APUSH-Semester 2

The Atlantic Slave Trade

- 15% died - 4sqft of room per person - Most to caribbean - 5% to North America - Southern plantations - Lived to repopulate = children born into slavery - Traded by people in Africa to English - Chattel - they are seen as property - dehumanization- branded - INDIES SUGAR - Intense, dangerous labor - Kept dying so they kept sending more, life expectancy = 23 - 1500-1800

Gilded Age Immigration & Chinese Exclusion

- "Wall Street loves immigration" because cheap labor - Irish want to get rid of Chinese because they are competitors for cheap labor (Denis Kearney told the Irish this) - BURLINGAME TREATY OF 1880 (to give Chinese in US rights) was repudiated - CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT 1882: barred nearly all Chinese from coming into the US

Gilded Age Farmers: Populists, William Jennings Bryan, Mary Lease, 16 to 1 Silver

- 16:1 SILVER- create inflation, 16oz silver=1oz gold instead of 32,- farmers want inflation b/c that means they can sell their goods for more - aka make more unlike manufacturers. (look at next stuff) -POPULISTS: rooted in the Farmers Alliance of the farmers in the West and South- what they wanted: demanded inflation through free and unlimited coinage of silver (16:1); government ownership of the railroads-telegraph- and telephone; direct election of Senators; a one-term limit of the presidency; 0 hi josh :( initiative-recall-referendum; 10 hour work day, graduated income tax ~ WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN: Populist but Democratic nominee- Cross of Gold speech- promoted 16:1 silver Caboose speeches- never wins presidency. - Most agrarians did not like the railroads because they were able to manipulate the price of shipping, and rose it to above a livable price, the crime of 1873 Anti immigration because anti manufacturing - GRANGE (patrons of husbandry): social and business purposes share but then became political - lonely farmers want friendship -farming tips - becomes the populists - Granger laws: force railroads to lower their rates, brought to the supreme court and the railroads lose. (Those supreme court members would die out though) -Interstate commerce commision. Rates decided by congress- Unfortunately appointed railroad lawyers - While the agricultural focus of the populists did go against the interests of the workers, especially in regard to wages and prices, they tried to form a coalition of labor, in a sense. This type of coalition against capitalism would spur nationwide strikes, such as the homestead strike, which would be violently opposed, first by a failed intervention by the pinkerton detective agency, and later by federal troops. - COINAGE ACT OF 1873: revised the laws of its predecessor to pivot the country toward the gold standard and away from silver - MONOMETALISM:(only one type or metal as currency, either gold or silver but not both) - BLAND ALLISON ACT (1882, two dudes whose last names were Bland and Allison): told government to buy silver but they barely bought any (bought bare minimum), introduced bimetallism (both metals are allowed both gold and Silver)- did not produce desired inflation

The War of 1812 and the New Nationalism

- THE WAR OF 1812: Also known as the Second War of American Independence, solidified American claims in the New World, the War of 1812 occurred for a variety of reasons. (Everything listed below under the War of 1812 are all causes of the war, not actually what happened during it) CAUSES: - Western settlers were upset about Native American interference and harassment, who were being funded by British in Canada. (Tecumseh and the Prophet & Battle of) -WAR HAWKS- younger generation that detested the manhandling of American sailors and the British Orders in Council. Also were determined to wipe out Native Americans in the west - ORDERS IN COUNCIL - These edicts closed the European ports under French control to foreign shipping including American, unless vessels first stopped at a British port - IMPRESSMENT -the forcible enlistment of sailors, was a crude form of conscription that the British used. Britain developed crews called "press gangs" that would seek out new "recruits" for the British navy. - CHESAPEAKE AFFAIR 1807 -A British royal frigate overhauled a U.S. frigate "Chesapeake". The British captain bluntly demanded the surrender of four alleged deserters. The American captain refused, and the British frigate opened fire, killing a few Amerians and injuring many more - EMBARGO ACT 1807 -Under Madison Congress passed the Embargo Act, a rigorous law that forbade the export of all goods from the United States, whether in American or foregin ships (absolutely a failure, completely backfired) NON-INTERCOURSE ACT -A milder form of the Embargo Act, opened trade to all nations except France and Britain (also didn't work out that well) MACON'S BILL No. 2 - Congress promised that if either Britain or France repealed its commercial restrictions, America would restore its embargo against the non-repealing nation (practically admitted that the United States could not survive without one of the belligerents as a commercial ally). Also backfired, although Napoleon agreed to the Bill, Britain pulled a big brain move and just blockaded both America and France anyway since they had superior naval power. WAR DETAILS: - Most of the fighting was in Canada and US didn't do great here - BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS (1815): the war was technically over: Andrew Jackson defeated a British force which really bolstered future nationalism - TREATY OF GHENT 1814: both sides simply agreed to stop fighting basically- no land was gained or lost for either the Americans of British- showed we didn't really beat the british - BATTLES ON THE GREAT LAKES: American navy v. british navy- US won. *good for Nationalism with John Paul Jones* - the capitol was burnt down - HARTFORD CONVENTION 1814: New Englanders wanted (SECEDE AND STAY NEUTRAL) to side with Britain, and as the Battle of New Orleans was going on they set up a convention, but they didn't really go through with demands cuz US "won" the war, and everyone was celebrating. - Their demands (most were basically treason); removal of the 3/5ths clause, wanted financial aid, more amendments, wanted ⅔ majority in congress, afterwards basically marked the end of the federalist party

Reconstruction: 10% v 50%, Freedmen's Bureau, Impeachment, 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments, Radical Republicans

- Because many freedmen (people who were freed from slavery) were unskilled, without property or money, and had little knowledge of how to survive as free people, Congress created the FREEDMEN'S BEURUO on March 3, 1865. It provided clothing, medical care, food, and education to both freedmen and white refugees. Union general Oliver O. Howard led the bureau. The bureau's greatest success was teaching blacks to read. Because it was despised by the President and by Southerners, the Freedmen's Bureau expired in 1872. - Lincoln believed that the south didn't legally withdraw from the Union - 10 PERCENT RECONSTRUCTION PLAN: proclaimed by Lincoln 1863- decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when the equivalent of at least 10% of its total voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the US and pledged to abide by emancipation ~Radical Republicans in congress feared the reinstatement of the planter aristocracy (they wanted stricter stuff, proposed the Wade Davis Bill) - Johnson agreed with Lincoln that the South did not legally secede so when he became president he recognised several of Lincoln's 10% plan - WADE DAVIS BILL 1864: 50% integration was the same as the 10% reintegration, except it required 50% to swear allegiance to the federal government, this was preferred by radical republicans, and would have passed, but Lincoln "pocket-vetoed" it by not passing it until congress had already adjourned, allowing states to reenter with only 10% signing.r45 put through Congress by radical republicans- required that 50% of a state's voters take an oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation that Lincoln's 10% plan - RADICAL REPUBLICANS: ( powerful in congress during Johnson's presidency) believed the South did legally secede and should aton more painfully for their actions- they wanted to uproot the South's social structure and wanted newly emancipated blacks protected by federal power- created more equality for black to do things like be in office to bridge the gap ( didn't work because south still hates them) - MILITARY RECONSTRUCTION ACT: this split up the seceded South into 5 military districts that were controlled by Union leaders and had Union soldiers in the states- ends with Hayes removing the troops - ANDREW JOHNSON: became president after Lincoln's assassination- a democrat surrounded by radical republican congress- enforced military reconstruction and kept vetoing Congress's bills but they override his veto sometimes- was nice to ex-confederates ~ Congress tried to impeach him b/c tenure office act but failed - THE TENURE OF OFFICE ACT: law (no constitutional backing) saying a president isn't allowed to fire people without consent of the Senate. They used this as an excuse to impeach him (since Johnson wanted to fire Stanton, and hire a new secretary of war) - IMPEACHMENT: they didn't like that Johnson kept vetoing their laws, used the Tenure of Office Act and their backing, the house impeached him but the senate trial did not result in a removal from office - 13th AMENDMENT: Lincoln near end of war- niether slavery or nor invoulentary servant can exsit in the U.S except as a punishment for crime (time to inprison all the black people for some reason hmm) - 14th AMENDMENT: Civil Right Act(during reconstruction- radical repubs.) - anyone born in the U.S are citizens, - States can't make laws that take away freedoms from citizens, - Everyone gets due process before incrimination, - States can't deny people equal protection under the laws - 15th AMENDMENT: (radical repubs.) You cannot deny someone in the US the right to vote of race, color or former condition of servitude - THE COMPROMISE OF 1877: passed by Congress in 1877. It was not an official compromise, but an unwritten deal that settled the election of 1876. Contained within the compromise was the ELECTORAL COUNT ACT, which set up an electoral commission consisting of 15 men from the Senate, the House of Representatives, and the Supreme Court. The commission ultimately gave the election to Hayes (Republican). The Democrats were outraged at the outcome of the election, but agreed that Hayes could take office if he withdrew the federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina. With the HAYES-TILDEN DEAL, the Republican Party abandoned its commitment to racial equality. END OF RECONSTRUCTION

Mckinley 1887-1901

- Cuba: Spanish American War - ANNECATION OF HAWAII: way station 1820s, extend us coast - treaty for pearl harbor - Japanese and chinese immigrants (and later filipinos) work sugar farms - MCKINLET TARIFF ACT: raised tariffs against Hawaiian sugar cane - President Cleveland initially denied the annexation treaty then the annexation treaty went through during Spanish-American war

Women in the Progressive Era

- Increased political and economic power/standing Right to own property, vote, control wages, make contracts/wills - Had more educational opportunities - more smart women who realized they want more - ALICE PAUL: national women's party, most radical- aggressive tactics: protest, hunger strike, denunciation, college educated , equal rights + suffrage - MARGARET SANGER: Birth Control is a thing - wanted to use birth control for eugenics and not just birth control - BAD - EMMA GOLDMAN: birth control - was deported because handed out contraception - freedom of speech debates - BIRTH CONTROL MOVEMENT: can have sex wo fear of having a kid - sexual liberation + greater job freedom, increased awareness of public health - PROHIBITION: no more booze for you Temperance -Alcohol was a waste of money by which men spent precious income that could be used for grocery if given to the wife. Also concerns of domestic abuse and general drunkenness. - WOMEN'S CHRISTAIN TEMPERANCE UNION (WCTU): largest female organization in US, broad reform agreed (suffrage too), temperance through local laws- passed if women can vote ~ Want temperance to protect family/ virtue ~ Anti-saloon league - 18th AMENDMENT: Equal Rights Amendment -equal access to employment & education ~ opposed by league of women voters & women's trade union league - would remove protections they had fought for - LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS: encouraged women's participation in pollitics - WOMEN'S TRADE UNION LEAGUE: organization of both working class and more well-off women to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions 19th AMENDMENT: 1920, women cannot be denied right to vote for gender - already law in many states but made national law - Public Health Movement: brought women together - Suffrage Organizations: brought women together - NAWSA (North American Womens' Suffrage Association) - JANE ADDAMS: led the settlement house movement, she was in Chicago ~ SETTLEMENT HOUSE MOVEMENT : led by Jane Addams, a place for immigrants to go to be "Americanized" by middle/upper class rich women; ingrained in US culture and stripped of their own. - Social Work - Hull House - New Jobs for Women - WCTU - Promote prohibition. FRANCES WILLARD- Head of Women's Christian Temperance Union - New Consumer Goods: vacuum cleaner, microwave, - National Consumers' League: women controlled consumer base - New Office Work - JEANETTE RANKIN: First Female Congress Representative. House Representative for Wyoming. Voted against entry into WW1 and WW2. Nativist Arguments - "if a dumb immigrant can vote so can women" -TEMPERANCE: Alcohol was a waste of money by which men spent precious income that could be used for grocery if given to the wife. Also concerns of domestic abuse and general drunkenness.

