APUSH First Semester Study Guide

Nathanael Greene

"the fighting Quaker" of Rhode Island. He and General Daniel Morgan worked together in the Carolinas. Green went towards Cornwallis's headquarters while Morgan defeated Tarleton and his men in South Carolina. They met up in North Carolina and attacked Cornwallis's army in 1781, inflicted heavy losses, and then retreated. They repeated this strategy, losing battles but winning the war, until Cornwallis moved on to Virginia.

Mercantile System

A nationalistic program that assumed the world's total gold and silver remained at a fixed amount with only a nation's share in that wealth subject to change. So the only way for a country to gain wealth is at the expense of another.

"Burned-over District"

A name given to Western New York where the intense levels of evangelical activity could be compared to forests devastated by fire

Uncle Tom's Cabin

A novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that viewed slavery as an abominable sin. It took a long time for the book to have a public effect though.

Helen Hunt Jackson

A novelist and poet who focused her attention on the Indian cause in her novel, A Century of Dishonor

Treaty of Amity and Commerce

A treaty signed in 1778 in which France recognized the new United States and offered trade concessions, including important privileges to American shipping

Minstrel shows

A type of performing that drew on African-American subjects and reinforced prevailing racial stereotypes. It featured banjo and fiddle music, dances, and lowbrow humor.

Underground Railroad

A vast system that concealed runaways and took them to freedom, often over the Canadian border

New Amsterdam

A village that grew around a Dutch fort and became the capital of New Netherland. They embraced free enterprise and ethnic and religious diversity and were much more concerned with profit.

George Whitefield

A young English minister who was known for his spellbinding evangelism. His objective was to restore the fires of religious fervor to the American congregations. He travelled through the colonies preaching to huge crowds, enthralling them with his eloquence.

Captain John Smith

A young soldier that the Virginia Company put in charge of the new colony in America. With the colonists on the verge of starvation, Smith imposed strict discipline and forced all into labor. He also bargained with the Indians and explored the Chesapeake region. Jamestown survived because of his efforts but he was very unpopular with the colonists.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery

Confiscation Acts

Abolished slavery in DC, excluded slavery in the territories without giving the owners compensation, liberated all the slaves of people aiding the rebellion, and forbade the army to help return runaways to their border-state owners. He also tried to provide federal compensation for any state that began gradual emancipation but the plan failed in Congress because of border state opposition.

Half-Way Covenant (1662)

Accepted in 1662. Baptized children of church members could be admitted to a halfway membership, ensuring baptism for their own children as well. But these halfway members couldn't vote in the church or take communion.

XYZ Affair

Adams needed diplomatic settlement with France so he sent Cotesworth Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry to France for negotiations. There, they met with three French officals (X, Y, and Z). Then Talleyrand, a past minister let it be known that negotiations could only start if Americans paid a bribe of $250,000 and America refused to pay the bribe.

Federalists

Advocates of the Constitution who preferred a strong central government.

Sons/ Daughters of Liberty

An organization, partially formed by Samuel Adams, formed to protect the rights of colonists and fight taxation by the British government.

Carrie Chapman Catt

Another one of the new generation of activists who led the campaign for the 19th amendment that gave women the right to vote

"pet banks"

Another plan of Jackson's to further weaken the National Bank. Jackson took federal money out of the national bank and put it in state banks. This expanded credit and led to inflation.

Headright system

Anyone who bought a share in the Virginia Company and could get to Virginia could have 50 acres of land and 50 more for any servants.

Why was there no large-scale, successful slave revolt in the antebellum South?

Because the whites power was too overwhelming and many plans were discovered before they even began, some were betrayed.

Why did rail lines begin to replace canals and turnpikes, and where were they primarily located?

Because they could go faster and were cheaper and more reliable than any other methods of transportation. In the 1820s they were primarily connecting port cities like Boston, Charleston, and Baltimore, but they eventually grew to cover 30,000 miles

John Randolph and the Old Republicans

Because they had no political opposition, the Republican majority began to fragment. John Randolph led the major dissidents, the Old Republicans. These were mostly southerners who defended states rights and strict construction of the Constitution.

Temperance movement

Began for religious and moral reasons, as well as health reasons discovered by Benjamin Rush. The relation between drinking and poverty was also being examined. And the industrial revolution made it more dangerous for people to be drinking. Led by the American Society for the Promotion of Temperance and the American Temperance Union. Those who agreed to it were called teetotalers. Most of the laws of prohibition were poorly drafted though and were gone within a few years. But the movement did succeed in reducing the consumption of alcohol.

California mission system

Began when Franciscan friars started a Catholic mission at San Diego. Over the next 50 years they built 20 more missions from San Diego to San Francisco. They were determined to convert the Indians to Catholicism and the Spanish government provided money and support to aid in this. Indians were baptized, taught the Spanish language, and stripped of their national heritage. They also became agricultural enterprises. Indians provided all the labor. Franciscans used force to maintain the laborers- they were whipped or imprisoned and soldiers hunted down runaways

Pragmatism

Believed ideas gain their validity not form their inherent truth, but from their social consequences and practical applications. This supported scientists in that they could test the validity of their ideas in the laboratory. Pragmatism reflected the inventive, experimental spirit, one that was often overlooked in other beliefs but was viewed as genuinely American.

Democratic Republicans

Believed in an agrarian based, decentralized, democratic government

Denmark Vesey

Believed to be a plan of a free black to assault the white population, seize ships in the harbor, burn the city, and head for Santo Domingo. But it was discovered and 35 were executed and 34 were deported.

How did Biddle's policies contribute to the failure of the Bank?

Biddle wanted to halt the nation's economy, creating a depression, to show everyone how important the bank was. To do this, he demanded the redemption of state bank notes in gold or silver. This ended up releasing a speculative binge as banks coined money to loan it to speculators

Memphis and New Orleans race riots

Both of these incidents involved massacres of blacks by local police and white mobs.

Treaty of Alliance with France

Both parties agreed that if France entered the war, both parties would fight until American independence was won. It also said that neither would go into peace talks without the consent of the other. Last, it guarunteed each other's possessions in North America against all other powers

Republicans

Agrarians who feared tyranny and wanted freedom

Treaty of Ghent

Agreed to end the war, return the prisoners, and restore the previous boundaries. Basically made everything the way it was before the war started

Nonimportation agreements

Agreements the colonists made to exert pressure on British products. They began to boycott British goods rather than pay import duties. By shutting off imports, they had leverage over Britain and encouraged colonial unity.

Great Compromise

Also called the Connecticut Compromise. The most populous states won apportionment in the House of Representatives and the states that wanted to protect states rights won equality in the Senate with the vote by the individual not the state

Second Great Awakening

Also called the Great Revival. Sparked by the fear that secularism was taking root.

John C. Fremont

Also called the Pathfinder. He "found" paths that mountain men showed them. He studied at College of Charleston before being commissioned a lieutenant in the Topographical Corps. He mapped the Oregon Trail with Kit Carson. His excited reports gained a wide circulation and helped arouse the interest of settlers.

Incas

Also known as Quechuas. They controlled an empire that by the 15th century, stretched 1000 miles along the Andes Mountains from Ecuador to Chile. They developed an elaborate system of roads and organized under an autocratic government.

Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817

An exchange of notes between Secretary of State Rush and British minister Bagot. Caused the threat of naval comeptition on the Great Lakes to vanish with an arrangement to limit forces there to federal ships collecting customs duties.

Navigation Acts and their enforcement

1660 Act, the crew had to be 3/4 English, not just a majority like the original Navigation Act, and in the 1663 Navigation Act, all imports from Europe to America had to stop in England and have duties paid on them. These Acts were not well enforced until Charles II created the Lords of Trade, customs officers, and surveyor generals.

Red River War (1874-1875)

A campaign led by American soldiers to remove Native American tribes from the Southern Plains and relocate them to reservations. It ended when General Philip Sheridan forced the Indians to disband in the spring of 1875. 72 Indian chiefs were captured and imprisoned for three years

Intolerable (Coercive) Acts

4 Acts: The Boston Port Act, which closed the harbor until the city paid for the lost tea. An Act for the Impartial Administration of Justice, which let the governor transfer to England the trial of any official accused of committing an offense in the line of duty. A new Quartering Act which directed local authorities to provide lodging for British soldiers even in private homes. Last, the Massachusetts Government Act which made the colony's council and law enforcement officers appointed instead of elected.

Dorothea Dix

A Boston school teacher who was called to teach a Sunday school class at the East Cambridge House of Correction in 1841. There she found a group of prisoners neglected and without heat. She then commenced a two year investigation of jails and asylums and won the support of leading reformers. By 1860 she had persuaded 20 states to help her transform social attitudes towards mental illness

British East India Tea Company

A British joint stock company originally created to trade with the west Indies. It eventually became responsible for half the world's trade, especially with goods like tea.

New Netherland

A Dutch colony. The Dutch East India Company had hired captain Henry Hudson to seek a passage to China and he ended up finding Delaware Bay, the Hudson river (named for him), and began a trade with the Mohawks at Fort Orange (now Albany). The colony was set up around fur trade.

Stephen F. Austin

A Missouri resident who gained from Mexico a huge land grant originally given to his father by Spanish authorities. He was one of the foremost promoters of American settlement in Texas. He started a colony in lower Brazos River in central Texas.

John L. O'Sullivan

A New York newspaper editor and Democratic party propagandist who created the term Manifest Destiny

Levi Coffin

A North Carolina Quaker who helped many fugitives and was the reputed president of the Underground Railroad

Lucretia Mott

A Philadelphia Quaker that worked with Elizabeth Cady Stanton to call a convention to discuss women's rights

Baron von Stueben

A Prussian solder that Washington turned to for help training the Continental Army. By the end of the winter, they resembled a professional army.

Cotton Mather

A Puritan minister who supported the Salem witch trials. He became heavily involved in them, not directly, but through his writing, which won him a large audience.

John Cabot

A Venetian sponsored by Henry VII. He sailed across the North Atlantic in 1497. He was the first European to sight the North American continent but the English were so preoccupied with conflicts with France that they failed to capitalize on the new discovery.

Sojourner Truth

A black abolitionist who experienced a mystical conversion with God who told her to travel preaching the sins of slavery, which is exactly what she did, going around the country to support abolition and women's rights. She demonstrated the powerful intersection between those two issues.

Zebulon Pike

A brigadier general and explorer. Pikes Peak is named after him

Andrew Jackson

A major general of the Tennessee militia. Later the President

"Log Cabin and Hard Cider" Campaign

A campaign the Whigs used to promote William Henry Harrison in the election of 1840. They used the symbols of the log cabin and hard cider to depict Harrison as a simple man sprung form the people. They depicted Van Buren as an aristocrat, isolated from the people. This campaign won Harrison the election

Geromino

A chief of the Chiricahua Apaches who had fought white settlers in the South for 15 years. The war ended with his capture.

Charles Town

A city in North Carolina now called Charleston. This was where the first British colonies arrived in South Carolina

The Federalist papers (especially Number 10)

A collection of essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay. In number 10, one of the most important, Madison argues that the size and diversity of the nation makes it impossible for any one faction to form a majority that could dominate the government.

Proprietary Colony

A colony owned by an individual, not a joint stock company

Holding Companies

A company that controlled other companies by holding all or at least a majority of their stock.

Philadelphia Convention

A convention called to revise the Articles of Confederation. 29 delegates from 9 states began work in May.

Seneca Falls Convention

A convention to discuss the social condition and rights of women. the important first step in the evolving campaign for women's rights.

Webster-Hayne Debate

A debate over public land. Hayne, from South Carolina, argued on behalf of the westerners saying that the federal government shouldn't interfere in the sale of western land. Webster argued for the East and tricked Hayne into defending states rights and upholding the doctrine of nullification, causing Webster to win the debate

Panic of 1837: causes and effects

A depression happened in England, which caused a drop in cotton prices and caused English investors to cut back their commitments to America. The inflation spiral began to go in reverse. Jobs decreased and wages were cut. At the same time, prices rose for food and clothing. There was no government aid. To try to fix the problem, Van Buren postponed the distribution of surplus and approved an issue of Treasury notes to cover immediate expenses.

Cotton gin

A device that allowed a person to separate 50 times as much cotton as by hand.

John Brown

A fanatic Free-Soiler who had a history of mental instability. He set out with four of his sons and three other men and started the Pottawatomie massacre. His son was shot but he escaped. However, three years later he died in another uprising.

Great Migration (1630s)

A massive movement that started with migrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony that carried around 80,000 Britons to new settlements around the world

Factory System

A method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labor. Took the place of home production in the early 1800s

Fort McHenry

A fort on an island in Baltimore. The British tried to attack it but failed and abandoned the attack. Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner during this battle

James Oglethorpe

A general who accompanied the first colonists to Georgia. He served as a soldier who organized the defenses and a philanthropist who championed prison reform and sought a colonial refuge for the poor and religiously persecuted

Charter

A grant of authority or rights that formally recognizes the intent of the recipient to exercise the rights specified. England used charters to create some of their colonies.

Essex Junto

A group of Massachusetts Federalists led by Thomas Pickering that considered seceding from the Union

Shays's Rebellion (1786-1787)

A group of farmers led by Daniel Shays, a war veteran, who protested the government taxation. The state responded by sending 4400 militiamen armed with cannons, which scattered the rebellion. They still had a sort of victory because the state legislature omitted direct taxes the following year, lowered court fees, and exempted clothing, household goods, and tools from the debt process.

War Hawks

A group of people who wanted a war to gain Canada. They were led by Henry Clay

Paxton Boys

A group of people who were angry at the lack of frontier protection during Pontiac's rebellion. They took revenge by massacring peaceful Indians. When Indians took refuge in Philadelphia, 1500 began to march on the city until Benjamin Franklin convinced them to return home and present their demands to the assembly

Morrill tariff

A higher tariff on imports to help generate money for the Union war effort

Frederick Jackson Turner

A historian who developed an influential frontier thesis delivered to the American Historical Association in 1893.

The Virginia Company of London

A joint stock company chartered by James I with the purpose of establishing settlements on the coast of North America. this company established the Jamestown settlement. The Virginia Company of Plymouth was also founded for the same purpose but with different territories

Bering Strait

A land bridge leading to Alaska. Archaeologists assume that this bridge is what the first humans in the Western Hemisphere used to cross from Siberia. The bridge was made possible by receding waters during the last Ice Age

Patroonships

A large estate that any stockholder could receive if he peopled it with fifty adults in four years. The "patroon" was required to provide cattle, tools, and buildings. And his tenants paid him rent, gave him first option to buy surplus crops, and submitted to a court he established. This was created because the Dutch decided they needed a large group of settlers to protect the mouth of the Hudson River

Act of Toleration (1649)

A law requiring tolerance of all denominations of Christianity except Catholics

Charles Grandison Finney

A lawyer and the most successful evangelist in the burned over district. He transformed revivals into collective experiences where pubic events took the place of private communions. He would call people up to confess assisted by their friends and family to help them pray through the experience. Became a professor of theology at Oberlin College and later became its president.

Catharine Beecher

A leader in the education reform movement and founder of women's schools in Connecticut and Ohio. She published a guide prescribing the domestic sphere for women, She upheld the cult of domesticity

George Rogers Clark

A leader that took men down the Ohio river and took Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes to stop the frontier Tories and Indians from raiding western settlements. Then he and his men laid siege on the British garrison. Then he attacked Iriquois strongholds in western New York.

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that was published in Philadelphia. He directly attacked allegiance to the monarchy and refocused the hostility previously vented on Parliament. He said King George III bored the responsibility and Americans should abandon him and declare their independence

Whigs

A party created to oppose Jackson, named after the party that had opposed the monarchy in Great Britain. They were active in promoting social reforms like abolition and temperance.

Copperheads

A peace wing of the Democratic party who preferred an end to the fighting, even if it meant risking the Union. An extreme fringe of this wing even flirted with disloyalty

Bessemer Process

A process by which steel could be made directly and quickly from pig iron. As more steel was produced, its price dropped and use soared.

John Dickinson

A prosperous Philadelphia lawyer who wanted to resolve the dispute around the Townshend Acts. In 1767 "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" appeared in the newspaper and were reprinted into pamphlets. His letter argued the same thing as the Stamp Act Congress- that Parliament had no right to levy taxes

Camp meetings

A religious service in which the "fires of faith were rekindled" that took place in frontiers. These meetings found ready audiences among frontier people who wanted spiritual intensity and a sense of community. Women especially were present at these.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

A response to the black codes. It declared that all people born in the US were citizens and entitled to the full benefit of the law. Jackson vetoed it but Congress overrode it.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

A series of laws provided for a government like the one in Massachusetts Bay except that voting is not restricted to church members

Virginia Resolves

A series of revolutions that said Virginians were entitled to the rights of Englishmen and Englishmen could only be taxed by their own representatives. Newspapers spread these resolves and other assemblies began to copy them

Credit Mobilier

A sham construction company composed of directors of the Union Pacific Railroad who had milked the Union Pacific for huge fees in order to line the pockets of insiders who controlled both firms. They bought political support by giving congressmen stock in the enterprise.

"no taxation without representation"

A slogan that summarized the colonists' primary issue with Parliament- one of the causes of the Revolution

Alamo

A small garrison of Texans and Southern allies were holed up behind the adobe walls of an abandoned mission. They were ordered to surrender but only fired a cannon shot. This provoked a series of frontal assaults on the defenders. These lasted for 12 days. eventually Mexicans began attacking from all sides and by the third try they broke through the wall. The only survivors were 16 women, children, and servants. It was a costly victory for Mexico though. And it inspired the rest of Texas to stage resistance.

Bear Flag Revolt

A small group of settlers in California who opposed the Mexican government formed the Bear Flag Republic after a party of 30 people encouraged by Fremont invaded the Mexican outpost of Sonoma and raised their new flag. Then Commodore Sloat came and raised the American flag, proclaiming California part of the US and the group dissolved

"Black Legend"

A style of subjective history writing or propoganda that demonizes Spain, its people, and its culture in an attempt to damage its reputation

Sharecropping

A system in which a landowner allows a tenant to work the land in return for a share of the crops

Encomienda

A system in which favored officers became privileged land owners who controlled Indian villages or groups of villages. These encomenderos were called upon to protect and care for the village as well as support missionary priests. In turn, the Indians were required to provide them with goods and labor. This started a society of extremes: wealthy conquistadores and and native peoples held in poverty

"rendezvous system"

A system in which trappers, traders, and Indians from all over the Rocky Mountains gathered annually at some designated place (usually near Grand Tetons) to trade pelts and hides. Ended by 1840, when western fur trade ended because of the low beaver population. The white traders were the first whites to find their way around the Rocky Mountains.

"fire-eaters"

A term northerners applied to proslavery extremists in the south in the two decades before the Civil War

turnpikes

A tollgate turned to admit traffic

Exodusters

African Americans making their exodus from the South in search of a haven from racism and poverty in the west.

Lewis and Clark

After Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory, he sent Lewis and Clark on an expedition to explore it. Their group was called the "Corps of Discovery". They were helped a lot by local Indians who taught them how to make clothes ad hunting techniques. Eventually Sacagawea joined their party as an interpreter. Lewis and Clark split up on the return journey, reuniting at the juncture of the Missouri and Yellowstone rivers to return together to St. Louis. Their reports attracted traders and trappers and gave the US a claim over Oregon.

