Psychology Exam 4
Major Depressive Disorder
2+ weeks of depressed mood or anhedonia (loss of interest) most days plus... -Excessive weight change -Sleep disturbance -Worthlessness -Concentration difficulties -Loss of interest Impairment or distress
Anxiety disorders are characterized by all of these symptoms except
A split between affect and cognition
Imagine this conversation between a therapist and her client. Client: "I have so much pressure! Work, school, family, dating ... I wonder how I can get it all done!" Therapist: "You seem to have a lot of demands on your time." The therapist's comment demonstrates ___.
Active listening
After Nathan narrowly avoids a car accident, he notices that his heart is beating rapidly and he feels a "rush" from the adrenaline in his bloodstream. Nathan is most likely in the ___ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
Alarm reaction
Rosana believes that she will succeed in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time. Her belief most clearly illustrates
An internal locus of control
When Maria was twelve years old, she began stealing from local stores. Her delinquent behavior continued and became more serious as she entered adulthood. She shows no empathy, guilt, or shame and always tried to manipulate other people with her superficial charm. Which personality disorder is consistent with Maria's behavior?
Antisocial
Anxiety v. Fear
Anxiety -State of psychological tension or apprehension -It is usually adaptive -Concern is future Fear -Concern is present
Cluster C: Anxious/Fearful
Avoidant Personality Disorder Dependent Personality Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Although mental health researchers have disagreed in the past about the causes of disordered behavior, most researchers in Western cultures now agree that the ___ model best explains the appearance of psychopathology.
Biopsychosocial
For the past few months, Val felt completely hopeless and unmotivated. She would not eat much and felt worthless. Then, she suddenly felt unusually elated, full of energy, and bursting with ideas. Val is probably suffering from ___ disorder.
Bipolar I
Exhaustion Stage
Bodily systems decrease in order to conserve energy Problems can develop: -Heart disease, allergies, colds, depression, etc.
Resistance Stage
Body attempts to return to homeostasis High arousal, repairing damage
Systematic desensitization
Client is trained in relaxation techniques Develop fear hierarchy Try to relax as imagine each step of hierarchy
Free association
Clients say whatever comes to mind Clinician says little if anything
To help Jenny with her depression, her therapist instructs her to replace her thought, "I must be perfect," with the thought, "I'm a good person and I'm doing the best I can." This technique is most consistent with the assumptions of ___ therapy.
Cognitive behavior
Don't worry about the hidden meanings behind your psychological problems. Just change the way you think and act about them, and you'll get better." This statement best summarizes which therapeutic approach?
Cognitive behavioral
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Combination of behavior therapy and cognitive therapy Challenge distorted thinking and... Apply learning principles Highly successful
Daily Hassles
Day-to-day challenges Even daily hassles, such as spotty phone connections, long lines at the store, aggravating housemates, and e-mail and text spam, may be the most significant sources of stress. Over time, these little stressors take a toll on our health and well-being
Aerobic exercise has been most closely linked to a decrease in
Depression
While interviewing Joe, Dr. Willard discovers that Joe has a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia because his uncle and mother had schizophrenia. Dr. Willard also believes the fact that Joe was homeless for several months after being expelled from school and "disowned" by his parents triggered his schizophrenia. Dr. Willard probably follows the ___ model of psychological disorders.
Diathesis-stress
Norman is a hotel owner with a calm, laid-back style of living who occasionally "splits" into a different personality. This other personality is a cranky, violent old woman. Norman is exhibiting
Dissociative identity disorder
Cognitive Therapy
Distorted thinking underlies emotional problems Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) Beck's Cognitive Therapy
Histrionic and borderline personality disorders are part of the
Dramatic-erratic cluster (Cluster B)
Seena is extremely nervous about an exam that she is taking tomorrow. To relieve the stress, she decides to stop thinking about the exam, and she spends her evening watching television and thinking happy thoughts. Seena is using a(n) ___ coping method.
Emotion-focused
Which characteristic would be most likely to be exhibited by a person with narcissistic personality disorder?
Exaggerated self-importance
Social Anxiety Disorder
Excessive fear of certain social situations -Fear humiliation -Avoidance or distress -Can be large social settings or one on one sessions -Any type of authority figure (power difference) -E.g. public speaking; meeting new people
After working a stressful job for years, Kyle has developed high blood pressure and an ulcer. In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome would Selye place Kyle?
Exhaustion
Which of the following is best classified as an emotional stress response?
Feelings of anxiety and depression
Becky is extremely afraid of snakes. Her therapist puts her in a room full of snakes and doesn't allow her to leave for several hours. When Becky leaves the room, she is no longer afraid of snakes. Becky's therapist helped her overcome her snake phobia through the use of ___, which is a technique used by ___ therapists.
