APUSH REVIEW
Mercantilism
**economic philosophy that held that colonies existed to serve the mother country** -founded on the belief that the worlds wealth was sharply limited and one country's gain was another's loss -goal was to export more than you import
Effect of the Navigation Acts
- hurt the colonists by lowering the price they received for their products, and raised what they had to pay -brought on wars in holland for england
Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordiance of 1787
--Land Ordinance: an act of congress that sold the western lands in order to settle that territory and earn revenue for the federal government, organized the distribution of land into towns and set aside each section area for education --The Northwest Ordinance: described how the land north of the ohio river valley should be divided to help create 5 new states, set a precedent of how states could join the union and stood as a successful accomplishment by the federal government that had been seen before as ineffective
Elastic Clause and the Tenth Amendment
-10th amend; restricts the federal government to those powers delegated to it by the constitution and fives all other powers to the states or the people -E.C.; the government of the states or the people have not been expressly delegated to the central government
Bacon's Rebellion
-Bacon was upset by the governor of Jamestown not being able to protect them from Native Americans -Bacon commanded two unauthorized raids on Native American tribes -soon after Bacon marched to Jamestown and set fire -ended by the aid of british military forces -after this, people started turning to slaves instead of indentured servants
William Pitt
-Britain's capable and energetic prime minister -led Britain to virtually destroy the French empire in North America by focusing on the French headquarters in Canada -Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended hostilies
The Second Continental Congress
-GROUP was torn between declaring independence and remaining under british power -the congress sent george washington to command the army around boston -american ports were opened in defiance of the navigation acts -wrote the declaration of independence
The Carolinas
-King James rewarded loyal noblemen with these lands after the puritan revolt -attempted to make this a silk manufacturing colony with crops such as rice and indigo -when this didn't work to attract people, rebellion arose against the proprietors and led to north and south carolina to being royal colonies
The Separatists and Plymouth
-Puritans who believed the church of England was beyond saving and needed to break away from it -members of this group came on the Mayflower and became known as the *pilgrims*
The First Great Awakening
-Series of religious revivals -preachers spread the message of personal and emphasized faith as a way to avoid hell -suggested an equality between God and the bible -George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards became its most dynamic preachers -more denominations were formed -a number of colleges were founded by those who accepted the Great Awakening -partly responsible for refuting the idea that salvation was only possible with predestined election
Jamestown
-Virginia Company of London settled -first permanent English settlement in the new world -swampy location led to disease and contaminated water sources -first colony to have slaves reach a british settlement
Anti-Federalist
-against the adoption of the constitution; suspicious of political actions that would limit the freedom and of the centralized gvmt would rule at a distance -later absorbed by the jeffersonian republican party; after constitution was adopted
Half Way Covenant
-allowed grandchildren (not just children) to participate in church affairs even if not saved by God
Federalists
-americans who advocated centralized power and constitutional ratification -used the federalist papers to demonstrate how the constitution was designed the prevent the abuse of power -believed all powers not expressly written, were the federal governments
Quakers
-believed human religious institutions were largely unnecessary -placed little importance on the bible bc could hear directly from god -opposed slavery and favored decent treatment of Native Americans -strong believers in social equality and independance
Impact of the French and Indian War on British Colonial Policy
-britain set our to solve the large national debt incurred in recent conflicts -it created a series of acts that raised taxes on american goods, leading to rebellious activities in the colonies -acts included the proclamation of 1763, and other acts
Charles Cornwallis
-british military and political leader -led british forces during the american revolution
Anne Hutchinson
-claimed people could have relations with God, not just clergy and priests -tried and banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony for her 'antinomian' teachings -founded now-a-day Rhode Island with other settlements that had sprung up in the area
Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)
-closed the port of boston to all trade until citizens paid for the lost tea -allowed royal officials accused of crimes in massachusetts to be tried elsewhere
