APUSH: Period 5
13th, 14th, 15th amendments
"Civil Amendments" 13th- Banned slavery 14th- Guaranteed citizenship and rights for people born in the US 15th- Suffrage, people cannot be denied suffrage due to their race or skin color
What did Lincoln campaign on in the Election of 1860?
A free soil platform - non extension of slavery.
To issue an Emancipation Proclamation, President Lincoln felt that he needed which of the following?
A military victory
The Mexican-American War and its aftermath led most directly to which of the following?
A northern majority in the legislative branch
According to this diary entry, President Polk felt pressure to accept the treaty with Mexico for which of the following reasons? A. He was eager to expand into New Mexico and Upper California. B. He believed the Whigs would not support more aggressive expansion. C. He wanted to support a treaty proposed by the Whigs. D. He feared expanding the war with Mexico if the treaty was rejected.
B. He believed the Whigs would not support more aggressive expansion.
Which of the following parts of the Compromise of 1850 was the most appealing to the South? A. Admitting California as a free state B. Passing a new Fugitive Slave Law C. Ending the slave trade in Washington, D.C. D. Using popular sovereignty in new territories
B. Passing a new Fugitive Slave Law
An increase in which of the following was the key part of the Kansas-Nebraska Act to attract Southern support? A. Transportation in the South B. Popular sovereignty C. Fugitive Slave Act D. Representation in Congress
B. Popular sovereignty
The republican reconstruction governments in the south accomplished all of the following EXCEPT... A. Developing state-supported public schools for whites and blacks B. Reducing waste and corruption in local and state governments C. Founding stay institutions to care for the sick and handicapped D. Building of roads, bridges, harbors, and railroads E. Adopting liberalized state constitutions
B. Reducing waste and corruption in local and state governments
Which of the following states the principle of "popular sovereignty?" A. Congress has the right to decide where slavery shall and shall not exist. B. The settlers in a given territory have the sole right to decide whether or not slavery will be permitted there. C. Individual citizens can decide for themselves whether or not to hold slaves. D. The American people shall decide where slavery will exist through national plebiscite. E. Individual states have the right to reject congressional decisions pertaining to slavery.
B. The settlers in a given territory have the sole right to decide whether or not slavery will be permitted there.
President Lincoln delayed issuing an Emancipation Proclamation because of his concern that it would... A. increase foreign support for the Confederacy B. cause the border states to secede C. decrease the power of the cotton industry D. free slaves before they were ready
B. cause the border states to secede
Strong's statement that the British feared "diminishing the supply of breadstuffs on which her operatives depend" explains why he thinks the British?
Depended as much on trade with the Union as with the Confederacy
In proclaiming that all persons born in the United States were citizens, the 14th Amendment directly repudiated which of the following?
Dred Scott Decision
Manifest destiny was based on all of the following ideas EXCEPT... A. Angelo-saxon racial superiority justified American absorption of inferior peoples and their lands B. New lands would extend the domain of three government free enterprise C. The will of God D. American had a specially ordained mission in the world E. Conquest of new territory would prove the American military superiority
E. Conquest of new territory would prove the American military superiority
All of the following were part of the initial union strategy to win the Civil War EXCEPT... A. A naval blockade of southern ports B. Control of the Mississippi River C. The capture of Richmond D. Keeping the border states in the Union E. Emancipation of slaves in the seceded states
E. Emancipation of slaves in the seceded states
All of the following figured prominently in debates over the compromise of 1850 except the... A. Provision for a new Fugitive Slave Law B. Slave trade in the district of Columbia C. Admission of California into the Union as a free state D. Future of slavery in the Mexican Cession territories E. Extension of slavery into Kansas and Nebraska territories
E. Extension of slavery into Kansas and Nebraska territories
Causes of the Civil War
End of the Mexican American war led to disputes over slavery in the newly acquired territories ->end of the second party system (some whigs wanted popular sovereignty on slavery and others didn't so bye whigs)-> new parties (dems and republicans) -> election of Lincoln in 1860 with free soil platform
What was the purpose of John Brown's raid at Harpers Ferry? What was the impact of this raid?
It was one of the immediate causes of warfare. John Brown hoped to incite a slave rebellion, so he and his followers took control of the armory, Brown envisioned that abolitionists would take weapons and rebel, but he only controlled the armory for fewer than 36 hours and he lost two of his sons. Brown was then captured and hung for his crimes. He became a hero to the abolitionist movement, The south was convinced that the attack was the primary of the many.
Election 1856
James Buchanan won the 18th election (Democrat) - supported popular sovereignty South said they would secede if Rep. won
What impact did the 15th amendment have on the women's rights movement?
Some only advocated the 15th amendment if it included women. Others argued that the amendments should be passed because the African American have suffered long enough. These amendments were stalled for many decades but were used in the 1950's and 60's civil rights movements. They would be used to help the civil rights movements.