Cabinet

After Washington was elected President, he named Thomas Jefferson head of the Department of State, Alexander Hamilton to head Department of Treasury, and Edmund Randolph as attorney general. He frequently called these men to sit as a group and discuss matters of policy- this originated the President's Cabinet

Fort Necessity

After attacking the French, Washington and his troops retreated to Great Meadows where they constructed this crude fort. A month later, this fort was attacked by the French.

Battle of Buena Vista

After being demoted, Taylor ordered an attack on Mexican forces at Buena Vista where they were outnumbered. Neither side could claim a victory and Taylor was granted leave to go home.

Why was Andrew Johnson impeached in 1868? How did his trial resolve?

After he deliberately violated the Tenure of Office Act to test its constitutionality, they were able to charge him and impeach him, something they had tried before but with flimsy charges. After a three week trial the came up with one vote less than what was needed to impeach him.

Child labor

After the Civil War, parents were desperate for income and believed they had no choice but to put their children to work. By 1880, one out of every 6 children in the nation was working full time. Children as young as 8 were working which meant that they received little or no education and had little time for play or nurturance. They worked in dangerous conditions, often in places adults couldn't go in, causing more accidents. Some states passed laws limiting the age but parents lied to get around it because they were so desperate for money.

Examine the experiences and contributions of African American troops in the Civil War.

After the Emancipation Proclamation, new efforts were made to organize all black Union military units led by white officers. Colonel Shaw led the first all back unit.

In re Debs

After the Pullman strike ended, Debs was charged with violating the injunction that forbade interference with mail and served 6 months in jail. The Supreme Court upheld the ruling in this case on the broad grounds of national sovereignty.

How did Jackson's fiscal policies contribute to a speculative "bubble?"

After the Specie Circular, which demanded that land be paid for in gold or silver, poorer farmers couldn't afford to buy land anymore, leaving it open for speculators.

Second Bank of the United States

After the charter of the first national bank expired, the country was a financial mess. State chartered banks grew with no control and currency of unknown value flooded the market. The government had no means of loans or a way to transfer money across the country. In 1816, Congress adopted a charter for a second national bank, against the wishes of the Old Republicans. But many people who had once opposed the bank, now considered it necessary.

Salutary Neglect

After the death of Queen Anne, energy on the Board of Trade waned. Robert Walpole was the first minister under the new monarchs. He developed a more relaxed policy towards the colonies- this enabled America to pursue greater political independence

Freedmen's Bureau

Agents of the Freedman's Bureau were entrusted with negotiating labor contracts, providing medical care, and setting up schools for suffering refugees, freedmen, wives, and children. They had their own courts for labor disputes and land titles, and their agents were authorized to supervise trials involving blacks in other courts.

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

Also largely Dickinson's work. It traced the history of the controversy. It denounced the British's unprovoked assault at Lexington and rejected independence but affirmed the colonist's purpose to defend their rights. George III ignored both this and the Olive Branch Petition and issued a proclamation of rebellion the next day.

Declaration of Sentiments

Altered a statement in the Declaration of Independence saying all men and women are created equal. Not many people signed it.

Louisiana Purchase

Americans wanted possession of New Orleans because they were using that port to ship their goods. So Jefferson sent Livingston to negotiate and, when negotiations dragged on, he sent Monroe to help. But when Monroe arrived, Talleyrand asked if the US wanted to buy the entire Louisiana Territory. Napoleon was willing to sell it because his French army in Haiti was decimated by a slave revolt and yellow fever and he needed money to finance another war in Europe. So Jefferson bought the territory after a brief concern over the constitutionality of it.

What effect did the Enlightenment have on colonial thought?

Americans were especially receptive to the new science that came along with the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment reduced God to a remote creator, or a master clockmaker, who planned the universe and set it in motion. They also thought the way to improve society was through reason

Battle of New Orleans

Americans were led by Andrew Jackson. They set up their defenses while Pakenham's redcoats took up their positions. Pakenham took a slow approach, allowing Jackson time to build up his defense and strategize. When Pakenham finally advanced, they failed and withdrew with 2000 casualties. This battle actually happened after the peace treaty was signed.

Squanto

An Indian who spoke English and taught the pilgrims how to grow maize

Denis Kearney

An Irish immigrant who organized the Workingmen's Party of California, whose platform called for an end to further Chinese immigration. He assaulted the rich railroad barons for exploiting the poor. The movement peaked in 1879 when it elected many members to the state legislature. Kearney lacked the gift for building a durable movement but his anti-Chinese theme became a national issue, leading to the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Wounded Knee Massacre

An accidental rifle discharge led nervous soldiers to fire into a group of Indians who had come to surrender. Nearly 200 Indians and 25 soldiers died in the battle. This battle was the last of the Indian Wars.

George Washington

An ambitious young Virginian militia officer. He wanted to military glory so he led a group that ambushed the peaceful french, inadvertently starting the French and Indian War.

Elijah P. Lovejoy

An anti-slavery editor killed by a mob who became a martyr for the causes of abolition and freedom of the press

Brook Farm-George Ripley

An early day think tank combining high thinking and plain living. Survived mainly because of an excellent community school. The main building burned down, ending the community. Ripley was the founder of Brook Farm. He was a unitarian minister and transcendentalist

Irish Potato Famine

An epidemic of potato rot in 1845 that caused a famine that killed more than 1 million people. Multiplied the flow of Irish immigrants to the US and Canada.

Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)

An evangelical and revitalization movement that left a permanent impact on American Protestantism

First Continental Congress

Assembled in Philadelphia with 55 members representing 12 colonies. Peyton Randolph was elected president and Charles Thompson was secretary. The Congress ended the Suffolk Resolves which declared the Intolerable Acts null and void, called for economic sanctions against British commerce, and urged Massachusetts to arm for defense. It also recommended that every town enforce a boycott against British goods (Continental Association)

Declaratory Act

Asserted the full power of Parliament to make laws binding the colonies.

Prison and asylum reform

Asylums were supposed to be places where the deviant could be made whole again but had turned into places of brutality and neglect. And prisons were places for brief confinement before punishment of either death of public humiliation. Reformers argued against this harsh penal code and said the certainty of the punishment was more important than the severity. The idea of a penitentiary developed as a place for rehabilitation, not punishment

How did the anti-slavery movement differ over gradual prohibition and immediate abolition?

At first the anti-slavery movement was promoting gradual end to slavery by prohibiting slavery in new western territories, but then a group formed called abolitionists who wanted complete and immediate abolition.

Continental Army

At first the army was just a militia made up of volunteers who came and went as they pleased, didn't salute officers, and were untrained and unprofessional. Washington knew the army needed to be in better shape so he put into place intensive training, strict discipline, and longer enlistment contracts.

How was the Continental Congress able to finance the war effort? What effects did their actions have on the economy?

At first they let armies take supplies from farmers in return for certificates promising future payment. Then they had to resort to printing paper money. They were able to supply munitions though by importing from France.

What were conditions like in early American factories? How did they change over time?

At first they were good but eventually deteriorated as the factory system grew. Wages and textile prices dropped and relationships between workers and managers grew strained. People worked 68-72 hour weeks with little to no seasonal letup

Examine the means and effectiveness of colonial education.

At first, education was the responsibility of the family and the church. But this was not very effective. The Puritans needed their children to be educated because much of their belief calls on them being able to read, specifically the Bible. So steps were taken to ensure education. In places like PA, many private schools were established instead of public schools. In the south, schools were hard to start because of scattered population, indifference, and neglect.

Indian Removal Act

Authorized the President to give Indians federal land west of the Mississippi River in exchange for the land they occupied in the East and the South. 46,000 people were relocated.

Legan Tender Act

Authorized the printing of $450 million in paper currency known as greenbacks.

New Harmony-Robert Owen

Based on a secular principle. Factory town. At first it seemed like a success but fell into discord because everyone wanted their own patented plan put into action. Owen was the founder of New Harmony. He ended up dissolving the project and selling the land to settlers.

Articles of Confederation

Became effective in 1781. Under these, Congress was a collective substitute for a monarch, a plural executive. It had full power on foreign affairs, questions of war, disputes between states, postal service, Indian affairs, and western territories. But it had no courts and no power to enforce its decisions. It also had no power to levy taxes and had to rely on requisitions, which the state could ignore. Unanimous approval was needed to levy tariffs and ratify amendments.

John Dewey

Became the chief philosopher of Pragmatism after James. He used the term instrumentalism which meant that ideas were instruments for action, especially for social reform. He threw himself into movements for the rights of labor and women, the promotion of peace, and education reforms. He believed that education was the process through which society would gradually progress toward the goal of economic democracy

Booker T. Washington

Became the foremost black educator in the nation. He argued that blacks should first establish an economic base for their advancement before striving for social equality. Many criticized him saying that he gave up broad education and civil rights for white conservatives and economic opportunities

Why did Irish immigrants often exhibit extreme hostility to African Americans?

Because free African-Americans competed with them for low-status jobs

Bleeding Kansas

Because of the idea of popular sovereignty, the people of Kansas began to fight over whether or not there would be slavery. Some people didn't want any blacks in the state at all, some were pro-slavery, and some were anti-slavery. The pro-slavery advocates expelled anti-slavery member of legislature, adopted a drastic slave code, and made it a capital offense to aid slaves. In response, the anti-slavery people retaliated, starting a series of fights and massacres in the state.

Describe the popular culture of the antebellum period.

Because society was more urban, they participated in more diverse forms of recreation. Social drinking became big. Blood sports like boxing and dogfighting were also popular. Theaters also became popular during the first half of the 19th century, including the extremely popular blackface minstrel show

Why did education have such great value to former slaves and their children?

Because the antebellum planters had always denied it to them because they feared literate slaves would organize uprisings. Many whites still opposed it which only served to drive them even more to do it themselves.

Why was disease such a problem in late nineteenth century cities?

Because the cities were so crowded and dirty, access to clean water was rare and often contaminated with raw sewage. Sewage was also often dumped in streets and waterways because there was no plumbing. Water related diseases caused the highest mortality rates. Because of this, during the late nineteenth century, reformers organized to clean up the cities but their efforts had tradeoffs with environmental problems.

What were the effects of the French and Indian War on both the British and the colonists?

Britain got to greatly expand their land but also had a massive war debt. The colonists had learned to unite against a massive foe, which led to a growing sense of independence

Workingmen's parties

Broad reformist groups devoted to the interests of labor. These groups faded quickly because of the inexperience of labor politicians that led to manipulation by political professionals. Many of their issues were also co-opted by major parties. Labor parties were also vulnerable to extreme charges of radicalism

How did James Buchanan react to southern secession?

Buchanan was not bold enough to make a strike to end the war before it started. In his annual message, he criticized the north for trying to interfere in southern slavery. He said secession was illegal but that he lacked the authority to enforce that. He even ignored an act of war by the South in Charleston Harbor

Battle of Saratoga

Burgoyne and his Iriquois allies tried to attack Americans in New York. At Ticonderga, the Continentals abandoned the fort, prompting Congress to hire a new commander, Horatio Gates. Burgoyne delayed after this battle, allowing American reinforcements to arrive. After losing two smaller battles at Fort Stanwix and Bennington, Burgoyne backed into Saratoga, where he was surrounded and surrendered.

How and why did states begin to regulate railroads and other businesses?

By the end of the century almost every state had begun to regulate railroads and had moved to supervise banks and insurance companies. States passed over 1600 laws relating to work conditions- limiting the number of working hours required, providing special protection for women, limiting or forbidding child labor, requiring that wages be paid regularly and in cash, and calling for factory inspections. Nearly all states had boards of commission on labor.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

Calhoun prepared it. It was issued anonymously along with a series of resolutions by the South Carolina legislature. It declared that a state could nullify an act of Congress that it found unconstitutional.

Tariff of 1828

Calhoun proposed an outrageously high tariff, expecting it to be vetoed. But the tariff passed.

Panic of 1819

Caused by the sudden collapse of cotton prices and the inflation of credit due to reckless state banks. This set off a decline in demand for other American goods and then US industries struggled to find markets for their goods

Pueblo-Hohokam

Centered in present day Arizona. They established significant trading centers and are thought to be the builders of the first canal system in Phoenix

Adena-Hopewell

Centered in the Ohio River valley. They left behind huge earthworks and burial mounds, some of them elaborately shaped like snakes, birds, or other animals. This suggests a complex social structure and a specialized division of labor. They also developed an elaborate trade network that spanned the continent.

Massasoit

Chief of the Wampanoag Indians

Tenement housing

Cities had become so cramped that they were forced to move upward, into these tenement house that were 6 to 8 stories tall and could hold 24-32 families. There was little ventilation, which was a fire hazard, they were poorly heated, and had communal toilets outside. This caused the mortality rate to grow.

"Corrupt Bargain"

Clay advocated for John Quincy Adams and in return, Adams made Clay his Secretary of State

"black codes"

Codes the new southern legislature passed restricting African American freedoms. Existing marriages were recognized, they could own property, their testimony was accepted in legal cases, and they could sue or be sued. But they could not own farmland in Mississippi or South Carolina, they had to buy special licenses to practice certain trades, they had to enter annual labor contracts, if they were unemployed they were fined or forced to labor in the fields

Loyalists/Tories

Colonists who sided with the British

National Consumers' League

Founded in 1899. They sought to make the buying public, chiefly women, aware of labor condition. One of its devices was the White List of firms that met its minimum standards.

Conscription

Compulsory enlistment for service. This was passed in the Confederacy after soldier's enlistments began to end and none wanted to return to war. The Union did the same a year later. In the North and South there were exceptions t constriction such as paying to get out of it or providing a substitute

Comstock Lode

Comstock was a Canadian-born fur trapper who drifted into Carson River diggings and talked his way into a share of the new discovery and convinced prospectors to give it his name. The Comstock Lode reached more $300 million from shafts that reached into the mountainside. Because of the rush of settlers attracted to the Lode, Nevada became a territory and then quickly became a state.

Range wars

Conflicting claims over land and water rights ignited violent disputes. Ranchers tried to drive off neighboring farmers and farmers tried to sabotage cattle barons by cutting their fences or spooking the herd. They also clashed with sheepherders over access to grassland. Ethnic and religious prejudice also heightened the disputes. These all faded but a tension between large and small cattle ranchers continued. Large ranchers left small ranchers with too little pasture so small ranchers cut fences. This sparked the "Fence-cutters War of 1883-1884 before a law was passed outlawing fence cutting

Homestead Act of 1862

Congress voted free federal homesteads of 160 acres to settlers who had to occupy the land for only 5 years to gain title.

Morrill Land Grant Act

Conveyed to each state 30,000 acres of federal land per member of Congress from the state.

Yorktown

Cornwallis was trying to get to Yorktown but the small American navy there distracted and wounded the British fleet, led by John Paul Jones. In 1781, George Washington persuaded the commander of the French army to join forces for an attack on New York and the two armies linked up. Then word came that Admiral de Grasse was coming with the entire French fleet so Washington started moving his army towards Yorktown too. With the help of the French, the British line fell and Cornwallis sued for peace. This was the last battle of the war.

What were the staple crops of the Old South and how did they impact the development of slavery?

Cotton was the most important but it was also one of the last to arrive. Tobacco was the first staple crop, the indigo, rice, sugar, and hemp. But all of these took a backseat to cotton when it was introduced

Crop lien system

Country merchants furnished supplies to small farmers in return for liens (mortgages) on their crops. This offered a way out of dependency for some farmers but caused most to enter an endless cycle of debt because the merchant charged interest since he was assuming great risks.

Vice- Admiralty courts

Courts without juries that were given jurisdiction over local legal matters relating to maritime activities.

National Banking Act

Created a uniform system of banking and currency and helped finance the war.

Internal Revenue Act

Created an internal Revenue Service.

Santa Fe Trail

Created by hundreds of entrepreneurs who made the 1000 mile trek from St. Louis to Santa Fe. They went through deserts, mountains, and Indian attacks. Then Mexican traders began leading caravans east, making it popular.

Fort Laramie Treaty

Created when US officials invited Indian tribes from the northern plains to a conference at Fort Laramie. The chiefs were presented with mountains of gifts before the treaty was settled. The treaty said that the government would provide an annual cash payment to the Indians as compensation for the damage caused by wagon trains . In return, the Indians agreed to stop harassing white caravans, allow federal forts to be built, and confine themselves to a specified area. Several tribes refused to accept. This was the first comprehensive treaty with the Plains Indians. Began reservation concept

Wilderness Road

Daniel Boone found the Warrior's Path 1769 which took him through the Cumberland gap in southwest Virginia. He began leading settlers through this passage which came to be known as Wilderness Road.

What was the relationship between socialism and the union movement?

Daniel de Leon was the dominant figure of the Socialist Labor Party. he proposed to organize unions with a socialist purpose and build a political party that would abolish the government one it gained power, then their unions would be in charge of the government.

Sarah and Angelina Grimke

Daughters of a prominent South Carolina slaveholding family who broke with their parents and moved north to embrace Quakerism, abolitionism, feminism, and other reforms. They brought women's rights to center stage.

How did the Constitution deal with the issue of the slave trade?

Delegates decided they couldn't ban slave trade before 1808 but could levy a tax of $10 a head on all imported slaves.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Denounced the Alien and Sedition Acts. Said the states should decide when Congress had exceeded its powers because the Constitution arose as a compact among the states

Ferdinand Magellan

Discovered the Magellan strait at the southern tip of South America. He also discovered Guam and eventually the Philippines, where he was killed by natives.

Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

Divided land of any tribe, granting 160 acres to each head of a family, and lesser amounts to everyone else. To protect the Indians' property, the government held it in trust for 25 years, after which the owner won full title and became a citizen. Despite good intentions, this created opportunities for white plundering of Indian land and disrupted what remained of the traditional culture. It broke up reservations, leading to a loss of land, and many Indians lost their land because of inexperience with private ownership.

Washington's Farewell Address

He called for unity among the people in backing the new government, he warned against political parties, and against permanent alliances.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Dred Scott had been born a slave in Virginia but was taken to St. Louis in 1830 and sold to an army surgeon who eventually took him to Wisconsin territory where he married Harriet Robinson and had two daughters. After his master died he tried to buy his freedom and filed suit claiming residence in Wisconsin, free state, made him free. The Court ruled that Scott lacked legal standing in the case because he was not a US citizen. He said that no slave or former slave would ever be able to be a US citizen. This case also ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, the first time that had happened since Marbury v Madison.

Andrew Carnegie

During the Civil War, he traveled with the assistant secretary in charge of transportation and developed the military telegraph system. He moved from this to railroading to bridge building to steelmaking and investments. He concentrated on steel. He was not a technical expert but a promoter and salesman, capable of hiring men of expert ability. He publicized a philosophy for big businesses. When he retired, he dispensed his fortune to the public good out of a desire to promote social welfare and further world peace.

Examine the dominant Indian policy of the federal government in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

During this time westward expansion was the focus and as a result, most of the Indians were pushed off their land and forced onto reservations. Indian wars dominated for months after the Civil War resulting in many casualties for the Indians. New acts like the Dawes Severalty Act also took land from the Indians and gave it to the white settlers.

How did public education and higher education expand and change in the late nineteenth century?

Education was expanded originally because of a determination to Americanize immigrant children. Enrollment in both public and private school increased. Vocational schools were also created for those who were not going on to college. This was most intensely promoted for African Americans. many new colleges were also created during this time. These were still dominated by men but women's access to them grew during this time period as well. Vassar was the first women's college on the same level as men's colleges. Graduate school also rose too.