Benjamin Franklin
-colonial writer, scientist, and others -served in the continental congress and was a drafter and signer of the declaration of independence
Battle of Bunker Hill
-colonists twice turned back a british frontal assault and they held off the british until the bunker hill force ran out of ammunition and was overrun -led to strengthened american morale
Treaty of Tordesillas
-commitment between spain and portugal -created the papal line of demarcation, divided the new world, east and west; portugal and spain territories
Battles of Concord and Lexington
-concord: site suspected by british general gage of housing a stockpile of colonial weaponry -lexington: the colonial troops withdrew
English Civil War
-conflict between King Charles and the English Parliament -Charles claimed to have rule by divine right, Parliament argued that its membership had rights that were separate from those granted to the king -ended in Charles and his son Charles II persecuted
Battle of Saratoga
-considered a turning point as french aid began after this battle
St. Augustine, Florida
-considered first permanent settlement in what would become the united states
Connecticut
-corporate colony established and recognized by England -formed on set of laws know as the 'Fundamental Orders'
The Constitution of the United States
-created a stronger federal government -the bill of rights constitutes the first ten amendments and it protects individual rights and freedoms
Triangular Trade
-created as result of mercantilism -trade between Europe, Africa, and America
Massachusetts Bay Company
-created by a group of puritans -John Winthrop led the group -organized well and were able to not undergo the normal starving time -developed to have a governor and representative assembly
Dominion of New England
-created by king James that oversaw british colonies in the new england region -helped protect colonies from french and native american forces
Townshend Acts
-created by the british prime minister -formed a program of taxing items imported into the colonies such as paper, lead, glass and tea -replaced the direct taxes of the stamp act -led to boycotts by boston merchants and served as a key contributor to the boston massacre
Great Compromise
-created the house and the senate; equal, and by population -included the 3/5ths compromise. counted slaves as 3/5 of a person for purposes of figuring out how many representatives
Albany Plan
-delegates met in New York to discuss plans for a collective defense -rejected because thought of as demanding too great a surrender of power
Stamp Act Congress
-delegates of seven colonies met in new york to discuss plans for defense -adopted the declaration of rights and grievances which stated that freeborn englishmen could not be taxed without their consent
The Enlightenment
-dictated that human reason was adequate to solve the problems of mankind, and therefore much less faith was needed -came over from England to become a New World seed of culture
Treaty of Paris of 1763
-ended the Seven Years War (French and Indian War) -britain took canada and what would become the us west of the mississippi river -france lost all of its north american holdings -spain took the louisiana territory -treaty marked the end of salutary neglect
John Peter Zenger
-established a legal precedent for freedom of the press
Delaware
-established by dutch patroons -settled by Dutch West India Company; began to trade and settle in Delaware in mid to late 1630's -ownership switched between dutch and english, finally ending with the english
Amerigo Vespucci
-explored south america -discovery suggested they had found the new world
George Washington
-first president -his leadership led to a standard of strong presidency with control of the foreign policy and the piower to veto congress's legislation -farwell address warned about; entangling alliances, recommended isolationism, and the political party factions
Maryland
-first proprietary colony to serve as refugee for english catholics -Lord Baltimore applied for the charter to create the colony
Virginia House of Burgesses
-first representative house in America -instituted the private ownership of land but maintained the rights of the colonists
Methods of Colonial Resistance
-first responded with 'taxation without representation is tyranny' -then organized committees of correspondence to share their view of british actions to neighboring colonies -boycotted -finally turned to violence; crowds took action against customs officials and against merchants who violated the boycotts -some people still followed british and became known as 'loyalists'
Roger Williams
-fled from Massachusetts after his views on religious observance became too extreme for the colonists -founded providence which later came together with Rhode Island
Proclamation of 1763
-forbade the white settlement west of the appalachians to reduce friction between native americans and settlers -stated the native americans owned the land on which they were residing -outraged the colonists because they believed that the successful outcome of the french and indian war should have allowed the settlement in the onion river valley
