APUSH REVIEW TERMS: Periods 4, 5, 6

Abraham Lincoln

16th president of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865.

Ulysses S. Grant

18th president of the United States, commanding general of the Union Armies in the American Civil War.

Holding Company

A company that does not produce goods or services itself; rather, its purpose is to own shares of other companies to form a corporate group.

Democracy

A form of government where citizens choose and replace the government through free and fair elections.

Sharecropping

A system of agriculture in which a landowner allows tenant to use the land in return for a portion of crops produced on the land.

New South

A term used to describe the southern U.S> after 1877 in contrast to the slavery-based plantation system of the antebellum period.

Thomas Jonathon "Stonewall" Jackson

Confederate general during the American Civil War, and one of the best-known Confederate commanders after General Robert E. Lee.

Dredd Scott v. Sandford

Court held that African Americans, enslaved or free, could not be American citizens and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States.

Trans-continental Railroad

Created when the Central Pacific and Union Pacific met.

Canals

Inspired by the English and Dutch systems, Americans began to eye the possibility of man-made waterways early to increase trade.

Emancipation Proclamation

It proclaimed the freedom of slaves in the ten states that were still in rebellion.

Interchangeable Parts

Key idea in the late Industrial Revolution, made possible mass production of identical products.

Black Codes

Laws passed by Southern states after the Civil War to restrict African Americans' freedom and compel them to work in a labor economy.

Labor Union

Legally recognized as representatives of workers to gain better wages, benefits, and working conditions.

Sectionalism

Loyalty to the interests of on'es own region or section of the country, rather than to the country as a whole.

Telegraph

Made instantaneous communication across distances possible.

Textile Manufacturing

Major industry based on the conversion of fiber into yarn, fabric, and then materials.

Trust

Monopoly of business: Standard Oil, U.S. Steel, etc.

Railroads

Moved goods and people across the U.S. to spur westward expansion and economic growth.

13th amendment

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

14th amendment

No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.

Whigs

Operated from the early 1830s to the mid-1850, formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson.

Free-Soil Party

Opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories, argued that free men on free land comprised a morally and economically superior system to slavery.

Urbanization

Population shift to cities.

Steam Engine

Powered early locomotives, steam boats, factories, fueled the Industrial Revolution.

Cultural Superiority (aka Cultural Imperialism)

Proliferation of Western moral concepts, products, and political beliefs around the globe.

Federalists

Proponents of a strong central government and weaker state governments.

Anti-Federalists

Proponents of strong state governments and weaker central government.

Second Great Awakening

Protestant revival movement during the early 19th century in the U.S.

Mormons

Religious and cultural group which moved from New York to the Utah Territory in the 1820s.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Ruled that Congress had implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution.

Andrew Carnegie

Scottish-American industrialist, led the expansion of the American steel industry, philanthropists, proclaimed "The Gospel of Wealth."

Nullification Crisis

Sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by South Carolina's 1832 Ordinance.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Signed in 1848, it brought an official end to the Mexican-American War.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Solved northeastern border disputes in 1842.

Abolitionist

Someone that calls for the ending of slavery.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court decision that upheld the separate but equal doctrine.

Gilded Age

Term coined by Mark Twain which satirized an era of serious social problems masked by rapid economic growth.

Union

Term used to refer to the U.S., and specifically to the national government and the 20 other free states and five border slave states which supported it.

Abolition

The act of putting an end to something by law: slavery.

Worcester v. Georgia

The court rules that the federal government was the sole authority to deal with Indian nations, built the foundations of the doctrine of tribal sovereignty.

Nativism

The policy of protecting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants.

15th amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridges by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Industrial Revolution

Transition to new manufacturing processes from about 1760 to 1840 causing income and population to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth.

U.S. Civil War

U.S. war from 1861 to 1865, reunited the nation.

Racial Superiority

View that the Caucasians are superior to others and entitled to dominate, control, or rule.

Conservationists

View the environment as having instrumental value that can be of help to people and accept notion of sustainable yield.

Preservationists

View the environment as having intrinsic value that should be preserved by making as little change to it as possible.

Manifest Destiny

Widely held belief in the United States that American settlers were destined to expand throughout the continent.

Secession

Withdrawal of one or more States from the Union that constitutes the United States.

Louisiana Purchase

Acquisition of over 2 million square miles in 1803.

Compromise of 1850

Admitted California to the Union as a free state, put no federal restrictions on slavery for Utah or New Mexico, and passed Fugitive Slave Law.

Booker T. Washington

African-American educator, orator, and adviser to presidents of the United States.

Ida B. Wells

African-American journalist, newspaper editor, suffragists, sociologist, and an early leader in the civil rights movement.

Frederick Douglass

African-American social reformer, orator, writer, and statesman, escaped from slavery, and became a leader of the abolitionist movement.

Tenant Farming

Agricultural production system in which landowners contribute their land and often operating capital/management; while farmers contribute their labor along with varying amounts of capital and management.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Allowed people in territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders.

Republicans

Also known as the Jeffersonian Republicans and modern day Republicans.

John D. Rockefeller

American business magnate, philanthropist, co-founder of the Standard Oil Company - the first great U.S. business trusts.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women's rights movement.

Robert E. Lee

American soldier commanded the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War from 1862 until his surrender in 1865.

Laissez Faire

An economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from intrusive government restrictions, tariffs, and subsidies, with only enough regulation to protect property rights.

Assimilation Policies

An effort by the U.S. to transform Native American culture to European-American culture.

Confederacy

An unrecognized confederation of secessionist states existing from 1861-1865.

Reservations

Area of land operated by the Bureau of Indian Affairs that Native American tribes were relocated to.

Mexican-American War

Armed conflict under President Polk from 1846 to 1848, gained the southwestern U.S. and confirmed the annexation of Texas.

Romantic Beliefs

Artistic, literary, and intellectual movement, peak 1800-1850, partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, included authors like Irving and Poe.

Social Darwinism

Belief that the strong should see their wealth and power increase while the weak should see their wealth and power decrease.

American System

Economic plan that played a prominent role in the early 19th century, rooted in the ideas of Hamilton: a tariff, national bank, and federal subsidies for transportation.

Cult of Domesticity

Emphasized new ideas of femininity, role within the home, dynamics of work and family: piety, purity, domesticity, and submissiveness.

Samuel Slater

English-American industrialist known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution" and the "Father of the American Factory System."

Reconstruction Era

Era from 1865-1877

Peoples Party (Populist)

Established in 1891 and it faded away after 1896, based among poor, white cotton farmers in the South and hard-pressed wheat farmers in the plains states, hostile to banks, cities, railroads, gold, and elites generally.

Radical Republicans

Faction of American politicians from about 1854 to 1877, strongly opposed slavery, distributed ex-Confederates, demanded harsh policies for former rebels, and emphasized civil and voting rights for freedmen.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Federal statute in the U.S. that regulated slavery, drew an imaginary line dividing the country in two; in the north slavery was not allowed and in the south slavery was allowed.

Democrats

Founded around 1828, Andrew Jackson was the first president of this party.

Republican Party

Founded by anti-slavery activists in 1854, dominated politics nationally and in most of the North for most of the period from 180 to 1932.

William Tecumseh Sherman

General in the Union Army during the Civil War, recognized for his outstanding command of military strategy, and criticized for "scorched earth" policies.