic opportunities prompted families uprooted by the war to move to these areas.

Macon's Bill No. 2 permitted trade with all nations but promised that if either Britain or France lifted its commercial restrictions on American trade, the United States would ____.

stop trading with the other.

The Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans presented themselves as believers in _____.

strict constructionism, pro-agarian, political and economic liberty, states' rights

Portuguese colonists in Brazil created an industry based on what resource?

sugar

Marbury vs madison

supreme court asserted power of judicial review- declared judiciary act unconstitutional

Social Darwinism

survival of the fittest

Baby Boom

the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II

Domino theory

the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control

Thomas Jefferson was conscience-stricken about the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France because he believed _______.

the purchase was unconstitutional

The British colonists in eighteenth- century North America enjoyed a significant degree of autonomy over their royal governors mainly due to...

their control over governors' salaries

Thomas Jefferson saw navies as less dangerous than armies because ______.

they could not march inland and endanger liberties

The British impressed American sailors into the British navy because _______.

they needed more men

What did the French Jesuits do in contrast to the Spanish missionaries of the sixteenth century?

they tried to understand the Indians' worldview

Americans told they were winning the war when

they were actually losing for the first time.

Betty Freidan, The Feminine Mystique

this woman/book gave the women's movement a new direction by encouraging middle-class women to seek fulfillment in professional careers rather than confining themselves to the roles of wife, mother, and homemaker. helped to find the National Organization for Women.

Great Migration

thousands of African-Americans move from the South to the North. African Americans were looking to escape the problems of racism in the South and felt they could seek out better jobs and an overall better life in the North.

Why did planters preferred ethnic diversity?

to deter slave revolts

What was to goal of Jamestown?

to trade

What was the main product in the Virginia colony?

tobacco

Civil War (1861-1865)

total war; Union is perpetual v. liberty before Union; began w/ bombardment of Fort Sumter; Lee surrendered at Appotomax; 600k casualties; legacy expanded federal power and destroyed agrarian south

Alfred Thayer Mahan

totally for sea and naval power of us- the influence of sea power upon history- most influential naval strategist

A system of local government in New England in which all male heads of household met regularly to elect selectmen; levy local taxes; and regulate markets, roads, and schools.

town meeting

Political Machines

traded services for votes- headed by strong leader

The primary avenue for trade for West Africans that passed through the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires. Caravans carried West African goods- including gold, copper, salt, and slaves- from the south to the north across the Sahara, then returned with textiles and other foreign goods.

trans- Saharan trade

spanish american war

war between spain and USA over Philippians, cuba, guam and puerto rico- started with sinking of the Maine and General Weyler - Cuba

The adaptation of stateless peoples to the demands imposed on them by neighboring states.

tribalization

War Boards

tried to ease tension between workers, factories and owners, In order to get needed supplies to the American forces, Wilson's government mobilized a civilian organization to oversee the economy. Each different "war board' oversaw a different part of the economy, making management of the project easier.

Gettysburg

turning point of the war- union general Meade lead army of 90000 against Lee's 75000-large size, high cost in lives- gettysburg address- dedication of cemetery

To guard American shores, Thomas Jefferson constructed ______.

two hundred tiny gunboats

Thomas Jefferson's embargo failed because he ( 4 reasons) _____. 588. President Jefferson's foreign policy of economic coercion A) underestimated British dependence on American trade. B) adversely affected France's economy more than Britain's. C) stimulated manufacturing in the United States. D) destroyed the Federalist party in New England. E) succeeded in its goal of forcing the British to halt its impressment of American sailors.

underestimated British determination; Britain produced a bumper crop; Latin America opened its ports to commerce; miscalculated difficulty of enforcing it

With Thomas Jefferson's election as president, the Democratic-Republican party grew less _______.

unified as the Federalist Party began to fade and lose power

Trent Incident

union ship stopped and boarded British steamer - confederate government representatives taken into custody - Lincoln ordered release

In the 1800 election Thomas Jefferson won the state of New York because Arron Burr ______.

used his influence to turn the state to Jefferson

Maysville Road veto

veto by Jackson that prevented the Maysville road from being funded by federal money since it only benefited Kentucky;this was a blow to Clay's American System, & it irritated the West.

What happened at UCSB

walk outs

Kent State University

walk outs caused ROTC to open fire and kill 4 fellow students

Roosevelt corollary

warned latin american countries to keep their affairs in order

Describe the American army on the Eve of the War of 1812.

were ill-trained and ill-disciplined; widely scattered; most generals were leftovers from the Revolutionary War and lacked vigor and vision; had no burning national anger to unite them

Marking strategy called "planned obsolescence"

when products wear out/break on purpose

Appomattox

where Lee surrendered- Greant offers the confederacy good surrender terms to try to reunify country

The war hawks demanded war with Britain because they wanted to _____.

wipe out Indian resistance; defend American rights; revenge impressment; gain more territory

Truman threatened coal miners and steelworkers that were on strike

with putting them into the draft

19th amendment

women can vote

Yellow Journalism

writing to "sensationalize" the news

Ralph Nader

wrote "Unsafe at Any Speed" (1960s) that helped to create the modern consumer movement.

David Reisman

wrote "the lonely crowd" sociologist argued that this confornity was changing people "inner directed"

Did American crops increase agricultural yield and population growth in the Old World?

yes