Apush mc Exam 1820-1860

Lincoln Douglass Debates

A series of seven debates. The two argued the important issues of the day like popular sovereignty, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won these debates, but Lincoln's position in these debates helped him beat Douglas in the 1860 presidential election. A series of seven debates. The two argued the important issues of the day like popular sovereignty, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. One of the two won these debates, but the other's position in these debates helped him win in the 1860 presidential election.

Cult of Domesticity

A widespread cultural creed that glorified the customary functions of the homemaker. Married women held immense power in being able to control the morals of a household. The belief that as the fairer sex, women occupied a unique and specific position and that they were to provide religious and moral instruction in the homes but avoid the rough world of politics and business in the larger sphere of society. Popular in the Mid-19th Century, caused womens rights movements.

Personal Liberty Laws

Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves. A series of laws passed by several U.S. states in the North in response to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 and 1850, designed to protect free blacks, freedmen, and fugitive slaves by effectively nullifying the Fugitive Slave Law.

The Caning

May 22, 1856: Preston Brooks came into the Senate with his cane and started beating Charles Sumner until he was unconscious. This was the first type of violence shown about sectionalism. • In 1856 Senator Charles Sumner made an abolitionist speech insulting SC Senator Andrew Butler • Preston Brooks, Butler's nephew and Congressman from SC, heard Sumner's speech and on the Senate floor beat him into a coma with his cane • The beating helped to escalate tensions between north and south

Dred Scott V Stanford

Scott was a black slave who had lived with his master for five years in Illinois and Wisconsin territory. He sued for his freedom on the basis of his long residence in free territory. The Dred Scott court decision was handed down by the Supreme Court on March 6,1857. The Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott was a black slave and not a citizen. Hence, he could not sue in a federal court.

Gadsden purchase

The Gadsden Purchase was the 1853 treaty in which the United States bought from Mexico parts of what is now southern Arizona and southern New Mexico. Southerners wanted this land in order to build southern transcontinental railroad, it also showed the American belief in Manifest Destiny. The heated debate over this issue in the Senate demonstrates the prevalence of sectional disagreement.

Ostend Manifesto

The Ostend Manifesto took place in 1854. A group of southerners met with Spanish officials in Belgium to attempt to get more slave territory. They felt this would balance out congress. They tried to buy Cuba but the Spanish would not sell it. Southerners wanted to take it by force and the northerners were outraged by this thought. a confidential 1854 dispatch to the U.S.State Department from American diplomats meeting in Ostend, Belgium, suggesting that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain refused to sell it to the U.S. When word of the document leaked, Northerners seethed at this "slaveholders plot" to extend slavery

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913) Former slave who escaped and then returned to the South to help other slaves out of captivity. Later served as a spy in the Civil War. Helped to found the underground railroad, allowed for the freedom of many slaves, exemplified white slaveholders fears.

Declaration of rights and sentiment

written at seneca falls, and stated that all men and women are created equal. document signed by the majority of the people present at the Seneca Falls Convention; based upon the US Declaration of Independence, "grand basis for attaining the civil, social, political, and religious rights of women."

Mexican American war

(1846-1848) Conflict after US annexation of Texas; Mexico still considered Texas its own; Victor: US; granted all land from Texas to California (minus the Gadsden Purchase) in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. American troops, under general zachary Taylor, sent into disputed territory between rio grande and nueces rivers were attacked by Mexican forced. In his war messsge (may 11, 1846), president Polk claimed Mexico was the aggressor. Congress voted overwhelmingly for war (40-2 in the senate; 174-4 in the house. All opposition votes were from the north). However, opposition to the war began to grow almost immediately, particularly in the north, among anti slavery groups