Regulator Movement

Efforts led by farmers in North Carolina wanted to stop seizures of property and other court proceedings. Their efforts led to the passing of a bill that made them guilty of treason.

Henry David Thoreau

Emerson's friend who also practiced self-reliance. In 1845, he went to the woods to live in a cabin built on Emerson's lake to devote his time to observation, reflection, and writing. During the Mexican War he refused to pay his poll tax as a gesture of opposition and was jailed for one night until his aunt paid the tax.

Romanticism

Emphasis on individualism and creativity. The idea that logic can't explain everything and religious impulses were too strong to be dismissed as illusions. The Romantics thought that in areas where science couldn't prove or disprove concepts, people were justified in having faith. Elevated intuitive knowledge at the expense of rational knowledge

Trancendentalism

Emphasized things that transcended the limits of reason (areas "a little beyond"). Close affinity with the Quaker doctrine of inner light. Also drew from the profound spirituality of Puritanism

Why did Chesapeake farmers switch from indentured servants to slaves after the 1660s?

Employment in England went back up so there were less people coming to the New World to be indentured servants. This increased the price of their labor which forced the colonists to look elsewhere for labor. And although African slavery was a more expensive investment at first, the slaves served for an entire lifetime.

How did the English colonies in North American differ from those of the Spanish and French? Why did the differences matter?

English colonies were never created at the direct initiative of the crown, so immigrants had a better chance of getting at least a small piece of land, unlike the Spanish and French who were controlled completely by the monarchs. The English also welcomed people from a variety of different nationalities and had a greater degree of self-governance. Spanish and French settlements were always too spread out as well, and English settlements were more compact.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Established national supremacy in interstate commerce. Ogden had received exclusive right to navigate the Hudson River but Gibbons operated a coastal trade under federal license and came into competition with Ogden. Marshall ruled that the monopoly granted by the state to Ogden conflicted with the federal Coasting Act under which Gibbons operated

Judiciary Act of 1789

Established the federal judiciary. It set the membership of the Supreme Court at 6, created 13 district courts and 3 circuit courts.

Defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588)

Eventually open warfare developed between Spanish and English. In 1568, Mary Queen of Scots fled to England. She also had a claim to the throne and many saw this as an opportunity to oust the Protestant Elizabeth. But she learned of this plot and had Mary beheaded. Seeking revenge, Spain's king Philip II began to gather his Armada, But Drake destroyed part of the Armada before it was even ready to sail. In 1588 the two armadas prepared for battle. The large Spanish ships were no match for the smaller and faster British ships. The defeat marked the beginning of English naval supremacy and cleared the way for English colonization of America.

Oregon Treaty (1846)

Extended the border to the 49th parallel and through the main channel south of Vancouver Island and kept the right to navigate all of the Columbia River. The only opposition came from expansionists who wanted more but most of the country was satisfied because southerners cared more about Texas than Oregon and northerners valued British trade more than Oregon. And it wasn't the issue anymore because at this point the country was at war with Mexico

Anti-Federalists

Favored a more decentralized federal system

Election of 1800

Federalist candidates were Adams and Cotesworth Pinckney. Republican candidates were Jefferson and Burr. Jefferson and Burr tied with 73 votes each and the choice was thrown to the House who voted 35 times until Jefferson convinced a Congressman from Delaware to vote for him, winning the presidency

Emancipation Proclamation

First Lincoln issued a preliminary Proclamation that said his object was to restore the Union and that he favored proposals for paying slaveholders for their loss. Later he signed the real Emancipation Proclamation that declared all slaves free, justifying it as military necessity. He said this would allow blacks to join northern armies.

Ku Klux Klan

First organized as a social club with costumes and secret rituals. Soon turned to intimidation of blacks and white Republicans. These types of groups spread rapidly across the south.

Compromise of 1850

First, California entered the Union as a free state. Second, the Texas-New Mexico Act made New Mexico a territory and set the Texas boundary at its present location. In return for giving up its claims, Texas was paid $10 million. Third, the Utah Act set up the Utah Territory, omitting reference to slavery. Fourth, a new Fugitive Slave Act stacked the cards in favor of slave catchers. Fifth, slave trade, but not slavery, was abolished in DC.

15th Amendment

Forbade states to deny anyone the right to vote based on race.

James K. Polk

Former Speaker of the House and governor of Tennessee and an ardent expansionist. He became the first dark horse candidate to win a major party nomination (Democrat). The party platform embraced territorial expansion and called for the annexation or Oregon and Texas to win support. This campaign was so strong it forced Henry Clay to alter his policy on Texas. He was also against abolitionism. Nickname was Young Hickory.

National American Woman Suffrage Association

Founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. It promoted a women's suffrage amendment to the Constitution, but they looked on the vote as but one among many feminist causes to be promoted. Later that year, activists formed the American Woman Suffrage Association which focused only on suffrage

Mormons (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints)

Founded by Joseph Smith who rendered into English what he considered a lost section of the Bible that tells the story of the ancient Hebrews who inhabited the New World. It linked the Indians to the lost tribes of Israel and predicted the Second Coming of Christ. The followers were mostly New England farmers who had migrated to NY and liked the promise of a pure kingdom of Christ in America. Many Christians though found Mormonism a threat to their faith and many Mormons were subject to abuse and disdain.

Knights of Labor

Founded by Uriah Stephens. It started in 1869 and grew slowly, but during the years of the depression it spread more rapidly as other unions collapsed. It enforced reforms advanced by previous groups including the creation of bureaus of labor statistics and mechanics lien laws, elimination of convict labor competition, eight hour workday and paper currency. One part of the platform that was ahead of the times called for equal pay for men and women. They allowed all workers and protested through boycotts. In 1886 the organization peaked and went into rapid decline.

Military Reconstruction Act of 1867

Prescribed conditions under which the formation of southern state governments should begin all over again.

Joseph Smith

Founded the Church of the Latter Day Saints. He was tarred and feathered when the Mormons were in Ohio. He moved to Illinois where he remained until he was attacked and he and his brother Hyrum were arrested. While in jail, someone broke into the jail and shot both of them.

New England Confederation (1643-1686)

Four of the New England colonies, Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven, formed this confederation to provide joint defense against the Dutch, French, and Indians. It met annually until 1684 when Massachusetts lost its charter.

Fort Duquesne

French Fort in the location that George Washington was trying to lead his troops to, where the city of Pittsburgh was later developed.

Sea Dogs and Sir Francis Drake

From the beginning of the Dutch revolt against Spain, Dutch Sea Beggars, privateers working out of English and Dutch ports, plundered Spanish ships in the Atlantic and carried on illegal trade with Spains colonies. They soon had their counterpart in "Sea Dogges" including Sir Francis Drake and John Hawkins among others. Queen Elizabeth encouraged both Dutch and English captains to engage in smuggling and piracy. In 1577, Drake embarked on his famous adventure around South America raiding Spanish towns and treasure ships. He was knighted upon his return to England.

Gabriel Prosser

Gabriel was a slave who came up with a plan involving 1000 others to seize key points in the city and start a general slaughter of whites. But 25 of his conspirators were executed and ten others were deported to the West Indies when the plan was discovered.

William Lloyd Garrison

Garrison had been apprenticed to a newspaper publisher and had edited a number of anti-slavery papers but grew tired of the strategy of moderation so he started his own anti-slavery newspaper, The Liberator

General Zachary Taylor

General for the US in the Mexican War. He eventually became president.

Inventions

George Westinghouse's air brake for steam turbines, gas distribution, and electrical devices. Chistopher Sholes's typewriter. Ives W. McGaffey's vacuum cleaner. Alexander Graham Bell's telephone. The most important was Thomas Edison who invented the lightbulb, the phonograph, and countless other things

Hessians

German mercenaries

Enforcement Acts (1870-1871)

Grant passed three of these to protect black voters. They levied penalties on people who interfered with anyone's right to vote, placed election of congressmen under surveillance by federal election supervisors and marshals, and outlawed the activities of the Klan, and authorized the president to suspend habeas corpus.

Opechancanough

Powhatan's brother and successor. He tried to repel the English who were trying to take their lands. They killed 1/4 of the settlers, including John Rolfe. From that point on, the English sought to wipe out Indian presence on the frontier.

Know-Nothing Party

Grew from the American party. It was on the brink of achieving major party status but the anti-Catholic movement subsided when slavery became the main focus in the 1850s. The Know-Nothing party demanded the exclusion of immigrants and Catholics form public office and the extension of the period of naturalization from 5 to 21 years. But the party never had enough political strength to effect such legislation.

Benedict Arnold

Had been and American commander until 1780 when he had plotted to sell out the American garrison in West Point to the British. But the capture of a British spy ended his plan. Arnold joined the British to avoid getting hanged like the rest of the British spies.

How did opposition to Hamilton's policies begin to form the first political parties?

Hamilton founded the Federalist party. Madison and Jefferson led the Democratic Republican party, and implied that the Federalists aimed at a monarchy. Neither side deliberately tried to create a party system but their differing views caused one anyway.

National Bank

Hamilton proposed this to issue a uniform currency that would address the shortage of gold and silver. Government bonds held by the bank would back up the value of its new bank notes. The bank would be government controlled but private investors would provide much of the capital. Madison opposed again, arguing there was no basis in the Constitution for a national bank, which made Washington doubt the plan. But the vote in Congress carried it through, Washington signed after he was reassured by the elastic clause that it was ok

Funding/Assuming the debt

Hamilton wanted the national bank to assume to state debts and fund them at face value. This was controversial because many farmers had sold their bonds to speculators way below face value. Madison wanted to give a larger share of the money to the first owners of the bond, so that the farmers got more than the speculators. More people supported his plan. They agreed to compromise: Madison agreed to pass the assumption in return for votes and relocation of the capital.

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Hamilton's tax on liquor had taxed the frontier farmer's most profitable commodity . So in 1794, rebellion began and farmers began terrorizing the offices of revenue officers and taxpayers. Washington issued a proclamation ordering them to stop but they didn't listen. So he sent troops to stop them. The excessive force used by the government converted many people to Republicans

Battle of Tippecanoe

Harrison gathered 1000 men and advanced on Tecumseh's capital. Tecumseh's followers attacked Harrison's encampment on the Tippecanoe River. Harrison's men won the battle, causing many Indians to flee to Canada. He then destroyed the Indian town and burned their supplies. This battle reinforced suspicions that the British were helping the Indians.

Sir William Berkeley

He arrived as Virginia's governor in 1642 and presided over the colony for the next 35 years. He became very hated by limiting his circle of friends to wealthy planters and granting them the most frontier land and public offices. And he despised commoners.

Roger Williams

He believed in liberty and that God had a covenant with the individual, not with each congregation. He wanted every individual to exercise free will in worshipping God. He called for complete separation of church and state .his was so radical for the Puritans that they banished him and he went on to found Rhode Island, which became known as a refuge for rogues.

What were Lincoln's beliefs about the sanctity of the Union?

He believed that the most important thing was making sure the country was reunited. To him, that was the main purpose of the war. He originally didn't want to abolish slavery.

Oliver Hazard Perry

He built ships from forest lumber and took them to Put-in Bay at Lake Erie. British ships almost destroyed his flagship, the Lawrence, but Perry refused to quit. He rowed to another vessel and advanced on the British, eventually accepting their surrender. The new naval control of lake Erie forced the British to evacuate Upper Canada and give up Detroit. Tecumseh also died when the US took the Thames

William Pitt

He decided that America should be the primary theater of war with France. He gained colonial participation by reversing British administrative policies. He treated the colonies as allies rather than possessions, offering them subsidies for their participation in the war effort.

George Fitzhugh

He defended slavery as better for workers because it provided them with job security whereas wage labor exploited workers for profit and then cast them away.

Walter Rauschenbusch

He developed a theological basis for the movement in the kingdom of God in works like Christianity and the Social Crisis. He thought the kingdom existed in the churches, so the church was indispensable to the religion.

Benjamin Franklin

He epitomized the Enlightenment for both the English and the Americans. He invented the Franklin stove, the lightening rod, and the glass harmonica, all of which confirmed the Enlightenment trust in the powers of nature and reason.

Hernán Cortes

He led the first European conquest of a major Indian civilization on the North American mainland. When he and his men invaded at Vera Cruz, they were attacked by natives. He defeated them and invited them to join him in his advance on the Aztecs. He entered the Aztec capital peacefully and tricked Montezuma into thinking he was a returning god. The Aztecs turned against Montezuma and killed him, then attacking the Spanish forces. They retreated but regrouped and attacked again, cutting off supplies. Eventually they won because of a smallpox epidemic.

Jacques Cartier

He led the first French effort at colonization. On three voyages he explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence and got as far as present day Montreal and Quebec. From that time forward though, the French lost interest in Canada because the country plunged into civil wars.

Thomas Hooker

He led three entire church congregations from Massachusetts Bay Colony to three Connecticut River towns, essentially founding the colony of Connecticut

Juan Ponce de León

He made the earliest known exploration of Florida in 1513. He was the governor of Puerto Rico

John Rolfe

He married Pocahontas, the daughter of Chief Powhatan and discovered a different kind of tobacco.

Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan

He said that any rebel state could form a Union government when 10% of those who voted in 1860 took an oath of allegiance to the Constitution and the Union and had received a presidential pardon. They also had to swear support for anything dealing with emancipation. Certain groups were excluded from the pardon like generals and judges.

Why was Jackson so opposed to the Bank of the United States?

He thought it was unconstitutional. He also thought foreign stockholders had undue influence. He said the bank had shown favors to members of Congress and exercised an improper power over state banks

Chief Joseph

He tried to avoid the war by leading a masterful retreat towards Canada. He enforced strict discipline, countenancing no scalpings or violence against settlers and paid for supplies he could have confiscated. After retreating 1500 miles, he was caught 30 miles short of the Canadian border.

Hamilton's financial plan

He wanted to create an economy driven by capitalism and encouraged new industries, investment, and enterprise. He wanted all debts to become a national responsibility and thought this would encourage nationalism. He also called for funding the federal debt at face value and said that the federal government should assume state debts from the Revolution.`

Sherman's March

He wanted to march through Georgia to destroy the morale of the Confederates. He cut a path of destruction through the state waging war on their people. More than any other general, he recognized the connection between the South's morale, economy, and ability to wage war

John Adams

He was George Washington's vice president. His political philosophy lies between Jefferson's and Hamilton's. He feared the concept of democracy and was under attack by many Republicans for using the work monarchical interchangeably with executive.

Jonathan Edwards

He was a Congregationalist minister in Northampton, in western Massachusetts. He was one of America's most brilliant philosophers and theologians. He wanted religion to be more emotional and less intellectual so he focused on reviving that. His most famous sermon was "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

John Calvin

He was a French scholar that fled to the city of Geneva and brought it under his beliefs. He wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion, in which he set forth a strict doctrine. The experience of grace was open only to those God had predestined to salvation from the beginning of time. It also insisted on strict morality and hard work.

Mark Twain

His real name was Samuel Clemens and he was the first great American writer born west of the Appalachians. Hi early writings reflected his western background. His most famous books were The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

William Bradford

He was an English separatist leader who led the pilgrims to Plymouth on the Mayflower

J.P. Morgan

He was an investment banker who bought corporate stocks wholesale and sold them at a profit. He viewed competition as wasteful and wanted to consolidate firms into giant trusts. He recognized railroads as the key to the times and acquired and reorganized many of them. By the 1890s he controlled a sixth of the railway system. His biggest triumph was consolidating the steel industry. After a rapid series of mergers, he bought out Andrew Carnegie's huge steel and iron holdings then added Rockefeller's iron ores. The new United States Steel Corporation was the first billion dollar corporation

Commodore Matthew Perry

He was appointed by President Fillmore to lead a special Japanese expedition in Tokyo in 1853.His negotiations led to the Treaty of Kanagawa

Lord Cornwallis

He was in charge of British troops in the South

John Peter Zenger

He was on trial for seditious libel for publishing criticisms of New York's governor. His lawyer claimed that he had published the truth, which the judge ruled as an unacceptable defense. The jury agreed though and found the editor not guilty. The libel law remained in place but after this case, editors were more emboldened to criticize officials freely.

John Winthrop

He was put in charge of Massachusetts Bay Colony and had the intention to use the colony as a refuge for persecuted Puritans and as an instrument for building a wilderness zion in America. He set up the colony to be self-governing .

Jay's Treaty (1795)

He was sent to Great Britain to get the British out of northwestern forts and to secure reparations for losses of American ships, and to legalize commerce with the West Indies. These were the terms he got- The British didn't need to compensate citizens for enslaved people hat escaped during the war and pre=Revolutionary debts would be paid but the American government. In return, Britain would evacuate the forts, give reparations for seizures of ships and cargo, and legalize trade with the West Indies. However the trade had so many restrictions that the Senate eventually struck it from the treaty. It was controversial but eventually passed because Washington knew it was the best he would get

Samuel de Champlain

He was the "Father of New France" and the one who restarted French efforts at colonization after 1600.

General Winfield Scott

Polk promoted him to field command in 1846 over Taylor. He led the siege on Vera Cruz.

Tuscarora War (1713)

In 1712 the Tuscaroras of North Carolina attacked English colonists. The colonists called on South Carolina for help and since they were eager for more slaves, they sent two expeditions made up of Indian allies. In 1713 they destroyed a Tuscarora town, executing the males and taking the women and children to sell in Charles Town. The surviving Tuscaroras fled and joined the Iroquois Confederacy

Juan de Oñate

He was the wealthy son of a Spanish mining family in Mexico above the Rio Grande. In 1598 he took an expeditionary military force made up of mostly Mexican Indians and mestizos. He took possession of New Mexico and established a capital at San Gabriel. He then sent out expeditions in search of gold and silver. He promised Pueblo Indian leaders that Spanish dominion would bring them peace, justice, and prosperity. He also tried to convert them to Catholicism.

What was U.S. economic policy under Jefferson?

He worked with Gallatin and accepted the national bank, deciding not to endorse its repeal. He also believed that a large federal debt would only lead to taxes and corruption so he began trying to reduce it. He depended only on western land sale and tariffs for revenue, both of which flourished. To save money he cut back military expenses, believing a standing army menaced free society, and further reduced the navy. He also outlawed slave trade as of January 1, 1808, the earliest date possible.

"Mad" Anthony Wayne

Headed an expedition into the Northwest Territory and built Fort Greenville.

Albany Plan of Union

Headed by Benajmin Franklin, this plan called for a chief executive , appointed and supported by the crown, and a supreme assembly called the Grand Council that would oversee matters of defense and Indian relations and would levy taxes to support its programs. The plan was rejected or ignored by the assemblies.

Ellen Gates Starr

Helped start the Hull House with Jane Addams

Henry George, Progress and Poverty

Henry George was a California printer and journalist who visited New York and was shocked at the contrast in the city between wealth and poverty. He wrote his ideas in the book Progress and Poverty, which sold slowly at first but eventually sold 2 million copies. He believed that everyone had as much right to use the land as to the air. He proposed to tax the "unearned" increment of the land. This idea was widely propagated and affected some tax policies but his book was always his most famous accomplishment.