Progressives 1900-1920

- MULLER V OREGON 1906: Declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace - LOCHNER V NY 1917: 10hr work day for bakers- denied by supreme court- not progressive ~ Supported for factory workers in 1917 - MUCKRAKERS: progressives who raised awareness for social causes like child labor, and workers rights through the use of journalism ~ UPTON SINCLAIR: socialist muckraker, "The Jungle" about the horrible meat packing industry ~ JACOB REIS: showed the horrible immigrant living conditions ~ LEWIS HINE: muckraker photographer showing the horrors of child labor ~ IDA TARBELL female muckraker talking about how bad Standard Oil company was -PRESIDENTS: Teddy Roosevelt, William Taft, Woodrow Wilson, - 16th AMENDMENT: (Income Tax) - First ever Income tax, was very high and on the top percent of people for about 60% of wages - correct me if wrong - 17th AMENDMENT (Direct Elect. Senators): popular voting of senators, no more lobbyists picking their friends from those states - now senators chosen by people - 18th AMENDMENT 1919 (Prohibition) Banned liquor from being produced and sold in the US ~ This caused illegal breweries to be created, producing higher alcohol content liquor so almost exclusively hard liquors(more bang for the buck) One thing lead to another and those who sold the liquor got more money, more money=bigger production Al Capone and Bob's your uncle BEEG organized crime resulted from this, Chicago became a hell hole - 19th AMENDMENT 1920 (women's Suffrage) women are guaranteed the right to vote in the USA ~ Result of the political movements lead by women, and/or heavily support (temperance, birth control, immigrants) - HEPBURN ACT (1906): federal law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates and extended its jurisdiction. This led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers. -ELKINS ACT (1903): imposed penalties on RR that offered rebate and customers who accepted them. *strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887* - CLAYTON ANTI-TRUST ACT (1914): Law which extened the anti-trust protections of the Sherman Anti-trust Act and exempted labor unions and agricultural organizations from antimonopoly constraints. *benefits of labor and protected unions* -UNDERWOOD TARIFF BILL (1913): provided for a subastantial reduction of rates and enacted an unprecedented GRADUATED FEDERAL INCOME TAX. - FEDERAL TREASURY

Populist Era 1870-1900

- Mostly farmer: Christians (largely Protesttant)- distrusted/hated immigrants - The Grange: social and business purposes share but then became political ~ lonely farmers want friendship ~ farming tips ~ becomes the populists POPULIST LEADERS: James Weaver, Oliver Kelly, Tom Watson, Mary Lease, and Williams Jennings Bryan Goals and interests: graduated income tax, direct election of senators, reduction of the tariff, temperance, increased political participation of women, initiative-recall-referendum, free coinage of 16 to 1 silver, government ownership of railroads, shorter work day, and 1-term presidency - Originally largely supported blacks, but this was used to discredit them in the eyes of southern farmers, who were a larger political force, so they became racist to appeal to racists - They mostly failed lol - then taken overby progressives COURT CASES: - Munn v Illinois ( states can't interfere with interstate commerce because the states wanted to establish rates that they were not supposed to) Acts/ laws: Granger Laws: force railroads to lower their rates, brought to the supreme court and the railroads lose. (Those supreme court members would die out though) Sherman Anti-Trust Act: Allowed for the forceful disbanding of coalitions which served to obstruct sections of business ('Restraint of Trade'). However, the corporate lawyers hired by many of these trusts were able to twist the wording of the law to allow loopholes for actual trusts while also disbanding workers unions. Bland Allison Act: told government to buy silver but they barely bought any (bought bare minimum), introduced bimetallism (both metals are allowed both gold and Silver)- did not produce desired inflation Interstate Commerce Act (1887): established the INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION, compelled RR to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools. gave the government an important means to regulate big business.

The Washington Administration 1789-1797

- NEUTRALITY PROCLAMATION OF 1793: In face of growing tension and war in Europe due to French Revolution, Washington chose to bide his time, and grow the U.S. population rather than getting involved in a costly war the U.S. was not ready for. Soon encountered problems when Jeffersonians welcomed Genet, and Genet started threatening to go over Washington to appeal to the people. - HAMILTON: First secretary of the treasury, and was a Federalist, believing in the authority of the federal government.- visions for a future industrial nation ~NATIONAL DEBT AS A TOOL (Hamilton): Use national debt as a form of investment into the well-being of the nation, with people having something invested in the nation, and thus prompting people to support the well being of the nation. ~FUNDING AT PAR (Hamilton): Passed in Congress 1790- The previously useless paper money was going to finally gain some value, as the Treasury would pay back its debt with interest. ~ ASSUMPTION: The federal government would take the responsibility of bearing the state debts, as those debts were accumulated in the fight for independence.- shifted the attachment of wealthy creditors from the states to the federal government. -- Thomas Jefferson/Virginia hated it, but he agreed to it because Hamilton allowed him to move the capital to Virginia/ Maryland "District of Columbia" ~ TARIFFS: To maintain a sizable national debt, Hamilton decided to enforce tariffs as primary forms of funding. (1st Tariff law in 1789, 8%, on dutiable imports) ~ BANK OF THE UNITED STATES: national bank created by Congress 1791, private- the bank would print paper money to establish a stable national currency- all tariff money goes here so it can pay off national debt ~ EXCISE TAX 1791: Another method of funding the national debt, specific taxes on specific goods, such as on whiskey - WHISKEY REBELLION: Due to excise tax, farmers who found distilling wheat into alcohol cheaper to transport decided to rebel. Brutally crushed by troops, showing power of federal government, but was controversial considering - JAY'S TREATY: England and America temporarily do not go to war, southerners pay reparations to loyalists, British pull out of Canada a bit, Britain pays. Re-established open trade w/Britain. - PINCKNEY'S TREATY 1795: Spain cedes west panhandle florida to US, and gave shipping rights on the Mississippi, warehouse rights in new orleans - GENET: Rep of French Republic- met w/Jeff Republicans, thought American citizens also didn't agree w/neutrality, wrong, Washington had him withdrawn and replaced

The Creation of the New Constitution and the 2nd Constitutional Convention(1787)

- problems w/ commerce control was main reason it was created - George Washington= chairman, James Madison= father of constitution, Hamilton= advocate of strong central government - Increased unity between states - Created 3 branches - legislative: house (democracy) & senate, executive; president + cabinet- veto power & execute laws, judicial- supreme court (was not really instated until the judiciary act passed by congress). (Based on separation of powers established by Montigue (the guy who 'hated women (it is debated)').) (He did) - CENTRAL NATIONAL GOVERNMENT can act on people & states - Added FEDERAL & SUPREME COURTS - HOUSE OF REP. =democracy/compromise - ⅗ COMPROMISE- slaves count as ⅗ of person. The South wanted slaves to count as people so they could get more representatives in Congress, but the North didn't think it was fair unless the slaves were treated like people BICAMERAL LEGISLATIVE BRANCH: - VIRGINIA PLAN: "large state plan"- wanted representation based on population = creation of electoral college to keep small states happy = Compromise with the House of Representatives - NEW JERSEY PLAN: "small state plan" wanted equal representation- got the Senate where each state gets 2 votes regardless of population - ELECTORAL COLLEGE: states get votes and their population determines their number of representatives = compromise between popular or state voting. Was expected to have often elections based on the house if neither candidate got a majority, resulting in smaller states having a greater say than in a simple electoral college (Really did not happen in real life, as the house only decided twice). Reason why Constitution is short = common law legal tradition - FEDERALISTS - yes central gov - ANTI-FEDERALISTS- more pro-state's/individual rights - Ratification: close, Federalists were minority- promised bill of rights if you ratify (NC and RI last to ratify) - Federalists did see the need for a Bill of Rights but created it to convince the Anti-Federalist states to join the Union

American Expansionism and Imperialism: Including The Spanish American War

- SPANISH AMERICAN WAR: McKinley admin. The U.S. went to war with Spain due to concern over the Cuba Revolt because America had invested lots into Cuba. Sent the USS Maine to Havana, but it ended up ****ing exploding, most likely by internal explosion as a result of an accident but the U.S. didnt give a shit and blamed the Spanish. The US wanted to wait to war but once a Navy officer went on vacay, Mckinley slammed the war button. The U.S. absolutely ****ed the Spanish, considering the U.S. had steel ships fighting Spanish wooden ships. Ended up conquering Puerto Rico, Philippines, and creating a protectorate in Cuba, beginning to age where the caribbean would be considered a Yankee lake - IMPERIALISM IN THE PHILIPPINES: U.S. ended up occupying the Philippines, contrary to the filipino hopes of being liberated like Cuba. This caused an insurrection under Emelio Aguinaldo, causing the U.S. to divert troops, to which the rebels responded by falling back to the forests and waging warfare.Taft ended up as governor, and the rebels were crushed in 1901 when their main camp was raided and Aguinaldo was captured.The government would spends millions of dollars into the philippines in the form of infrastructure and public works like sanitation, health stuff, and education. But the Filipinos were like 'Thanks but we want to be free'. IMPERIALISM IN LATIN AMERICA: -ROOSEVELT COROLLARY: preventive intervention - U.S. will intervene w/ latin american debts and pay them back to the Europeans who demanded the debt to avoid European influence in the Americas as an addition to the Monroe Doctrine. ~ EX. The U.S. sent marines to Dominican Republic to take control of local banks, seizing them and effectively putting them in the control of American investors while paying back Dominacan debt to Europeans. PANAMA CANAL - Took too long for ships to go around south america, like USS Oregan which took the entire war to get to Cuba from the west Coast. Would also help to protect recent gains from colonization and Spanish American War - French Canal Company was set up in Panama so they began bargaining with US to buy the land Philiped Bunau-Varilla helped instigate a rebellion of the Panaminians--- US forces broke the Colombians from stopping the rebellion Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty: price for Panama Canal strip is $250,000 and the strip was widened from 6 miles to 10 miles long - Canal had lots of trouble labor wise but eventually it got figured out destabilizes the area by funding a coup to build the canal in the other area (get used to this it will happen alot) - PUERTO RICO: Insular cases are we subjects or citizens Supreme Court cases that said the constitution does not extend to--The newly acquired countries Don't have american rights are under american rule FORAKER ACT OF 1900: United States federal law that established civilian government on the island of Puerto Rico, which had recently become a possession of the United States as a result of the Spanish-American War