To issue an Emancipation Proclamation, President Lincoln felt that he needed which of the following? A. A Constitutional amendment B. Supreme Court approval C. Republican control of Congress D. A military victory
D. A military victory
President Lincoln was reluctant to emancipate slaves in the first year of the Civil War because... A. He feared that freeing the slaves would bring England and France into the war B. Congress was opposed to Emancipation C. He knew that the a proclamation about slavery would only further alienate the south D. He feared that emancipation would drive the border states out of the union E. He had always been opposed to the abolitionists in his party
D. He feared that emancipation would drive the border states out of the union
Which of the following was a major factor in the decline of the Whig party in the 1850s? A. Death of John Calhoun B. Election of Zachary Taylor C. Lincoln-Douglas debates D. Know-Nothing movement E. "Bleeding Kansas"
D. Know-Nothing movement
Which of the following would most likely have expressed opposition to the idea of Manifest Destiny? A. Advocates of the foreign policy of the Secretary of State William H Seward B. Voters for James K Polk in 1844 C. Supporters of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 D. Members of the Whig party in Congress during the Mexican war E. Supporters of the Ostend Manifesto
D. Members of the Whig party in Congress during the Mexican war
By going to war, the United States gained the territory labeled as the... A. Louisiana Purchase B. Oregon Country C. Annexation of Texas D. Mexican Cession
D. Mexican Cession
The black codes passed in a number of southern states after the Civil War were intended to: A. Close public schools to the children of former slaves B. Promote the return of former slaves to Africa C. Enable black citizens to vote in federal elections D. Place limits on socioeconomic opportunities open to black people E. Further the integration of southern society
D. Place limits on socioeconomic opportunities open to black people
The Economic impact of the Civil War included all of the following EXCEPT... A. And increased number of women in the labor force B. Widespread destruction of property in the south C. Creation of a national banking system in the north D. Reduced rate of industrial production in the north E. Runaway inflation in the south
D. Reduced rate of industrial production in the north
The Proclamation of 1763 did which of the following? A. Introduced a tax on tea B. Prohibited colonists from producing iron for the American market C. Forbade all colonial trade with French West Indies D. Set a boundary along the crest of the Appalachians beyond which the English colonists were forbidden to settle E. Announced the wrecking mission of the colonial office under Parliament, rather than directly under the king-in-Council
D. Set a boundary along the crest of the Appalachians beyond which the English colonists were forbidden to settle
Why did the congressional reconstruction end in 1877? A. The freed slaves had been successfully integrated into Southern society. B. The treaty ending the Civil War had set such a time limit. C. Most of the politically active black people had left the South for Northern Cities. D. The Republican and Democratic parties effected a compromise agreement after the 1876 presidential election. E. The United States needed the troops stationed in the south to confront the French in Mexico.
D. The Republican and Democratic parties effected a compromise agreement after the 1876 presidential election.
One attempt to prevent slavery in the territories was the... A. Webster-Ashburton Agreement B. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty C. Ostend Manifesto D. Wilmot Proviso
D. Wilmot Proviso
What was the Compromise of 1850?
Dealt with the Mexican Cession - popular sovereignty would be used in the territory, slave trade was banned in Washington D.C., California was added as a free state, a more strict fugitive slave law was created.
Impact US acquiring the Mexican Cession
Debates over the status of slavery (Wilmot Proviso), Native Americans, and Mexicans in the newly acquired land.
What were the impacts of the US acquiring the Mexican Cession?
Debates over the status of slavery (Wilmot Proviso), Native Americans, and Mexicans in the newly acquired land.
Emancipation Proclamation
after victory of Antietam, Lincoln announces on the first of 1863 that all slaves in the rebelling states would be free, his aim: injure the Confederacy, threaten its property, heighten its dread, hurt its morale.
Which of the following was NOT a result of the Civil War?
b) The South became the industrial center of the nation by 1877
The Emancipation Proclamation was most designed to...
b) prevent a British alliance in the Union army
Effects of Reconstruction
black southerners have status of second class citizens, segregation, intensifying in KKK and other racist acts/groups/, Freedmen's Bureau schools, black political leaders, 13th, 14th, and 15th amendment
Under Johnsonian Reconstruction, the new southern governments...
provoked the North by electing former Confederate leaders to serve in Congress.
The Mexican-American War resulted in...
renewed debate over the expansion of the slavery
The territory that the United States gained as a result of the Mexican-American War...
was largely unsuited to slavery
Effects of the Emancipation Proclamation
gave way to a slow shift in new goals for the war outcome, it prevented the Confederacy from gaining diplomatic support from Europe (support Confederacy= support slavery), African Americans flee southern plantations and join army, and Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and later West Virginia joined the Union)
Why did Reconstruction end?
Compromise of 1877 withdrew troops from the South; The North's WANING resolve led to many in the North to no longer support Reconstruction.
Emancipation Proclamation 1862
1862/63: After Antietam, border states were secure + Lincoln was ready to issue it - states that the war's focus was now on emancipating slaves and to recreate the South. Slaves were now free in Confederate states in rebellion - 800,000Didn't free slaves in border states - didn't want secession. Slaves came to the Union + deprived South of labor Convinced EU that North had greater moral cause than South.
What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
Overturned the MO Compromise - introduced popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska. Helped lead to the creation of the Republican Party.
Which of the following parts of the Compromise of 1850 was the most appealing to the South?
Passing a new Fugitive Slave Law
What are examples of African Americans gaining political opportunities during Reconstruction?
2000 of them held public office positions all the way up to the US Senate.
How did the government encourage westward migration?
Passing new legislation (think Homestead Act) encouraging settlers to move west, the government gave land and subsidies to RR companies.