Slave Rebellions: Vesey, Walker, Turner, Prosser

1831; Slaves wanted freedom; Nat Turner saw "vision" and attacked whites in Southampton County, VA;Turner, 70 slaves, & 55 whites killed; Turner caught; he was executed & hundreds of slaves were punished; Frightened South; Tightened slave codes; Restricted freedom for all blacks in South; South began to aggressively defend slavery as "positive good." Vesey was a free slave in south carolina; a mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize charleston, south carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his thirty-seven followers were hanged before the revolt started. Walker was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. wrote pamphlet on black pride. he wrote the "appeal to the colored citizens of the world." it called for a bloody end to white supremacy. he believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt. Turner was a slave in virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from god his rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in america and led the state legislature of virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery. The first armed rebellion was organized by this man and 50 other slaves living near Richmond, VA. Hundreds of slaves heard about the plan, and 2 of them told the white authorities. Governor James Monroe called out the militia and Prosser and 25 of his followers were executed and their owners received compensation. Black resistance to enslavement played an important role in fashioning a compromise to the sectional controversy of 1850.

Democracy in America

A classic study written and published by Alexis de Tocqueville in 1835-1840. It explored the U.S.'s history with democracy and its effect on the way people lived; claimed that people were closer to equality in the U.S. than anywhere else in the world; though it failed to notice the poor people that existed under Jackson, it recognized the changes the U.S. was going through and is still historically significant today. America lacked traditional bases of nationality, so democratic political institutions defined their sense of identity. Democracy, to Tocqueville, was essential to American freedom. Democracy was also a great political transformation: a whole new idea of sovereignty of the people and challenges to the old traditional political institutions. Democracy and being an American citizen became synonymous.

Fugitive Slave Act

A law making it a crime to help runaway slaves. If caught could face up to 6 months in prison and a $1000 dollar fine. Commissioners 10 dollars right slave $5 dollars wrong slave.came from the Compromise of 1850; paid federal commissioners were appointed and given authority to issue warrants, gather, posses and force citizens to help catch runaway slaves; the slaves could not testify in their own behalf, "Man-Stealing Law". shocked moderates into being antislavery

Early Immigrants

A new wave of immigrants, from eastern and southern Europe, frightened Americans because of the emigrant's customs, different faiths, illiteracy, and poverty. They were a new group of immigrants coming into the United States that consisted of Italians, Slavs, Greeks, Jews, and Armenians. They came from both Southern and Eastern Europe, and also from the Middle East. In the 1890s, their numbers first began to increase, and the numbers continued to increase for the next three decades. Most of the immigrants came from peasant and poor backgrounds and boosted America's foreign-born population by 18 million. They were often discriminated against.

Trancendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas Territory where new proslavery and antislavery constitutions competed.The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent. Kansas was being disputed for free or slave soil during 1854-1857, by popular sovereignty. In 1857, there were enough free-soilers to overrule the slave-soilers. So many people were feuding that disagreements eventually led to killing in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces.

Liberty Party

America's first antislavery political party, formed in 1840. When the party ran a presidential candidate in the 1844 election, it split the Republican vote and inadvertently tipped the 1844 election in favor of Democrat James Polk. 1848. short lived political party. drew strength from NY state. consisted of former anti-slavery members from Whig and Democatic party. Main purpose was opposing the expansion of slavery into western territories. A political party that started during the two party systems in the 1840's.The party's main platform was bringing an end to slavery by political and legal means. The party was originally part of the American Anti-slavery however; they split because they believed there was a more practical way to end slavery than Garrison's moral crusade.

Texas independence/ annexation

Americans pressured imprisoned Santa Anna into signing treaty giving Texas independence; Mexican gov't refused to acknowledge it, but ceased military efforts. After a few skirmishes with Mexican soldiers in 1835, Texas leaders met and organized a temporary government. Texas troops initially seized San Antonio, but lost it after the massacre of the outpost garrisoning the Alamo. In respone, Texas issued a Declaration of Independence. Santa Ana tried to swiftly put down the rebellion, but Texan soldiers surprised him and his troops on April 21, 1836. They crushed his forces and captured him in the Battle of San Jacinto, and forced him to sign a treaty granting Texan independence. U.S. lent no aid.