Gilded Age Organized Labor: Knights of Labor, AFL, Homestead Strike, Pullman Strike

- HOMESTEAD STRIKE 1892: steel workers when on strike, angry over pay cuts- Andrew carnegie's steel plant near Pittsburgh ~ Strikers armed with rifles and dynamite and forced their assailants to surrender after a vicious battle Troops were eventually summoned and the strike and union were broken - PULLMAN STRIKE 1894: A railroad strike in 1894, it was pretty useless since the Federal Government used a formal warning against the striking workers called an injunction. ~ Started in Chicago ~ They wanted them wage raises ~ the FEDERAL GOV got involved - KNIGHTS OF LABOR: welcomes all, unskilled, women, freedmen etc (except chinese) ~No violence or industrial warfare ~ "One big Union" ~ 8hr work day + health and safety ~ Workers purchase mines, factories, railroads, etc. ~ *workers should buy shares in companies* ~ Were opposed to Rockafeller and other Corporate people - AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (AF of L) ~ Mostly skilled workers ~ Skilled Craft Unions, "Pure and simple unionism" ~ Better wages, hours, and working conditions ~ Reduce hours + safety ~ Were opposed to the Knights of Labor and disagreed with their points thus forming their own party ~ Supported Capitalism ~ Closed Shop ~ Primarily White males ~ Walkout, boycott, and "we don't patronize" signs - INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD (IWW) ~ Better wages and working conditions ~ Shorter workday ~ Closed shop ~ Factory and mines workers ~ Abolish unemployment ~ Abolish wage system ~ One class of workers ~ Eliminate the employing class - ANARCHISM: ~ Bring Down Capitalism ~ Destroy the Power Structure by Violence ~ Stateless Societies ~ Classless Societies ~ Anarcho-Syndicalism ~ Total Equality of All Individuals ~ Non-Religious societies ~ Based - SOCIALIST LABOR PARTY: ~ Wages gains the improved conditions meaningless ~ Eliminate the Employing Class ~ Control Governments by Democratic Action ~ Divided Over Process: - Some favored reforming existing unions - Some preferred creating a new radical union

The Articles of Confederation: Strengths and Weaknesses

STRENGTHS: - LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785: laid out the process by which lands west of the Appalachian Mountains were to be surveyed and sold - NORTHWEST ORDINANCE: established a government for the Northwest Territory, outlined the process for admitting a new state to the Union, and guaranteed that newly created states would be equal to the original thirteen states - FIRM LEAUGE OF FRIENDSHIP: 13 state alliance- Exposed need for strong central government States retain their "sovereignty, freedom and independence" w/ own constitution - Helped obtained French Alliance to show our validity WEAKNESSES: - NO EXECUTIVE BRANCH: The federal government was mostly just congress and couldn't enforce acts of Congress (also was powerless to collect taxes and could only regulate foriegn and interstate commerce) - STATE TAX QUOTAS WERE OPTIONAL (they were never met) The federal government had no military or law enforcement - ONE VOTE FOR EACH STATE regardless of size 9/13 majority required to pass laws (never happened so no laws were ever passed) - NO NATIONAL COURT SYSTEM - The Need for a New Constitution (Rebellion, Europeans, etc.) - SHAY'S REBELLION 1786: armed uprising in Western Massachusetts and Worcester in response to a debt crisis among the citizenry and in opposition to the state government's increased efforts to collect taxes both on individuals and their trades - CONTINENTAL DOLLARS: worthless and harmed economy, and other worthless paper money was demanded by debtors in Massachusetts, and when local legislatures gave in, was another example of mobocracy. - States put TARIFFS on goods from other states, like New York putting tariffs on stuff like lettuce from New Jersey. - America was being bullied by outside forces, such as spain-1784 Spain closed the river of American commerce, also had the west part of Florida that was given to the Mexicans by British in 1783, disputes near canadian Borders. Furthermore, britain refused to allow trade - France demanded repayment for loaned money and restricted trade - Pirates of north african seas controlled Mediterranian commerce and enslaved american seamen (americans are weak and broke) - Britain refused to make commercial treaty or repeal navigation laws and closed west indies to trade. British also had trading posts on US TERRITORY with indians WAR for independence, Americans did not have many troops or supplies so had to resort to guerilla warfare where they travel around British, They gave up because they could not pin down one city to win- won through french support

Progressive Presidents: Teddy Roosevelt 1901-1909, Taft 1909-1913, Wilson 1913-1921

TEDDY ROOSEVELT 1901-1909: - THREE C'S: CONSUMER, CONSERVATION, CORPORATIONS - BIG STICK DIPLOMACY: we have big military- great white fleet. Police of the Americas. - ELKINS ACT (1903): imposed penalties on RR that offered rebate and customers who accepted them. *strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887* HEPBURN ACT (1906): federal law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates and extended its jurisdiction. This led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers. - MEAT INSPECTION ACT (1906): Subject meat shipped over state lines to federal inspection *influenced by Unpton Sinclair's book the Jungle* -NEW NATIONALISM (1912): State-interventionist reform program devised by Herbert Croly and advocated by T Roosevelt during his Bull Moose Campaign. ~ Gov agencies to operate in public interest -SQUARE DEAL FOR LABOR (: for capital, labor, & public- aimed to distinguish good/useful corporations from evil corporations that exist just to make money Approved US Steel Trust - BUSTED NORTHERN SECURITIES- a trusty boi - NEWLANDS ACT 1902: feds can collect money from selling public land to develop projects to irrigate it Roosevelt didn't want to waste the land- he viewed we should protect the land but also use it to its fullest potential - National Parks - Forest Reservation Act & - - US Forestry Service - DESERT LAND ACT 1877- sell land for dirt cheap (da dum chich - cause its dirt) and the people buying legally had to irrigate so more land to grow things - FOREST RESERVE ACT 1891- Set authorized president to set aside forests as national parks or reserves -CAREY ACT 1894 - distributed federal land to states under the condition that it was irrigated and settled. - GIFFORD PINCHOT: Chief Forester that said wilderness was waste, prompting the idea of wisely using the land instead of exploiting it like commercial businesses or just sparing trees for no reason. - NEW AGENCIES: Forest Service and Bureau of Reclamation would regulate natural resources but companies and ranches would work in conjunction with these associations, shoving aside single person enterprises. - PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT OF (1906): Allowed the government to inspect and regulate the labeling of all foods and pharmaceuticals intended for human consumption. Aimed particularly at the patent medicine industry. - ROOSEVELT COROLLARY: in the event of future financial wrongdoings the US would intervene pay off debts and keep europeans out (See imperialism) - NEW NATIONALISM STATE INTERVENTION PROGRAMS ~ women's suffrage, ~ social welfare, ~ minimum wage - PANAMA CANAL: Purpose= canal would increase naval mobility, easier access to Puerto Rico, Hawaii etc. - CLAYTON BULNER TREATY 1805: US could't secure exclusive control over route, then Hay-Pauncefote Treaty British had control, - Zoned canal to 10 miles for $40 million, with engineer Philippe Bunau-Varilla( helped expedite revolution, so he became new minister of Panama) TAFT 1909-1913: - DOLLAR DIPLOMACY: supporting US investments and political interests abroad. ~ First applied to the financing of railways in China after 1909, then spread to Haiti, Honduras, and Nicaragua. (Wilson publicly denounced Dollar Diplomacy but his administration acted under its definition) - Trust busted more than roosevelt but was less liked for it - US steel corp. Standard oil ~ Busted the steel trusts which roosevelt had actually helped create WILSON 1913-1921: - NEW FREEDOM: platform for reforms - anit-trust legislation, protecting small businesses, banking reform, reduced tariffs, increased capitalist competition through regulation of trusts. - UNDERWOOD TARIFF BILL Another effort to decrease tariffs in Congress, for which Wilson personally presided for congress. When lobbyists tried to increase duties through amendments, Wilson urged the people to check their representative, ending the efforts to amend the act and passing the bill, effectively addressing the first point of the Triple Wall of Privilege, Tariffs. - 16th AMENDMENT(1913) - Gave the federal government the power to collect income tax. 17th (1913) - Established that senators would be directly elected. 19th (1920) - gave women the right to vote. It's also called women's suffrage. -CLAYTON-ANTI-TRIST ACT: Replaced the Sherman Antitrust Act and exempted labor unions from being prosecuted under anti-trust laws. Pretty much a better -SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT - TRIPLE WALL OF PRIVILEGE: (Banks, trusts, tariffs) Wilson wanted to squish squash trusts, improve banks, and tariffs (did this though his various acts and stuff) - trust busted US Steel, - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION: Increased the power of a presidentially appointed board that monitored industries that participated in interstate commerce (i.e. Meatpackers), expecting to bust monopolies by finding and removing instances of unfair trade practices like illegal forms of competition, false labeling, decreasing quality by adding other ingredients, and bribery. - FEDERAL RESERVE ACT: made a bunch of banks with 12 federal reserve districts to stabilize economy Workingmen's compensation act - Injuries on the job get compensation - WWI - ADAMSON ACT: eight hour workday for railroad workers -ESPIONAGE AND SEDITION ACTS (in ww1 section)

The French and Indian War and its impact on the colonies

- 1754-1763 - was a part of the 7 Years war - General Edward Braddock for British - William Pitt (superlative leader) had General Wolfe lead battle of Quebec: 1759, at night soldiers scaled cliff + defeated French in morning= British gained Canada, after Montreal fell - French and British faced each other on the Plains of Abraham on the outskirts of Québec, The British under Wolf and the French under the marquis de Montcalm, - - French were defeated, Montreal fell in 1760 - Treaty of Paris of 1763 - Land Results of War: French retained some sugar islands, Spain got land on trans-mississippi, Louisiana and New Orleans. British gained Canada (and Florida from Spain). - Tensions between regulars & colonial soldiers - regulars don't respect colonists, believe they also have a good military, denounce colonial authority & ability (such as gen washington) *led to nationalism* (brought colonist together cuz they can hate the british together) - British aren't invincible - redcoats are kinda shitty fighters (also why wear red, too bright) - Colonists begin to have loyalty to their land - didn't want to leave their land to fight - Growth in colonial military - Colonial unity; Albany Congress: representative to create national defence, votes yes to future home rule Military alliance - Idea of collective america - not individual colonies Colonists begin to go against ideas of british hierarchy & aristocracy