Northerners were most upset by the Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision because... (A) the Court included no Republican Justices (B) the decision allowed slavery in the territories (C) several justices were slave owners (D) blacks and whites were not treated equally
(B) the decision allowed slavery in the territories
The Compromise of 1877
*Background Info* -Election of 1876: -Samuel Tilden (Democrat from NY) -Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican from Ohio) -Samuel Tilden received more popular votes -To receive an electoral majority, one needed 185 electoral votes -Tilden, 184 -Hayes, 165 -However, 3 states had disputed election returns: -FL, LA, SC -20 electoral votes were up for grabs *The Commission* -A commission is set up to settle the electoral dispute -8 republicans, 7 democrats -On March 2, 1877 (2 days before the inauguration) all 20 votes were awarded to Hayes *The Compromise...* -In return for Hayes becoming President, the following conditions were met: 1. All remaining federal troops were withdrawn from the South (Reconstruction ENDS!) -As a result, African American rights decrease drastically -"The Great Betrayal" 2. Hayes would appoint a southerner to his cabinet -David McKendree, TN, Postmaster General 3. The South would receive $ for a railroad
The Election of 1860
*Background Info* -James Buchanan (incumbent) is NOT running for re-election -Democratic Party was split along sectional lines, Douglass' Freeport Doctrine" -John Brown's raid at Harpers Ferry took place one year before -The South fears Republicans and the North are "John Brown loving abolitionists." *The Candidates" -Democratic Candidate: -North, Stephen Douglass, advocate of popular sovereignty -South, John C. Breckenridge, Buchanan's VP -Republican Candidate: -Abe Lincoln, free-soil platform, non-extension of slavery -Constitutional Union Party: -John Bell, hoped to preserve the union *The Issues* -Slavery: -Compromise of 1850, the KS-NB Act, and Dred Scott failed to reduce sectional tensions -Many "fire-eater" southerners threatened secession if Lincoln won... *The Results* -Electoral results: 152 needed to win -Douglass: 12 -Bell: 39 -Breckenridge: 72 -Lincoln: 180 -Lincoln wins election without carrying a single Southern State! *Impact* -Immediate cause of the Civil War -Southern states begin to secede before -Lincoln's inauguration of March 4th, 1861
13-15 Amendments
*Background Info* -The Emancipation Proclamation gave a moral cause to the Civil War -Lincoln worried that it would be applicable post-Civil war -Republicans wanted to gain power in the South post Civil War -Radical Republicans sought to punish former Confederate leaders *13th Amendment* -What it says: -"Section 1: Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, excepts as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the US, or any subject to their jurisdiction. -Section 2: Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation" -What the amendment did: -Abolished slavery EVERYWHERE in the US -Huge economic and social implications for the country *14th Amendment* -What it says: -"Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the US, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the US and of the State wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privilege's or immunities of citizens of the US; not shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor dent to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. -Section 3: No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the US, or any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the US, or as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive of juridical officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the US, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, be a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. -What it did: -Section 1: Born in the US? You're a citizen (overturned Dred Scott Decision); equal protection of laws, used frequently in the future -Section 3: Confederate officials could not hold US office *15th Amendment* -What it says: -"Section 1: The right of citizens of the US to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the US or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. -Section 2: The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation." -What it did: -Provided suffrage for African American males -Helped provide for large Republics support from blacks in the South. *Impacts of the Amendments* -Women's Rights Movement: -The 14th and 15th amendments divided the group -Frederick Douglass and others favored black suffrage PRIOR to women's suffrage -Lucy Stone and the American Women Suffrage Association hoped to achieve suffrage after Reconstruction -Elizabeth Cady Stanton suffrage was not likely near, National Woman Suffrage Association advocated an amendment for Women's suffrage. -Ways Southern state got around the amendments: -Segregation -Violence, KKK intimidated many southern blacks and discourage voting -Supreme Court decisions: -Civil Rights Cases, congress could not prohibit discrimination by private businesses and individuals -Plessy v. Ferguson, upheld separate but equal facilities -Local political tactics: -Poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses -Eventually, these amendments were used in court decisions that uphold civil rights -Browny v. Board of Education, court cases of the 1960s (Warren Court) that increased rights of the accused
John Brown and Harpers Ferry
*Background on John Brown* -Radical Abolitionist -Pottawattamie Creek Massacre -"Bleeding Kansas" -Believed he was doing "God's Work" *The Raid on Harpers Ferry* -One of the immediate causes of the Civil War -What was it? -2nd largest armory in the US -Located in Virginia -John Brown hoped to incite a slave rebellion -On Oct. 17th, 1859, Brown and his followers took control of the armory -Brown envisioned slaves and anti-slavery people would take weapons and rebel. -Two of Brown's sons, and others were killed -Brown and the rest of his followers were captured -Brown was hanged on Dec 2nd, 1859 *Effects of the Raid* -Brown became a hero to many abolitionists -The South was convinced that the attack was the first of many -Republican Party was associated with Brown in the South's eyes -Republican Party tried to distance themselves from Brown -Disunion war near...
Dred Scott vs Sanford