Mormons/ Joseph Smith

Among the most important efforts to create a new and more ordered society within the old was that of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints- the Mormons. Mormonism began is upstate New York as a result of the efforts of Joseph Smith, a young, energetic, but economically unsuccessful man, who had spent moat of his 24 years moving restlessly through New England and the Northeast. In 1830, he published The Book Of Mormon which told the story of an ancient and successful civilization in America, peopled by one of the lost tribes of Israel who had found their way to the New World centuries before Columbus.

grimke sisters

Angelina Grimke and her sister Sarah Grimke were legends in their own lifetimes. Together these South Carolina sisters made history: daring to speak before "promiscuous" or mixed crowds of men and women, publishing some of the most powerful anti-slavery tracts of the antebellum era, and stretching the boundaries of women's public role as the first women to testify before a state legislature on the question of African American rights. Their crusade, which was not only to free the enslaved but to end racial discrimination throughout the United States, made them more radical than many of the reformers who advocated an end to slavery but who could not envision true social and political equality for the freedmen and women. And the Grimke sisters were among the first abolitionists to recognize the importance of women's rights and to speak and write about the cause of female equality.

Wilmont Proviso

Bill proposed after the Mexican War that stated that neither slavery no involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any territory gained from Mexico. It was never passed through both houses but it transformed the debate of slavery. Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. The "Wilmot Proviso", as it became known as, became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S. and causes sectionalism

Utopian Society: New Harmony/ Brook Farm

Brook Farm was established by George Ripley as an experimental community in West Roxbury, Massachusetts in 1841. There, individuals would gather to create a new form of social organization, one that would permit every member of the community full opportunity for self-realization. All residents would share equally in the labor of the community so that all could share too in the leisure, for it was leisure that was first necessity for cultivation of the self. Increasingly, individualism gave way to a form of socialism. The failure of Brook Farm did not prevent the formation of other experimental communities. Some borrowed from the ideas of French philosopher Charles Fourier. Others drew from the ideas of the scottish industrialist and philanthropist Robert Owen.

Charles Finney

Finney staged a series of emotionally wrenching religious meetings that aroused a large segment of the community. He had particular success in mobilizing women, on whom he tended to concentrate his efforts- both because women found the liberating message of the revivalism particularly appealing and because, Finney discovered, they provided him with access to their male relatives. Grdaually, he developed a large following among the relatively prosperous citizens o the region, who were enjoying the economic benefits of the new commercial growth butwho were also uneasy about some of the social changes accompanying it. Finney's revivalism became a call for a crusade against personal immortality.

James Fennimore Cooper

First great American novelist. The author of over thirty novels in the space of three decades, Cooper was know to his contemporaries as a master of adventure and suspense. What most disguised his work, however, was its evocation of the American wilderness. Cooper had grown up in central New York, at a time when the edge of white settlement was not far away; and he retained throughout his life a fascination with man's relationship to nature and with the challenges (and dangers) of American expansion westward. His most important novels were known as "Leatherstocking Tales." Among them were "The Mohicans" (1826) and "the Deerslayer" (1841). They explored the American frontiersman experience with Indians, pioneers, violence, and the laws. Cooper's novels were a continuation, in many ways a culmination, of the early nineteenth century effort to produce a truly American literature.

Compromise of 1850

Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession, supported by Clay, Webster and Douglas. North: • California admitted as a free state • Texas gave up its claims to lands disputed with New Mexico • Slave trade in D.C. was banned, but slavery was legal South: • Popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession lands • Texas was paid $10 million for land lost • A new, tougher Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

William Lloyd Garrison/ the Liberator

Garrison was a radical who founded The Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper, in Boston in 1831. He advocated immediate, uncompensated emancipation and even civil equality for blacks. This made Garrison a famous and highly controversial abolitionist whose main tactic was to stir up emotions on the slavery issue. the liberator was was an anti-slavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison and Isaac Knapp beginning in 1831. Its bitter attacks on slavery and slaveowners, as well as its articles and speeches using arguments based on morality to advocate immediate emancipation made it one of the most persuasive periodicals in the United States at the time.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Harriet Beecher stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was one of the most powerful document of abolitionist propaganda. novelist. wrote uncle tom's cabin, a book about a slave who is treated badly, in 1852. the book persuaded more people, particularly northerners, to become anti-slavery.