William Graham Sumner

Herbert Spencer's chief academic disciple. He took up the new chair of political and social science at Yale and preached the gospel of natural selection. His most lasting contribution was his book Folkways, which argued that it would be a mistake for the government to interfere with established customs in the name of equality or natural rights.

Sir Walter Raleigh

His brother was Sir Humphrey Gilbert who had tried in 1583 to colonize present day Rhode Island. He instead landed in Newfoundland but had to return home when winter approached but his ship vanished in transit and he was never seen again. So the next year Raleigh persuaded the king to renew Gilbert's mission in his own name. He sailed to the Outer Banks of North Carolina and discovered Roanoke Island

Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

His plan closely resembled Lincoln. But it excluded from pardon anyone with taxable property over $20,000 because he believed the wealthy planters were who led the south to secede. He also called upon state conventions to invalidate secession ordinances, abolish slavery, and repudiate all debts incurred to aid the Confederacy. They also had to ratify the 13th amendment. He also endorsed a limited black suffrage.

What were some possible explanations for the Salem Witch Trials?

Historians have recently pointed out that all of the accused were women that had defied their normal role in society. Another possible reason is that during the late 17th century, Indian attacks were frequent and some of the girls who participated in the witch trials were ones who had witnessed Indian violence firsthand- in other words it could be PTSD. Yet another theory is that it could have just been the young girls trying to enliven their every day life who had very active imaginations.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Homer Plessy, who was 1/8 black, refused to leave a whites only railway car. He was convicted of violating the law. The Court upheld the segregation laws establishing the principle of separate but equal.

Utopian communities

Ideal communities. These had been an American passion since the Puritans set out to build a wilderness Zion.

Why were so many immigrants drawn to the United States in the late nineteenth century? Where were most immigrants coming from in the late nineteenth century?

Immigrants fled from famine or lack of opportunity in their native lands. They also fled from religious, racial, and political persecution. Americans encouraged this because they wanted cheap labor (Contract of Labor Act of 1864). Before 1880, immigrants were mostly from northern and western Europe but after, more were from southern and eastern Europe. Their religions were mainly Judaism or Catholicism

Francisco Pizarro

In 1531, he led a band of soldiers down the Pacific Coast from Panama to Peru where they brutally conquered the Inca empire. From there, the Spanish began to extend their authority through Chile and to present day Colombia

Francisco Vásquez de Coronado

In 1540, he was inspired by rumors of gold. He traveled northward into New Mexico and across Texas and Oklahoma. He returned in 1542 without gold but with a more realistic view of what lay in those arid lands

Roanoke-"The Lost Colony"

In 1587 Raleigh sponsored and expedition of about 100 colonists including women and children under John White. He spent a month there and then returned to England for supplies. His return was delayed because of war with Spain and when he returned, Roanoke was abandoned and pillaged. No trace of the colonists were ever found. Hostile Indians or Spaniards may have been responsible for this. Recent evidence indicates they may have fallen prey to the worst drought in 8 centuries

Pequot War (1637)

In 1636, settlers in Massachusetts accused a Pequot Indian of killing a colonist and took their revenge by burning a Pequot village and killing all but 7 of them. Sassacus, the chief, organized the survivors and his other followers and attacked the colonist, starting the war. During the war colonists killed hundreds of Pequots in the Connecticut River Valley.

King Philip's War (1675-1676)

In 1675, an Indian serving as a British spy (John Sassamon) warned the British that Metacom was going to attack them and was later murdered. PLymouth country officials tried and executed three Wampanoags for the murder and, in retaliation, the Indians attacked and burned settlements throughout Massachusetts. The Indians eventually lost due to depleted supplies but the losses on both sides was devastating .

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon defied Berkeley's authority and took command of a group of frontier vigilantes. he led them in a rebellion against Virginia's wealthiest planters and political leaders. Bacon wanted to kill the Indians too and Berkeley opposed that as well. Bacon's men ended up burning Jamestown then he died of dysentary a month later.

Leisler's Rebellion-1691

In 1691, the king appointed a new governor of New York. when Leisler hesitated to step down, he was charged with treason and he and his son were both hanged. He was pardoned 5 years later.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

In 1783 issues between France and Spain's alliance settled and the final signing of the treaty happened on September 3, 1783. Great Britain recognized America's independence and agreed to a Mississippi river boundary to the west. Florida went back to the Spanish. Americans promised the British they would pay back the money they owed them and that Congress would return the Loyalist properties they had confiscated.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

In 1794 a group of Indians reinforced by Canadian militias attacked Wayne's troops. The Americans defeated them and destroyed their fields and villages.

Chesapeake-Leopard incident

In 1807, the British frigate Leopard accosted the American frigate Chesapeake. When the captain of the Chesapeake refused to be searched, the Leopard opened fire killing three Americans and wounding 18. This almost forced the country into war but Congress was not in session and Jefferson held back, drawing criticism.

Missouri Compromise

In 1819 the country had an equal number of slave and free states. At this point Missouri and Maine were both drafting state constitutions. The Senate decided to admit Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state to maintain balance. The second Missouri compromise was a result of an pro-slavery proviso in the Missouri Constitution that violated the Constitution. This compromise said that Missouri would be admitted only if they agreed never to construe the offending clause in a way that would deny people of their constitutional liberties.

Describe the distribution of wealth in America in the first half of the nineteenth century.

In 1828, the top 1% had 40% of the wealth. Those who started out poor and uneducated could rarely climb the social ladder. So the age of the common man so commonly associated with Jackson was actually the age of growing economy and social inequality

Gadsden Purchase

In 1853, the US paid $10 million to acquire land offering a likely route for a transcontinental railroad.

Sack of Lawrence

In 1856 a pro-slavery mob entered the free state town of Lawrence, Kansas, destroyed newspaper presses, set fire to the governor's home, stole property and demolished a hotel. It only resulted in one casualty.

Trent Affair

In 1861, a Union warship stopped a British ship, the Trent, and took two Confederate agents into custody. This created a storm of protest in Britain and their government sent Lincoln an ultimatum for their release. This interfered with a neutral ship, violating a long-settled American principle and could have provoked Britain to join the war.

Antietam

In 1862, McClellan's forces attacked the Confederates nears Sharpsburg, Maryland, along Antietam creek With the Confederate lines ready to break, Hill's division arrived from Harper's Ferry, battering the Union army's left flank. Still outnumbered, the Confederates faced a standoff in the most costly day of the war. Eventually, the Confederates retreated to Virginia

Black Friday

In 1869, Jay Gould and James Fisk had a plan to corner the nation's gold market. they wanted to create a public craze for gold by purchasing massive quantities and convincing traders and the general public the price would keep climbing. As more people bought it the value would soar. On "Black Friday" Grant ordered the Treasury to sell a large quantity of gold and their plan was exposed.

Terence V Powderly

In 1879 Terence Powderly succeeded Uriah Stephens as head of the Knights of Labor. He was unsuited to this job because he was frail, sensitive to criticism, and indecisive at critical moments. He was temporarily opposed to strikes and did not always support local groups when they did strike

Eugene V. Debs

In the 1890s, Debs was a spokesperson for labor radicalism and launched a crusade to organize all railway workers into the American Railway union. Soon he was in charge of this union and contributed to the Pullman strike.

Ghost Dance Movement

In 1888, Wovoka fell ill and in a delirium he imagined he had visited the spirit world and learned of a deliverer coming to rescue the Indians and restore their lands. He said they needed to take up a ceremonial dance at each new moon, creating the Ghost Dance. It spread rapidly and some took it up with such fervor that it alarmed white authorities, enough to cause them to ban the Ghost Dance but the Indians defied the order and a crisis began.

Battle of Long Island

In August 1776, the British began landing troops on Long Island. Washington was outnumbered and short on munitions but determined to defend NY, which was a huge mistake. The Americans suffered a humiliating defeat and only a rainstorm and fog allowed them to retreat under the cover of darkness

Black Hawk War

In Illinois, Indians under Chief Black Hawk tried to regain the lands they had occupied the previous year. The Illinois militia mobilized to drive them out, chased them to Wisconsin, and massacred them as they tried to escape.

Osceola and the Second Seminole War

In the South, the Seminoles and the Cherokees put up resistance to remove federal policy, led by Osceola. When he died, their rebellion died out with many of them being banished to the West

How did the Union and Confederacy finance their war efforts?

In the Union relied on three options: printing money, raising taxes, and borrowing. Taxes came mainly from the Morrill tariff on imports and big excise taxes. There was also an income tax. Eventually they started printing money becase taxes weren't enough. They also relied on the sales of bonds which generated $2 billion in revenue. In the south, finances were a disaster. Taxes were too low to generate enough revenue. Paper money was also printed causing huge inflation.

Describe what life was like for frontier women.

In the West, women continued to face legal barriers and social prejudice, especially in places like Texas. But the fight for survival in the trans-Mississippi west made men and women more equal partners. Many women lost their husbands to the deadly toil of sod busting, so they had to take over the farms. Women on the prairie became more independent than women back in the east.

How did the state constitutions created during and after the Revolution impact the eventual structure of the American national government?

In these constitutions, the people were sovereign and delegated limited authority to the government. Most also included a bill of rights protecting individual freedoms. So the innovations at state level laid the basis for the creation of the Constitution

Commonwealth v Hunt

In this case, the court ruled that forming a trade union was not in itself illegal nor was the demand that employees hire only members of the union. It also declared that workers could strike if an employer hired nonunion workers.

Burke Act of 1906

Indians who took up a life apart from tribes became citizens immediately

Patrick Henry

Inspired the Virginia Resolves

Tariff of 1816

Intended to protect industry against foreign competition instead of raising revenue. Easily passed. New England supported the tariff and the South opposed it. The southerners who did support it, like Calhoun, did so because they thought the south might become a manufacturing center like the north. When it didn't, Calhoun switched sides and opposed the tariff.

Causes of the Second Industrial Revolution

Interconnecting transportation and communication network, expanding national and international markets, use of electric power, scientific management, growing labor pool, available raw materials, and federal government assistance

"New South"

Introduced by Henry Grady. He said it presented a perfect democracy of small farms and diversifying industries. He thought it could hold the promise of a real democracy that was no longer run by the planter aristocracy or dependent on slave labor. It attracted many supporters. The theory was that in the future, the South must follow the North's example and industrialize. This would provide a stable environment for economic growth

Cyrus McCormick

Invented a primitive grain reaper in 1830, the equivalent of the cotton gin in the North. His success inspired other manufacturers and agricultural production increased

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin

John Deere

Invented the steel plow

Samuel F.B. Morse

Invented the telegraph

What were the primary weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

It could ask for money but not compel payment, it could enter into treaties but not enforce their stipulations, it could raise armies but not fill their ranks, it could borrow money but not take measures for repayment, it could advise and recommend but not command.

Ostend Manifesto

It declared that is Spain refused to sell Cuba, then the United States must question whether the country being in the hands of Cuba threatens their safety, and if it does, then they will be justified in taking the land form Spain.

What causes for independence were articulated in the Declaration of Independence?

It drew from Locke's treatises on civil government saying that the people had a right to alter or abolish those who denied their inalienable rights. And said that the enemy was the king who had tried to establish absolute tyranny over the US.

What were the effects of Pitt's strategies?

It fostered a sense of nationalism among the colonies that culminated in the war for independence from Britain. Pitt also used the British navy to cut off French reinforcements and supplies to NY, which also cut off the goods they brought their Indian allies. Pitt also gave command to younger men.

How did the gold rush affect Chinese immigration to the West Coast? How did it affect the California Indians?

It increased Chinese immigration. In mining culture, it was not a crime to kill Indians or work them to deaths o many of them suffered in mining towns.

How did the Industrial Revolution and the cotton gin affect slavery?

It increased slavery. As cotton production increased and factories in the north to manufacture cotton goods increased, more workers were needed. So slavery increased as well.

How did the gradual reduction in the prices of federal lands encourage westward settlement as the nation entered the 1800s?

It made it easier for normal settlers to buy land, not just wealthy speculators

What effects did more town development in New England have?

It made it easier to develop schools because everything was more compact. It supported the Puritan beliefs in community and family. It also stressed the importance of the church because that was often the center of Puritan New England towns

Crittenden Compromise

It proposed a series of amendments that allowed for slavery in the territories south of 36,30' and guaranteed to maintain slavery where it already existed. The compromise failed to pass.

American Colonization Society

It proposed returning free slaves to Africa (Liberia). Its supporters included prominent figures like Henry Clay, John Marshall, and Daniel Webster. Some backed it because they were opposed to slavery and others saw it as a way to bolster slavery by getting rid of troublesome free blacks.

How did the construction of the National Road affect agriculture and trade?

It reduced transportation costs and opened up new markets. It also helped accelerate the commercialization of agriculture.

What effects did the Revolution have on various religious sects such as Anglicans, Quakers, and Catholics?

It set in motion complete freedom of religion and the separation of church and state. The Anglican church was renamed Episcopal and the Catholic church got its first higher official in the US (Bishop John Carroll). Prebyterians also got their first general assembly

How did the expansion of newspapers and other publications affect American society in the antebellum period?

It transformed reading into a form of popular entertainment. It forged a network of communication across the growing nation. Mostly a northern and western phenomenon. Literacy rates in the South still lagged behind

Second Bull Run

It was fought at almost the same site as the first Bull Run. Pope, the Union commander, thought he faced only Jackson, but Lee's main army had joined in by that time. A crushing attack drove Pope's flank from the field. In the next few days the Union pulled back around Washington and McClellan took command again, reorganizing them

How did North Carolina (Albemarle) differ from South Carolina?

It was mainly ignored by the proprietors and remained a remote scattering of settlements with no governor or assembly until 1664-1665. South Carolina was more organized and received more attention from the proprietors. South Carolina ended up becoming a separate royal colony in 1719 while North Carolina remained under proprietary control for 10 more years.

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

It was proposed by Stephen Douglas and said that Chicago should be the east terminal of the railroad and included the entire unorganized portion of the Louisiana Purchase extending to the Canadian border. It quickly turned from a railroad bill to a pro-slavery bill, reopening the controversy of extending slavery into the new territories. Douglas wrote the principle of popular sovereignty into the bill to win support of southerners, which would require the Missouri Compromise to be repealed.

What was the original purpose for the founding of Georgia?

It was set up as a philanthropic experiment and a military buffer against Spanish Florida.

What caused the Great Awakening and what were its effects?

It was started by the emotional preachings of ministers like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. The Great Awakening resulted in the fragmentation of Christianity into many denominations. Puritanism disintegrated. it also gave rise to denominational colleges that became characteristic of higher education (Harvard, College of William and Mary, and Yale)

How did the Civil War transform the economy of the South?

It was the opposite of the North. Property values had collapsed, bonds and paper money were worthless, railroads were damaged or destroyed, and cotton was seized by federal troops. Emancipation wiped out manual labor.

"force bill"

Jackson's plan to lower the tariff over a course of 8 years. But it also gave him the right to use the army to compel compliance with federal law in South Carolina

How did England come to control New Netherland?

James II (Duke of York) had come up with a plan of conquest so he and his advisors counseled that New Netherland could easily be conquered. So Charles II granted the region to his brother as proprietor and permitted a hasty gathering of an invasion force, quickly transforming New Amsterdam into New York and Fort Orange into Albany.

Treaty of Kanagawa

Japan agreed to allow a US consulate, promised to treat castaways cordially, and permitted American ships to enter certain ports for supplies and repairs.

Pottawatomie Massacre

John Brown and his accomplices went to Pottawatomie, the site of a pro-slavery settlement, and dragged five men from their homes and hacked them to death in front of their families. This massacre set off a guerrilla war in the Kansas Territory that lasted through the fall.

Harper's Ferry Raid

John Brown and twenty other men occupied the federal arsenal in Harper's Ferry. Brown planned to arm slaves in the area and wanted to set up a black stronghold in the mountains of western Virginia. He ended up taking the arsenal by surprise, seizing hostages and holing up in the fire house. He was surrounded and sent his son and another man to trade for hostages but both were shot. Robert E. Lee and a force of marines eventually arrived and severely injured Brown, who was tried for treason and hanged.

Universalism

John Murray founded the first Universalist church. It attracted mainly working class people. It taught that God was too merciful to condemn anyone to eternal punishment, or in other words, God was too good to damn man

Tobacco

King James originally dismissed smoking but stopped objecting when he realized how profitable it was for the Virginia colony. It was so profitable that planters could afford to buy more indentured servants, increasing the flow of immigrants to the colonies.

How was the nation changing economically, socially, and demographically as the nineteenth century began?

Land sales west of the Appalachian Mountains soared as people migrated west. Free blacks were the fastest growing segment of the population because many had gained their freedom fighting in the revolution in every state except South Carolina. Westward expansion and economic growth fostered an entrepreneurial spirit. Farmers began focusing on producing crops for regional markets and cotton prices soared. Free enterprise was the keynote of the era. A factory system also emerged.

Haymarket Affair

Leaders of an anarchist movement scheduled an open meeting in Haymarket Square to protest the killing of a striker. The crowd was beginning to break up when a bomb was thrown at the police. The police then fired into the crowd. In the trial after, 7 anarchist leaders were sentenced to death. The incident triggered widespread hate of the Knights of Labor and labor groups in general. By the end of the century, the Knights of Labor had evaporated.

Battle of San Jacinto

Led by General Sam Houston, troops charged west of the San Jacinto River yelling, Remember the Alamo, and overwhelmed the Mexican force.

Donnor Party

Led by George Donnor who led his family and a train of other settlers along the Oregon Trail. They made every mistake possible- starting too late in the year, overloaded the wagons, and took a foolish shortcut. They got lost on the shortcut and backtracked and had to cross the desert.When they reached the Truckee Pass, a large snowfall trapped them in two separate camps. They didn't have enough meat to eventually they resorted to cannibalism.When search parties finally found them there were 47 survivors and George Donnor had to stay behind to die.

Standard Oil Company

Led by John D. Rockefeller, by 1879 this company was controlling 90 to 95 percent of the oil refining in the country. The company practiced vertical integration to avoid depending on a middleman and kept large amounts of cash to make it independent of banks in case of a crisis. It became a trust, and later a holding company.

National Republicans

Led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay. Opposed Andrew Jackson

Horace Mann

Led the early drive for statewide school systems. He sponsored the creation of a state board of education and served as its secretary. He promoted the public school system as a way to achieve social stability and equal opportunity

Appomattox

Lee met Grant in McLeon's home at Appomattox courthouse to tender his surrender. Grant let the rebels keep their sidearms, horses, and mules.

Sugar Act (Revenue Act of 1764)

Levied new duties on imports of foreign textiles, wine, coffee, indigo, sugar. Greenville thought it would help raise revenues in colonies to offset the costs of the plantations.

Fredericksburg

Lincoln appointed Burnside to command. Burnside sent the army across the Rappahannock River to assault Lee's forces who were well prepared. Twice as many Union troops were killed as Confederates. Eventually Burnside ordered the retreat.

Chancellorsville

Lincoln appointed John Hooker but he failed his leadership test at this battle. Robert E. Lee had half the number of troops but pulled a brilliant maneuver. Hooker was going to leave his base opposite Fredericksburg to flank Lee's position but Lee found out the plan and pulled back his main forces to meet the Union army while sending Jackson's army to attack the right flank. Jackson died soon after this battle and it was also the peak of Lee's career.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Lincoln asked Douglas how he could justify popular sovereignty with the Dred Scott case and Douglas's answer, now known as the Freeport Doctrine, was that slavery couldn't exist anywhere unless supported by local police regulations. Douglas tried to frame Lincoln as an abolitionist when in reality he only wanted to stop it from spreading to new territories. Lincoln had the better argument but Douglas had the better of the election.