The Decision to Move Toward Independence 1774-1776:

- 1ST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS: declaration of rights- appeals to king & other colonists Declaration of independence - Thomas Jefferson- stop being a bitch king george- justified them cutting their connection with Britain- foregin assistance could now be obtained because it showed validity of the revolution MODEL TREATY OF 1776 - foreign policy- trade/ commercial alliances>military alliances Template for foreign envoys, telling them to not tangle themselves with old world (mostly) THE ASSOCIATION OF 1774: Extreme nonimportation, boycott on all British goods, Enforced through good old tar and feathering.- issued by the First Continental Congress. Probably during 1774 because representatives agreed to meet back in 1775 if British addressed their grievances. LEXINGTON & CONCORD OF 1775: Paul Revere, Americans get "bitch slapped," at Concord British get "bitch slapped" back at concord bridge- basically initiated the American Revolution (Shot heard round the world). *first battles of American Revolution* - BUNKER HILL: Cutoff point, after this, George III refused to accept the Olive Branch petition and closed hope on negotiation. British took the hill after colonists ran out of ammo, only at the cheap cost of a LOT of men. - HESSIANS: Mercenaries hired by British, which shocked American citizens as Britain was hiring external troops for an essentially domestic issue ( not a family fight anymore) also the Hessians were famously lethal (WAR CRIMES :D). Some, defected and lived among the Americans, settling down.

The First Great Awakening & Its Impact on the colonies

- 1st youth counterculture movement - rebellious youth = social change (ie leveling) - Jeremiad: instill fear of god & hell- Romantic sermons (calvanists) - Jonathan Edwards (priest, wrote Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, talked about the need for complete dependence on god's grace) - George Whitfield (magnificent voice, known for his style of evangelical preaching) - Cut religious ties w/ english - home grown ministers - american values preached, not "love the king cause jesus says so" - Intercolonial printed media- starts religious, but now people can communicate - Intercolonial unity - young people have common worship w/ all types of people (genders, race, economic) - Old people have common hatred - Old Lights vs. New Lights - Old Lights were deeply skeptical of the emotionalism and the theatrical antics - New Lights defended the awakening for its role in revitalizing American religion, Congregationalists and Presbyterians split over this issue tho

Abolition; Weld, Garrison, Douglas, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth,Elijah lovejoy, nat turner rebellion

- AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY: founded in 1817; focused on transporting blacks back to Africa. Republic of Liberia: founded in 1822 as a place for former slaves. By 1860, all southern slaves were born in America, and many did not have a desire to return to Africa. The Second Great Awakening inspired many abolitionists to speak out against the sins of slavery. - THEODORE DWIGHT WELD: abolitionist who spoke against slavery; wrote the pamphlet American Slavery As It Is (1839) which made arguments against slavery; went to Lane Theological Seminary. - GARRISON: A white, violent abolitionist, who owned and produced "The Liberator," an aggressive anti-slavery newspaper. - DOUGLAS: escaped slave abolitionist: writes book about his life explaining the cruelty of slavery: makes white people feel bad - HARRIET TUBMAN: a very cool gal who helped hundreds of slaves get free via the underground railroad - SOJOURNER TRUTH: black female abolitionist. She was originally a slave, but escaped and became an avid abolitionist. She believed she was called by God to testify against slavery, and so began giving speeches against slavery. - ELIJAH P. LOVEJOY: Illinois white boy- He had a abolitionist newspaper in the South His house was burned down with his printing press inside, and then he was shot by an angry, Racist mass of angry, white men - NAT TURNER REBELLION 1831: black slaves roamed around Virginia and killed white plantation families, made southerners worried, it was crushed by militia, and its followers were killed ~Made white people scared, triggers fear, and south starts building possible armies

Salutary Neglect & Mercantilism

- America is founded on english mercantilism- supply depot for england, religious groups just come too England keeps beating france and keeps getting land - peace of utrecht but later french and indian war - NO TAXES - Own town LEGISLATURE - Founded by companies for profit - During Salutary Neglect the NAVIGATION LAWS were neglected - Regulate colonial shipping - only english ships carry - colonial goods, colonies can't directly trade w/ other - nations (go through england 1st) - Raw materials to england, goods sold back to colonies - Not strictly enforced (salutary neglect) - colonies have guaranteed english market + trade w/ other countries

Washington, Dubois, and Garvey

- BOOKER T. WASHINGTON: Moderate African American and advocated becoming part of the economy and gain respect and civil rights that way, "cast your bucket down" - W.E.B. DUBOIS: New York PhD Lawyer who pushed for civil rights in order to gain economic standing, Created NIAGARA MOVEMENT: couldn't stay in hotel in American side so went to Canadian side and they were welcomed - MARCUS GARVEY: Dressed in admiral uniforms, formed UNIA which promoted African Americans reconnecting with Africa, such as resettlement. Created the BLACK STAR LINE STEAMSHIP COMPANY to keep black funding in black businesses. Most of these enterprises ended up failing, and Garvey ended up getting convicted for mail fraud and eventually deported. "Back to Africa" movement (which did NOT mean that he went back to Africa, he supported keeping black money in black pockets and reconnecting with Africa)

Spanish Interaction with New World Native Peoples

- Encomienda; natives enslaved "in return" for catholicism - De Las Casas was outspoken against encomienda, discussing the problems with it - Intolerant of native religion - Popé's rebellion; 1680, organized rebellion against spanish in Santa Fe. After the rebellion, the Spanish abandoned the encomienda system in Santa Fe region Black Legend; idea that spanish were unspeakably cruel to natives

English Interaction with New World Native Peoples

- English massacres & crop stealing - Wampanoag Treaty w/ pilgrims: (1691) between governor John Carver and Wampanoag tribe - promised no harm would come to each other - represented the first treaty between colonists and Natives - John Smith - ally, got natives to help colonists (food) - Puritans failed in christianizing - praying towns for natives - Land purchases - not native custom - Native slavery - King Philip's war: attack on NE colonists, led by Metacom, native brutality to english - Chesapeake league; of 30 tribes allied w/ english Trade - mutually beneficial - First Anglo-Powhatan War: Lord De La Warr declared war against Powhatans (used irish tactics) - represented the first English v Natives war - The iroquis Confederacy did not support the patriots in the American Revolution

French Interaction with New World Native Peoples

- French colonies were mostly in Canada, but also stretched down the Mississippi and into Louisiana (hence named after French king). - French Catholics wanted to "save" natives from fur trappers - against native religion - Natives died & many used the alcohol that French introduced to them - Allies in French & Indian war - Assimilate them into the society allowed interacial marriage - French attacked the Iroquis while allying with another tribe, resulting in the Iroquis siding with the british against the French.

Gilded Age Ideologies: Gospel of wealth, Acres of Diamonds & Social Darwinism

- GOSPEL OF WEALTH: Carnegie- Wealthy people are wealthy because god chose them to be wealthy kinda like divine right monarchies.- you should help the poor people - ACRES OF DIAMONDS: Everything you need to succeed is already around you. If ur poor its ur falt - SOCIAL DARWINISM: Use "survival of the fittest to justify cut-throat business practices

Native Americans, Dawes Act, and Carlisle Schools

- Got evicted to Oklahoma by Andrew Jackson. - U.S. then decides to make Oklahoma a state and give it to white settlers - Oklahoma land rush/race whatever the **** its called - Natives basically left landless except for a couple reservations around the northern midwest - Many natives end up going to carlisle schools, where they get 'civilised' and educated-- Americanized them - Graduate with white people clothes and stuff as symbolism - DAWES SEVERALTY ACT OF 1887: Would have broken up reservations while granting american indians U.S. citizenship, but did not pass because it was unpopular among natives - CARLISLE SCHOOL "kill the indian save the man"

Farmers & workers pre-depression / 20s

- Hoover: AGRICULTURAL MARKETING ACT: federal farm board- 0.5 bil to farm organizations to buy, sell, and store ag supplies - creates cotton & grain stabilization corporation - CAPPER-VOLSTEAD ACT: exempted farmers' marketing corporations from antitrust laws - MCNARY HAUGEN BILL: proposed (not passed, vetoed by pro-business Coolidge), authorized gov to buy up surpluses and sell them abroad, gov made up money from special farm taxing. *This kept agricultural good prices high * WWI - farmers increase production b/c now sell to Europe because the are in war - In debt to create manufacturing production b/c bought machinery and land on credit but then war stops and no more moola coming in - banks foreclose hundreds of farms BLYAT TRAKTOR: Increased land resulted in move toward mechanization to work more land, not only putting farmers in debt, but also causing farmers to fire unnecessary farm workers. - HAWLEY SMOOT TARIFF: Tried to moderately increase duties to help farmers keep a market, but ****ing lobbyists did their thing and the bill ended up increasing tariffs even further. Ended up being the highest tariff ever. Result: foreigners were heckin mad, they also increased tariffs, so trade between countries decreased, especially bad because this further isolated nations during the economic depression. *Overall hurt U.S.*

The Salem Witch Trials

- In SALEM VILLAGE (1692) - Why? - SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION - people moved away from religion and toward facts -> challenged the religious (Puritan) traditions in Salem - Economic & education gap - lower class hates upper class - Lack of Authority - Traumatized kids from native wars, flee to salem - They believed in the devil

Powerful women: Addams, Tarbell, Paul, Sanger, etc.