Hawthorne

He expressed his disillusionment with the experiment and, to some extent, with transcendentalism in a series of notable novels. In the "Blithedale Romance" (1852) he wrote scathingly of Brook Farm itself, portraying the disastrous consequences of the experiment on the individuals who submitted to it and describing the great fire that destroyed the community as a kind of liberation from oppression. In other novels- notably the "Scarlet Letter" (1850) and the "House of Seven Gables" (1851)- he wrote passionately about the price individuals pay for cutting themselves off from society.

Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B Anthony

Held the seneca falls convention. Lucretia Mott was a Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848. Susan B Anthony was a social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. She read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

The Bank war

Henry clay and biddle sought to make the Bank an issue in the presidential election by having congress pass a recharterimg bill in 1832, four years early. Jacksons veto message denounced monopoly and privilege. the president challenged the supreme courts earlier decision on the banks constitutionality. Congress failed to override the veto.

Cotton gin/ Eli Whitney

In 1793, Whitney, who was working at the time as a tutor on the Georgia plantation of General Nathanael Greene's widow, invented a machine that performed the arduous task, of removing its sticky green seeds, quickly and efficiently. It was dubbed the cotton gin ("gin" was an abbreviation for engine). and it transformed the life of the south. Mechanically, the cotton gin was very simple. A toothed roller caught fibers of the cotton boll and pulled them between the wires of a grating. The grating caught the seeds while a revolving brush removed the lint from the roller's teeth. With this device, a single operator could cleans as much cotton in a few hours as a group of workers had once needed a whole day to do. The results were profound. Soon cotton growing spread into the upland south, within a decade the total crop increased eight fold. African-American slavery, which with the decline of tobacco production some had considered dwindling institution, regained its importance, expanded, and became more firmly fixed upon the south. The cotton gin not only changed the economy of the south, it also helped transform the north. The large supply of domestically produced fiber was a strong incentive to entrepreneurs in New England and elsewhere to develop an American textile industry. Whitney also made a major contribution to the development of modern warfare and in the process made a contribution to other industrial techniques.

John Brown Powatomie Creek and Harpers Ferry

In reaction to the sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces, John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers killed five pro-slavery settlers north of Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County, Kansas. Occurred in October of 1859. John Brown of Kansas attempted to create a major revolt among the slaves. He wanted to ride down the river and provide the slaves with arms from the North, but he failed to get the slaves organized. Brown was captured. The effects of Harper's Ferry Raid were as such: the South saw the act as one of treason and were encouraged to separate from the North, and Brown became a martyr to the northern abolitionist cause. John Brown was a militant abolitionist that took radical extremes to make his views clear. In May of 1856, Brown led a group of his followers to Pottawatomie Creek and launched a bloody attack against pro-slavery men killing five people. This began violent retaliation against Brown and his followers. This violent attack against slavery helped give Kansas its nick name, "bleeding Kansas".

Lowell Factory System

It was different from the European Labor Pattern. It relied heavily, indeed almost exclusively, on young unmarried women. English visitors considered the Lowell mills a female paradise by contrast, since European women workers in coal mines endured unimaginably wretched conditions. The Lowell workers lived in clean boardinghouses and dormitories, which the factory owners maintained for them. They were well fed and carefully supervised. Because many new englanders considered the employment of women to be vaguely immoral, the factory owners placed great emphasis on maintaining a proper environment for their employees, enforcing strict curfews and requiring regular church attendance. Employers quickly dismissed women of of immoral conduct. Wages for Lowell workers were low, but generous by the standards of time. The women even found time to write and publish a monthly magazine. the Lowell Offering. The paternalistic factory system of Lowell did not, in any case, survive for long. In the competitive textile market as it developed in the 1830s and 1840s- a market prey to the booms and busts that afflicted the American economy as a whole- manufacturers found it difficult to maintain the high living standards and reasonably attractive working conditions with which they had begun. Wages declined; the hours of work lengthened; the conditions of the boarding houses deteriorated as the buildings decayed and overcrowding increased.