*Background: Who was Dred Scott?* -Dred Scott, his wife, and two daughters were slaved of a US military Doctor -Prior to Dr. Emerson's death, Scott traveled with him in different areas of the country, including: -Illinois (a free state) -Wisconsin (a free territory) -After Emerson's death, Scott sued for freedom on his and his family's behalf -The Supreme Court hoped to address the issue of slavery once and for all *The Supreme Court's Decision" -Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, wrote the majority opinion and stated the following: 1.African American (regardless if they were free of slave) were NOT citizens and could not sue in court 2. Slaves were considered property and could not be taken away without "due process" (5th amendment) 3. The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional; Congress could not regulate slavery in territories *Impact of Ruling* -Tensions increase between North and South -Stephen Douglas, in his famous "Freeport Doctrine" believed territories could not enforce the decision -Splits the Democratic Party along Sectional lines -In order for African Americans to become citizens, a new court case, or amendment would be needed -14th amendment (granted citizenship)
The Civil War
*Causes of the War* -Long-term: -Expansion of slavery -Popular Sovereignty -States' Rights vs Federal Power -Uncle Tom's Cabin -Immediate: -Election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 -Lincoln wanted to PRESERVE the Union in the beginning -April 12, 1861: -Fort Sumter
Age of Jackson
*Election of Andrew Jackson* -Popular American Army General during the War of 1812. -Battle of New Orleans -Ran for president in 1824 no candidate received the majority of Electoral College votes. -Jackson received most popular votes but House of Representatives voted for John Quincy Adams. -Ran on a second time and won in 1828. -Re-elected in 1832 -Developed the Democratic Party -Support form the "Common Man" -Western Settlers -Southern Farmers -States make it easier for some to vote -Spoils System -Fired close to 2,000 government workers -Replaced with his supporters *Tariff Crisis Causes Division* -Jackson's administration supported higher tariffs or taxes on imported goods -Southerners were against tariff, felt it gave unfair advantage to northern industry -Vice President John C. Calhoun argued that states had the right to nullify or not follow federal law if the state believed it was unconstitutional. -President Jackson viewed Calhoun and South Carolina's actions as treasonous -Congress lowered the tariff and Jackson authorized federal troops to collect tariff *The Bank War* -Members of congress wanted to expand the role of the Bank of the US to support the economy. -Viewed negatively by supporters of Jackson viewed as an institution of the wealthy and elite -Jackson viewed the Bank as unconstitutional and vetoed the bill from congress to recharter the bank -Jackson removed all federal $ from the back effectivity killing it *Forced Native Migration & Removal* -Federal government used treaties & military actions to move Native tribes West of the Mississippi River -Tribes were often forced to give up land that treaties gave them rights to -Andrew Jackson supported states policies of removing native -1832 the Cherokee tribe sued the state of Georgia to prevent their removal -Supreme Court under John Marshall ruled Georgia did not have the right to remove Cherokee from their land. -Georgia officials ignored the court ruling -President Jackson did not support the court's ruling -1838 US Military forced Cherokees west on the Trail of Tears
The Kansas-Nebraska Act and Bleeding Kansas
*Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) -1854 law that allowed for popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska Territories -Devised by the "Little Giant" Stephen Douglas -The expectation was the Kansas would be slave, Nebraska would be free -Overturned the Missouri Compromise -Many in the North were upset -Helped lead to the creation of the Republican Party *Lawrence, Kansas* -Free-Soil City -Burned by pro-slavery individuals -Exhibited the tensions in KS over popular sovereignty and slavery *Caning of Charles Sumner* -Who was Charles Sumner? -Senator from Massachusetts -Abolitionist -Political speech, "Crime against Kansas", criticized Douglas and Butler, Senator from SC -Preston Brooks: -Relative of Butler -Wanted to defend honor of the South -The caning: -Brooks attacked Sumner at his desk with a cane -Sumner knocked unconscious -Showed deep tensions in Congress between North and South *Potawatomie Creek* -John Brown (Harpers Ferry fame) and his sons plot revenge for Lawrence and Charles Sumner -He and his followers kill 5 pro-slavery individuals -Brown and his followers leave Kansas *Lecompton Constitution* -Kansas applied for statehood -Voters could vote for a constitution with or without slavery -HOWEVER, if they voted without slavery, those slaves that were already in KS could stay and be slaves -Sham election -Free-Soilers refuse to vote -President Buchanan supports the Constitution -Kansas does not become a state until early 1861, as a free state *Impact of "Bleeding Kansas" -Democratic Party split along sectional line -Northern Democrats: -Stephen Douglass -1860 election al but granted the Democrats would not win -Abe Lincoln (republican party) wins the election -Civil war begins shortly after
The Compromise of 1850
*Key People* -Stephen Douglas: -Senator from IL, helped gain support for the Compromise -John C. Calhoun: -Senator from SC, wanted slavery to be left alone -Daniel Webster: -"7th of March Speech" -Called for North to support FSL and to compromise -Henry Clay: -Introduced the Compromise at age 72 *Background info* -Mexican-American War (1846-1848) -"Mexico will poison us", Ralph Waldo Emerson -Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo -Wilmot Proviso: -If passed, slavery would have been prohibited from ALL land gained during Mexican-American War -Passed House, but not Senate -Texas claimed land east of Rio Grande, in present day New Mexico -Threatened war -South would come to aid of Texas if Texas was attacked *5 Parts* 1. CA was added as a free state -Tips the balance in favor of free state 2. Slave Trade was abolished in DC -Slavery remained, just not the trade 3. *Popular Sovereignty* in land gained from Mexican session -Those living in territories could decide status of slavery 4. More strict Fugitive Slave Act, will infuriate Northerners -Requires Northerners to aid in catching and return of slaves -Leads to Personal Liberty Laws 5. Texas paid $10 million to settle border dispute *Impact of Compromise* -Demonstrated in Congress, sign of things to come -Civil War was averted -North had more time to industrialize -Most Northerners did not support war in 1850 -Many in the North move towards the abolitionist movement -Personal Liberty Law are not enforced in the North -Essentially nullification
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