- JANE ADDAMS: she set up settlement houses, co-founded the Hull House, helped lots of immigrants in Chicago, turned immigrants into the whole American culture thing (Americanization). She was a single rich woman. - IDA TARBELL: she was the progressive muckraker who went against Rockefeller and Standard Oil - ALICE PAUL: she wanted women's rights, against WWI, and was in protests-- head of National women's Party which supported/ advocated for women's suffrage, wanted to further equal rights and opportunities as a whole (wanted more than the 19th Amendment; wanted the Equal Rights Amendment) -MARY BAKER EDDY: redefined US Chirstianity, with the socialist movement/social gospel, devoutly loyal urban worker labor unions. Believes in trusting in god in medical stuff, new brand of Christian religions, like church of Christ scientists - MARGARET SANGER: created Planned Parenthood, promotes family planning--- supported birth control as way of eugenics - EMMA GOLDMAN: she was an anarchist who also supported the birth control movement alongside Sanger -FLORENCE KELLY: she was the state of Illinois' first chief factory inspector and later the head of the National Consumers League- encouraged people to buy products not produced by child labor

Indentured Servants and the Headright System

- Masters paid their transport from England to the Americas, and in exchange, the people worked on the land for them. - For every person masters brought to the colony, they received 50 acres of land, providing an incentive for them to sign the indentured servant system. HEADRIGHT SYSTEM: Employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to aquire 50 acres if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony

The Chesapeake

- VR & ML - HOUSE OF BURGESSES(1619): rep gov of VR, authorized by VC, start of representative gov in colonies - ACT OF TOLERATION (ML) - Christians yes, jews & atheists no - TOBACcO - 1st ANGLO-POWHATAN - Lord Warr - ordered colonists back to jamestown, increased tension w/ natives then Declared war & Raided villages, burned homes and corn fields, stole goods - PEACE SETTLEMENT OF 1614- pocahontas marries john rolfe - 2nd ANGLO-POWHATAN - Natives dying of disease attack settlers - Series of native attacks - "perpetual war w/o peace or truce" - VC want to get rid of natives Treaty of 1646 banishes chesapeake natives from land & formally separates natives from english - reservation system

Jefferson Administration (1801-1809)

- Jefferson was a states' rights activist - Wanted a small military (But had to build a bigger navy to fight off pirates near northern Africa.) Still opted for smaller naval boats known as "Jeffs" because they kept the army small but could still patrol the coast(weren't very good). =Tripolitan War 1801 Pirates - YEOMAN FARMER (AKA Andrew): Jefferson's ideal american, a hard-working farmer who would run their farm at day and educate themselves on politics in the evening and thus be good voters. Someone who understood the benefits of hardwork and the value of liberty and property - NATURALIZATION LAW OF 1802: reduced requirement of 14 years residence to the previous requirement of 5 years - Jefferson HATED excise tax so he repealed it costing $1 million in revenue but left everything else of Hamilton's financial plan - LOUISIANA PURCHASE OF 1803: US purchased Louisiana from Napoleon. Jefferson sent delegates over and gave them a budget of 10 million, but Napoleon scoffed at the idea and refused. Then Napoleon realized he couldn't focus on the New World and sold the Louisiana territory for $15 mill, wanted to prevent them from making deals w/ the British= Jefferson avoided wars/alliances + he gets foundations for agrarian republic/expansion/ yay isolationism + Lewis and Clark yeet around in nature with Sacajawea paving way for pioneers to follow - MAYBURY V MADISON 1803: Established the right of the Supreme court to revoke legislature that it perceives as unconstitutional, and on presidential stuff - CHECKS AND BALANCES: increase power of supreme court, power of supreme court > states

1920s Conservative Backlash

- KKK- expanded to become anti-foreign, catholic, black, Jewish, facist, communist, internationalist, evolutionist, bootlegger, gambling, adultery, and anti-birth control. ~ mainly a manifestation of anti-foreign/ anti-progressive sentiments as a result of frustration that they wanted modern stuff with the comfort of traditional stuff and knew they couldn't have both ~ Basically anyone who was a "good" (bad) southerner was a member of the KKK because it was ~cool~ (it wasn't, these people were racist mfs) ~ Peak membership in mid-1920s - 5 million paying members - KKK got lots of funds ~ Pro-protestant, pro-"native" american (Anti everything else - literally) ~ Spread rapidly w/ white protestants in midwest and south ~ Burned crosses, song like "The Fiery cross on high", "One Hundred percent american" ~ Collapsed in late 1920s- Klan leader embezzled and shit, was caught ~ Result:civil rights activists were wusses and were scared to pass anti-lynching laws (worried it would alienate the south white ppl) - SCOPED TRIAL: high school teacher v conservative peeps 1925 - 3 states (Bible Belt south + Tennessee) adopted measures to outlaw teaching evolution in public schools - Teacher John Scopes indicted for teaching evolution - Prosecutor: William Jennings Bryan, Defender: Clarence Darrow (big bois) - Result: Scopes convicted, only fined $100 (removed on a technicality) SO- Fundamentalism (emphasis on reading BIble) and religion still big forces

Post Reconstruction: Redeemers, Jim Crow Laws, Hayes Tilden Election

- KU KLUX KLAN: (started during reconstruction but continue to be present and ******** in modern times) The "Invisible Empire of the South", otherwise known as the Ku Klux Klan, was founded in Tennessee in 1866. It was formed by disgruntled white Southerners who were angered by the success of black legislators. The group worked through intimidation. ~ Congress passed the FORCE ACTS of 1870 and 1871 in response to murders that the Klan had committed. The Acts enabled Federal troops to stop the atrocities of the Ku Klux Klan. The Acts came too late, though, as the Klan had already intimidated many people. - On March 2, 1867, Congress passed the RECONSTRUCTION ACT. It divided the South into 5 military districts, each commanded by a Union general and policed by Union soldiers. It also required that states wishing to be readmitted into the Union had to ratify the 14th Amendment, and that states' constitutions allowed former adult male slaves to vote. The moderate Republican goal was to create voters in Southern states that would vote those states back into the Union and thus free the federal government from direct responsibility for the protection of black rights. The 15th Amendment was passed by Congress in 1869. It granted black men the right to vote. - The MILITARY RECONSTRUCTION ACT of the South took control of certain functions of the president and it set up a military rule of the South. In 1877, the last federal troops were removed from the South and Democracy returned to the South (in theory). - LITERACY TESTS: you can't not let someone vote because they are black- come up with another reason ~super bias/subjective (intentionally confusing tests where the proctor can fail you no matter the answer) - BLACK CODES: Black codes put restrictions on blacks and with varying severity weather it be being capture and sent back to work to pay of the fine (basically slavery) labour contracts had to work for landowner for 1 year other restriction include cant own or lease land ~ Can't go in town, has to work under white man, ~ Can't leave to another town because of other restrictions in travel - REDEEMERS: white democrats that re-implemented racist codes and laws (Jim Crow) when Union troops were pulled from the South in 1877 (thanks Grant) HAYES V TILDEN ELECTION: - Republican: Hayes - Democratic: Tilden - The election was undecided and the constitution didn't provide a clear way to resolve an undecided election. - The election crisis was solved with the COMPROMISE OF 1877: ~ THE ELECTORAL COUNT ACT: set up an electoral commission consisting of 15 men selected from the Senate, the House and the Supreme Court. ~ The compromise was that Hayes was given the remaining electoral votes and in return he promised to end the Northern Reconstruction efforts in the South - this included removing the Union soldiers where they remained (Louisiana and Texas) - JIM CROW LAWS: a bunch of laws (state-level legal codes) that made segregation legal which could occur because Hayes pulled out the Union troops so they were set up by "Redeemer" governments ~ Literacy tests made it so black people couldn't vote "but not because they're black", and the grandfather clause let illiterate white dudes vote if their grandfather had voted in 1860 (which, of course, didn't apply to black people because slavery was still a thing) ~ GRANDFATHER CLAUSE: Didn't allow anyone whose forebears had not voted (before 1860 and the 14th Amendment) and therefore restricted any Black Southern men from voting.

Anti-Immigration: Irish and Germans & The Know Nothing Party

- Know Nothing Party 1850s: Nativist political party, which emerged in response to the influx of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics Irish: hated by most- seen to steal "native" american jobs- super poor factory workers, and were also despised because they were catholics and people feared they would put american under the authority of the pope. Germans: were richer so could move West and farm, generally more liked by americans since they were also protestants

Women's Movements:

- LOWELL FACTORIES: hired women (young girls) who lived in dormitory system- did organize a union to prompt better wages but disbanded as Irish took their jobs - SENECA FALLS: women met in 1848 to demand women's suffrage; people like Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony ~ Spurned the modern movement for women's rights ~ Was created partly in response to the World's Anti- Slavery Convention of 1840, which refused to allow female delegates - LUCY STONE: women's suffrage activist, refused to take her husband's name - AMELIA BLOOMER: thought that women's modern dress (with corsets and long dresses) was too restricting; she popularized new "bloomer dress", which was basically loose pants under a short skirt, in her magazine (The Lily); people felt that women wearing "men's" clothing would threaten the social fabric of America - DECLARATION OF SENTIMENTS: a document signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men—100 out of some 300 attendees at the first women's rights convention to be organized by women - CULT OF DOMESTICITY: women are happy with their role in the home too because they are the people who kept the household together and happy

Mahan, Turner, Over-civilized, and the Closing of the Frontier

- MAHAN: he wrote THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER OVRE HISTORY which stated that the power of a nation is defined by their naval power. ~ If America wants to survive they need a strong army - TURNER wrote FRONTIER THESIS: stated that - ~ America is strong because of the frontier and without new land to conquer, America is weak ~ Fathers are concerned that their sons are becoming weak ~ Because there was no frontier Americans were becoming OVER-CIVILIZED - OVER-CIVILZED: Increased focus on cities means people are losing good old american values of agriculture (racism). - CLOSING FRONTIER

Manifest Destiny & The War with Mexico

- MANIFEST DESTINY: a deeply devout religious calling to expand west - US - MEXICAN WAR 1846-1848: texas wants to be state- Mexico says um no way and America says um yes way ~ Argued over southern border of Texas- President Polke sent American troops to the Rio Grande and waited for the mexicans to fire ~ The mexican's fired and Polk claimed it was "on american soil" but not really ~ Because it was on "american soil", it built nationalism and support and people wanted the help Texas - ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S SPOT RESOLUTIONS: asking where exactly were the troops were shot if it was actually on American soil - Whigs are against the treaty because they know it will bring up slaves: whigs = Clay, Calhoun, and Webster - TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO 1848: ends the war and hugely increases the US land- US promises to protect the land rights of the Mexican citizens in the land bought a well liked US ambassador was sent to mexico and wrote a 50 page letter to James Tyler on why he would not come back to Washington and he ended up getting a huge chunk of land for the USA pretty much all of the South-West and Pacific West - MEXICAN CESSION: US gain rights to land including Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado---- this dragged up slavery issue - WILMOT PROVISO: was a proposition to not allow slavery in the newly aquired Mexican land and almost caused a secession but was denied and killed. God didn't mean for slavery, because the land is bad for plantation. - Daniel Webster anti-slavery : god doesnt permit slavery Pro-slavery: god has allowed for slavery

Rebellions: What, Who & When?