Wage Slaves

People whose livelihood depends on how much they make, they were given very poor working conditions and very low pay, they would work to earn what ever they could and it was like slavery because of how poorly they were treated, and how low they were paid. Women, child workers in the North; deal w/ unemployment, poor working condition, factory workers during the industrial revolution, were considered slaves to their wages, they couldn't quit or demand better conditions because they needed that money desperately and if they quit there would be many people to take their places.

Prison reform/ Dorethea Dix

The creation of asylums for social deviants was not simply and effort to curb the abuses of the old system. It was also an attempt to reform and rehabilitate the inmates. New forms of rigid prison discipline were designed to rid criminals of the laxness that had presumably led them astray. Solitary confinement and the imposition of silence on work crews were meant to give prisoners opportunities to meditate on their wrongdoings. Some argues that this discipline of the asylum could serve as a model for other potentially disordered environments. Dorethea Dix was superintendent of Army Nurses during the Civil War, she lobbied for rights of the mentally insane, and achieved America's first generation of asylums

Hudson School Temperance Movement

The first great school of American painters emerged in New York. Frederic church, thomas cole, thomas doughty, and asher durand- who were, along with others, known as the Hudson River school- painted the spectacular vistas of the rugged and still largely unsettled Hudson valley. Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River

Public Education/ Horace Mann

The greatest of the educational reformers was Horace Mann, the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, which was established in 1837. To mann and his followers, education was the only way to counterwork the tendency to the domination of the capital and the servility of labor. It was also the only way to protect democracy, for an educated electorate was essential to the workings of a free political system. Mann recognized the Massachusetts school system, lengthened the academic year (to six months), doubled teacher's salaries, enriched the curriculum, and introduced new methods of professional training for teachers. Other states experienced similar expansion and development. They built new schools, created teachers' colleges, and offered vast new groups of children access to education.

Shakers

The most distinctive feature of Shakerism, however, was its commitment to complete celibacy- which meant, of course, that no one could be born to Shakerism; all Shakers had to choose the faith voluntarily. Shaker communities attracted about 6,000 members in the 1840s, more women than men; and members lived in conditions in which contact between men and women was very limited. Shakers openly endorsed the ideas of sexual equality; they even embraced the idea of a god who was not clearly male or female. Indeed with the Shaker society as a whole, it was a women who exercised the most power.

Second Great Awakening

The origins of the second great awakening lay in the efforts of the conservative theologians of the 1790s to fight the spread of religious rationalism, and in the efforts of church establishments to revitalize their organizations. The message of the second great awakening was not entirely consistent, but its basic thrust was clear. Individuals must readmit God and Christ into their daily lives, must embrace a fervent, active piety, and must reject the skeptical rationalism that threatened traditional beliefs. The awakening, in short, combined a more active piety with a belief in God as an active force in the world whose grace could be attained through faith and good works. The second great awakening also accelerated the growth of the different sects and denominations and helped create a broad popular acceptance of the idea that men and women could belong to different Protestant churches and still be committed to essentially the same Christian faith. One of the most sriking features of the second great awakening was the preponderance of young women. As a result, church membership became overwhelmingly female. Many blacks not only attended nut eagerly embraced the new religious fervor.

Kansas Nebraska Act

This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were pro-slavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare. a compromise law in 1854 that suspended the Missouri Compromise and left it to voters in Kansas and Nebraska to determine whether they would be slave or free states. the law exacerbated sectional tensions when voters can to blows over the question of slavery in Kansas. It was very controversial, supported by President Pierce and not supported by Douglass. ended the peace established between the North and South by the Compromise of 1850. It was proposed by Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois and repealed the Missouri Compromise. The act enforced popular sovereignty upon the new territories but was opposed by Northern Democrats and Whigs. It was passed, however, because President Pierce supported it. The purpose of the bill was to facilitate the building of the transcontinental railroad on a central route.