William Penn
-founded Pennsylvania as a refuge for fellow Quakers -advertised land openly and offered generous terms on land -guaranteed representative assembly and full religious freedom -settlers flocked from all over
Articles of Confederation
-framework to please the loyalist in ratifying the declaration of independence -created a weak national government -federal had no power to levy taxes, raise troops, and regulate commerce; but COULD make war, offer treaties, and create new states
Declaratory Act
-gave Britain the power to tax and make laws for americans in all cases -followed repeal of the stamp act which colonists saw as a victory -suggested that britain might pass more restrictive acts in the near future
Acts of Toleration of 1649
-guaranteeing religious freedom to all Christians in the Maryland colony
Royal Colony
-had governor selected by England's king
Queen Elizabeth 1
-invested in english raids on the spanish new world; spain responded with military force -established protestantism in england and encouraged english business
Christopher Columbus
-italian born navigator -found fame when he landed in the americas -originally sailed across atlantic ocean to find a route to asia -returned from expedition with gold, encouraging future exploration
The Spanish Armada
-its defeat helped bring about the decline of the spanish empire in america -english defeat symbolized england as an emerging sea power
Dutch West India Company
-joint stock company that ran the colonies in now-a-day New York -carried profitable fur trade with the native american iroquois
John Winthrop
-leader of the Massachusetts Bay Company -taught that the colony should be a model christian society
Shay's Rebellion
-led a group of farmers to stop the courts from seizing a farmer's land and enacting debt collection -citizens of boston raised an army and suppressed the rebels -served as a catalyst for writing the constitution
Thomas Hooker
-led a large group of Puritans to settle in the Connecticut River Valley
George Washington's Leadership in the American Revolution
-made commander in chief -eventually ended the war because he surrendered to washington on october 19,1781
John Rolfe
-married Pocahontas -created process for curing tobacco, ensuring economic success for Jamestown
First Continental Congress
-meeting in philadelphia of colonial representatives to denounce the intolerable acts and to petition the british parliament -some suggested breaking from britain -created continental association and forbade the importation and use of british goods
Boston Massacre
-occured when the british attempted to enforce the townshend acts -british soldiers killed five bostonians -though the british soldiers acted more or less with self defense, anti-royal leaders used the massacre to spur action in the colonies
Proprietary Colony
-owned by individuals with direct responsibility to the king
Treaty of Paris of 1783
-peace settlement that ended the revolutionary war -usa recieved all the lands east of the mississippi river, north of florida, and south of the great lakes -the usa agreed the loyalists would not be persecuted
"Starving Time"
-period of starvation endured by jamestown colonists -the colonists depended on trade with local indians for food supplies -but a series of arguments caused the trade with local indians to be strained -additional support from england helped ensure the long term survival
Indentured Servitude
-poor workers, convicted criminals and debtors were sent over; paid passage to work for a number of years -had little control over the conditions of work, living arrangements; therefore, led to harsh and even brutal treatment
Jonathan Edwards
-preacher during the First Great Awakening that emphasized personal religious experience, predestination, and dependance of man upon God and his divine grace -known for being a prominent Calvanist
Headright System
-promised parcels of land to immigrate america -also gave 50 acres for every servant a man brought
Mayflower Compact
-provided for a government guided by majority
'Common Sense'
-published by thomas paine -called for immediate independence from britain
Quartering Act
-required the colonies in which bristish troops were stationed to provide soldiers with bedding and other basic needs -later colonists were protected from this happening by the third amendment
Declaration of Independence
-restating political ideas justifying the separation ffrom britain -john locke influences -declared independance from britain
Samuel Adams
-revolutionary resistance leader in massachusetts -header the sons of liberty in mass -worded with the committees of correspondence which provided communication about the resistance among colonies -attend the first and second continental congress and signed the declaration of independance
French and Indian War
-rivalry between France, Britain, and various Native American tribes over the area of Ohio -one of series of wars fought between france and england throughout the world at the time -battles continued on european and american froths until Britain gained control of Canada -one of the first times George Washington appeared as an able military leader