- SHAY'S REBELLION 1786: armed uprising in Western Massachusetts and Worcester in response to a debt crisis among the citizenry and in opposition to the state government's increased efforts to collect taxes both on individuals and their trades - BACON'S REBELLION 1675-1676: armed rebellion held by Virginia settlers that took place in 1675 through 1676. It was led by Nathaniel Bacon against Colonial Governor William Berkeley. It was the first rebellion in the North American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part. - ANDROS REBELLION: uprising on April 18, 1689 against the rule of Sir Edmund Andros, the governor of the Dominion of New England. A well-organized "mob" of provincial militia and citizens formed in the town of Boston, the capital of the dominion, and arrested dominion officials - WHISKEY REBELLION: Due to excise tax, farmers who found distilling wheat into alcohol cheaper to transport decided to rebel. Brutally crushed by troops, showing power of federal government, but was controversial considering

Gilded Age Big Business & Government Legislation: Sherman Silver Purchase Act, Sherman Antitrust Act

- SHERMAN SILVER PURCHASE ACT 1890: meant to create inflation but fails- requires the government to buy lots of silver- makes gold 1/16 oz per 1 oz silver sells the gold at half price so the Treasury is drained of gold no - SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT OF 1890: Allowed for the forceful disbanding of coalitions which served to obstruct sections of business ('Restraint of Trade'). However, the corporate lawyers hired by many of these trusts were able to twist the wording of the law to allow loopholes for actual trusts while also disbanding workers unions. - GOLD STANDARD ACT OF 1900: huge gold influx found so natural inflation incurred and the farmers could economically recover -CARNEGIE (steel)- vertical integration: owning all the parts of the business, steel for railroads, coal mines, farms to feed workers etc. - MORGAN (banking)- interlocking directorates ( similar to horizontal integration): consolidated rival enterprises and ensure harmony by placing his own officers on their various boards of directors -ROCKEFELLER (oil)- horizontal integration- allying with competitors to monopolize a given market

Tariff Compromise: South Carolina Exposition, Nullification, Calhoun, Clay, Jackson

- SOUTH CAROLINA EXPOSITION: John C. Calhoun's document saying SC can nullify this tariff Jackson doesn't like this or John C. Calhoun and threatens to invade SC= pro-national government Henry Clay compromises and coincides to a possible lower tariff and everything calms down - NULLIFICATION: If the government went too far on any decisions or laws, if a state doesn't like a federal law, a state has the constitutional right to nullify that federal law and make it invalid for their state (Adams was like dude this makes laws pointless, Jefferson and the other guy were like no, its what gives states power.) - CALHOUN: Calhoun wants to nullify the federal tariff and writes a document defending nullification- South Carolina Exposition - JACKSON creates the FORCE BILL and creates an army to invade South Carolina but South Carolina shuts the hell up and pays the tariff at a lower price * Jackson (north) supported high tariff, Calhoun (south) threatened to nullify the high tariff - Jackson got pissed -> Force Bill* - COMPROMISE TARIFF OF 1833: gradually reduced tariffs by 10% over 8 years - HENRY CLAY: concedes to a compromise to stop the possible conflict brewing of Jackson trying to invade SC

British Economic and Political Violations of the Colonists 1763-1774

- SUGAR ACT 1764: Technically reduced taxes, but established right of parliament to have power over taxes put on the colonies. - QUARTERING ACT 1765: required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for british troops - ADMIRALTY COURTS: Guilty until proven innocent, no Jury of Peers (which was a British right). British judges harsh- always guilty British decided to do this because they thought that American courts let off their peers easily. - STAMP ACT 1765: tax of paper goods and documents, violation of rights taxation w/out representation STAMP ACT CONGRESS 1765: 27 delegates from 9 colonies drew up a statement of their rights and grievances, beseeched King and Parliament to repeal legislation *Parliament repealed Stamp Act in 1766* - DECLARATORY ACT 1766: Announces Parliamentary authority over the colonies, replaced stamp act. - TOWNSHEND ACTS 1767: Included taxes on tea, glass, paper, paint, white lead used to pay colonial governors *sparked protests* - BOSTON MASSACRE March 5, 1770- Colonists started to get rowdy over Townshend acts, and british started to station 2 regiments of troops in boston, and Colonists threw snowballs at redcoats, resulting in redcoats getting confused and firing out of panic. Portrayed as intentional slaughter by propagandists. Proclamation line of 1763- can't go west of appalachians (great farmland which they literally died for) Intolerable acts: - PORT ACTS: closed Boston harbor as punishment for Boston tea party, closed until the city could pay back damages inflicted. - British officials could be tried in England for crimes in America where they would be less harsh to them MA governing act - restrictions on town meetings Colonists responded by no tax paying, and prepped for war - Colonist band together to send food and supplies (at same time)Quartering act- allowed British soldiers to be house in civilian homes - THE QUEBEC ACT: came at the same time as Intolerable acts 1774. - French get more land that the colonist wanted - Increased catholicism - French politics- not democratic

Slave Culture and African Contribution to American Culture

- Small isolated farms = no contact w/ other africans - Big plantations = more influences to each other - New language - blended english w/ various african languages GULLAH - Rice planting - Religious music w/ code messages about freedom - - Methodicts - dance is sinful, adapted by clapping hands & beating feet - not officially dancing cause they never crossed their legs - ringshout - led to charleston & jazz - Slave revolts - NY 1712, 9 whites 21 blacks dies, SC 1739, 50 blacks tried to march to florida, stopped by militia

Post-Ghent New Nationalism/ Era of Good Feelings

- THE AMERICAN SYSTEM (Economic Nationalism)- Heavily supported by Henry Clay, the American system called for universal national transportation (canals roads etc), trade protection laws (tariff of 1816), and localized education. Economic nationalism Tried to become more self-sufficient. - Textbooks were written by Americans instead of British, - patriotic - American writers like Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper began attaining recognition for their works in the 1820s. A standing army was created and a new strong banking system was established (the debate over a federal controlled bank versus a state controlled bank would continue)=PRIDE PRIDE PRIDE , patriotic - Paintings and stuff too (of america, and by americans) - patriotic - MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820: lets stop talking about slavery and we will be happy- 36 30 line- anything above southern border of Missouri is not open to be slave states THE MONROE DOCTRINE 1823: Largely written and created by John Quincy Adams. The Monroe Doctrine was President Monroe's formal declaration that no foregin country would invade America, or colonize the New World- Monroe saying stay out of America This would have been an insane maneuver had it not been for the British naval blockade that was in place to protect British claims in the West Indies. The Monroe Doctrine proved that America was brave enough to stand up for itself amidst pressuring Old World Countries=PRIDE *bolstering national gov* - RUSSO-AMERICAN TREATY 1824: Russia had begun to settle deep into North American territory, leaving a trail from Alaska all the way down into Oregon. Also established naval control of the coastal area, and setting up trading posts all the way down to the entrance to San Francisco bay. After the Monroe Doctrine, the Russian tsar made a treaty with America and withdrew Russian settling all the way back up to Alaska. JOHN MARSHALL: his cases all helped increase the power of the Supreme Court - MARBURY V MADISON 1803: concept of judicial review is established, Supreme Court established any law that Congress makes/passes and any presidential action, Supreme Court has the ability to deem it constitutional or not - MCOLLUGH V MARYLAND 1819: Supreme court can overturn state laws - COHEN V VIRGINIA 1821: Supreme court has last say in State court rulings - GIBBONS V OGDEN 1824: Reminded that congress had control over interstate commerce - FLETCHER V PECK 1810: Supreme court can overturn decisions/laws that go against the constitution. - DARTMOUTH COLLEGE V WOODWARD 1819: Since charter (appealed by NH state) must stand, states can't take it away, since its a contract - Growth of democracy, as all white men could vote rather than just land owners, although this is closer to Jackson's elections.

Progressives, Muckrakers, & Reform Legislation

- THE MUCKRAKERS ~ Uptain Sinclair: the Jungle intent was to alert people on the condition of workers---Though while reading it People cared about the disgusting food products and how they were made. - Led to creation of TR's MEAT INSPECTION ACT ~ LINCOLN STEFFENS' THE SHAME OF THE CITIES: this was articles that exposed the corruption between big business and local government ~ JACOB RIIS wrote HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES: a series of pictures showing the living conditions of immigrants ~ IDA TARBELL: Standard Oil Company - she exposed Rockefeller and other monopolies Her father owned a small oil company which was destroyed by the Standard Oil Company - so she worked to expose them ~ LEWIS HINE: Muckraker photographer was an expo on the conditions of child labours ~ THOMAS W. LAWSON'S FRENZIED FINANCE: exposed his accomplices in the stock market ~ DAVID G. PHILLIP'S THE TRASON OF THE SENATE: exposed the corruption in the U.S. Senate ~ RAY STANNARD BAKER'S FOLLOWING THE COLOR LINE: exposed the subjugation of black people, the slums, and industrial accidents ~ JOHN SPARGOL'S THE BITTER CRY OF THE CHILDREN: exposed child labor

Workers during World War 1

- The A F of L saw an increase of Membership - b/c supported the war - THE GREAT MIGRATION: black people began gaining opportunity to move North and finally leave the South, all at once In response a series of Race Riots occurred (imagine being a reactionary - While Men were off in the War women soon entered the workforce as a result of their absence ~ National American's Women's Suffrage Association: supported war ~ National Women's Party: Alice Paul anti-war - Wilson's 14 points ~ Freedom of the seas - Appealed to Germany because this would end blockade ~ Removal of economic barriers among nations - appealed to liberals and U.S. cause international trade ~ Reduced military spending- appealed to taxpayers cause less taxes for military funds ~ No colonies - interests of colonizers and native - appeal to anti-imperialism, Wilson requirements for the league of Nations to occur: - American military had to enforce or else this would have no teeth - The U.S has to join the league Henry Cabot Lodge: - He proposes to Amend the treaty - 14 Reservations - isolationist - anti treaty of Versailles

1850s: Brooks-Sumner, Uncle Tom's Cabin, Dredd Scott, Bleeding Kansas, Popular Sovereignty, Lincoln Election