Peninsular Campaign

Lincoln wanted the Union army to move directly to Richmond. But McClellan wanted to enter through the side, through the peninsula of the land between the York and James rivers.

Political machines

Local government was often fragmented so political machines developed as a new central organization to coordinate citywide services. The machines consisted of local committeemen, district captains, and a political boss. The boss granted patronage but also provided needed services, distributing food, coal, and money to the poor and helping them find jobs. They helped the newcomers adjust to their new life.

Erie Canal

Longest canal in the world at the time. Made New York a center of trade and transportation

Radical Republicans

Made up mostly of prewar abolitionists. They pushed for confiscation of plantations, immediate emancipation of slaves, and a more vigorous prosecution of war. They had the same views as the rest of the Republicans on economic policy

James Madison

Madison emerged as the central figure at the Convention. He drafted the proposals that set the framework of discussions at the Philadelphia Convention

Ft. Sumpter

Major Robert Anderson was in charge of federal forces at Fort Sumpter and had limited supplies, while the Confederates were circling the fort. Lincoln decided to resupply the men but President Davis and his Cabinet decided not to let Lincoln do this. So a Confederate General, Beauregard, demanded surrender but Anderson refused. When he refused again, the shelling of the Fort began. Anderson finally lowered the flag when his ammunition was exhausted. As a result, Lincoln accepted that a war had started and ordered a blockade, confirming existence of a war

Nativism

Many "natives" in America resented the large amount of immigrants entering the country, worried they would take over. This spirit took organized forms in groups that claimed to prove their patriotism by hating immigrants and Catholics.

Why did immigration and migration increase between 1820 and 1840?

Many Irish fled to the US because of the potato famine and a prolonged depression in their country.

Describe the various objections certain Americans had to the Mexican War.

Many New Englanders viewed the war as a work pro-slavery southerners seeking new territories. Abraham Lincoln also opposed it, creating the spot resolutions, implying that US blood wasn't spilled on US soil. Both sides were also very unprepared for war

How did the Civil War affect the environment of the South?

Many animals like horses and pigs were killed in battle. It also destroyed most of the landscape. Hundreds of bridges were destroyed as well as fences when soldiers used the wood for fires. This caused massive flooding. Craters provided breeding grounds for mosquitos increasing the spread of malaria. Trenches scarred the land and accelerated erosion.

What influence did African Americans have on southern politics during Reconstruction?

Many delegates participated in statewide political conventions. By 1867 they were gaining political influence as many more were voting and this brought tension into the African American community. They were rarely elected to any office though.

How did mining impact westward expansion and the environment?

Many moved west after the discovery of valuable minerals, bringing crews with them who slowly started stable communities. The last major gold strike was at Cripple Creek in 1891-1894 and during those years Colorado became a state. Mining techniques stripped topsoil and gravel from the bedrock creating steep, barren canyons. Dirt created sandbars that killed fish

How did the South's system of masculine honor affect southern culture?

Many of their activities revolved around this like horse racing, gambling, cockfighting, and hunting. They also considered duels to be the ultimate public expression of personal honor and courage. After Hamilton was killed, dueling was outlawed in the north and in some southern states but the ban was rarely enforced. Many prominent southern leaders took part in these activities

How did the Protestant Reformation fuel the desire for European exploration and colonization?

Many people were not satisfied with the reformation and wanted to purify the church of all its Catholic influenced. These people were called Puritans and moved to America to start their own churches.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Marshall ruled that the court lacked jurisdiction because the Cherokees were a "domestic dependent nation" rather than a foreign state in the meaning of Constitution. He also added that they had an unquestionable right to their land

Lord Baltimore

Maryland was granted to him by King Charles I and it became the first proprietary colony

Edgar Allen Poe

Master of gothic horror and inventor of the detective story. He was known for his ability to provoke emotional tension and focused his efforts on making the supernatural seem real to his readers

McCulloch v. Maryland

McCulloch was a clerk in the Baltimore branch of the National Bank. He was indicted for failing to put revenue stamps on bank notes, as required by a Maryland tax. The court held the power of Congress to charter the bank and denied any right of the state to tax it.

Second Continental Congress

Met in Philadelphia in 1775. Named Washington commander in chief of a Continental army. Issued two major documents: the Olive Branch Petition and a Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms. Also appointed commissioners to negotiate peace treaties with Indians, organized a Post Office Department, and authorized the formation of a navy and a marine corps

Metacom (King Philip)

Metacom was chief of the Wampanoags and son of Massasoit, the Indian that had helped the Pilgrims when they first settled.

General Thomas Gage

Military commander and royal governor of Massachusetts. He received orders to stop the rebellion in MA and decided to capture and arrest leaders of the Provincial Congress and seize the militia's supply depot at Concord.

What members of the community had the most power in the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

Ministers and other members of the church. For example, you had to be a member of the church to vote.

Monroe Doctrine

Monroe's annual message to Congress in 1823. It had four major points: American continents could no longer be colonized by European powers, any attempt of the European powers to extend their political system to us is dangerous, the US would not interfere with any existing European colonies, and the US would keep out of internal affairs of European nations and their wars

What kinds of people migrated to and settled in the American West? How did they transform the region?

Most of the people migrating were African Americans, Mexicans, and European and Chinese immigrants. The majority of the immigrants were from northern Europe and Canada. People like Benjamin Singleton started communities that these immigrants flocked to. But the sudden influx of people taxed resources. Many abandoned their land to move to cities. Many African Americans became cowboys.

Overland (Oregon) Trail

Most of the pioneers on this trail were settlers, not traders. They travelled mostly in family groups and came from all over the country. Indians rarely attacked these wagon trains, if anything they demanded payment. Some even provided aid. The journey was still extremely difficult and many died from diseases like cholera. They followed the same division of labor used back in the East. Some turned back because tensions were so high.

What were the effects of the War of 1812 on the United States?

Nationalism, US was further towards economic independence, reversal of roles by Republicans and Federalists. Madison embraced nationalism and broad construction of the Constitution and Federalists took up Jefferson's position of states rights and strict construction

"triangular trade"

New Englanders took rum to Africa in exchange for slaves. They took these slaves to the West Indies and returned home with things like molasses (that they used to manufacture more rum). They also could have shipped provisions to the West Indies, carried sugar and molasses to England, and returned with goods manufactured in Europe. It was more of a descriptive convenience than a rigid pattern.

Circumstances of the founding of New Jersey and Delaware

New Jersey was originally split into east and west jersey. The proprietor of East Jersey sold out to 12 new proprietors who, in turn, bought out 12 more. The Quakers took over West Jersey and eventually the two combined to form the royal colony of New Jersey

Oneida Community-John Humphrey Noyes

New doctrine of "complex marriage" which meant every man was married to every woman in the community. Made a living farming and logging. Eventually became known for making tableware- eventually became part of a joint stock company that remains a successful flatware company today. Noyes was the founder of the Oneida community. Converted in one of Finney's revivals but forced out which is when he created Oneida. Arrested and fled to New York.

Why/how did new professions begin to appear in the Jacksonian era?

New towns created by urbanization required an array of new professions and created more high-status jobs than ever before. The workforce was broadened by rapid expansion of new communities, schools, and institutions of higher learning. Also through the emergence of a new national market economy and the growing sophistication of the American life, fostered by technological developments

Samuel J. Tilden

Nominated by the Democrats. He was a millionaire corporation lawyer and reform governor of NY.

"carpetbaggers"

Northern opportunists who allegedly rushed to the south with all their belongings in carpetbags

Election of 1868

Northern voters supported Grant because of his record as the Union army commander. Republicans nominated him and had a platform of congressional Reconstruction. The Democrats had opposite views on both Reconstruction and debt. They nominated Horatio Seymour. Grant easily won and became the youngest president ever

New York City Draft Riots

Occurred after the state announced a draft lottery. Bands of working class Irish immigrants took control of the streets. They didn't like that exceptions to the draft catered mostly to the wealthy but mostly they were scared that African Americans were going to take their jobs when the war was over and they were free.

Salem Witch Trials (1692)

Occurred during the winter of 1691-1692. A group of girls began having meetings in the Reverend's kitchen and began acting odd, saying that they were Satan's servants. They were arrested by authorities and accusations began spreading. By the end of it, 19 people had been hanged and more than 100 had been jailed.

Battle of Trenton

On Christmas Eve, 1776, Washington led 2400 men across the Delaware river to Trenton where they surprised a group of Hessians. It was a huge success and a week later they had a similar victory at the Battle of Princeton. Boosted Patriot's cause- may have saved the cause of independence

Boston Tea Party

On December 16, 1773, a group of 16 men disguides as Mohawk Indians boarded three ships and threw chests of tea overboard. This may have undermined the radical's credibility, Benjamin Franklin even called it a violent injustice. But the main effect was that British officials were now convinced their empire was at stake and decided to make an example of Boston

1619

On July 30th, the first General Assembly of Virginia met in the church at Jamestown and deliberated for 5 days. A ship also arrived that year with women who were to be sold to likely husbands of their own choice. And a Dutch ship dropped 20 Africans- the first Africans known to have reached English America

Boston "Massacre"

On March 5, 1770, a group of colonists started taunting and throwing rocks at British soldiers on duty, who called for reinforcements. Finally a soldier fired into the crowd, triggering the massacre. 5 died and 8 were wounded.

How did the introduction of the horse affect the cultures of the Plains Indians?

One major consequence of the Pueblo Revolt was that it allowed the Indians to acquire hundreds of Indian horses. They then established a trade with the Navajos and Apaches. They provided the Indians with a source of mobility and power. Horses did not need to eat meat, they were grazing animals. This was beneficial in the Great Plains where there was plenty of forage. Horses could also handle seven times as much weight as dogs. Their speed and endurance made Indians better hunters and warriors. Many tribes became nomadic bison hunters. However this eventually led to depletion of bison population and grass. Horses also increased thievery and intertribal warfare.

Anna Howard Shaw

One of the leaders of a new generation of activists after Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

W.E.B. DuBois

One of the main opposers of Booker T. Washington. He thought education should not be purely vocational but should nurture leaders who can challenge segregation and discrimination through political action. He demanded that

Harriet Tubman

One of the most celebrated refugees who went back to their slave states to organize more escapes.

Clara Barton

One of the most famous nurses in the war. She founded the American Red Cross.

Kit Carson

One of the most knowledgeable mountain men. He became a frequent associate of John C. Fremont.

Bartolomé de las Casas-A Brief Relation of the Destruction of the Indies (1552)

One of the most noted defenders of Indians. He was a priest in Hispaniola and later a bishop in Mexico.

Ida B. Wells

One of the most outspoken African American activists. After she was denied a seat on a railroad car because she was black, she became the first African American to file a suit against this discrimination. She wrote under the pen name Iola and became a prominent editor of Memphis Free Speech, a newspaper focusing on African American issues. She also launched a lifelong crusade against lynching and helped found the NAACP.

Hull House

One of the most well known settlement houses. it sponsored health clinics, lectures, music and art studios, an employment bureau, men's clubs, training in skills such as bookbinding, a gym, and a savings bank.

Jack London

One of two naturalists who achieved a degree of popular success. He was a socialist and a believer in the German doctrine of the superman. His adventure stories, like Call of the Wild, celebrated the triumph of brute force and the will to survive. This is especially evident in Call of the Wild, where the protagonist is a dog who reverts to the wild in Alaska

Why were federally funded internal improvements controversial?

Opposition centered in New England and the South because they would gain the least from western development. The West supported it because they badly needed goods.

Theodore Weld

Organized a New York training conference for anti-slavery activists that the Grimke sisters attended. He later married Angelina and they set out speaking first to only women, then to men and women.

U.S. Sanitary Commission-Dorothea Dix

Organized medical relief and other services for soldiers. This was supported by thousands of northern women, including Dorothea Dix, who was also a famous Civil War nurse.

How did slaves resist their conditions?

Organized slave resistance was rare because of overwhelming white authority and firepower. In the 19th century only three major revolts were attempted and two were betrayed before they even occurred.

Samuel Adams

Organized the sons of liberty and put together protests at Boston town meetings and in the provincial assembly. He and James Otis wrote a letter that was circulated by the Massachusetts assembly restating the illegality of Parliament's actions. The assembly was ordered to stop circulating the letter and when they refused, they were dissolved.

Roger Taney

Originally Attorney General, Jackson moved him to the Treasury Department because he too was against the bank.

What role did government and the state and federal level play in the transportation revolution of the antebellum period?

Originally the state governments and private corporations worked to improve transportation but after the panic of 1837, it was left mostly to private corporations. Many states granted generous taxes to railroad companies though. The federal government also bought stock in things like turnpikes and extended land grants for things like the Erie Canal.

Examine the importance of the Indian slave trade to the economy and development of Carolina.

Originally, planter used slaves and indentured servants but more were needed, and purchasing more slaves and servants became too expensive. So the quickest way to raise capital was through trade with the Indians. This entered them into a dependent relationship with the Europeans, who easily manipulated them into selling fellow Indians into slavery for things like firearms and rum. This turned many tribes against each other and led to events like the Tuscarora War.

Land Ordinance of 1785

Outlined a plan of surveys and sales that established 6 square mile townships. Each township was divided into 36 sections sold for $640 each. In each section a portion of income was reserved for schools

How did the struggle for suffrage and the rise of reform movements affect the roles and rights of women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

Over the years, the movement achieved some local and partial victories as a few states granted women's suffrage in school board or municipal elections. In 1869, Wyoming granted full suffrage. Despite the focus on the vote, women did not confine their public works to that issue. They formed organizations like the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) and the New England Women's Club. Many became deeply involved in charity or reform.

Powhatan Confederacy

Powhatan was the powerful, charismatic chief of the Algonquian speaking towns in eastern Virginia. These tribes made up this confederacy. They were an agricultural people, focused on raising corn and much of this corn was handed over to Chief Powhatan, who developed a lucrative trade with the colonists, realizing too late that the colonists intended to subjugate his people and take their land.

Stamp Act

Parliament created revenue stamps a required that they be purchased and put on printed products and legal documents such as newspapers, pamphlets, broadsides, almanacs, bonds, leases, deeds, licenses, insurance policies, even playing cards.

Stephen Crane, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets

Part of a new literary genre called naturalism. These authors imported scientific determinism into literature, viewing humans as part of the animal world. In this book, Stephen Crane portrayed people caught up in environments that were beyond their control. It depicts a tenement girl driven to prostitution and death. It was so controversial that Crane had to finance the publication of the book himself.

Independent Treasury

Part of a plan Van Buren had to try to avoid another problem like the panic of 1837. He thought the government should stop risking its deposits in shaky state banks. Under the Independent Treasury Plan, the government would keep its funds in its own vaults and do its business entirely in hard money.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

Part of a vengeful campaign planned by Jackson for revenge on the Creeks. This battle crushed the Creek resistance and they had to cede 2/3 of their land to the United States

"Fifty-four forty or fight!"

Part of the Democrat's platform pledge to take all of Oregon instead of settling the boundary at the 49th parallel.

"ye olde deluder Satan" act (1647)

Passed in 1647 in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, it required every town of fifty or more families to set up a grammar school that could prepare a student for college. It was widely evaded but signified a serious attempt to promote education.

Judiciary Act of 1801

Passed in order to ensure Federalist control of the judiciary system. Provided that the next vacancy on the Supreme Court would not be filled, created 16 circuit courts with a new judge for each, and increased the number of attorneys, clerks, and marshals.

Lexington and Concord

Paul Revere learned of Major Pitcairn's plan and rode to Lexington to warn John Hancock and Sam Adams. Then he rode to Concord and was intercepted along the way but a member of his party escaped and delivered the warning. The redcoats were met by Minutemen in Lexington, where someone fired a shot that started the battle. Then they went to Concord where the Americans had carried off most of their munitions already but they destroyed what they could and eventually began marching back to Boston, having suffered three times as many casualties as the Americans

How did industrialization affect the way in which Americans interacted with the environment?

People began acquiring rights to purchase water, something that had once been a public commodity. Water became fully incorporated in the industrial process, powering many mills. This decimated many fish populations. It also spawned urban growth which, in turn, polluted the river.

Why was town development more common in New England than in the South?

People in New England were mostly Puritan, people who emphasized family values and a close knit community so their towns were more developed so everyone in the community could be around each other. It was more spread out in the South because they ran mostly plantations and didn't stress communitarianism as much.

How did poorer, non-slaveowning southerners feel about the plantation aristocracy and the institution of slavery? Why?

People who didn't own slaves still supported the slave system because they were scared that if slaves were free, they would compete with them for land and jobs.

Rio Grande

Polk had a plan that provoked Mexican attack of US soldiers just north of this river. He used this to justify his declaration of war against Mexico

Martin Van Buren

President after Andrew Jackson

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

President of Mexico. He led the attack at the Alamo but was horribly defeated and captured at the battle of San Jacinto

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States

Sharecropping/ tenant farming

Prices of crops were dropping, making it harder for farmers to own land. Sharecropping and tenant farming were the results. Sharecropping was when laborers worked the owner's land in return for supplies and a share of the crops, usually about half. Tenant farmers might have their own mule or plow and were entitled to a larger share of the crops. These systems were inefficient and corrupting. They were considered a form of land slavery. Landlords often cheated the workers out of their share of the money.

George Greenville

Prime minister and first lord of the Treasury (1763).

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Prohibited Chinese immigration for 10 years.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890

Prohibited trusts, allowing the federal government to dissolve them.

New Jersey Plan

Proposed to keep the existing structure of equal representation of the states in a unicameral Congress but to give Congress the power to levy taxes and regulate commerce and the authority to name a plural executive with no veto and a Supreme Court.

Congregational Church

Protestant Christian churches where the congregation independently runs its own affairs, basically a kind of church government

How did revivalism affect Protestant belief in the nineteenth century, and how did that Protestantism influence reform movements?

Protestants joined with Congregational churches to form "Presbygational" churches that took over much of New England.

Nonintercourse Act

Put into place under Madison. This replaced the Embargo Act and opened up trade with all countries except Britain and France and authorized the president to reopen trade with whatever country lifted its restrictions. This proved as ineffective as the embargo

How were race relations transformed in the late nineteenth century South? How were blacks disenfranchised?

Racial violence and repression surged forward in the 1890s. Whites imposed racial subjugation and segregation, including Jim Crow laws. Democrats also led the way in disenfranchising African Americans. They wanted tho eliminate poor whites voting as well as blacks so they put poll taxes on voting. Many states also added things like resident requirements, literacy tests, and anyone who had committed a crime was disqualified from voting. The grandfather clause ended up letting more whites vote because it went back to 1867, when African Americans were still slaves.

How did the transcontinental railroads affect industrialization? How was the building of the railroads financed?

Railroads were the first big business and the first magnet for great financial markets. The opened the west to economic development, connected raw materials to factories, and created and interconnected national market. They were built by private companies that raised money by selling bonds to foreign investors. After Stephen Douglas secured a grant to build a railroad fro Chicago to Mobile, the government gave huge land grants and financial aid to help build railroads.

14th Amendment

Reaffirmed citizenship of people born in the US and forbade states to deny anyone equal protection of the law. it contained the due process clause which extended the Bill of Rights to the states on a case by case basis.