New Hampshire
-royal colony -very dependent on Massachusetts
Navigation Acts
-said some products were to only go to one certain world of Britain -served as the foundation of England's worldwide commercial system -led to increased tensions between Britain and the colonies
Salem Witch Trials
-scandal in Massachusetss, around 20 women were executed -no real basis for accusations -similar to the red scares
Sir Walter Raleigh
-selected Roanoke Island as a site for the first english settlement -returned to england for supplies, when returned the colony was deserted, unknown what became of the roanoke settlers -this impeded english settlement for 15 more years
Black Slaves in the 1600s
-small percentage at the time, began at the same level as indentured servants -later in the century, increased importation began -slaves called chattel came to be seen as lifelong property, same for their children
Stamp Act
-sole purpose was to raise revenue -required the americans to use stamped paper for legal documents and newspapers and playing cards -used the money to protect the colonists
New Spain
-spains tightly controlled empire in the new world -mainly located in north and central americas, including the caribbean and spanish east indies -to deal with labor shortages, the spaniards developed a system of large manors using native american slaves
Virtual Representation
-stated that the members of parliament represented all of britain and the british empire, even though members were only elected by a small number of constituents -meant to be a response to 'no taxation without representation' emanating that the parliament was itself a representation of those being taxed
Sugar Act
-taxed goods imported to america to raise revenue for england -meant to help assist england in recouping the debt it had taken on during the french and indian war -taxed items like wine, cloth, coffee, and silk
Tea Act and The Boston Tea Party
-tea act was a concession that allowed the british east india company to ship tea directly to america and sell it at a bargain -led to the boston tea party where citizens dressed as native americans and destroyed the tea on the british ships
Western Land Cessions
-the 13 original states ceded their western land claims to the new federal government -before signing the declaration of independence these states demanded that those with land claims cede the land -this policy strengthened the ties of the western farmers to the central government
New York and New Jersey
-the land was given to the brother of the king, James -James didn't believe in representative assemblies, people fought this for a while, when he finally relented, he again went against his word -the region that became New Jersey was ruled a separate proprietary colony, and eventually became a royal colony
John Locke and Natural Law
-took the idea from Sir Issac Newton; changed it to the human realm -"life, liberty, and property" and if weren't protected governments could be overthrown justly -went on to influence indirect theory of american ideals of benjamin franklin, and thomas jefferson
Lee's Resolutions
-urged congress to declare independence and was accepted july 2,1776 -decided the sated ought to be free and independent states
Joint Stock Company
-used by colonial explorers to raise money for their expeditions -sold shares to investors who provided straight up funding -in return, investors were paid on the profits of the expedition -now used often today
Puritanism
-wanted to purify the church -believed in predestination and the authority of scripture over papal authority -culture in ideas: self-reliance, moral fortitude, and emphasis on intellectualism
John Jay
-wrote the federalist papers -first chief justice of the supreme court -negotiated the treaty of paris and jay's treaty -in 1st and 2nd cc
The Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan
VA:called for bicameral legislature based on the states population NJ: equal representation for each state -plans were united in the Great Compromise -formed the basis of modern american legislative structure
Salutary Neglect
a relationship in which the British Parliament ignored the colonies, allowing them to develop their character without interference
Charter Colony
colonists were essentially members of a corporation; electors controlled government based on agreed-upon charter
Writs of Assistance
court orders that authorized customs officials to conduct non-specific searches to stop colonial smugglings -allowed for the searching of homes, warehouses, and shops; this later turned into unreasonable searches and seizures in the fourth amendment
Georgia
created by James Oglethorpe; chartered the colony -many settlers were prisoners from British jails -acted as a cushion from the Spanish in Florida
William Bradford
first governor of the Plymouth colony
John Smith
governor of Jamestown
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
provided for representative government by those who were permitted to vote -important example of the growth of political democracy
Deism
the universe was created by God and then abandoned; no supernatural controls would be exerted and all things were explainable by reason
