APUSH Period 4

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

textile machinery

1705: spinning jenny (10x) 1771: water frame (100x) 1790: Mule powerloom (1000x). Developments created an insatiable demand for raw cotton in England.

interchangeable parts

1799-1800 - Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S. government.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 - The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World colonies. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase.

urban entrepreneurs

A new period of governance in cities characterized by competition between cities to encourage economic development.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. A second religious fervor that swept the nation. It converted more than the first. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery. Peaked in 1830 started in 1790's.

participatory democracy

A theory of democracy that holds that citizens should actively and directly control all aspects of their lives.

free African Americans

African Americans who were free citizens; majority lived in cities where they could own property, however they were still not considered equal with whites. They were not allowed to vote or travel freely in the South. They were denied the ability to hold many professional jobs.

telegraph

An Apparatus that's used electric signals to transmit messages.

xenophobia

An irrational fear of foreigners or strangers.

canals

Artificial waterways with locks where water levels could be raised or lowered. Joined the East and Midwest. ex.) Erie Canal

Whigs

Conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster. "Opposition to the monarchy". The Whigs first emerged as a identifiable group in the Senate where Clay, Webster and Calhoun joined forces in 1834 to pass a motion censuring Jackson for his single-handed removal of federal deposits from the Bank of the United States. The Whigs evolved into a potent national political force by attracting other groups alienated by Jackson. Whigs thought of themselves as conservatives, yet they were progressive in their support of active government programs and reforms.

market revolution

Dramatic increase btwn 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from thee combo impact of the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the dev of a transportation network of roads, canals and RR.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

secular reforms

Enlightenment reformers who joined forces with the abolitionists in opposition to slavery; e.g. Baron Montesquieu and Denis Diderot.

semi- subsistence agriculture

Farmers that lived on the produce of their own land and labor.

Federalists

Federalists were those who favored the stronger federal government. Federalists were often more wealthy, better organized, and more educated than antifederalists. They enjoyed powerful figures such as Benjamin Franklin and George Washington. In order to extend the idea of the federalist philosophy, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay wrote a collection of articles called, "The Federalist." They claimed that all three branches effectively represented the people. Supported ratification of the Constitution.

national bank

Hamilton's big idea; fiercely opposed by Jefferson and Democratic-Rep. The bank would regulate money and draw investors; showed that the constitution could be construed in many a way.

internal improvements

Henry Clay developed a plan for profitable home markets called the American System in 1824. It enforced a protective tariff to get funding for transportation improvements. These improvements would be the construction of better roads and canals. This would allow industrialization to prosper since the raw materials of the South and West could easily and inexpensively get to the North and East to be manufactured. The manufactured goods could then be shipped back out to the South and West.

human perfectibility

It was possible to look inward and change yourself, you can certainly clean up your act: stop drinking, stop beating, put in good days work, it wont take that much but you have to discipline yourself, thread that runs very deep in American culture, individualism.

arable land

Land that can be used to grow crops.

Democratic- Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank.

railroads

Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. First railroads were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused a railroad building boom lasting into the 20th Century.

Democrats

Political party that generally stressed individual liberty, the rights of the common people, and hostility to privilege Political party lead by Andrew Jackson from 1828 to 1856. Campaigned against strong central government and fought to end elitism.

steam engines

Pushed the cotton industry to even greater productivity. Invented by James Watt (1760s) Scottish engineer. Steam engines could pump water from mines 3x faster than previous engines. 1782- steam engines could be located anywhere (not near water) Implemented use in all areas of cotton production (spinning, weaving, etc.).

international slave trade

Slaving illegal Internationally after 1809, but some African slaves smuggled in.

agricultural inventions

Steamships, cotton gin, mechanical reaper, steal plow.

tariffs

Taxes on imports or exports.

constituencies

Voters in a political district, or supporters of an elected official; or interest groups or client groups that are either directly regulated by the bureaucracy or vitally affected by its decisions.