- The CRITTENDEN AMENDMENTS to the Constitution were designed to appease the South. The amendments prohibited slavery in territories north of 36030', but it permitted slavery in the territories south of this line. Future states (north and south of this line) would get to vote on the issue of slavery. President Lincoln rejected the amendments. - Sumner got attacked by Brooks and had to go to Switzerland to recover from brain trauma - FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT 1850: requires any citizen to turn in any known slaves- slaves cannot testify on own behalf & no jury, judge $5 if declared free & 10 if sent back, increased hatred of south in north, resulting in previously neutral or moderate abolition citizens to shift towards radical abolitionist sentiments, part of compromise of 1850 - COMPROMISE OF 1850: CA is free- all of congress is free- disrupts senatorial balance, NM & Utah- popular sovereignty, no slave trade in DC, Texas gets 10 milly as debt payment, disputed territory in New Mexico and Texas went to NM - DREDD SCOTT HEARING: this supreme court ruling stated that African Americans were pretty much no more than property anywhere, and it put any african America in the USA at risk of being captured and sent back to slavery- basically invalidading the Missouri compromise even more, making northerners question if the north was really in charge or if the government was run by some slave power. - UNCLE TOM'S CABIN: a book written by a white woman( Beecher-Stowe) who has probably never seen a slave, but it strengthened the fervor of the emancipation cause and was a best selling book thanks to its dark and brutal imagery. POPULAR SOVERIGNTY: CREATED BY STEPHEN DOUGLAS and stated that the new settlers to new territories could choose if they were or were not slave states when entering the Union and basically this ruined the Compromise of 1830 (Specifically the Missouri compromise line) - KANSAS NEBRASKA ACT OF 1854: Proposed by Douglus in an effort to create a Trans-contiental railroad that ran through Illinois, which required the organization of western territories of Kansas and Nebraska. Kansas and Nebraska are open to popular sovereignty- meaning get to choose if it is a slave state or not. - BLEEDING KANSAS (1855): because of the great idea above, there was a lot of social instability between the pro-slaves and the emancipation peeps and there was a lot of fighting in the Kansas Territories - DOUGLAS AND LINCOLN DEBATES (1858): Popularized Lincoln, as he had witty and funny conversations with Douglas, all while competing for the position of Illinois congressman. - LICOLN ELECTION (1860)- basically the south Rage Quit, because the Democratic party was split between 3 inner parties allowing Lincoln to come in and swoop up the election causing South Carolina to secede and then the rest of the fricking South, since they pretty much assumed Lincoln was going to immediately wipe slavery out of existance, even though he assured he would let southern states keep it.

The Second Great Awakening, Evangelism, Emerson, Burned Over District & Related Reform Movements

- WOMEN are good and should be out in the world and be the center of home. The Second Great Awakening's emphasis on women and morality led to great women reformers such as Dorothea Dix in a wide variety of movements including asylum reform, prison reform, educational improvement, and temperance advocacy. RALPH WALDO EMERSON: changes church's calvanist focus to evangelical focus and lead the transcendentalist movement. Also preached unitarianism which disagrees with pre-destination and promotes women's purity UTOPIAN SOCIETIES EVANGELISM : Anyone who converts can go to heaven- US broken away from Britain, they have their own American religions, not following the religious practices of Britain, INDEPENDENCE yay, not connected to king of england as head of church women (they're real i shit you not) - they were know the center and pillar of the household (Cult of Domesticity) REPUBLICAN MOTHERHOOD: women are responsible for teaching the new generation (children), cuz they are moral and cool BURNED-OVER DISTRICTS: districts of NY which were consumed by the new religious movement (evangelism) from the Second Great Awakening

WWI for U.S.

- We stayed out of war for so long: we profited off of trading from both sides, era of progressivism did not support going to war, we physically could stay out bc atlantic ocean, also US has history about not going into the war - neutrality proclamation, also not a nation state to keep occupied Why we got into war: - Germans resumed sinking innocent American merchant ships after promising not to (Germany tried to make a bargain US - make US promise to tell B to move sea barricade - never had the intention of having British remove the barricade) - Zimmerman telegram:a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico - Russia left the war taking out anti-democratic tsarist rule, Wilson didn't want to go to war - CONSCRIPTION ACT OF 1917:authorized the Federal Government to temporarily expand the military through conscription. The act eventually required all men between the ages of 21 to 45 to register for military service. - ESPIONAGE ACT (1917): prohibited obtaining information, recording pictures, or copying descriptions of any information relating to the national defense with intent or reason to believe that the information may be used for the injury of the United States or to the advantage of any foreign nation - SEDITION ACT (1918) :made it a crime to "willfully utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the form of the Government of the United States" or to "willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of the production" of the things " NATIONAL WAR LABOR BOARD - pushed for 8 hr work day and min wage and union rights

The Adams Administration 1797-1801

- XYZ AFFAIR: Three U.S representatives are sent to France, as French start to seize American merchants due to U.S. collaboration with Britain in the form of the Jay's Treaty, Father of the US Navy, refusal publicized: american virtue resisting corruption. Resolved with Napoleon, who was eager to remove conflict with the U.S. to focus on Europe and his own colonies in the Americas. The Convention of 1800 and resulted in dissolution of the French-American alliance, but U.S. paid damages of American shippers. ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS: - SEDITION: Criticism of president not allowed, got heated- violated the right to freedom of the press, ppl were getting arrested and fined if they criticised the president - ALIEN: Made it hard for French ppl (Jacobins specifically) to get citizenship, and rounded them up and forced them out. Residency required for citizenship raised from 5 years to 14 years. Undesirable immigrants NULLIFICATION AND COMPACT THEORIES: (Originated from the Jeffersonian Republicans worried about the Federalists taking over and destroying their party) : - COMPACT: Each state has made an agreement to join the US so they have a compact right to leave the nation, stemmed from VI and KY resolutions, how states were ones who gave power to gov, if gov overstepped, states could retaliate (more states rights) - NULLIFICATION: If the government went too far on any decisions or laws, if a state doesn't like a federal law, a state has the constitutional right to nullify that federal law and make it invalid for their state (Adams was like dude this makes laws pointless, Jefferson and the other guy were like no, its what gives states power.) - VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS: Essentially a plot created in response to Federalist actions to suppress the Democratic-Republican party. Jefferson made a resolution in Kentucky that emphasized the compact theory, that stated that the states had the right to nullify the decisions of the government if the government went beyond its constitutional powers. Madison made a similar resolution with Virginia legislature, but less radical. Hamilton was a radical Federalist, so he was still displeased with Adams since he did not go to war with France, disappointing the war hawks. - JUDICIARY ACT OF 1801: created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices

The Key Laws & Documents of the Years Before Independence

-OLIVE BRANCH 1775: (while fighting was happening)- continental congress tells king we want rights but still be british (loyal), want same rights as british men (please stop being mean king george) don't want to revolt if we don't have to. However, King George had enough of the colonies, especially after battles like Bunker Hill, and rejected talks. - STAMP ACT CONGRESS 1765: 1st colonial assembly (9 colonies), declaration of rights & opposition to stamp act, ignored by parliament, nonimportation agreements: boycotts against British goods, protests - sons(lil more violent) & daughters of liberty (sewed clothes and stuff). Feathering and Tarring. - Non-importation agreements: Colonists agreed not to support British imports- promoted unity throughout colonies - SONS AND DAUGHTERS OF LIBERTY: Violently imposed the non-importation acts- created their own goods so they didn't have to buy British goods

English Native American Wars

1st Anglo-Powhatan - Jamestown, VA - Lord De La Warr - ordered colonists back to jamestown, increased tension w/ natives - De La Warr declared war - Raided villages, burned homes and corn fields, stole goods (irish tactics) - Peace Settlement 1614- pocahontas marries john rolfe 2nd Anglo-Powhatan - Jamestown, VA - Natives dying of disease attack settlers - Series of native attacks - "perpetual war w/o peace or truce" - Virginia Company wanted to get rid of natives - Treaty banishes Chesapeake natives from land & formally separates natives from english - reservation system Pequot - Connecticut (very early) - English ally w/ narragansett natives - War started when some Pequots killed an english fur trader - English burned native wigwams (homes) - shot survivors - End w/ uneasy peace Wampanoag (King Philip's War) - Rhode Island - NE natives ally - Coordinated assaults on english - 52 puritan towns, 12 destroyed - The Battle of the Great Swamp = total native massacre, 1675 - Metacom is hung, family sold to slavery - Slows westward settlement - Represents Native tripes fighting back

Bacon's Rebellion, Andros Rebellion

ANDROS REBELLION (1689 Boston Revolt) - Boston - Head of dominion of NE - No town meetings, taxes, navigation laws, restrictions on courts, press, & schools (no salary neglect) - Loyal to crown and church of england - Revoked land tiles - Glorious revolution - inspired colonist to revolt - tries to flee BACON REBELLION 1676 - Jamestown VR - Berkeley won't let them expand in to native land / fight natives Doeg (peaceful) - Unfair treatment of x- indentured servants - Bacon gathers x-indentured servants, burn jamestown & attacked natives - Chased out berkeley - Declaration of people of virginia - stops aristocracy (for a bit) - Discounted FRONTIERSMEN V. COLONEL BERKELEY

The Rise of the Market Economy and American Invention

After War of 1812 (US needs to become more independent) when we are now bound with the american system and farmers can plant a single crops and make money in global economy, transportation) - People are moving west pre market rev. - subsistence farmers- make everything for themselves 1820 - AMERICAN SYSTEM - HENRY CLAY: transportation networks, tariffs, such as Canals and railroads ~Transportation creates a large national market economy and world market- buy and sell in market economy ~ Farmers can grow a single crop and sell it at global and national markets and buy their other goods rather than farm food for themselves (subsistence farming). ~ All people in west are now involved in politics- legislation matter b/c they depend on the global/national market rather than just themselves ~ Farmers hate politics ~ Political organization - populists eventually ~ Hate slave labor- cant compete with free labor- cant sell their goods for as low as slave labor - INVENTION: Number of Patents Explodes Paddle wheel boat- ship goods up & down mississippi & other rivers ~ MCCORMICK REAPERS: plow things that make farming easier ~ CLIPPER SHIPS: fast, move goods around world

Conservative presidents: Coolidge and Hoover

CALVIN COOLIDGE: - Banned lynching - "Silent Cal" - Man of business, and supported big business HOOVER: - He once was the guy who did the food thing in World War I by making propaganda and people really like him and helping relieve belgium. - Promised an eternal America prosperity when he was elected, the next day everything fell to shit - Didn't do enough because of the political norms for the federal government at the time - Got factory workers to keep constant wages, encouraged private charity - Also created Presidents Organization for Unemployment Relief (POUR)

The Four Conquistadores: Where did they go? What did they do?