Macon's Bill No. 2

Replaced the Nonintercourse Act. Proposed by Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina. Reopened trade with Britain and France but said that if either lifted their restrictions, nonintercourse would resume with the other.

How were Federalists and Republicans distinguished by their reactions to the French Revolution?

Republicans supported France and Federalists supported Great Britain

Tenure of Office Act

Required Senate permission for the president to remove any officeholder whose appointment the Senate had confirmed

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Required a period of colonial tutelage. At first the territory was under a governor, a secretary, and three judges, all chosen by Congress. Once there were 5000 free male adults they could form an assembly. When the population reached 60,000 a state constitution could be drafted and they could apply to Congress for statehood. It also included a Bill of Rights.

Gaspee Affair

The Gaspee was a British ship that ran aground near Rhode Island while looking for smugglers. The crew began commandeering local sheep, hogs, and poultry. An angry group of colonists then boarded the vessel, removed the crew, and set fire to it .

Wade-Davis Bill

Required that a majority of white male citizens declare their allegiance as opposed to 10% in Lincoln's plan. It also said that only those who could take an "ironclad" oath attesting to past loyalty could vote or serve in state constitutional conventions. These conventions would also have to abolish slavery, exclude military commanders from the south, and repudiate debts incurred in the conflict. Lincoln vetoed this.

Quartering Act

Required the colonists to supply British troops with provisions and provide them with barracks or submit to their use of inns or vacant buildings. Mainly affected New York because that was the headquarters of the British force

What was the principle crop of the South Carolina colony?

Rice

Sears and Roebuck

Richard Sears and Alvah Roebuck began offering goods over the mail in the early 1890s. The Sears, Roebuck and Company catalog featured groceries, tools, furniture, clothes, books, etc. The company could buy goods in high volume from wholesalers which enabled it to sell items at prices below those offered in general stores. It became one of the largest enterprises in the nation. It created a truly national market. By the turn of the century, the Sears catalog had become the most widely sold book in the nation after the Bible

Reasons for urban growth

Rural migration, immigration, industrial growth, transportation innovations, technology improvements, black exodus from rural south

3/5 Compromise

Said that every slave counts as 3/5 of a person for the census, which would be used as a basis for apportioning both representatives and direct taxes.

Committees of Correspondence

Sam Adams convinced the Boston town meeting to form the first Committee of Correspondence which issued a statement of rights and grievances and invited other towns to do the same. Soon other Commitees began forming across Massachusetts and other colonies. Virginia said they were to mobilize public opinion and keep colonial resentments at a simmer.

Reasons for industrialization

Samuel Slater originally memorized and brought over to America plans for a water powered spinning machine. Then, Jefferson's embargo also stimulated production. Policies adopted during the War of 1812 also restricted imports and encouraged capitalism and manufacturing in New England

How/why did the U.S. acquire Florida in 1819?

Seminoles were attacking white settlers so Calhoun authorized a campaign against them and put Jackson in charge. He began pushing east through Florida, attacking Indians, gaining the entire Florida panhandle by 1818. This angered Madrid and John Quincy Adams told US troops to withdraw from Florida and go into negotiations. In 1819, Spain agreed to cede all of Florida in return for the US government's assumption of private American claims against Spain up to $5 million. This treaty also expanded US territory to the Pacific with the exception of Texas

Brooks and Sumner

Senator Charles Sumner delivered a speech on the Crime against Kansas and in it, he insulted a relative of Preston Brooks. Brooks accused Sumner of libel and beat him with a cane until Sumner was unconscious and the cane had broken. This created a martyr for the anti-slavery cause. Brooks briefly resigned but was reelected.

Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston

Sent the Clermont up the Hudson River to Albany- first commercially successful steamboat

Separation of Powers

Separating the government into executive, legislative, and judicial branch to disperse government power

Townshend Acts

Set up the Revenue Act which levied external taxes on colonial imports of glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. Set up a Board of Customs Commissioners. Reorganized vice-admiralty courts, providing four in the colonies.

What effects did the Civil War have in the trans-Mississippi West, including in Indian Territory?

Settlement continued in the west as usual. New discoveries of gold and silver lured thousands of migrants. Telegraph lines extended communication. The most intense fighting in the west occurred on the Kansas-Missouri border led by William Quantrill. Many Indian tribes found themselves caught up in the war. They fought on both sides and sometimes fought against each other breaking up tribes (Cherokees). There was a group of "Five Civilized Tribes" who held black slaves and felt a natural bond with southern whites.

Settlement house movement

Settlement houses sought to broaden the horizons and improve the lives of slum dwellers in diverse ways. They were staffed mainly by young, middle class idealists, mostly women who had few other means of work outside the home. Eventually settlement house leaders realized that the spreading slums made their work very ineffective so they began organizing political support for housing laws, public playgrounds, juvenile courts, and prohibiting child labor

Pocahontas

Settlers in Jamestown kidnapped Pocahontas in an effort to blackmail Powhatan. But then she chose to join her captors. That was when she married John Rolfe. She travelled to London with him and their infant son but died of lung disease a few months after they arrived.

Susan B. Anthony

She also worked for women's rights. She was unmarried so she was able to devote her whole life to the crusade.

Mother Jones

She joined the Knights of Labor, then became a speaker for the United Mine Workers. For the next thirty years she crossed the nation recruiting union members and supporting strikers. She was especially determined to end the exploitation of children in the workplace. She organized a strike of mutilated children in front of the home of the president and with the attention drawn to that, state legislatures raised the minimum legal working age to 14. She lost most of the strikes she participated in but over the course of her life wages increased, working conditions improved, and child labor diminished.

Anne Hutchinson

She was a Puritan who held meetings to discuss sermons that ended up being places for her commentary on all religious matters. She claimed to have received direct contact from God . She was banished and went to Rhode Island.

Elizabeth I-"The Virgin Queen"

She was the daughter of Ann Boleyn and Henry VIII. She ascended to the throne in 1558 and proved to be the best female ruler in history. Since she had a man's role and was considered illegitimate, she could not be Catholic. So the Church of England became Protestant in its own way. The organization and structure remained the same but the doctrines changed. The cult of saints was dropped and clergy were permitted to marry. Some people were not happy with this new religion and many of these Puritans left to build their own churches in America. Those who broke with the Church of England altogether were Separatists.

Social Gospel movement

Started mainly in the Protestant branch of Christianity. The ministers of this movement argued that people should try to emulate the life of Jesus Christ. During this time many churches devoted their resources to the care of the poor and community service.

Canal Era (1920-1840)

Started with the Erie Canal, which was the most successful. Canals were able to tie together the west and east but they also further isolated the deep south. Cost of freight plummeted

Social Darwinism

Social Darwinism implied a government policy of hands off. It decried the regulation of business, the graduated income tax, sanitation and housing regulations, and protected against medical quacks. They thought intervention would impede progress. They thought the only acceptable charity was voluntary.

William Penn

Son of Admiral Sir William Penn who supported Parliament in the civil war. He became a Quaker and when his father died he inherited a large amount of land that he called Pennsylvania. He made vigorous efforts to bring in more settlers to his new colony and it grew rapidly. He also had a good relationship with the Indians

American Anti-Slavery Society

Sought to convince people that slavery was a crime in the sight of God. It went beyond the issue of emancipation to argue that blacks should share civil and religious equality to whites.

Nullification

South Carolin was against the tariff of 1828, even when it was lowered a from 45% to 35%. John C. Calhoun led the movement for nullification. He thought that the tariff was unconstitutional and that the states had a right to nullify any act of government that was unconstitutional.

Why did southern states begin seceding after Lincoln's election in 1860s?

South Carolina was the first to secede, citing threats to slavery and asserting that a purely sectional Republican party had elected a man who was against slavery. They said the country could not survive half free and half slave. In total, seven states seceded by February. They elected Jefferson Davis as their President

Bourbon "redeemers"

Southern politics were dominated by small groups of Democratic leaders called redeemers, or Bourbons who supposedly redeemed the South from Yankee domination. Supporters including a rising class of entrepreneurs who were eager to promote a more diversified economy. They pursued a government fiscal policy of frugality except for tax exemptions and other favors they offered businesses. One of their worst contributions was convict leasing.They also repudiated a huge amount of debt which led to corruption.

"scalawags"

Southerners who opposed secession

Herman Melville

Spent a lot of time at sea and writing about that made him a success Also wrote Moby Dick, which explored the darker recesses of the soul. This book was not recognized during his life.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Spread the transcendentalist gospel. Took up the life of a poet, essayist, and popular speaker. Preached the good news of optimism, self-reliance, and an individual's unlimited potential.

Jim Crow laws

State laws enforcing racial segregation in the South. The first things these laws affected were railways.

How did the Confederation government deal with its post-war economic problems?

States began issuing paper money as a means of extending credit to hard-pressed farmers through state loans on farm mortgages. It was variously used to fund state debts and pay off the claims of veterans. Money never seriously depreciated in NY, PA, and SC. In Rhode Island though, creditors had to flee the state to avoid being paid in worthless paper.

What role did new Senatorial voices such as William Seward and Stephen Douglas play in the debate over the Compromise of 1850?

Stephen Douglas proposed breaking up the compromise into six separate parts to help it pass and it worked. Every part was passed. William Seward gave an anti-slavery reply to Webster declaring that the compromise with slavery was wrong and that slavery should be abolished.

Trusts

Stockholders conveyed their stocks to trustees, receiving trust certificates in return. The trustees were then empowered to give central direction to that company. The trust proved legally vulnerable to prosecution under state laws against monopolies or restraint of trade.

Embargo Act (1807)

Stopped all exports of American goods and prohibited American ships from leaving foreign ports. The embargo failed because Britain and France weren't really affected by it, smuggling was still very profitable, and the embargo was easy to get around. And it actually promoted the factory system, the very thing Jefferson was trying to avoid. Eventually , Jefferson repealed the act

Fugitive Slave Act

Strengthened hand of slave-catchers and offered incentive to kidnap free blacks. It denied alleged fugitives a jury trial and provided commissioners $10 when they certified delivery of an alleged slave and $5 when they refused certification. Violators could be imprisoned

Tecumseh

Tecumseh traveled from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico to form a confederation of tribes to defend Indian hunting grounds

Tenskwatawa (the Prophet)

Tecumseh's twin brother. He inspired a religious revival calling on Indians to resist alcohol and live a simple life and worship the "Master of Life"

In what ways did the Revolution affect the status of American women?

Temporarily during the war they gained more rights. For example, many supported the army, even fighting in it. The legal status did not improve much after the war though and women gained no permanent political rights. Many took advantage of the ambiguity of the property requirements for voting and voted util they were stopped in the early 19th century

Which American industries were the first to industrialize? Why? Where were they located?

Textiles in New England because of restrictions on imports like the Embargo.

Hamilton-Burr duel

The Federalists had a plan that depended on Burr winning the election as governor of NY. Hamilton opposed this plan, leading to Burr challenging him to a duel. Hamilton personally opposed the duel and was determined not to shoot at Burr. Burr ended up killing Hamilton, ruining his political career.

Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798

The Alien Act allowed the president to deport dangerous aliens on pain of imprisonment. The Sedition Act defined as a high misdemeanor any conspiracy against legal measures of the government, including insurrection or rioting. It also forbade writing, publishing, or speaking of anything of a false, scandalous, or malicious nature against the government or any of its officers. This was designed to punish Republicans

Why did many influential Americans in the 1780s desire a new form of government?

The Articles of Confederation weren't working and they wanted more unity among the states.

Barbary Pirates

The Barbary pirates had been practicing piracy and extortion for years and after the Revolution, American ships were no longer protected by British tribute which made them fair game. They also paid tribute to Morocco and other countries but in 1801 the pasha of Tripoli upped his demands and declared war on the US. In 1804, Stephen Decatur entered the Tripoli harbor and set fire to the captured ship, Philadelphia. The pasha settled for a $60,000 ransom and released the crew of the Philadelphia. This questioned Jefferson's decision to reduce the navy

Examine the effects of the Glorious Revolution on the American colonies

The Bill of Rights and Act of Toleration were passed in England. The overthrow of King James also set a precedent for revolution against a monarch. More colonies were also placed under royal control.

Albany Congress

The Board of Trade called commissioners from all colonies to New York to discuss the growing conflict in the backwoods and confer on precautions. Not much was accomplished. They have Iroquois gifts in return for halfhearted promises of support. They are really remembered for the Plan of Union.

How did the U.S. become entangled in the conflict between Britain and Napoleon's France?

The British had begun interfering with American shipping through things like impressment to keep supplies from France and destroy competition with British merchants. France had also passed two Decrees that could make American ships liable to seizure so for American shippers, there was a dilemma. If they traded with either side, they were subject to seizure by the other.

Burr Conspiracy trial

The Burr Conspiracy began when Burr met up with General James Wilkinson. People thought he was trying to get the Louisiana Territory to secede and set up an independent republic. Jefferson ordered his arrest and Burr tried to flee to Florida but was caught and charged with treason. The trial established two precedents. The first was that Jefferson ignored a subpoena requiring him to appear in court with certain papers, saying that if he did the independence of the executive branch would be compromised. The second was the definition of treason. The constitution required that there be two witnesses and when there wasn't, Burr was found not guilty.

Chief Justice Roger Taney

The Chief Justice on the Dred Scott case

Worcester v. Georgia

The Court held that the Cherokee Nation was a distinct community within which Georgia had no force. But Jackson ignored this ruling and proceeded with the Trail of Tears anyway

Election of 1860

The Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas and reaffirmed the platform from 1856, noninterference with slavery. The Republicans nominate Honest Abe, a more common man, over the early leader William Seward. Douglas tried to go on a nationwide campaign tour but it exhausted him, and eventually in was clear Lincoln would be the winner, even though he didn't win the popular vote.

How did European contact impact Indian civilizations?

The Europeans brought highly contagious diseases that the natives had never experienced before like smallpox, typhoid fever, and cholera. These diseases decimated the Indian population

Great Plains (Great American Desert)

The Great Plains were arid and extremely hard to farm so for a long time they were a refuge for Indians. But by the end of the 19th century people began to move there as a result of the discovery of gold and silver, destruction of buffalo, and collapse of Indian resistance. People began using whatever water was available and creating dry farming and irrigation techniques to be able to use the soil

Homestead Strike

The Homestead Works at Pittsburgh had good relations with Andrew Carnegie's company until Henry Clay Frick became its president. As negotiations with Frick dragged on, a strike began. Frick built a 12 foot fence around the plant and hired Pinkerton detectives to protect "Fort Frick". On July 6, 1892, when the Pinkertons sailed up the river, unionists were waiting and attacked. Six days later, militia appeared to protect the strikebreakers hired by Frick. The strike dragged on until November but by then the union was dead and much of the local sympathy for the strikers was gone.

George III

The King of England during the Revolutionary War period

Lowell system

The Lowell factories made up a factory town whose goal was to establish an industrial center compatible with the republican values of plain living and high thinking. The workers were mostly young women because there was a surplus of them and they were a source of cheap labor. The Lowell girls were given meal, boarding, and educational opportunities. Eventually the Lowell village deteriorated into the same industrial city that existed in England and the wages of the workers dropped

Stamp Act Congress

The Massachusetts House of Representatives issued a letter inviting delegates to confer in New York. 9 responded, forming the first Stamp Act Congress with 27 delegates. They issued an appeal to the king for relief and a petition to Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act, questioning Parliament's right to levy taxes.

Monitor and Merrimac (Virginia)

The Merrimack, or Virginia, was an ironclad steam frigate designed the threaten the Union's naval blockade. But the Union had also created an ironclad ship called the Monitor which engaged the Virginia, fighting to a draw. The Virginia returned to port where Confederates destroyed it soon after. After this, the Union tightened naval blockade.

How and why were the Middle Colonies so much more diverse than their northern or southern neighbors?

The Middle colonies were an economic and ethnic mix of the colonies on either side of them. Economically, their crops were those of New England but more bountiful because of better land. They then exported these to plantations in the South. They also followed the headright system of the south. Different ethnicities also controlled different parts of the colony. The most prominent ones were the German and Scotch-Irish.

Joseph Brant

The Mohawk leader of the Iriquois who killed hundreds of militiamen along the Pennsylvania frontier. He and the rest of the Iriquois confederacy were stopped by John Sullivan in 1779

How did the Civil War transform the economy of the North?

The National Banking Act created a uniform currency and system of banking.Public bonds also helped financially. And the sale of land through the Morrill Land Grant Act provided funds to create colleges. Measures like this helped stimulate the North's economy in the years after the war

Northern pre-war advantages

The North had a far greater population, even more so considering the fact that the South had 4 million slaves that didn't fight. They were also the base of industrialization, producing 97% of the firearms. They also had more railroads than the south. And they had the bulk of banking and financial resources. lastly, they led in naval strength.

Pueblo Revolt of 1680-Popé

The Pueblo Indians had grown tired of Oñate's rule over the years and in 1680, a charismatic Indian leader named Popé organized a massive rebellion that spread across hundreds of miles. Within a few weeks, the Spanish had been driven from New Mexico. The Indians had burned churches, tortured and executed priests, and destroyed all relics of Catholicism. It was the greatest setback Indians ever inflicted on European efforts in the New World. It took 14 years to re-establish control over New Mexico.

Compromise of 1877

The Republicans promise that if elected they would remove federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina, letting Republican governments there collapse. In return, Democrats would withdraw their opposition to hayes, accept Reconstruction amendments, and refrain from partisan reprisals against Republicans in the south. Then the Democrats abandoned Tilden, leaving Hayes to win the election

Southern pre-war advantages

The South had a major geographical advantage, they were fighting mostly a defensive war on their own territory. They also had much better generals than the North. Originally there was the possibility of British or French allies which would have been a major advantage too.

How was education distributed unequally throughout the country in the mid-nineteenth century?

The South had less education because the kids needed to do farm work.

Distribution Act and Specie Circular

The Specie Circular required that land be paid for in gold or silver. The Distribution Act was an act that distributed federal surplus to state banks

Greenback Party

The Treasury reduced the value of greenbacks in circulation, which infuriated those promoting an inflationary monetary policy and prompted the formation of this party.

What were the legacies of the Mexican War?

The US acquired more than 300,000 square miles or territory. The war was also the first successful offensive war in which martial law was declared on foreign soil, the first in which West Point graduates played a major role, and the first reported by modern war correspondents. It was also the first significant combat experience for a new group of officers. It made the US a transcontinental nation.

Treaty of Greenville (1795)

The United States bought from 12 tribes the rights to the southeastern quarter of the Northwestern Territory and enclaves at sites of Detroit, Chicago, and Vincennes. They paid $10,000 annually for this

Yamasee War (1715-1716)

The Yamasses felt betrayed because white traders paid them less for their Tuscarora captives than they wanted. White traders also cheated the Yamasees, confiscated their land, and enslaved women and children to try to settle their massive debt. In 1715, the Yamasees attacked coastal plantations and their attacks continued for months. Most of the white traders were killed. The governor mobilized everyone to defend the colony but the war didn't end until he convinced the Cherokees to join them in defense.