*Manifest Destiny* -What is it? -Belief that US has a mandate (direction from God) to expand from Coast to Coast. -The South generally favored westward expansion. -more land & spread of slavery -Election of 1844 -Clay (Whig) vs. Polk (Democrat) -Polk embraces Manifest Destiny and the annexation of Texas, defeats Clay. -Slidell Mission: -Polk wanted to purchase CA and settle boundary dispute along TX border. -April 25, 1846 Mexico attacks US troops on "US" soil *An Important Battle and a Treaty* -Battle of Buena Vista -General Zachary Taylor becomes hero, president in 1848. -Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: -US gained California, and modern-day NM, AZ, UT and NV-- 1/2 of Mexican territory. *Effects of the War* -American increased its size by 1/3. -Future generals emerge -Debate over slavery continues -Wilmot Proviso -Compromise of 1850
Manifest Destiny
*Manifest Destiny* -What is it? -Belief that is was America's "God-Given" right to expand from coast to coast -Term that was created by John Sullivan -When time period is associated with it? -1840s and 1850s -Although it has roots in the LA Purchase and Indian Removal Act -Key Associations: -Oregon -Texas -Mexican-American War *Oregon* -At one time, four countries claimed Oregon: -Spain -Britain -Russia -US -The boundary was not settled between US & Great Britain -Polk campaigned on "54*40' or Fight" -Eventually, the two sides settle of the 49th parallel *Texas* -In 1836, Texas declared independence from Mexico -1844 presidential campaign focused on the issue of Texas -In 1845, Texas is annexed via a joint resolution -Southerners favored the admission as a way to expand slavery -The boundary was not settled by both US and Mexico *Mexican-American War* -Causes: -Texas boundary -"American blood on American soil" -Effects: -US gains Mexican Cession -Land increases by 1/3 -US now expands from Atlantic to the Pacific -Debate over slavery would be #1 topic until Civil war -Wilmot Proviso, wanted to keep slavery out of Mexican Cession -Passed House, not senate *Impacts of Manifest Destiny* -Native Americans: -They continually lost land and were pushed further and further west -Eventually, they were forced on reservations -Slavery: -Manifest destiny thrust the issue of slavery into the national spotlight -Debate over whether new land should be slave or free -Politics: -Wilmot Proviso -Republican Party -One of the platforms was to keep slavery from expanding
Period 5: 1844-1877
*US Expansion* -Manifest Destiny -Based on radical and cultural superiority -Main focus of political debates -Acquiring territory: -Mexican-American War, Mexican Cession -Enormous debates over slavery, Wilmot Proviso -Impacts of expansion? -Environmental changes, settlement of Indian lands -Initiatives towards Asia: -Economic: Matthew Perry -Cultural: Missionaries -Old Immigrants: -Lived in ethnic communities -Irish in cities. Germans on the frontier -Came to American pre-Civil war -Faced nativism-> anti-Catholic & sought to limit their power and influence -Know-Nothing Party -Opportunities out West: -Increased due to legislation promoting economic development -Homestead Act (1862), 160 acres of cheap land to move out West and settle for 5 years -Impacts of migrant and territorial expansion? -Conflicts with Hispanics and Natives -Sand Creek Massacre, CO militia attacked Cheyenne Indians, killed over 100, mostly women and children -Little Big Horn (Custer's Last Stand), Natives attacked and killed Custer and his men *Northern and Southern Differences* -North, free labor manufacturing, South dependent on agriculture and slavery, with a slow population growth -As a result, the North has more in the House -Abolitionists: -Small # in the North, although has a visible campaign -Used fierce arguments (William Lloyd Garrison) -Helped slaves escape (Underground RR) -Used violence (John Brown) -How did the South defend slavery? -"Positive Good" -Nullification, belief states could declare federal laws unconstitutional -Racist Stereotypes, minstrel shows *Compromise and Election of 1860* -Various failed attempts at solving the issue of slavery? -Compromise of 1850, dealt with land gained from Mexican Cession -Popular sovereignty and a strict fugitive slave law -Kansas-Nebraska Act-> "Bleeding Kansas" -Dred Scott decision -Causes of the End of the Second party system? -Issues over slavery -Anti-immigrant nativism, Know-Nothing Party -Emergence of sectional parties, Republicans in the North and the Midwest -Election of 1860: -Lincoln was elected on a free soil platform -Immediate cause of session, which led to the Civil War *Union Victory in the Civil War* -North & South mobilized their economies and societies for the war effort, even in the face of opposition -Both instituted conscription (draft) -Lincoln suspected habeas corpus in MD -Emancipation Proclamation, changed the purpose of the war, no longer to just preserve the union -Helped keep Europe out of the war -African Americans fought in the Union Army -Could be compared with the Gettysburg Address -Why did the Union succeed? -Improved military leadership, Grant and Sherman -Effective strategies, Anaconda Plan -Key victories, Antietam, Gettysburg -Greater resources, more factories and railroads -Destruction of the South's environment and infrastructure, "March to the Sea." *Reconstruction" -13th Amendment, abolished slavery -Drastic social and economic change -However, sharecropping endured in much of the South -Impacts of Radical Republicans? -Change in balance of power between Congress and President, impeachment of Andrew Johnson -Former slaves and African Americans gained political opportunities -Hiram Revels, first African American elected to Congress -Waning, to reduce, by the 1870s, the North's resolve the Reconstruction was waning -Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction, the military was withdrawn from the South, Hayes become president. *Constitutional Amendments* -14th Amendment, provided citizenship and equal protection of the laws -15th Amendment, suffrage for men -However, African American rights were limited through: -Segregation, Jim Crow Laws -Violence, KKK, White League -Supreme Court Decisions (Plessy v. Ferguson, Civil Rights Cases) -Local Political Tactics, poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses -Impact of these amendments on women's rights? -Split in the group, some only advocated the 15th amendment if it included women, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
1854 law that allowed for Popular Sovereignty within the Kansas and Nebraska territories. The expectation was that Kansas would be a slave, Nebraska would be free by the 36, 30 line.