Temperance movement

This crusade aimed to combat the heavy consumption of alcohol in America. Religious leaders and employers supported the movement. Others were motivated by anti-immigrant bias. Alcoholism was seen as a cause of poverty and many social ills. The American temperance society was formed in boston in 1826. Some favored moderation, others advocated total prohibition (total abstinence). By the 1850s over a dozen states, beginning with Maine, had adopted prohibition laws.

Manifest Destiny

This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory. the 19th century American belief that the United States was destined to expand across the continent. It was used by Democrats in the 1840s to justify the war with Mexico; the concept was denounced by Whigs, and fell into disuse after the mid-19th century. First used for the annexation of Texas issue. Opposed by Clay, Webster and Lincoln, but supported by Polk.

Thoreau

Thoreau went even further than his friend Emerson in repudiating the repressive forces of society. Individuals should work for self realization by resisting pressures to conform to society's expectations and responding instead to their own instincts. Thoreau's own effort to free himself- immortalized in his most famous book, Walden- led him to build a small cabin in the Concord woods on the edge of Walden Pond, where he lived alone for two years as simply as he could. Thoreau's rejection of what he considered the artificial constraints of society extended as well to his relationship with government. In 1846, he went to jail rather than agree to pay a poll tax. He would not give financial support to a government that permitted the existence of slavery. In his 1849 essay, Resistance of Civil Government, he explained his refusal by claiming that the individual's personal morality had the first claim on his or her actions, that a government which required violation of that morality had no legitimate authority. The proper response was civil disobedience or passive resistance - a public refusal to obey unjust laws.

Emerson

Transcendentalist philosophy emerged first among a small group of intellectuals centered in Concord, Massachusetts. He was their leader and most eloquent voice. He was a Unitarian minister in his youth, he left the church in 1832 to devote himself entirely to writing and teaching the elements of transcendentalism. Emerson was a dazzling figure to his contemporaries- a lecturer whose public appearances drew rapturous crowds; a conversationalist who drew intellectuals to his Concord home almost daily. Hew was the most important intellectual of his age. Emerson was known for his essays and lectures. In "Nature" one of his best know essays, Emerson wrote that in the quest for self-fulfillment, individuals should work for a communion with the natural world. Emerson was also a committed Nationalist, an ardent proponent of american cultural independence.

Women's Suffrage

Women in the 1830s and 1840s suffered not only all the traditional restrictions imposed on members of their sex by society, but a new set of barriers that had emerged from the doctrine "separate spheres" and the transformation of the family. Many women who began to involve themselves in reform movements in the 1820s and 1830s came to look on such restrictions with rising resentment. Some began to defy them. Sarah and Angelina Grimke, sisters born in South Carolina who had become active and outspoken abolitionists, ignored attacks by men who claimed that their activities were inappropriate for their sex. Other reformers- Catharine Beecher, Harriet Beecher stowe, Lucretia mott, elizabeth cady stanton, and dorothea dix- also chafing at the restrictions placed on them by men, similarly pressed at the boundaries of "acceptable" female behavior.

Market Revolution

a drastic change in the manual labor system originating in south (but was soon moved to the north) and later spread to the entire world. Traditional commerce became outdated with the transportation and industrail revolution. As a result, the north started to have a more powerful economy that was starting to challenge the economies of some mid-sized European cities at the time. The Market Revolution was the expansion of markets during the early 19th century. This was mark(et)ed (hehe see what I did there?) by an increase in exchange of goods and services. The Market Revolution resulted from increased output of farms and factories, activity of traders and merchants, and development of transportation and infrastructure.

Know-nothings

aka the American Party; major political force from 1854-1855; objective: to extend period of naturalization, undercut immigrant voting strengths, and keep aliens in their place. Were a group of people who opposed the increasing immigration levels and attempted to write legislation for rigid restrictions on immigration and naturalization and for laws authorizing the deportation of alien paupers. This was just an example of a group of people attempting to thwart the increase of immigration which has continued to make-up America. They opposed immigration and Catholic influence. They answered questions from outsiders about the party by saying "I know nothing".