Manumission

The act of a slave owner freeing his slaves

Cohens v. Virginia

The court assumed the right to take appeals from the state courts on the grounds that the Constitution, laws, and treaties of the US could be kept uniformly the supreme law of the land only if the court could review decisions of state courts. In this case, the court upheld Virginia's right to forbid the sale of lottery tickets

Fletcher v. Peck

The court struck down both a federal and a state law as unconstitutional

Plains of Abraham/ Battle of Quebec

The battle that won England the war and ended French power in North America. British forces, led by James Wolfe, waited out the advance of General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and then opened fire when they were in close range.

"woman's sphere"

The belief that a woman's place was in the home and that they should be trained in the domestic arts

Frederick Douglass

The best known black man in America. He started an abolitionist newspaper called the North Star and his narrative is the best known out of hundreds of slave accounts.

Causes of the Civil War

The cause of the Civil War was slavery. Other issues arose as part of that though. These issues included states rights, economic differences, cultural differences, free labor ideology, national leadership, and the collapse of the party system.

What types of industries began to develop in the post-war South? How did they affect the economy?

The chief accomplishment was the expansion of the region's textile production. Tobacco growth also increased. Lumbering also became a thriving industry. Coal production also increased. This led to an increase in the need for housing. Lumber also decimated the forests but luckily, the warm climate caused them to regrow quickly

William James

The chief philosopher of Pragmatism. His book was called Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking. He shared Lester Frank Ward's focus on the role of ideas in the process of evolution.

Henry Clay's American System

The chief points were to repeal the Treasury Act, establish a third Bank of the United States, distribution to the states of money from federal land sales, and higher tariffs.

Currency Act

The colonies had a shortage of money so they issued their own paper money. So Greenville prohibited the colonies from printing money so the value of the existing money declined. Had a deflationary impact- jolted colonial economy

General Sam Houston

The commander in chief of the Texas forces. He was a Tennessee frontiersman who learned under Andrew Jackson and had represented the Nashville district in Congress. He led troops to a huge victory at San Jacinto

Why did sport and recreational activities increase in popularity in the late nineteenth century?

The congestion and disease of city life prompted many to take up a sport or other recreational activity to restore their health and vitality. This movement resulted in the creation of Central Park. These were at first just places to walk but soon croquet and tennis courts were added. Bicycles also became popular, especially with women. High scale entertainment became common in the creation of places like Coney Island. Spectator sports like basketball, football, and baseball also became popular.

Why did the buffalo herds diminish so dramatically in the late nineteenth century and what impact did this reduction have on the Plains Indians?

The conventional story focuses on intensive harvesting of buffalo by white hunters after the Civil War. But they disappeared for a variety of environmental reasons. These included a significant change in climate, competition with other animals, and a cattle-borne disease. A drought also devastated buffalo herds by reducing grassland. So even if there hadn't been any hunters, the buffalo wouldn't have lasted much longer because of all the environmental factors

Hartford Convention

The conventions proposed seven constitutional amendments designed to limit Republican influence, including ending the 3/5 compromise and requiring a 2/3 vote to declare war. They threatened to secede if their demands were not met. Their timing was off though since the US had just won the war when their convention was meeting.

Transcontinental railroad

The desire for this railroad was sparked by growing American commercial interests in Asia. People wanted to connect the eastern seaboard with the Pacific coast. The Gadsden Purchase was made to help realize this goal. The railroad reignited sectional issues in the country.

How was the cattle industry transformed by the technological advancements of the nineteenth century?

The development of an air cooled cars and refrigeration to ship beef allowed the industry to expand further west while still keeping the markets in the east. Barbed wire was also invented which ranchers used to fence off their claims at a low price. However, the advancements in shipping led to the cowboys settling into a more sedentary existence

What was the connection between Barbados and the Carolina colony?

The eight lords proprietors recruited seasoned British planters from Barbados to replicate the West Indian sugar plantation based on African slave labor. And form that point, for the next 20 years, half of British colonies came from Barbados.

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments of the Constitution. These amendments protected individual freedoms like freedom of speech or the right to bear arms.

Vasco Nuñez de Balboa

The first European to sight the Pacific Ocean, after he crossed the Isthmus of Panama.

House of Burgesses

The first legislative assembly of elected representatives in North America. This was the legislature of Virginia form 1619 to 1776.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

The first major interstate strike in history. After the panic of 1873 and the ensuing depression, the major rail lines had cut wages. In 1877 they made another cut which led most of the rail workers to walk off the job and block the tracks. Without organized direction, the group disintegrated into a mob that burned and plundered the railroad property. Walkouts and sympathy demonstrations spread from Maryland to San Francisco. Federal troops finally quelled the violence. Public opinion tended to blame the workers and eventually they all had to go back to work, making the strikes a failure. But the strikes demonstrated the potential union strength and the need for tighter organization

Herbert Spencer

The first major prophet of Social Darwinism. He argued that human society and institutions also passed through the process of natural selection. He coined the phrase "survival of the fittest". He thought society naturally evolved for the better and so government interference would be a serious mistake.

Auburn Penitentiary

The first model of the new system that opened in New York in 1816. The prisoners had separate cells and gathered for meal times and group labor. Discipline was severe. Advocates argued it had a positive effect and saved money and soon others opened like it.

John Locke's Two Treatises on Government

The first treatise refuted the theory of divine rights of kings. The second established the social contract theory- people could overthrow an unjust monarch

John Tyler

The first vice president to succeed on the death of a president. He served practically all of Harrison's term. Youngest president to date but had a long career. Officially known as a Whig but could be called an Old Republican. He opposed all of Clay's program and was in favor of state's rights and strict construction.

What were the five tribes of the Iroquois League and where were they located?

The five original tribes in the confederacy were the Mohawk (New York), Oneida (Wisconsin), Onondaga (New York), Cayuga (Oklahoma), and Seneca (New York). Later the Tuscarora joined the confederacy as well.

Alexander Hamilton

The founder and leader of the Federalist party

"contrabands"

The fugitive slaves that turned up in Union army camps. Many times they were put to work building fortifications. Other times they were just set free.

Tea Act

The government allowed the mismanaged East India Tea Company to send its south Asian tea directly to America without paying any duties. This allowed the British tea merchants to undercut their colonial competitors.

William Henry Harrison

The governor of Indiana Territory. He learned about Tecumseh's plan and met with him twice before deciding that he needed to be stopped.

Lord De La Warr

The governor of Virginia. Delaware was named after him

How did the American victory in the Mexican War contribute to growing sectional tensions?

The question of slavery was no longer hypothetical. It was clear Oregon would be a free state but the decision was postponed in the southwest

Manifest Destiny

The idea that God felt the United States should extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and beyond. This offered a moral justification for expansion but also provoked greed and imperial ambition.

Deism

The idea that God planned the universe, built it, set it in motion, then left it to its own fate. They rejected the belief that every statement in the Bible was true. They were skeptical of miracles and questioned the divine Jesus. And they defended free speech and freedom from religious coercion.

The "Protestant ethic"

The idea that hard work and worldly success could be interpreted as a sign of eternal salvation.

Unitarianism

The idea that people were not inherently depraved and all were eligible for salvation. They insisted that man was too good to be damned. Many well-educated New Englanders believed in this

Virginia Plan

The idea that they should just scrap the Articles of Confederation and make a new document from scratch. It proposed separate legislative, executive, and judicial branches and a truly national government to make laws binding on individual citizens as well as states. Said Congress would be divided into two houses, a lower house chosen by popular vote and an upper house of senators elected by the legislature.

What were the effects of Washington's decision to inoculate the Continental Army against smallpox?

The inoculation was a success and one of Washington's greatest strategies. It allowed the Continental army to become immune to smallpox, the disease that had been decimating them earlier in the war (Quebec)

Great Sioux War

The largest military event since the Civil War and one of the largest campaigns against Indians in American history. It started when General Custer led groups of settlers into Indian hunting grounds in the Black Hills. The war lasted 15 months. The army compelled the Sioux to give up their hunting grounds in return for payment. Forced onto reservations, many starved to death or died of disease. The war ended with the capture of Geronimo

Stono Rebellion (1739)

The largest slave rebellion in the colonies. A group of slaves went down the Stono River towards Spanish Florida, where the Spanish had promised freedom to any slaves that escaped there. They killed some whites along the way and were eventually defeated by the militia in South Carolina. Most of the captured slaves were executed and the rest were sold.

Jane Addams

The leader of Hull House. She rejected the "do-goodism" spirit of religious reformers and tried to avoid the assumption that she and the other social workers knew what was best for the poor immigrants. Her approach used Pragmatism instead of preaching, focusing on the practical needs of the working poor. She helped enroll children in clubs and schools and set up nurseries. She won the Nobel Peace Prove for her work in the peace movement.

Samuel Gompers

The leader of the AFL from its start until his death in 1924. He was more suited than Powderly to the union world and willingly used the strike to achieve favorable trade agreements.

John D. Rockefeller

The leader of the Standard Oil Company. He wanted to weed out all his competitors so he approached companies trying to buy them out. If they refused, they were forced out. In 6 weeks he had taken over 22 of his 26 competitors. He made a fortune but gave most of it away to support advances in education and medicine. He believed his fortune was a public trust awarded by God and became the world's leading philanthropist.

Big Bill Haywood

The leader of the Wobblies. He proposed the concept of one all inclusive union dedicated to socialism. He eventually fled to the Soviet Union, where he died.

What types of manufacturing did develop in the antebellum South?

The main source of manufacturing was the Tredgar Iron Works which used slave labor to produce cannon, shot and shell, axes, saws, bridge materials, boilers, steam engines, and locomotives. But the region still lagged far behind the north.

Quantrill's Raiders

The major Confederate leader in the West along the Kansas-Missouri line. He and his teenage pro-slavery followers fought under a black flag. They destroyed Lawrence, Kansas. Their opponents were the Jayhawkers who tortured and hanged pro-Confederate prisoners, burned houses, and destroyed livestock

Lester Frank Ward

The major philosopher of Reform Darwinism. He wrote a book called Dynamic Sociology, which singled out the thing Social Darwinism had neglected- the human brain. He argued that humanity could control the process of evolution.

Henry Grady

The major prophet of the South. He was the editor of the Atlanta Constitution. He was the one who set forth the vision of the New South in comparison with the Old South.

Panic of 1873

The market for railroad bonds turned sour as 25 railroads defaulted on their interest payments. Jay Cooke and Company went bankrupt. There was a stampede of investors eager to exchange securities for cash and it forced the stock market to close for 10 days. The panic set off a depression that lasted 6 years. People blamed the party in power so the Republican party was hurt greatly.

William Ellery Channing

The most inspiring unitarian leader. He moved to Boston and wrote about all the progress that had been made with his new faith.

Pullman Strike

The most notable walkout in history, paralyzing the economics of 27 states. George Pullman laid off half the employees and cut wages but not rent and other charges so a strike began led by Eugene Debs. Railroad executives brought in strikebreakers to connect mail cars to Pullman cars so that interference with Pullman cars would mean interference with the mail. Clashes occurred and the workers ignored Debs's pleas for an orderly boycott and began destroying property. Federal troops interfered and eventually the union called off the strike

Emily Dickinson

The most original and powerful of the New England poets. She was a recluse who focused her writings on her own shifting psychological state. Her themes were life, death, fear, loneliness, nature, and above all, God.

Walt Whitman

The most provocative writer in the antebellum period. He was fascinated with urban things. He was criticized for explicit sexual references. He also stood out because he rejected the idea that a woman's sphere was in a supportive and dependent role.

American Protective Association

The most successful of the nativist groups, operated in Protestant strongholds of the upper Mississippi River. The members had fantasies of Catholic conspiracies and were eager to keep public schools free from Jesuit control. It grew slowly and then attracted a huge number of members as a result of the depression. They promoted restrictions on immigrants, more stringent naturalization requirements, workplaces that refused to employ aliens or Catholics, and the teaching of the "American" language in schools.

Separatists

The most uncompromising sect of Puritans who had severed all ties with the Church of England

Wampanoags

The neighboring Indians of the pilgrims who

Citizen Genet

The new French ambassador. He engaged privateers to capture British ships and had an eye to attack Spanish Florida. He also denounced Washington's neutrality policy. Jefferson decided he had done enough when he violated a promise not to outfit a captured British ship, something that could have made Britain declare war against US. In August 1793, Washington demanded his recall. At the same time, France sent a minister with a warrant for his arrest so to avoid being killed, he sought asylum in the US.

Henry Clay Frick

The new president of Andrew Carnegie's company. He was impatient with unions and started a cost cutting reduction in the number of workers, leading to the Homestead Strike.

Convention of 1818

The northern limit was settled by extending the national boundary along the 49th parallel. Oregon was also opened to joint occupation by the British and Americans, but the boundary remained unsettled. The right of Americans to fish off Newfoundland and Labrador was also granted.

Antinomianism

The notion that obedience to religious laws earns salvation. Now, this is viewed as an extension of justification by faith alone.

Nat Turner

The only rebellion that got past the planning stage. Turner was a black overseer who led the rebellion. The revolt began when a small group of slaves killed the adults and children on their plantation and set off down the road, repeating the process at other farmhouses where other slaves joined in. Before it ended 55 whites had been killed. Large numbers of slaves were killed too when militias tried to stop the rebellion. 17 slaves were hanged.

"Freedom dues"

The payment servants customarily received upon completion of their contracts.

"Forty-niners"

The people who rushed to California to find gold. Mostly unmarried young men looking to strike rich and go home

Describe the planter class and their political influence.

The planters were the ones that owned slaves, which was a surprisingly small number, one fourth of the population of the south. These planters were the elite but they tended to think of their class interests as the interests of the entire south and thought they were community leaders.

Urbanization

The population shift from rural to urban areas that occurred. An urban area was defined as a place with 8000 or more inhabitants. Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston, and New York were the four largest cities. Urbanization was a consequence of economic growth and a positive force in its promotion

Jay Gould

The prince of the railroad robber barons. He bought rundown railroads, made cosmetic improvements, and sold at a profit while using corporate funding for personal investment and bribes.

What effects did the Revolution have on the rights of poorer citizens?

The property requirements for voting were lowered so that allowed more poorer citizens to vote (still only white men)

First Bull Run

The public had pressured both sides to act quickly and decisively so Davis allowed Beauregard to hurry the Confederate army to the railroad center at Manassas Junction, Virginia. Lincoln thought that the Union army under McDowell could overrun the outnumbered Confederates and march to Richmond. They both had the same strategy, to drive out the left flank. The Union almost succeeded but southern reinforcements arrived. After McDowell's last assault faltered, they retreated in a panic. This battle was a sign that the war would be a long and costly struggle, not quick as everyone had originally thought.

Why did standards of living rise at the turn of the century at the same time that working and living conditions remained precarious for many?

The rich were getting richer, which means that a lot of other people were at least a little better off. Upward mobility from blue collar to white collar was very common. But the disparities of wealth were still large. Because of a decline in the cost of living and prices, wages went up 50%. But working conditions were still long and dangerous.

Saloon culture

The saloon was considered the poor man's social club. They provided food and drink but they were also public homes, offering haven to people who worked 10 hour days. They were especially popular among male immigrants seeking friends and companionship in a new land. They were often aligned with political machines and held many elections. They were also refuge for the poor because they were heated and offered public restrooms. They were mainly for men, although women and children sometimes entered. They aroused a lot of criticism and opponents formed the Anti-Saloon League and the Women's Christian Temperance Union.

How did cotton production affect the U.S. export economy and the development of the South?

The southern economy was taken over by cotton until panic of 1837 when prices fell, crashing the economy. These crops also exhausted the soil which took a toll on the economy as well. But the development of cotton also led to the development of slaves, which defined the south.

Streetcar suburbs

The spread of mass transit allowed large numbers of people to become commuters and the growing middle class moved to these quieter suburbs where they could travel to the city for business or entertainment.

Ellis Island

The state run Castle Garden receiving center was overflowed with corruption. So the government's new Bureau of Immigration took over the business of admitting newcomers in New York City. Ellis Island open din 1892 and eventually became the busiest receiving center for immigrants. Most of the immigrants who went to Ellis Island were young

Brigham Young

The successor to Joseph Smith. After the murder of Smith, he made peace with the neighbors and promised an early exodus from Nauvoo. He chose a new land in Salt Lake City.

Popular ("squatter") sovereignty

The suggestion that the citizens of a territory regulate their own internal concerns, like the citizens of a state. This combines the merits of expediency and democracy and it put the issue of slavery directly in the hands of those it affected.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

The supreme writer of the New England group. Did not share the optimism of his neighbors. He was haunted by the knowledge of evil passed to him by his Puritan ancestors. Most of his works dealt with sin and its consequences- pride and selfishness, secret guilt, and the impossibility of rooting out sin in the human soul

Checks and Balances

The system that goes with separation of powers. This is the idea that each branch of the government can check the other one to make sure no branch can rule over the others or have more power than the others.

How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act contribute to the destruction of the Whigs and the emergence of the Republican Party?

The tension around the Act causes Southern whigs to abstain from voting. And northern Whigs gravitated to two new parties. One was the Know-Nothing party and the other was the new Republican Party made up of mostly Northern Whigs who combined with independent Democrats and Free-Soilers

Describe anarchism's development and the reasons for its spread in the late nineteenth century.

The tensions between labor and management helped generate the doctrine of anarchism. They believed the government was an abusive device used by the rich and powerful to oppress and exploit the working poor. They dreamed of the eventual disappearance of government. One favored tactic was dramatic acts of violence against representatives of the government.

"The Significance of the Frontier in American History"

The thesis written by Frederick Jackson Turner. It said that the expansion west has helped shape American life. But now that the frontier is settled, the first period of American history is over. This guided scholars for several generations. He also said the West would be fundamentally different now that expansion was over

Chattanooga

The third great Union victory. In late summer, the Union army led by Rosencrans took Chattanooga and rashly pursued Bragg's rebel forces into Georgia. The battle had the makings of a Union disaster because the Confederates had a numerical advantage. The Union forces fell back but Lincoln encouraged them to hang on and sent reinforcements, replacing Rosencrans with Thomas and Grant. Eventually they took Lookout Mountain and dislodged the rebels.

Trail of Tears

The trail the Cherokees took westward, lasting 800 miles, marked by the cruelty and neglect of soldiers and private contractors

Treaty of Paris of 1763

The treaty that ended French power in North America. Britain took all French American possessions to the east of the Mississippi (except New Orleans) and all of Spanish Florida. They invited Spanish settlers to remain but few accepted

What trends in nineteenth century America led to the development of reform movements?

The urge to eradicate evil which had its roots in widespread sense of spiritual zeal and the moral mission to achieve perfection.

"cult of domesticity"

The view in the 1800s that women should do all their work in the home. People believed women should not go to things like minstrel shows because they were too disorderly for proper women

The "starving time"

The winter of 1609-1610, during which most of the colonists, weakened by hunger, died of disease and starvation. This happened because of a prolonged drought that had hindered efforts to grow food.

How did early factories recruit workers? Who were their primary employees?

Their employees were mostly young women from New England farm families who needed money. The mills would provide the girls with good working conditions, food, boarding, and educational and cultural opportunities.

"Visible Saints"

These are people who could prove that they had received a message of God's grace.

"bonanza farms"

These were farms in Minnesota, the Dakotas, and central California with access to machinery for mass production

How/why did evangelical southern churches support slavery?