"Old" Immigration and Nativism
*What is "Old Immigration?" -What is it? -Immigrants that came from Northern and Western Europe -Specific Countries? -Ireland, Germany, England -When did it occur? -1820s-1870s -What group made up the largest prior to the Civil War? -Irish *Why did they come here? Where did they settle?* -Germans: farmers looking for land -Irish: Potato Famine (1840s) "Black Forties" -Settled in large cities in the Northeast -Boston & New York -Where did they settle? -Germans: on the frontier and the Midwest & Northwest -Ohio, Wisconsin *Nativism* -What is it? -Fear, distrust, and hatred of foreigners -Reasons for nativism: -Different cultures -Different languages -Religion -Irish and Germans "stole" elections -tended to vote Democratic -Tammany Hall, NYC -Immigrants "took" jobs -Work for less money -Would not unionize *The "Know-Nothing" Party* -What is it? -Political party formed due to nativism -Originated as the Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner -Wanted to ban Catholics from holding offices -Called for tougher immigration and naturalization laws -In 1856, Ex-president Milliard Fillmore ran for President the Know-Nothing Party -Won 21% of the popular vote -By 1860, they were no longer a political threat
Reconstruction
*What was it?* -Attempting to achieve national unification after the Civil War. *Lincoln vs. Congressional Reconstruction* -Lincoln: Favorable to the South -Lincoln's 10% Plan: -If 10% of voters in 1860 election pledged loyalty to US, state could be readmitted -Congress felt it was too lenient -Wade-Davis Bill: -Congress (republicans) sought 50% of voters in 1860 elections to pledge allegiance *President Johnson* -His reconstruction plan was similar to Lincoln -10% -Ratification of the 13th Amendment -Confederate could appeal to him for a pardon -Disliked by "Radical Republicans" -Johnson was a Democrat from the South -Impeached for violating Tenure of Office Act -Secretary of War Stanton -Johnson was not removed *Why did "Radical" Reconstruction occur? -Congress (republicans) wanted to maintain their power -2 key Congressman: Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner -Former Confederate officials ran for federal office -Former CSA VP Alexander Stevens -Black Codes -Regulated affairs of freedmen; conditions similar to slavery -South was divided into 5 military zones *Freedmen's Bureau* -Goal: -Help former slaves survive and adjust -Food, medicine, and clothing were provided to former slaves and poor whites -Promised "40 Acres and a Mule" -rarely happened -Biggest success of the Freedmen's Bureau? -EDUCATION! *Key Reconstruction Amendments & Terms -13th Amendment: -Made slavery illegal -14th Amendment: -Granted citizenship to blacks -Equal protection for citizens -Former Confederate officers could not hold state or federal office -15th Amendment: -Granted suffrage for blacks -South found loopholes: poll taxes, literacy tests -Scalawags: -Southerners that favored Reconstruction -Carpetbaggers: -Northerners that moved South during Reconstruction -Force Acts: -Passed in response to KKK, Federal troops used to quell KKK *End of Reconstruction* -Why did it end? -Compromise of 1877 -The compromise settled the disputed 1876 election -Hayes (republican) became President -ENDED MILITARY RULE IN THE SOUTH! -Southerners appointed to cabinet -Impact of end of Reconstruction? -Jim Crow Laws Upheld by Plessy vs Ferguson
The Mexican-American War as a TURNING POINT
*When was it?* -War between the US and Mexico, started over Texas border dispute -When was it? -1846-1848 -Who won the war? -US, gained the Mexican Cession -Issues? -SLAVES! *Key Ideas Before the War -Prior US expansion led to debates over slavery, LA Purchase--> Missouri Compromise. -Both the North and the South sought to have an equal # of slave and free state. -Americans began moving into Texas in large #'s in the 1820s. -Tx declared independence in 1836 -Manifest Destiny swept the nation in the 1840s: -John O'Sullivan -Election of 1844 -Rise of the abolitionist movement: -William Lloyd Garrison's The Liberator -Nat Turner's Rebellion -Manifest Destiny is Complete -Fate of territories? -Enormous debates -Wilmot Proviso -Compromise of 1850 -Gadsden Purchase, purchase was for a transcontinental railroad in the South -> KS-NB Act, North wanted a railroad. -KS-NB act, overturned MO Compromise -North is FURIOUS! Slavery issue -"Bleeding Kansas", John Brown Part I -Emergence of the Republican Party -Free Soil Pattern, stop the expansion of slavery *How was the War a Turning Point? -*Changes* -Growth of abolitionist after, Fugitive Slave Act -Increased sectional tensions, Bleeding Kansas, caning of Charles Sumner -Popular Sovereignty -*Continuities:* -Restrictions & tightening of African Americans rights, especially the South. -Spread of slavery out west (LA Purchase, and now Mexican Cession) -Different labor systems, slavery entrenched, north free labor -*Possible Synthesis Point:* -Connecting the Mexican-American War to the Civil War -Comparing debates over Mexican Cession to debates over expansion after the Spanish Americans
Know-Nothing Party
Also known as the American Party. Nativist political party that emerged in response to an increase in immigrants like the Irish Catholics.
Key Document to Know From Period 5 (1844-1877)
*William Lloyd Garrison* -Who was he? -Publisher of "The Liberator," an abolitionist newspaper *Manifest Destiny* -What do we notice? -Columbia is moving westward with telegraph lines -Many Americans are moving westward, towards darkness -Native Americans are moving further west -Implications of the Cartoon? -Manifest Destiny is seen as positive *Wilmot Proviso* -What was it? -An amendment to a bill that proposed banning slavery in the Mexican Cession land *KS-NB Act* -What do we notice -4 democrats -Slave being forced down a throat -Implications of the carton? -KS-NB Act is seen as a negative -Democratic Party is the Culprit *The Caning of Charles Sumner* -Charles Sumner criticized slavery and its supporters (Andrew Butler) -Butlers nephew, Congressman Preston Brooks took exception to Sumner's speech *The Election of 1860* -What do we notice? -Lincoln won, without carrying a single southern state -Democratic Party was split along sectional lines: North-Douglass, South-Breckenridge *Lincoln's Letter to Horace Greely, April 22, 1862* -Message of the excerpt? -Lincoln, in the beginning, south to preserve the union at all costs *Reconstruction: 15th Amendment* -What do we notice? -African American males are lining up to vote -Military official impact of Emancipation Proclamation -Implications of the Cartoon? -Black suffrage is seen as positive *Reconstruction: Resistance to Civil Rights* -What do we notice? -KKK and White League are joining hands -"Worse than slavery" -Implications of cartoons? -KKK, White League, and other organizations terrorized African Americans -Would use violence to meet their goals
Causes of the Mexican American War
-Desire 4 natural and mineral resources -economic opportunities -religious refuge -Manifest Destiny These all led to westward expansion and the desire to annex Texas, which had previously conceded from Mexico. Mexico and Texas had disputes over the boundaries, so when the US came to annex Texas, they purposefully moved troops into the disputed territory to incite a conflict.
What were ways the South resisted the 14th and 15th amendments?
-Segregation - Jim Crow laws -Violence - KKK an White League -Supreme Court Decisions - Plessy v. Ferguson ("Separate but equal") -Local political tactics - poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses
What were main events relating to Manifest Destiny?