Flooding; behavioral
Behavioral Therapy
Focus on the present Uses classical and operant conditioning to change undesired behaviors Especially useful for anxiety disorders Systematic desensitization Gradual (in vivo) exposure Flooding Modeling Virtual Reality Therapy Aversive Conditioning Operant Conditioning
Psychodynamic Therapy- Sigmund Freud
Free Association Dream Analysis Interpretation
Cara's therapist instructs her to relax and state aloud any thoughts, memories, or images that come to mind. Cara's therapist is using a psychoanalytic technique known as
Free association
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive hard - driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people The toxic core of Type A is negative emotions, especially the anger associated with an aggressively reactive temperament. Under stress, the sympathetic nervous system of the Type A person redistributes blood flow to the muscles and away from internal organs, such as the liver, which removes cholesterol and fat from the blood. The resulting excess cholesterol later gets deposited around the heart
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman's term for easy going, relaxed people
Internal Locus of Control
Higher achievement Better health More independent Less depressed tend to score more positively in a host of psychological health measures
Cluster B: Dramatic/Emotional
Histrionic Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder
Dr. Geiser treats her clients as equals. She feels that this is the first step toward helping the client improve. She claims that by making the client feel accepted and encouraged, the foundation has been laid for the client to improve. Dr. Geiser is most likely a ___ psychologist.
Humanistic
Therapist: "I trust your judgment regarding continuation of your treatment. I want to help you become aware of your feelings and actions, but I know you can help yourself. I accept and support your decision." Which psychotherapist is most likely to say this?
Humanistic
Humanistic Therapy
Humans make conscious choices that impact their lives 1. Client-centered therapy -Carl Rogers -Exploration of the self -Accepting environment -Active listening -3 Qualities for effective therapists --Unconditional positive regard --Empathy- taking another person's perspective --Genuineness 2. Gestalt Therapy - aim is for client to become more unified, self-aware, and self-accepting -Fritz Perls -Confrontational approach -Challenge clients to express how they currently feel -Role-playing -Empty chair technique
Which example best illustrates catastrophizing?
Kevin is taking his Psych 101 final and keeps thinking throughout the test that he is failing and will never get into law school.
Since Jack's forced retirement, he has experienced overwhelming sadness and has withdrawn from his friends and family. He has gained twenty pounds and has been sleeping much more than usual. Most noticeably, he is no longer interested in participating in his life-long hobby of playing several rounds of gold each week. Most likely, Jack is experiencing
Major depressive disorder
Which of the following is NOT associated with an elevated risk for suicide?
Making plans to change jobs
Sylvester suffers from schizophrenia. He has negative symptoms, such as never feeling pleasure; he also has positive symptoms, which could include all of the following EXCEPT
Multiple personalities
Jan's roommate, Thelma, is always bragging about how well she is doing in her classes, about how much her professors admire and respect her, and that she is destined to be a great criminal defense attorney. When Jan points out Thelma's poor writing skills, Thelma cries because Jan doesn't appreciate her immense talents. Jan and her friends get irritated with Thelma because she expects to be given special treatment by her professor and fellow students. If Thelma has a psychological disorder, it would most likely be ___ personality disorder.
Narcissistic
The ___ symptoms associated with schizophrenia include lack of emotion, lack of motivation, and social withdrawal.
Negative
Sharice has a mental disorder and wants to see a therapist. She wants to make sure to choose the best type of therapy for the most effective treatment. What type of therapy should she choose?
No single type of therapy has been proven to work better than all others
Kristine and Nicole are seeing therapists for their psychological problems. Kristine constantly thinks that she is stupid and worthless, and sometimes she has thoughts of killing herself. Nicole cleans her house so much that she doesn't have time to do anything else; she realizes that her house is already clean, but she can't stop herself. Their therapists are most likely treating Kristine for her ___ and treating Nicole for her ___.
Obsessions; compulsions
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Occurs when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body -Aka "Multiple Personality Disorder" Sybil Controversy Presence of 2 or more alters. -At least two of the alters recurrently take control of the behavior. -Inability of at least one of the alters to recall important personal information. -Number of alters ranges from 2 to 100.
Cluster A: Odd/Eccentric
Paranoid Personality Disorder Schizoid Personality Disorder Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Significant Life Changes
Personal events; life transitions Those who experience significant life changes, such as the death of a spouse, divorce, or loss of a job, are vulnerable to disease. Experiencing a cluster of such crises puts one even more at risk. -Reported by one-half of people in twenties and one-fifth of those over 65 -Raises risk of disease and death; cluster crisis is worse
Magdalena works with teens at the juvenile detention center. She helps the teens practice skills that will help them integrate back into school more effectively. The teens are rewarded when they follow specific rules for appropriate behaviors. This system operated primarily on the use of
Positive reinforcement
Joe returned from combat two months ago. However, he is still experiencing sleep disturbances, anxiety, irritability, guilt, jumpiness, inability to concentrate, and difficulty getting along with others. Joe is most likely suffering from
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Preoccupation with being admired Lack of empathy and consideration for others Grandiosity Extreme sense of entitlement Only associate with the best (a lot of name dropping) If ego is not stroked.. No validation... met with irritability → hostility In order to gain any type of therapeutic alliance you have to stroke their ego
Alarm Stage
Prepare for action Increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system Fight-or-flight response -Allows the body to quickly use resources to either fight or flee from the problem
Corbin recently found out that he has cancer, and he now strictly follows a treatment, diet, and exercise program that the doctor thinks will be helpful in keeping the cancer from spreading. These behaviors best illustrate ___ coping.