They cited biblical passages to defend slavery and said that patriarchs of the Hebrew Bible held people in bondage and that Jesus had remained silent on the subject

Mayas

They developed great city centers with huge pyramids, temples, and palaces. They also developed enough math and astronomy to create a calendar more accurate than the one the Europeans were using at the time. Their culture collapsed in 900 A.D. because of overexploited rainforests, deforestation, overpopulation, civil wars, and finally were conquered by the Toltecs.

Aztecs

They founded the city of Tenochtitlan, under what is now Mexico City, and gradually expanded their control over central Mexico. They leader was Moctezuma II, who as ruling when the Spanish invaded in 1519

What were the powers of the colonial assemblies?

They had the power of the purse which meant they had the right to vote on taxes and expenditures. They also had the power to initiate legislation and act on proposals from governor and council. They also got the power to name tax collectors and treasurers, which they extended to be able to name public printers, Indian agents, supervisors and other officials

What were the effects of the revenue act?

They increased government revenue but the cost was great because they indirectly hurt British manufacturers and had to be collected in colonial ports (high collection costs). It also posed a severe threat to colonial assemblies.

Plantation mistress

They rarely lived a life of leisure. They were in charge of the domestic household, overseeing supply, preparation of food, cleaning, caring for the sick, and management of the slaves. They were held to a double standard- expected to behave as examples of Christian piety and purity, while their husbands behaved the opposite, often fathering children with slaves.

Mississippians-Cahokia

They resembled the Mayan and Aztec societies in its intensive agriculture, substantial towns built around central plazas, temple mounds, and death cults that involved human torture and sacrifice. They developed a specialized labor force, an effective government, and an extensive trading network. They worshipped the sun. Their culture peaked in the 14th and 15th centuries and then died out due to diseases transmitted to Europe.

By the early 1800s, how did most white Americans perceive the Indians?

They treated them similarly to how they treated African Americans. They frequently pushed them off their land to expand westward. This attitude was supported by Jackson, who had fought the Indians at the battle of Horseshoe Bend

How and why did the Supreme Court interpret the Constitution in such a way as to thwart regulatory efforts?

They turned the due process clause into a bulwark for private property. They interpreted the word "person" in the clause to include corporations. Second, they established the principle of substantive due process which allowed judges to overturn laws that deprived persons of property to an unreasonable degree, thereby violating due process. They also derived a new liberty of contract doctrine, translating to an employee's liberty to contract for work under the most oppressive conditions without interference from the state.

What arguments did southern apologists use to defend slavery?

They used religion, citing the bible, they also looked at it logically. They said slavery was profitable and it was a matter of social necessity, saying that blacks and whites could not live together without fear of a race war.

How did the Confederacy attempt to deal with the political challenges of a national system based on states' rights?

They wanted to use military despotism, which meant the government was run by the military. Davis was in charge of the military so this would have worked well for him but the vice president carried on a running battle against his efforts.

The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)

They were the most influential of any radical groups that resulted from the English civil war. They were founded by George Fox in 1647 and followed the doctrine of individual inspiration and interpretation. they embraced pacifism and denounced formal sacraments, refusing to give deference to persons of rank. They extended their toleration to all religions and promoted equality of sexes.

How unified were Americans in their support of the revolutionary cause at the outbreak of the American Revolution?

They weren't united at all. Choosing sides divided friends, families, and even cities. This caused brutalities on both sides. For example, mobs of Patriots executed Tories and state governments confiscated their homes and properties

Abigail Adams

Wrote to her husband saying that if women were denied their rights, they would eventually rebel.

Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species

This argued that the existing species, including humans, had evolved through a long process of natural selection from less complex forms of life. This view shocked those who held conventional religious views. Some of the faithful rejected his doctrine while others were severely shaken by it.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

This case involved an attempt by the New Hampshire legislature to alter a provision in Dartmouth's charter. The state's Republican legislature placed Dartmouth under a new board named by the governor. The original trustees sued and won on appeal to the Supreme Court. Marshall said the charter was a contract that the legislature had impaired, which was forbidden by the Constitution. This expanded the term contract and put private corporations beyond the reach of the state that chartered them

Reform Darwinism

This challenged Social Darwinism, saying that cooperation, not competition, would better promote progress. It said that irrational distrust of the government might have been justified before but was not applicable in a representative system. They thought the government could ameliorate property and promote the education of the masses. Intelligence was the most important factor.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

This colony was colonized by Puritans who intended to make a holy commonwealth with a church that had membership limited to visible saints. In 1629 Charles I issued a charter for this colony to a group for Puritans led by John Winthrop.

Massachusetts General Court

This court was composed of shareholders called freemen and eventually turned into a representative body with two or three deputies to represent each town. It was the supreme judicial and legislative body and had the powers to levy taxes, pass laws, and choose the governor

"We shall be as a city upon a hill"

This is what Winthrop said to his fellow Puritans- that they should be a shining example of what a godly community is like.

Anti-Masonic Party

This party grew out of popular hostility towards the Masonic order. They had three important firsts: they were the firs third party, the first party to hold a national nominating convention, and the first to announce a platform. They nominated William Wirt of Maryland

Treaty of Tientsin

This treaty opened eleven more ports and granted Americans the right to travel through China.

Treaty of Wanghsia

This treaty opened four ports, including Shanghai, to American trade.

American Federation of Labor

This was a federation of national organizations, each of which retained a degree of autonomy ad exercised greater leverage against management. They focused on economic gains like higher wages, shorter hours, better working conditions, and avoided involvement with politics. It grew slowly but by 1890 it had surpassed the Knights of Labor in membership. It had its greatest success in organizing skilled workers

Indentured servitude

This was a system where young men from England paid their way to the New World by working for an employer for a certain number of years. This began due to high levels of poverty and unemployment in England.

Anaconda Plan

This was a three pronged plan designed by Winfield Scott. it first called for the Army of the Potomac to defend Washington and exert pressure on the Confederate capital at Richmond. At the same time, the navy would blockade the southern ports and dry up their access to foreign good and weapons. Last, the plan would divide up the Confederacy by invading the south along its main water routes: the Mississippi, Tennessee, and Cumberland rivers. This should slowly crush southern resistance.

Molly Maguires

This was an Irish group who used intimidation, beatings, and killings to right perceived wrongs against Irish workers. They were motivated by dangerous working conditions in the mines and the owner's brutal efforts to suppress union activities. When the terrorism reached its height, the mine owners hired Pinkerton detectives to stop the movement and the leaders were indicted. 24 were convicted, 10 were hanged. The trials also resulted in a wage reduction in the mines and the destruction of the Miners' National Association, a weak union the Mollies had dominated.

Mayflower Compact

This was an agreement for the Pilgrims to form a church and the belief that God had made a covenant with them to proved a way to salvation. The civil government grew naturally out of this compact.

National Labor Union

This was composed of congressional delegates from labor and reform groups more interested in political and social reform than in bargaining with employers. The group supported eight hour work days, workers' cooperatives, greenbacksim, and equal rights for women and African Americans. But by 1872, it had disbanded. But it was influential in persuading Congress to enact an eight hour workday and to repeal the Contract of Labor Act.

Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies)

This was designed to be one big union, like the Knights of Labor, including skilled and unskilled workers. The goal was an idea that the government should be destroyed and replaced with one big union. This group was split by sectarian disputes.

Wilmot Proviso

This was designed to eliminate slavery within the land acquired in the Mexican War. David Wilmot and other Democrats feared the addition of a pro-slavery territory so he proposed an amendment to the bill saying that slavery will never exist in the new territories. Calhoun designed a thesis to oppose the proviso saying it would violate the 5th Amendment because slaves are considered property

Dominion of New England

This was established by James II. He had the government named by royal authority and ruled without assemblies. The governor was Sir Edmund Andros who took over Puritan Church for Anglican worship. The colonists were against the taxation without consent of general court.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

This was the first case in which the Supreme Court declared a federal law unconstitutional. Adams had appointed Marbury Chief Justice but his commission papers were still undelivered when Madison took office and Jefferson ordered him to withhold them. Marbury then sued ordering Madison to deliver his commission. Marshall and the court decided that Marbury deserved his commission but that the court had no jurisdiction in this case and could not make a decision, declaring the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional (judicial review)

Election of 1796

This was the first partisan election for president. Federalist candidates were John Adams with Thomas Pinckney. Republican candidates were Thomas Jefferson with Aaron Burr. Jefferson almost made it into office but Hamilton had a plan to make sure Carolinians divided their vote between Pinckney and Jefferson. The New Englanders learned of the scheme adn dropped Pinckney, causing Adams to win the presidency.

Gettysburg

This was the war's climactic battle. A Confederate search party entered Gettysburg, PA to search for shoes and encountered Union cavalry. The main forces quickly converged and the Confederates pushed the Federals out of town but into stronger positions on high ground. The new commander, George Meade hastened reinforcements and the Confederates assaulted his army in vain. The next day Lee staked everything on a final assault led by Pickett and they were overwhelmed, and everyone was killed or wounded. Lee had to retreat with only a third of his army left. Lincoln made the Gettysburg address at the site of the battle to dedicate the cemetery.

Free Soil Party

Those who supported free soil in the new territories rather than abolition in the slave states. Made up of rebellious northern Democrats (Van Burenite Democrats), anti-slavery Whigs (Conscience Whigs), and members of the Liberty party. They nominated Van Buren for president and endorsed the Wilmot proviso but were not successful

Shakers- Mother Ann Lee

Thought religious fervor was a sign of the Holy Ghost. had strange fits in which they saw visions and prophesied. Thought God was a dual personality-masculine and feminine. Practiced celibacy to prepare themselves for the perfection promised in Heaven. Few members remained alive by the 20th century. Mother Ann Lee was the leader of the Shakers. The feminine element in the community to balance out the masculine element of Christ

Rutherford B. Hayes

Three time elected governor of Ohio and advocate of hard money. He was nominated by the Republicans. He didn't offend Radicals or reformers which was rare.

How did the Marshall Court establish the power of the federal government over the states? How did it expand capitalism?

Through cases like Gibbons v. Ogden.This expanded capitalism because it allowed extensive development of steamboat navigation and eventually railroads.

What was the principle crop in the Chesapeake region?

Tobacco

Battle of Bunker Hill

Took place on Breed's hill. Americans waited until British were 15 feet away then fired volleys, causing them to scramble. They regrouped and tried again, with the same results. On the third attempt the colonists ran out of gunpowder and the British took the high ground. But their casualties were almost three times as much as the colonies, which made the English generals more cautious with the Continental army. After this, Congress also recommended that all able-bodied men enlist in a militia which made a middle ground between Patriots and Loyalists almost impossible.

Christopher Columbus

Took to the sea at a young age and taught himself geography, navigation, and Latin. He was dazzled by the prospect of Asian riches and developed a plan to reach the Indies by sailing west. He convinced Ferdinand and Isabella to fund his expedition. He ended up reaching Hispaniola and sailed home, thinking he had reached Asia.

Railroad Boom

Trains were favored because of their economy, speed, and reliability. They could go faster than a stagecoach or a boat and reduced the cost of transportation. They also encouraged new settlement and the expansion of farming. It also provided a huge market for iron and other equipment. And it was able to operate year round

Pontiac's Rebellion

Tribes in the Ohio River Valley thought they would get their land back when the French left. But the British cut off trade with them and started moving into their land. To try to regain their land, they struck back in 1763, taking British forts and raiding colonial settlements. This convinced the British government that all Indians had to be removed

Vera Cruz

Troops led by Winfield Scott landed on the beaches of Vera Cruz in 1847. This was the first amphibious operation and Vera Cruz surrendered after a weeklong siege

Vicksburg

Ulysses Grant had been moving his army toward the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg in Mississippi. He thought if they could take over Mississippi, they could divide the Confederacy in two. He swept eastward on a brilliant campaign taking Jackson where he seized or destroyed supplies then turned westward pinning the Confederates inside Vicksburg. He wore them down by bombarding and starving the to death

Lecompton Constitution

Under this constitution, Kansas would be a slave state even though it was in the hands of anti-slavery legislature. This only passed because of the support of Buchanan. This constitution basically ended Kansas's role in the slave controversy

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Under this treaty, Mexico gave up all claims to Texas above the Rio Grande and ceded California and New Mexico to the US. In return, the US paid Mexico $15 million and assumed the claims of US citizens against Mexico to a total of $3.25 million

How did the Civil War affect civil liberties in the North?

Union civil liberties were tightened during the war. Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and more than 1400 arrests were made without recourse to this writ. Many Union sympathizers were also arrested without any real evidence against them

Why did unions begin to form in the early nineteenth century and why did they face such opposition?

Unions formed to try to gain better conditions, insurance benefits, better wages, ensure quality control, and get protective tariffs put into place. They were prosecuted as unlawful conspiracies

Telegraph

Until the telegraph, communication was conveyed by boat, train, etc. Now people could get news instantaneously

What factors led to the rise of European exploration?

Urbanization, world trade, the rise of centralized national states, and advances in knowledge, technology, and firepower. Also, natural human curiosity, greed, and religious zeal.

What strategy did Grant adopt in pursuing Lee's armies across the South?

Usually after being attacked, Union soldiers would pull back to regroup before moving forward. Grant slid to the left and kept moving each time. He eventually beat the Confederates at Petersburg but earned the nickname the Butcher.

Why did Presidents Jackson, Van Buren, and Harrison oppose the annexation of Texas?

Van Buren was opposed because he thought a war might break out and ruin his chances for reelection. Jackson also didn't want a war with Mexico and didn't want Texas to become another slave state. Harrison felt the same as Jackson.

Vaudeville

Variety shows featuring comedians, singers, black-face minstrels, plays, jugglers, dancers, and magicians. These shows attracted all social classes, men, women, and children. They were popular because they included something to please every taste.

Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class

Veblen had a background of formal training in economics. He was a horrible teacher but a great writer. His best known work was The Theory of the Leisure Class which examined the values of the middle class and introduced phrases that they used. He argued that property became the conventional basis of reputation. For the upper class, it was necessary to be unproductive to prove they could afford a life of leisure. He also thought that the businessman's interest in profits and ignorance of efficiency produced wasteful organization and a failure to realize the potential of modern technology.

Anglicanism

Virginia governor William Berkeley decided that his colony was to be Anglican. He passed laws that required Puritans and Quakers to leave. And by the early 18th century the Anglican church was the established church in all of the South. But the scattered population and absence of bishops made centralized control difficult which was very different from the Church of England.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

W.E.B. DuBois helped found this organization whose goal was complete equality for African Americans and end racial hate and discrimination.

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

Washington issued this proclamation about the war between France and Great Britain, essentially declaring the treaty with Paris null and void. Instead of this settling matters in his Cabinet, it brought the feud to a point between Hamilton and Jefferson

What fueled industries in this period?

Water, this was why they were situated in New England, because there were plenty of rivers to power factories.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Webster was the Secretary of State and Ashburton was a British minister send to D.C. Settled the disputed Maine boundary, other border disputes with Great Britain by accepting existing line between Connecticut and St. Lawrence rivers and compromising on the line between Lake Superior and Lake of the Woods. It also provided for joint naval patrols off Africa to suppress slave trade.

How did the Webster-Hayne Debate set the stage for the impending crisis over states' rights?

Webster's position was that states could not act separately from the national government

From what part of Africa did most slaves come?

West Africa

Why did northerners gradually lose interest in protecting civil rights in the South? What were the effects of this inattention?

Western expansion, Indian wars, new economic opportunities, and political controversy over the tariff and the currency distracted attention from southern outrages against Republican rule and black rights. There was also a general weariness with the issue.

How did the status of Africans change from the time of their initial arrival in North America to the early eighteenth century?

When Africans first came to America they were treated as indentured servants who could eventually become free, gain land, and have their own indentured servants. But eventually color differences, or "heathenism", made the practice of life service for Africans the custom.

Horizontal Integration

When a company acquires competitors in the same industry and same stage of production to create a monopoly

Vertical Integration

When a company undertakes the production of everything that it needs to cut out a middleman

California Gold Rush

When gold was discovered in California it sparked the greatest mass migration in American history

How did Americans deal with the paradox of slavery in the Revolutionary era?

When the Revolution began, Britain promised freedom to any slaves that ran away to join the British troops. So Washington reversed the policy that excluded blacks from the US forces. Slaves who served won their freedom. In the north, this led to emancipation for all during or shortly after the fighting. In southern states, emancipation wasn't popular so many ran to the North to gain freedom

"money question"

Whether to use soft money or hard money

Shiloh

While Grant was planning his attack on Corinth he forgot to dig trenches. Realizing the mistake, the Confederates struck suddenly at Shiloh, the site of a log church in the center of the Union camp. Most of Grant's troops were asleep and the day was full of carnage and confusion. They would have been completely defeated if the Confederate commander Johnston hadn't been mortally wounded and had his second in command call off the attack. Grant was able to get reinforcements and go on offensive the next day. The Confederates retreated and the Union was too weak to follow.

Hernando de Soto

With 600 men and horses, he landed on the coast of Florida in 1539. He hiked as far up as North Carolina and moved west beyond the Mississippi River and up the Arkansas River looting and destroying Indian villages along the way. In 1542, de Soto died near Natchez. The next year the survivors floated down the Mississippi and found Mexico.

How did the Civil War affect women on the homefront?

With thousands of men leaving, women had to assume their roles at home. Women became farmers, plantation managers, clerks, schoolteachers, and plant workers. The number or widows and orphans also shot up though because so many were dying.

What role did the French play in securing an American victory in the Revolution?

Without the French, the Americans would not have won the Revolution. They sent Americans ammunition and eventually helped win the battle of Yorktown, which won America the war.

How did the experience of enslaved women differ from that of enslaved men?

Women were used to birth children. Pregnant women were given less work but within days of childbirth they were put back to work, eventually returning to the fields. They were expected to do "man's work". Older women worked full time in the fields or took care of all the children. They also faced the threat of sexual abuse and were whipped or killed for disobedience. They also had fewer opportunities than men to escape.

Pinckney's Treaty (1795)

Won acceptance of a boundary at the 31st parallel, free navigation of the Mississippi River, the right to deposit goods at New Orleans for three years with a promise of renewal, a commission to settle American claims against Spain, and a promise on each side to refrain from inciting Indian attacks

John Quincy Adams

Won presidential election in 1825. His plan was to promote internal improvements, set up a national university, finance scientific exploration, build astronomical observatories, and create a department of the interior.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Worked with Lucretia Mott. A graduate of Troy Female Seminary. Helped call the Seneca Falls Convention

How/why did education expand in the antebellum period?

Workers wanted free schools to give their children a chance at the "American dream". Education was seen as a way to improve manners and lessen crime and poverty.

Olive Branch Petition

Written by John Dickinson. It professed continued loyalty to George III and begged him to restrain further hostilities and seek reconciliation.

The American Crisis

Written by Thomas Paine. It was ordered read in army camps and bolstered the shaken morale of the Patriots

Judith Sargent Murray

Wrote an essay called "On the Equality of the Sexes" that stressed that women were capable of excelling outside the domestic sphere

Valley Forge

he American encampment near Philadelphia in the winter of 1777-1778. The soldiers were all enduring cold, hunger, and disease. Most died from exposure of starvation. Desperate, Washington sent them out to take horses, cattle, and hogs from farmers in return for certificates of future payment. By March, the army's strength was restored and Washington began a vigorous training program.

What impact did Bacon's Rebellion have on the slave trade?

it increased the slave trade because the rebellion made it clear that indentured servants were capable of rebelling against their employers.