-Texas Independence -Oregon Trail -Mormon Migration -Mexican Cession -Gold Rush and admittance of California
How would the following view the Wilmot Proviso? 1.Southern Plantation Owners: 2.Supporters of Popular Sovereignty: 3.Members of the Free-Soil Party: 4.Members of the Republican Party:
1. Against. Southern Plantations were a group that wanted to see slavery expand as the US expanded. 2. Against. The people that supported popular sovereignty wanted people living in the territories to decided the status of slavery. NOT the federal government. 3. Supported Wilmot Proviso. They wanted to keep slavery out of the western territories. 4.Favored Wilmot Proviso. The Republican Party wanted to keep slavery from expanding.
Compromise of 1850
1. California admitted as a free state 2. territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico 3. Resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries 4. Federal assumption of Texas debt 5. Slave trade abolished in DC 6. New fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas
What did the 13 - 15 amendments do?
13 - abolished slavery; 14 - granted citizenship and equal protection; 15 - universal adult male suffrage.
Which of the following parts of the Compromise of 1850 was the most appealing to the North? A. Admitting California as a free state B. Passing a new Fugitive Slave Law C. Ending the slave trade in Washington, D.C. D. Using popular sovereignty in new territories
A. Admitting California as a free state
Which of the following is a correct statement about the Wilmot Proviso? A. It forbade the introduction of slavery in the territory acquired from Mexico B. It denied President Polk additional funds to conduct the war with Mexico C. It compromise differences between the north and the south D. It passed both houses of Congress but was vetoed by the president E. It was proposed by the Whigs to embarrass the Democrats
A. It forbade the introduction of slavery in the territory acquired from Mexico
In July of 1861, President Lincoln was particularly concerned about how his policies on slavery would affect which areas? A. the states in white because they were slave states that remained in the Union B. the states in medium gray because they were home to most of his political supporters C. the states in dark gray because he thought he could persuade them to rejoin the Union D. the region in light gray because it consisted of territories that had not yet become states
A. the states in white because they were slave states that remained in the Union
13th Amendment (1865)
Abolished slavery, drastic social and economic change. Huge economic and social implications for the country.
Reasons for westward migration (Manifest Destiny)
Access to natural and mineral resources, economic opportunities for settlers, religious refuge (Mormons).
Which of the following parts of the Compromise of 1850 was the most appealing to the North?
Admitting California as a free state
Dred Scott Decision (1857)
African Americans weren't citizens and will not sue in court, whether or not they were free or not. Slaves were considered property and will not be withdrawn without group action.
Why did Reconstruction end?
Compromise of 1877 withdrew troops from the South; The North's WANING resolve led many in the North to no longer support Reconstruction.
Which of the following would in part cause Douglass's view that for African Americans, "citizenship is but a sham"? A. 14th Amendment B. Black Codes C. Freedmen's Bureau D. Election of Ulysses S. Grant
B. Black Codes
In proclaiming that all persons born in the United States were citizens, the 14th Amendment directly repudiated which of the following? A. Compromise of 1850 B. Dred Scott Decision C. Johnson's Reconstruction Plan D. Wade-Davis Bill
B. Dred Scott Decision
Which of the following best describes an immediate effect of the Emancipation Proclamation? A. Slaves in the border states became free B. Slaves in the Deep South became free C. Abolition of slavery in Confederate territory became one of the North's war goals D. Lincolns reelection was assured E. Draft riots arrested in New York City
C. Abolition of slavery in Confederate territory became one of the North's war goals
Winthrop suggests that Polk's slogan of "Fifty-four Forty or Fight!" was based mainly on which of the following attitudes? A. Polk held strong anti-British sentiments B. Polk believed the country needed more free land C. Polk hoped to get political benefit D. Polk felt pressure from Southerners
C. Polk hoped to get political benefit
The Supreme Court's decision in the Dred Scott case outraged public opinion in the North chiefly because it... A. Declared the Fugitive Slave law unconstitutional B. Guaranteed citizenship to free blacks C. Remove restrictions against the spread of slavery into Western Territories D. Failed to abolish slavery in the South E. Challenged California's status as a free state
C. Remove restrictions against the spread of slavery into Western Territories
John Brown's primary purpose in attacking Harpers Ferry was to... A. Gain contribution from northern abolitionists B. Take revenge for the death of anti-slavery settlers in Kansas C. Start a slave rebellion in Virginia D. Open up a new path for the underground railroad E. Destroy the federal arsenal in Virginia
C. Start a slave rebellion in Virginia
How did Manifest Destiny contribute to debated over slavery, such as the Wilmot Proviso?
If the new land would be free or slave. The Wilmot Proviso would be an example of tensions between the North and the South over the expansion of slavery.
How did the Union ultimately prevail in the Civil War?
Improvements in leadership and strategy (Grant and the "Anaconda Plan"), Key Victories - Gettysburg and Antietam; Greater resources - more factories and RRs, the South's infrastructure was destroyed.
Why did the Union ultimately prevail in the Civil War?
Improvements in leadership and strategy (Grant and the "Anaconda Plan"), Key Victories - Gettysburg, Antietam, Greater resources - more factories and RRs, the South's infrastructure was destroyed.
Popular sovereignty
Is the people's rule is the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power.
What impact did the Emancipation Proclamation have on the Civil War?
It changed the aim of the war, was now not to simply preserve the union, helped keep Europe out of the war, also African Americans fought within the Union Army. It is also related to the Gettysburg Address.
What does the word waning mean? What happened to the North's resolve to continue with Reconstruction?
It means to reduce, by the 1870's, the north's resolve for reconstruction was warning or pursue reconstruction policies decreased.
The Proviso was passed in the House of Representatives, but not the Senate. What does that tell us about the population distribution in the 1840s?
It was based on population. Since it was passed, the majority of representatives were in support of the Proviso. The North has more representation, and this why the North passed it, not the senate.
Goal of the Nativist Movement?
It was especially Anti-Catholic. The nativists hoped to limit the power and cultural influence of the immigrants (Irish and Germans).