Whigs

during era of jacksonian democracy, opposed jackson, pro bank of u.s. (national bank), pro high tariffs, pro federal, funding for internal improvements, pro political action for, social reform, divided on terms of slavery to conscience and cotton whigs. Political party that had no stand on slavery, was elected because people did not want to rock the boat and have war, An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements. Political party that emerged during Jacksonian democracy in support of supremacy of Congress over President, modernization and economic protectionism; prominent members included Daniel Webster and Henry Clay

Free Soil Party

formed from the remnants of the Liberty Party in 1848; adopting a slogan of "free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men," it opposed the spread of slavery into territories and supported homesteads, cheap postage, and internal improvements. It ran Martin Van Buren (1848) and John Hale (1852) for president and was absorbed into the Republican Party by 1856. northern democrats disillusion with southern democratic support for slavery. The party tried to widen its appeal by focusing less on outright abolition than on opposing the spread of slavery into the territories (the need to protect free soil and free labor) the party never gained strength, the republican party in 1850s attracted the greater number of antislavery voters. Every time free soil party was in president election, they made the Democrats and Whigs have to focus on Slavery

Seneca Falls Convention

in 1848, mott, susan b anothy, stanton, organized a convention in Seneca falls, New york, to discuss the question of women's rights. Out of the meeting emerged a "declaration of sentiments and resolutions" which stated that all men and women are created euqal, that women no less than men and have certain inalienable rights. Their most prominent demand was for the right to vote, thus launching a movement for woman suffrage that would continue until 1920.

Nativism

movement based on hostility to immigrants; motivated by ethnic tensions and religious bias; considered immigrants as despots overthrowing the American republic; feared anti-Catholic riots and competition from low-paid immigrant workers. Severe immigration laws to discourage and discriminate against foreigners, believed to erode old-fashioned American values

Treaty of guadalupe hidalgo

peace treat largely dictated by the US to the Gov. of military occupied Mexico City which ended the Mexico American war (1846-1848) Mexico surrendered to the US and entered negotiation to end the war. Negotiated by Nicholas Trist and General Winfield Scott. US gained Mexican Cession and the Rio Grande river was the southern boundary of the US and Texas.

American colonization society/ liberia

reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves. West-African nation founded in 1822 as a haven for freed blacks, fifteen thousand of whom made their way back across the Atlantic by the 1860s. Some fifteen thousand freed blacks were transported there over the next four decades.

54'40 or fight

slogan of those wanting to take all of Oregon; numbers (54 40') was line of latitude where people wanted Oregon border; did not want compromise of 49th parallel, as was done by President Polk. In the election of 1844, Polk used this statement as a campaign slogan, implying that he would declare war if Britain did not give the United States all the Oregon territory up to its northern boundary, the line in the slogan. Negotiation occurred, and the countries divided Oregon at the 49th parallel.

Abolition

support for a complete, immediate, and uncompensated end to slavery. In the North before the Civil War, there were only a few abolitionists and these were generally considered radicals. However, they were prominent and vocal, and as sectional tension mounted, they became more prominent and influential. the movement in opposition to slavery, often demanding immediate, uncompensated emancipation of all slaves. This was generally considered radical, and there were only a few adamant abolitionists prior to the Civil War. Almost all abolitionists advocated legal, but not social equality for blacks. Many abolitionists, such as William Lloyd Garrison were extremely vocal and helped to make slavery a national issue, creating sectional tension because most abolitionists were from the North. American antislavery society was an organization in opposition to slavery founded in 1833. In 1840, issues such as the role of women in the abolitionist movement, and role of abolitionists as a political party led to the division of the organization into the American Antislavery Society and Foreign Antislavery Society. Because the organization never had control over the many local antislavery societies, its division did not greatly damage abolitionism.

Frederick Douglas/ The North Star

the greatest abolitionist of all- and one of the most electrifying orators of his times, black or white- was Frederick Douglas. Born a slave in maryland, Douglass escaped to massachusetts in 1838, became an outspoken leader of anti slavery sentiment, and spent two years lecturing in england, where members of that country's vigorous antislavery movement lionized him. In 1847, douglass founded an antislavery newspaper, the North Star.