God gold glory Treaty of Tordesillas: 1494- Spain secured its claim to Columbus's discovery, divided it w/portugal Cortes: Set sail 1519 - Mexico - Aztecs - city of tenochtitlan, then made into mexico city - Alliance w/ tlaxcalans against aztecs - Aztecs thought he was god- exchanged gifts/ embraced him - easy entrance to city - Imprisoned montezuma (emperor) & killed leaders - Smallpox - Noche Triste: June 1520, ~Aztecs attacked, drove out - Spanish, later (1521)- Cortes besieged city Ponce de Leon: - w/ columbus in west indies- rebelled against him - Conquered puerto rico - Fountain of youth - Florida - war & slavery (convert to catholic) against natives Pizarro: - Failed expedition - saved by balboa - Incas (peru) - Silver - Captured emperor for ransom - Incas starve + disease Coronado: - 7 cities of gold - New mexico, arizona, texas, oklahoma, kansas - Grand canyon - Missionaries - uni pueblos

The Mayflower Compact, Fundamental Orders, Act of Toleration, Blue Laws, House of Burgesses

MAYFLOWER COMPACT (1620): Agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower. Created a foundation for self-government in the colony FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS (1639): Drafted by settlers - established a democratically controlled government. *the first modern constitution* ACT OF TOLERATION (1649): Passed in Maryland - guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed death penalty to Jews and atheists. *attracted more Catholics to Maryland* BLUE LAWS: Quaker laws - restricted personal behavior (kissing, hugging) in accord with a strict code of morality. HOUSE OF BURGESSES(1619): Representative parliamentary assembly created to govern Virginia, establishing a precedent for government in the English colonies.

Experimental Religions and Communities

Most of these utopian societies failed and were based around the second great awakening's evangelicalism - ONEIDA: complex marriage and spoons, actually survived because they rejected their original ideals and just started making shit to sell - SHAKERS: no sex and take out the horniness by dancing aggressively, fell out of existence because they had no children (adopted kids, but not enough to keep it going) - NEW HARMONY: Robert Own, a textile maker from scotland, would create New Harmony in Indiana, hoping for human betterment. The colony instead fell into chaos as it was torn from the inside by lazy theorists to have radical, opposing, and scandalous beliefs. - BROOK FARM: Started by twenty people inspired by transcendentalism, but the community started going downhill after a large building project for a communal space burned down and the experiment in austerity soon collapsed under the burden of debt.

New England Confederation v Dominion of New England

New England confederation - United 4 colonies (MA, CT, New Haven, Plymoth ) - Defense against natives, dutch, & french - Intercolonial runways (servants & criminals) - 2 votes per colony (despised by Massachusetts, the most populous) - Colonial unity Dominion of New England - 1686 - Created by royal authority - london - Increase defense & navigation laws - Led to the 1689 REBELLION (or Andros Rebellion): Uprising against Sir Edmund Andros; the governor of the dominion of New England - Hated by colonists due to restricted trade - Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine, New York, New Jersey

Puritans (Congregationalists), Anglicans, Quakers, Presbyterians

Presbyterians - Scots-irish (ulsterites) - Violent against natives - Expansionist - out into appalachians - NC (mosty) & PA Quakers - Pacifists - good relations w/ natives, no taxes to go to war, no slavery - PA; william penn, lib. gov experiment, religious sanctuary - Broadbrims - Sit quietly and pray - stand and speak out about their enlightenment (Even women allowed to speak) - BLUE LAWS: designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. Mostly in New England and Pennsylvania Anglicans - Most true church of england - Southern colonies (aristocratic in social & gov.) Calvinist - Loyal to Crown - Sepretist Puritans - NE colonies (- RI) - Democtratic - complex legislature - DEMOCRACY- shared decision making in church- spreads to outside of church, literate, determines voting rights-calvinists beliefs that if you are elect you get to be part of shared decision making - Antinomianism - if good deeds don't send to heaven why be good (anne huch.) - Rid church of england of catholicism (purify the church) - Official church of england - Conversion - sign from god that they are going to heaven - Visible saints - only church members- those are the people who can vote - power in church = power in politics

Native American Tribes, Locations, Cultural Traits, & Historical Events

Pueblo Indians : Hopi & Anizazi - Santa Fe, NM - Mostly organized tribe systems - Property: people would be assigned to use it but not own it - Class distinctions but more equal wealth - Popé's Rebellion 1680: natives rose up against settlers in Santa Fe, provoked because they tried to convert natives, burned down the churches - battle of Acoma, won by natives Kiva religion Chumash: - Central CA, Rainbow bridge: they came across from channel islands, drowned = dolphins - Acorns w/out tannin (soak them in water), to make acorn flour - Big boats - redwood & tar (tomols) - Revolt of 1824, break out of encomienda system, go over mountains to Bakersfield, Spanish bring them back - Put in Spanish mission system- west coast encomienda system Iroquois: - EASTERN NY - Longhouse- matriarch home, son joins wifes home, wooden, fireplace for each nuclear family - Confederacy of 5 native nations - mohawk, oneidas, ononchagas, cayugas, senecas, common celebration & policy - Fought with other natives for territorial supremacy - Three sisters garden (squash, corn, & beans) - British allies (colonies) in french and indian war - Sided with the British in the American revolution (Oneidas joined the Patriots) Cahokia: - Cahokia was the large city made by mississippian civilization - St. louis MO- and general midwest (very big) - Mound civilization- pyramid like structures - Trade all around america - Abandoned civilization pre-spanish - Giant burial grounds, died out tho (theorized to be from disease) - Complex trade routes

The 13 Colonial Regions: climate, types of immigrants, which Native American Tribes, religions and which colonies are in each region:

Southern: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia - Maryland: CLIMATE: sup tropical, 4 seasons, hot humid summer (good for tobacco), IMMIGRANTS: mostly tobacco farmers some were plantation aristocrats, NATIVE TRIBES: Powhatan, RELIGION: catholic, act of toleration - Virginia: CLIMATE: sup tropical, mild winter, hot humid summer (good for tobacco/attracted English) IMMIGRANTS: tobacco farmers and plantation aristocrats, NATIVE TRIBES: Chesapeake, Powhatans RELIGION: Anglican - North Carolina: CLIMATE: sup tropical, mild winter, hot humid summer (good for tobacco), IMMIGRANTS: mostly English, some Scots, Irish, German, and French Huguenots, NATIVE TRIBES: Cherokee, RELIGION: Presbyterian - South Carolina: CLIMATE: sup tropical, mild winter, hot humid summer (good for tobacco), IMMIGRANTS: Mostly tobacco plantation owners and frontiersmen from VI and ML, NATIVE TRIBES: Cherokee, Occaneechi, RELIGION: Anglican - Georgia: CLIMATE: Hot/humid (good for tobacco and agriculture) IMMIGRANTS: Middle: New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware New England: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Connecticut

Civil War 1681-1865: Lincoln's violations of the Constitution, Relations with Britain, Emancipation, Three Democrats

THREE DEMOCRATS: HENRY CLAY, JOHN CALHOUN, DANIEL WEBSTER - senatorial giants who aimed to avoid slavery - CLAY: Great Compromiser - He wanted to keep union together w/ compromise - CALHOUN: Great Nullifier - dying wish leave slavery alone and retrun runaways to maintain balance in the country - WEBSTER: Seventh of March Speech- The speech that helped drive the North to accept the Comp of 1850 - also printed copies of speech (100k sold) - Compromise of 1850: California added as a free state, the Mexican succession land up to popular sovereignty, disputed Texas territory goes to New Mexico for $10 million, slave trade is abolished in D.C., and STRICTER FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW - Suspended Habeas Corpus: requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court BRITAIN: - SUPPORTED THE SOUTH during the war, mostly since they wanted a rival country to the U.S. to Britain could do its thing while America was weakened and too busy dealing with the confederates. They were also probably motivated by cotton, especially considering this was when Britain was kicking into full industrial mode. - provide ships to the confederacy, but did so in a scheming way, first building 'merchant' ships and then taking them to an island in the atlantic where they would be incidentally 'captured' by the confederates, who would put cannons on them and then use them against the Union - send trade and supplies to the confederacy, which frustrated Lincoln to the point where the force of the Union blockade was extended to the british ships - This was also prompted by british ships ferrying confederate diplomats out of the south and to places like London in Britain, eventually reaching a peak during the Trent affair when an American ship stopped and raided a British ship, capturing several confederate diplomats, however the threat of war prompted a diplomatic resolution. - Relations between the north and Britain would be even more tense thanks to the fact that the Union representative in London would spend everyday outside parliament, waiting to be let in, but never actually accepted. He would then go around taverns and pubs at night, eventually courting enough british officials to gain some favor within the government.

The Rise of Jacksonian Democracy and the Era of the Common Man

WHIGS: - Wanted internal improvements like railroads, canals, and telegraph lines. - Supported institutions like prisons, asylums, and public schools - Welcomed market economy - Absorbed the Anti-masonic party - Conscience Whigs: Resisted war effort towards mexico and anit-slavery - DEMOCRATS: common farmer wanting more representation in the west. Your average guy. Not always a lot of education but en ough to vote. Not rich plantation, just small farmer - FREE SOILERS :don't want slave expanding out west because it takes away jobs and farmers can't compete with free slave labor - ANTI-MASONIC : didn't like the bougie aristocrat masonics. opposed the influence and secrecy of the Masonic order (rich dudes one of which was Jackson) Support from energetic protestant groups, harmonized with jacksonians(even though Jackson was a mason) JACKSON: - Wins 1828 presidency because popular supporter of common man and because universal white manhood suffrage just happened - Creates the SPOILS SYSTEM: gives his supporters federal jobs- cleaned house and put his supporters in - Pro States Rights - Runs on campaign against the bank of the united states (he hates it and so do his supporters) said it was corrupt; foreclosure banks fault (against the elites) He legally vetoes its recharter bill- does it to harm elite - He illegally uses Tawney to remove the funds and creates state "pet" banks: to help wester citizens obtain loans - Supported states rights over national - Sympathetic to plantation owners was one himself. - South Carolina was flooded with abolishonist flyer then Postmaster burned them - and Andrew Jackson supported this unconstitutional act- supports states rights - TRAIL OF TEARS: Georgia passes a law to remove the native americans on gold land (Cherokees)- Cherokees take it to Supreme Court and John Marshall supports them - Jackson ignores marshall's ruling and forces the native americans off their land killing hundreds of thousands *Promotes states rights over the supreme court's ruling* - Common Man Jackson - Federal workers in pennsylvania want better wages Jackson supported their worker strike (Last president to do so until Teddy Rosevelt) - Brings Roger Toney to the Supreme court who supports a bridge's contract because the constitution supports it - Pro National Government Jackson: ~South Carolina threatened to nullify a federal tax law they don't like b/c the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions say that states have the ability to do this (**also in another section below**) ~ SOUTH CAROLINA EXPOSITION: John C. Calhoun's document saying SC can nullify this tariff Jackson doesn't like this or John C. Calhoun and threatens to invade SC= pro-national government Henry Clay compromises and coincides to a possible lower tariff and everything calms down