What was the goal of the Nativist movement?
It was especially Anti-Catholic. The nativists hoped to limit the power and cultural influence of the immigrants (Irish and Germans).
John Brown @ Harper's Ferry
John Brown, a radical white abolitionist, organized a slave rebellion in Virginia, failed miserably. Praised by North, hated by South.
How did the South defend slavery?
John C Calhoun argued that slavery was a positive good. They also used nullification which was the belief that states declare federal laws unconstitutional. There were also Racist stereotypes.
How did Lincoln's views towards the war change over time?
Lincoln viewed the war initially as preserving the union, but eventually sought to end slavery -> Emancipation Proclamation and Gettysburg Address
What was the significance of the Election of 1860?
Lincoln was elected on a free-soil platform during which slavery wouldn't expand. It was the immediate reason behind secession which then led to warfare.
Arguments to annex western lands included
Manifest Destiny and American institutions (democracy)
By going to war, the United States gained the territory labeled as the?
Mexican Cession
What were ways abolitionists campaigned against slavery?
Moral arguments (think William Lloyd Garrison), assisting slaves' escapes (think Underground RR), using violence (think Bleeding-Kansas and Harpers Ferry).
Fort Sumter
Place of 1st real battle of CW 1863-It was preceded by many little sieges culminating into this battle.
An increase in which of the following was the key part of the Kansas-Nebraska Act to attract Southern support?
Popular Soverignty
William Lloyd Garrison
Prominent radical abolitionist in the North
14th Amendment (1868)
Provided citizenship and equal protection of the laws also confederate officials could not hold office.
What is sharecropping?
Renting of land to former slaves - limited economic opportunities to former slaves and poor whites in the south.
What were three ways Southern states limited the rights of African Americans?
Segregation (Jim crow laws) which aloud separate facilities. Violence (kkk, White league) which terrorized African Americans. Supreme Court Decisions (Plessy v. Ferguson, Civil Rights Cases) Which established the Separate but equal document.
What were ways the South resisted the 14th and 15th amendments? (Great Short Answer Question)
Segregation - Jim Crow laws; Violence - KKK and White League; Supreme Court Decisions - Plessy v. Ferguson ("Separate but equal"); Local political tactics - poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses
Homestead Act 1862
Signed by Lincoln in 1862-promoted Western migration. People who went to the West were given 160 acres of land. but had to work for 5 years before they owned it.
What did the Supreme Court rule in Dred Scott v. Sanford?
Slaves were property, not citizens; Congress could NOT legislate slavery in the territories.
Why did the 15th amendment split the women's rights movement?
Some women advocated suffrage be extended to women as well as African American males.
What was the free soil movement?
Sought to keep slavery from expanding into newly acquired territories.
The most immediate result of Lincoln's election in 1860 was that...
South Carolina seceded from the Union
15th Amendment (1870)
Suffrage for African American men.
How did territorial expansion lead to debates over slavery? (Need SPECIFIC historical evidence)
Territorial expansion led to many debates over slavery to determine if they will be a slave state or free. After many debates they tried "popular sovereignty" which meant states could choose to be free or slave, but that later proved to be unsuccessful. During the 19th century many Americans moved West in hopes of wealth and prosperity. While this expansion continued many bought or brought slaves to go West and work in the fields there. The problem was that the territories did not fall under the Missouri Compromise, therefore no rules applied to these territories. Bloody Kansas is a prime example. Bloody Kansas was a border war between the North and the South.
Briefly explain why ONE of the following developments was the most significant factor contributing to the outbreak of the Civil War. -The Compromise of 1850 -The Dred Scott Decision -The Presidential Election of 1860
The Compromise of 1850 repealed the precious Missouri Compromise that held the Union together. It made the issue of slavery an unsure enterprise for the territories.
What are examples of nativism faced by "Old" immigrants?
The German and Irish are examples of people that were the "old" immigrants. The navtism they were faced with was Anti-Catholic and sought to limit their power and influence, especially country cause they were catholic. The "No Nothing Party" which was the ability to stay Catholics from holding office.
How did the Mexican-American War contribute to tensions between the North and South?
The North had free labor manufacturing, the South used more agriculture and slavery, with slow population growth. As a result, the North has more power within the house.
Where else in American History have we seen bans on slavery? (Besides the 13th amendment).
The Northwest Land Ordinance banned slavery in the Northwest Territory. The Missouri Compromise also banned slavery above the 3630 line in the Louisiana Purchase.
Why did "Radical" Reconstruction occur?
The Radical Republicans believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whites. They also believed that the Confederate leaders should be punished for their roles within the war.
Provide two examples of conflicts with Native Americans during this time period.
The Sand Creek massacre is where the CO militia attacked Cheyenne Indians, killing over 100, mostly women and young kids. Little Bighorn, also known as Custer's last stand is where Natives attacked and killed Custer and his men.
What is the goal of the Wilmot Proviso?
To ban slavery in all land gained from Mexico after the Mexican-American War.
In July of 1861, President Lincoln was particularly concerned about how his policies on slavery would affect which areas?
The states in white because they were slave states that remained in the Union
How did the government encourage westward expansion during the time period?
There were many opportunities from expanding out west which increased thanks to legislation promoting economic development. The federal government is encouraged westward expansion. The Homestead Act, which gave 160 acres to families who would move out west and settle there for five years.
How did the South justify and defend slavery?
They claimed slavery was a positive good (John C. Calhoun).
What were three reasons the Union succeeded in the Civil War?
They had improved military leadership, effective strategies like the Anaconda plan, which had key victories like Antietam, Gettysburg, and lastly greater resources (more factories).
What were three ways abolitionists sought to achieve their goals?
They used fierce arguments like William Lloyd Garrison did. They helped slaves escape , example the Underground Railroad Lastly, they used Violence like John Brown did.
One attempt to prevent slavery in the territories was the?
Wilmot Proviso