Problem-focused
Stress
Process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
Gretchen has just been diagnosed with depression, and her therapist prescribed Elavil as an antidepressant. Gretchen's therapist is most likely a
Psychiatrist
Sally goes to Lucy for psychotherapy. In Lucy's office, Sally relaxes and says whatever comes to her mind. She also describes her dreams, and Lucy offers interpretations. Lucy claims that these methods help Sally become more aware of her unconscious mind. Lucy is most likely a ___ psychotherapist.
Psychodynamic
An understanding of how stress affects our resistance to disease is the central focus of the field of
Psychoneuroimmunology
Transference v. Countertransference
Relationship between the client & therapist Client unconsciously reenacts relationships with others The therapist re-enacting relationships with others
Sophia is an air traffic controller. If she fails in her job, planes could crash and hundreds of people could die. While she is at work, she must be constantly alert and pay close attention. Although she is outwardly healthy, Sophia's blood pressure and blood sugar levels are high, and her body is secreting excess amounts of corticosteroids. Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is Sophia in?
Resistance
Flooding
Same as gradual exposure but... Only perform most distressing behavior Not told to relax, but rather fully experience fear
Bipolar Disorder
Shift in mood between two states -Changing from depression to mania -Manic Episode (Bipolar I): --Extreme highs, excessive happiness --Times of extreme productivity --Grandiosity --Decreased sleep --Risky activity -Hypomanic Episode (Bipolar II): --Less intense
Samuel avoids speaking in public. He's extremely afraid of appearing stupid and can't stand the thought of being embarrassed in front of his peers. Samuel suffers from
Social anxiety disorder
At a hostile family reunion, Paige is quite stressed. Her heart is racing, her emotions are frazzled, and she has crossed her arms to signal she's not to be disturbed. Paige's responses are known as
Stress reactions
Trina is thinking about how many papers she has to do before the end of the term, how to mend things with her boyfriend, and how to earn enough money to buy her family presents for the holidays. In other words, Trina is thinking about
Stressors
Pedro is afraid of crossing bridges. A psychologist helps Pedro by first letting him look at bridges and then having him imagine himself standing near a bridge while being in a safe, relaxing environment. Next, the psychologist has Pedro watch a video of a man crossing a bridge in a car and then has him imagine himself crossing that bridge. Eventually, Pedro is able to stay relaxed while he drives over a bridge. This process is called
Systematic desensitization therapy
All treatments for psychological disorders share certain basic features. Which of the following is NOT one of these features?
The attention to unconscious processes
Stressors
Things That Push Our Buttons
During sessions with her clinician, Sheila began to treat him with tenderness and dependence, much like her relationship with her father. Freud called this phenomenon
Transference
Friedman and Rosenman referred to competitive, hard-driving, impatient, and easily angered individuals as ___ personalities.
Type A
In the course of therapy, Dr. Smith takes great care to let her clients feel that they are good people no matter what they say or do. Dr. Smith is demonstrating
Unconditional positive regard
Catastrophes
Unpleasant, large-scale events Catastrophic floods, hurricanes, and fires can result in significant damage to emotional and physical health. Think about hurricane Harvey and Irma and how stressful and damaging that was for thousands of people
Stress Response
Viewed by Cannon as a "fight-or-flight" system Sympathetic nervous system: -Activates secretion of stress hormones -Triggers increased heart rate and respiration -Diverts blood from digestion to skeletal muscles -Dulls feelings of pain -Releases sugar and fat from the body's stores Hypothalamus and pituitary release stress hormones such as cortisol from the adrenal glands
Emotion-focused coping
We tend to use when we believe we cannot change a situation. For example, we may attempt to gain emotional distance from a damaging, discontinued relationship
Problem-focused coping
We use when we attempt to alleviate stress by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor. We tend to use problem-focused strategies when we think we can change the situation, or at least change ourselves to more capably deal with the situation.
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
something added to the person Hallucinations Bizarre Delusions Incoherent Speech ("word salad") Inappropriate/Disorganized Behaviors
Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
something lost from a person Loss of Motivation Emotional Flatness Social Withdrawal Slowed speech or no speech
